Evening Star Newspaper, February 7, 1932, Page 27

ARMS SESSION LIKENED TO NEW PEACE PARLEY Conference Will See International Disputes Existing at Pr RY PAUL SCOTT MOWRER. ENEVA, Switzerland —The great- est conference ever gathered in the world, the Conference for Limitation and Reduction of Armaments, summoned Febru- 2 in conformity with the treaty of Versailles and the Leaue of Naticn Covenant, with the full participation of the United States and other coun- tries not members of the League, is now organized and ready to begin its work The ary s are seeking What this to say what i sort ein assembled a method of app method will be it Indications are, h to be h ace conference disputes n tional atmosphere n of cc statesmen is too soon that is a w po the ning the i preve nce, which 1 to return of prosperity, and cking arms reductions, will be dis- cussed openly with a view to finding new constructive solutions This is the meaning of certain private talks which are beginning between the delegates, American and others. This 1s the sense of certain statements being made an ain_editorials being pub- lished in the local press Determined to Succeed. Delegates Czechos glavia and Rumania I confidential meet Voja Marinkovitc We. rminatior ce w ch will just its con Jugosla n have come here ) to succeed. We offer a series create a new order.” ter and more an editorial than to con- a purely military cal problem be- t requires security. It 'm because tariff com- It is a uses and is a ional frank questions ons delegates they think to make a aments possible of measures w and better international nere could be no gre 1s_mistake.” says : y sider disarmam problem. It cause interr to say nflict. which the great to handle pute, which is ation the powers are The Franc prevel Londor way al o & d the German- includes d he German cla m and the German de- its eastern frontiers quarre is 2 t it is wi d Polist a new ly the felt that Corridor basis it settle put be for are ind tions the conferen be openly with such grave prc that ns if imson his pl to Geneva head of the to cor e at the ation ference to take American dele The re n. first, Sir minister France again wi the same day lesday, by Hugh S Gibson of the United States and Chan- cellor Heinrich Bruening of Germany The speeches will be statements of their national positions In the present situation of the world no government apparently wans to re- duce armam vet, faced with the se- Tious consequences which would ensue it is agreed, from failure of the conference, no government wants to take a purely negative attitude. For example, it is now denied that the United States will take a s or negative attitude, as if holding itself aloof. It appears certain that if this ever was the intention of Washington it is so no longer. The American dele- gation seems to intend to throw its full moral support and energies into the general effort to face the realities and get results In the course of organization there have been one or two preliminary skir- mishes which indicate what some of the difficulties are going to be. The orig- inal plan to have five big commissions has been dropped. There will be only one commission, consisting of the heads of all the delegations, and its ta- tion will be political This means that the League's draft convention, the result of years of nego- l Millions Hel Monday itish for- ardieu of ollowed, either begins 'k to Settle Principal esent, tiations and which nearly everybod: accepts except Germany, will be mace the basis of discussion. On the other hand, the doors, of course, are not closed ! to any propostls Germany or any one | else may car> to make There has been also some jockeying | for position in the order of speeches Germany wantd to speak ahead of France. The Unit>d States wanted to, speak ahead of Germany. in order not to aprear to take sides between France | and Germany. There will doubtless be a good deal of rivalry as to which dele- | gation can seize the initiative Anparently it is the French who pire to do this with t they re-| vezled Fricay their istructive | p°n." the T o many months | ol 1"bor. But Ge'many is a'se seid to have a “constructive plan,” v:r.ich will iven out in due cours? Saturday was petition day. Unofficial deleg2tions, such as the Leigue of Na- tions Assoriation and the Women's In- ternational Disarmament Committee, wi THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTUN, D. ¢, FEBRUARY 7 1932—PART TWO. Note—The writer of this article re- centiy returned {rom 10 months tn Russio Havi=o been born in that country, and returning at frequent intervals. he is particularly qualified to observe what is happening there and to establish facts. BY ELIAS TOBENKIN. (HE Soviet Union is preparing for a world war. It sees such a war as inevitable. Russia’s men, its women, its children, are being trained for it. Indus- | tries have been placed on a war basis Raw materials have been stored for war uses. Citizens have been living on | war rations for years. With the Far East in turbulence. the Soviet war plans and programs. which a short time ago seeried hysterical quixotic or both, assume starthng significance. - While arming its population in spirit as well as in fact, the Soviet gove ment has been clinging to certain Pa- | cific formulas and slogans It has con- I sistently maintained to its people that it will not be drawn into war except for defense or to ward off interven- tion It will, therefore, not get into were asked to speak to the conference. Petitions for “total disarmament now.” totaling some 6,000,000 signatures from ! all_countries. were formally presented. Miss Mary Digman spoke for the women. Lord Robert Cecil. whose | iews were too radical for the British ¢2legntion and who consequently is not | a d logate, spok~ for the League of Na- tions Aszorintion. Thus vorli publ'c orinion in favor of disarmament is being duly repre- sented. It must be said, however, that this opinion up to the present, wh-ther | ‘in the Sino-Japaness conflict or in the | disarmament movement. has not made itself felt strongly in the form of pres- sure from home on the del>gations here This pressure may come later. For the | present it is conspicuous by its absence. French Proposal Surprise. Private discussions of the French pro- posal sprung by surprise at a press con- ference Friday night dominated the conferance yesterday. This proposal savs that France is “convinced that the conference should place itself on a general political level,” specially as “it meets at a moment of cconomic and moral tension when minds and things are disturbed and when events emphasize the imperious | necessity of better organization in the troubled world.” From these discussions of the French plan the fo'lowing points emerge 1. It can be regarded either as a sin- cere. serious plan or as clever diplo- matie tacties. These who regagd it as tactics say | that it will enable the French Na- tionalsts to refuse all disarmament un- less the French plan is adopted. Those who regard it as serious say that it is in line with all French thought on the subject ever since the | Peace Conference and in line with the keague of Nations covenant its-lf, for it is based on compulsory arbitration, ! definition of an aggressor and prear- ranged mutual aid 2. At this conference this plan_ gives France the diplomatic lead, for France is the first power to present a com. plete and constructive scheme. Even| delegations like the American, which | are fundamentally opposed to compul- | sory arbitration and mutual aid, will! presumably not directly attack the! rench plan. but will rather take the | rope wants it as a purely | uropean. scheme, “we do not object.” | | Goes Further Than League, 3. The French plan goes further than the League's draft convention. It will| therefore be taken as a basis of discus- sion probably on a par with the draft | convention and equally with whatever | other plans may be presented in the course of the next few weeks. | While nobody, even the French | themselves, imagines that the plan can | ever cepled in 1is entirety, every body seems to agree that it contains in. teresting details well worth exploring. On its idea of a cwil aviation cartel France and Germany are believed to be | already more or less in accord. Its suggested prohibitions of gas. germ and incendiary bombs and of the bombing and shelling of civilian popu- lations far behind the front or on the seacoast will probably meet little op- position Its suggestion for organization by continents would permit Europe to go ahead. if it desires, without including the United States. And its idea that the nations place their heavy plancs, capital ships and heavy artillery at the disposal of the League of Nations might suggested, develop into a Franco-German nego- tiation wheremn Germany would be granted the right once more to have the same quality army as other powers, thus regaining full military sovereignty’ 5. Finally, from the viewpoint of French interior politics just before the general elections, the psan appears to be a clever move because 1t is in reality a Left plan presented py a Right gov- ernment and is capabie. therefore, of obtaining the united support of French opinion. (Copyright. 1932.) d in Slavery (Continued From First Page.) — |ing. themselves along beside the main body, can be seen in Southern Abyssinia al- most any day According to the Cochrane, who for many yez on the frontiers of Souda & single Abyssianian fam portance that does not ov the Rases accept them i taxes, debts or exchange of goods. Some many as 15.000 slaves, reir main sources of rev- influent in the interior of Abyssinia today As to the pledge made by Abyssinia when she was admitted to the League. to abolish slav completely, reco: show that in the three years 26 only 624 slaves were officially ir | a mere drop in the bucket of the more than 2,000,000 knodn to be held in bopdage. The main directicn of the African slave trade now 1s .cward Arabia. The Liberian “re.ruiting” evs- tem, which sent thousands of ilacks to Spanish Fernando Po. French Gubun and even to the British Gold Coast a3 “sworkers,” has been temporarily stopped s a result of the .candal following the American-League _nvestigations, A League commission watchful eye on th these days. The M dominate the Arabian market, however. Most Arab govern- ments_recognize the slave ‘1ade and King Hussein, bef(1e he was succeeded by his son King Feisul, who now rules at Bagdad, levied a taritf of $10 per head on slaves importea into Arabia The idea probably was not only prompt- ed for the sake of revenu>. “Bride Wells” Common. Certain Arabs had a slave business of their own to protect. “Bride ‘vells, where slaves were raised like animal were common until recently in Arabia. Women for Arab harcms are still in demand in the Hedjaz and Yemen, znd young African blacks who have been *masculated bring fancy prices as wzuchs today on the castern shore of the Red Sea Recruiting caravans, the Arab iraders Jeave Abyssinia (Djimma and Gareh are their favorite starting points) and make their way through the friendly Tomuga and Erkeh districts to the coast. The Sultan of Haussa is in league with them and exacts a handsome tribute per head on each slave convoyed through his domain. Confining this story to Alrican slav- report of Capt rs has lived there is not of any im- slaves, and payment of is in Monrovia 1man_ tradels and Red Sea keepitg a|: ery, there is one district worth mention- That is Sierra Leone, a British protectorate. One does not hear much of Sierra Leone, yvet in 1928 there were known to be 2.0,000 slaves there. The Mandingo tribe was registered as holding 35 per cent of its total popula- tion in slavery, while tAe warlike Mendi tribe, numbering 557.674 members, owned 83,651 slaves. A few years ago all slaves in Sierra Leone were “offi- cially” emancipated, yet their redemption is proceeding at the rate of only 800 arly, according to latest Teports. Seven tribes in the protectorate, of which a reliable census is available, report, among their possessions 219,275 slaves. Profitable iz Liberia. As is generally known, the Black Republic of Liberia, founded for liberated American slaves, found it highly profit- able to recruit natives in the interior and lease” them to European planters, The League severely condemned the Liberian government, and President King and other high officials were forced to resign. Drastic edicts were issued against further enslavement of natives. ’ iberia has a population of about 0.000, of which only 6.000 are en- The descendants of former American slaves, known as Americo-Liberians, number about 10.- 000, and heretofore have ruled with an iron hand. Twice, however. the op- pressed natives have risen in revolt and only the presence of American cruisers saved Monrovia from destruc- tion and the oppressors from complete annihilation Today Monrovia is sitting atop a volcano—the hinterland being ready to wipe out the Monrovians at the first opportunity. The granting of rubber concessions to American _interests proved a measure of self-preservation for the government. With eight out- breaks since 1850 American ‘protec- tion” was highly desirable, Yet while Washington and Geneva sternly rebuke the Liberians for easing” their fellow-countrymen into practical slavery, no criticism has ever been leveled at the Spanish, French and British planters at Fernando Po, Gabun and the Gold Coast for en-! couraging the Liberians to furnish, for | gold, forced labor. So far as the real story of Fernando Po and similar dis- | tricts is concerned, it has not yet been told. It may be written later—to the embarrassment of American as well as European interests, franchised voters. the Far Eastern turmoil unless it can convince the Russian people that such a move is a defensive step. to safe- guard its frontiers and people. People ‘Back Stalin. The pacifist mind of the Russian soldier is backed today by complete and most desperate readiness for war in my travels through Russia for the [last 10 months I found the entie population solidly behind Joseph Staln in his determination not to yield an inch of Russian ground on any fron- tier. The Soviet Union will not the slightest encroachment by Japan. regardless of existing commercial or political treaties between the countries. Moscow’s attitude toward China is sympathetic. The Soviet Union 1ooks upon China as & potential ally in Com- munism. The establishment of & Com- munistic republic in Ching alone might cause the Soviet government to change its policy of watchful waiting and be- come an ally of China for the defense permit jof Communism, turning a war with| Japan into a holy war In any event, the Soviet prepared- ness program is today the most com- plete of any nation in the world. and despite the weaknesses it may have, Russia is a colossal force to be con- sidered. In a public school in Moscow. during the hour for discussing current prob- lems, a boy put up his hand According to figures in this morn- ing's newspaper,’ he said to his teacher, “we have raised nearly a third more grain in the last than in the year before bread still rationed?” Pupil Is Rebuked. The teacher, an alert young Com- munist, blandly replied that this was a topic they would ‘ake up later in the vear. When the class was dismissed he called the pupil nto his office “You should not put such questions publicly,” the teacher warned. “We are saving bread for the next war.” Snrprise has been the chief strategy of the bolshevist regime. Whether in economics or in diplomacy it is .the aim of Soviet statesmanship to keep one step ahead of other nations and to make that step as mysterious and baf- filng as possible. While the world is contemplating one phase of Soviet progress the Kremlin leaders are deep in preparation of other and more startling developments. Thus, while statesmen and economists in Europe and in the United States have debated the five-year plan and won- dered whether it would prove an M- So why is twelve months ! CTT Bragymal e | JOSEPH V. STALIN, strument of change and upheaval on an international scale. or whether, in end, it would merely serve as a boom- erang against the Soviet experiment the Communist dictators have all but perfected a new surprise, or series of surprises, in connection with their mili- tary plans and programs for the next war, the “inevitable war” as Moscow speaks of it. Major Demonstrations. During my recent lengthy visit to the Soviet Union there took place the fol lowing major demonstrations designed to have vital bearing on questions of war or peace between the Soviet Re- public and the rest of the world 1. Stalin, addressing Soviet indus- trialists, reaffirmed his belief in world revolution and c! acterized the So state as a lever in such a revolution The success of the five-year plan, he predicted, would “turn the world up- side down " 2. Premier Molotov sage to the Soviet Congress, warned the nations of the West that continued economic blockade of the Soviet Union on grounds of alleged “dumping” and forced labor” would inevitably lead to war. In such a war, Molotoy is con- vinced, Russia will be tbe victor and will be in position to make the “aggres- sor nation” pay to the fullest 3. Climenty Voroshilov, Soviet commissar, addressing the Leag Communist Youth (Comsomol), s 1932 weuld see the scrapping of the peace of Versailles and that the world in his first mes- war NEW U. S. POLICY 1S SEEN IN SAN SALVADORAN CRISIS , AN LT |State Department’s Attitude on Commu- nistic Uprising Confirms Change in Viewpoint. BY GASTON NERVAL. WO brief cables from San Salva- dor, appearing on the same page of a local paper a few davs ago, were particularly interest- | ing to the student of inter- American relations. Practically lost in an ocean of front-page news from all corners of the earth—war in China, disarmament conference in Geneva, reparations and debts cancellation talk in Germany, rebellion in India—the two small dispatches from the little Central American capital probably passed unnoticed, or very nearly so. And yet, behind those cables, if one looks at them from the light of past experiences, is the confirmation of one of the most interesting developments in the foreign policy of the United States | during the past few vears Not very long ago, reviewing the record of Pan-Americanism in the past 12 months, I had an opportunity to stress once more the appearance of a new Latin American policy in the State De- partment, which made itself distinctly felt last year on several occasions. Out- standing instances of this new attitude toward the Southern nations, as I pointed out, were the new recognition policy of revolutionary governments, the pronouncement of Secretary Stimson on the Nicaraguan situation, the stand adopted by the department as to the real meaning and scope-of the Monroe Doctrine, and its lack of concern over the moratoriums and defaults which the crisis forced on several Latin American _countries whose bonds are ex- | tensively held in the United States. Events Are Overshadowed. None of these acts, I am afraid, has been sufficiently advertised and com- mented upon throughout Latin America. Probably because so many other major events of a political and economic nature, of much more immediate im- portance to them, occupied their minds, the Latin Americans have not as yet given proper recognition to the new policy of the State Department. Perhaps their skepticism as to the| permanency of these good intentions on the part of the United States has some- thing to do with it. Opponents of the United States in Latin America under- value the significance of those recent acts on the ground that Mr. Stimson's successors, or the gentlemen at the Capitol, may, in the presence of an emergency, overlook them and return to the old methods of the “big stick™ policy. It is true that certain past exper- fences may justify their suspicion, but until such a thing happens, the Latin Americans should give Uncle Sam the benefit of the doubt. And acknowledge his friendly, equitable attitude of to- day with a degree of enthusiasm ap- proaching the condemnation with which his interventions and ‘“big brother” impulses of yesterday were received. If we wish to be outspoken in our criticism, we should also be careful in according credit where credit is due. More Than Passing Attitude. From the reading of those two cable- | grams mentioned above, one is left with the impression that the new Latin American policy of the State Depart- ment amounts to sometliing more than a mere passing, circumstantial atti- tude. The first one of those dispatches an- nounced that “the Communistic dis- | orders having been quelled by the local | authorities,” the United States war- ships ordored to Salvadoran water were being withdrawn Thus, the principle advocated by Secretary Stimson last year in the Nicaraguan case that it was the ex- clusive task of the local government to repel and punish internal outby has been sustained When these warships were ordered three weeks ago—in view of exagger- ated reports of a Communistic rebel- lion in the interior of El Salvador—to stand near the Salvadoran coast. Latin Americans felt greatly alarmed by the possibility that Secretary Stimson's promises of non-intervention might suddenly become a thing of the past. Ships Merely “Stood By.” This time, however, unlike previous experiences, the warships of the United States merely “stood by" the Salva- doran coast, probably ready to offer refuge to persons if the necessity arose of doing so. But they did not land United States Marines on Salvadoran territory: on this occasicn the blue- Jackets did not “take the situation well in hand”; they did not commit them- selves to crush the revolt and re-estab- lish internal order in the country; they did not even act to reinforce the protection to foreign property afforded by the local authorities. In a word, they did not interfere with the domes- tic affairs of the Salvadoran Republic The Salvadoran authorities were left | to deal, ,alone, with the situation. And | this, despite the fact that the present government of El Salvador has not | been recognized by the United States, |nor by any of the Central American | republics, 1 accordance with the terms |of the Washington treaty of 1923. | clusive efforts of the local military, the | warships of the United States were orderly withdrawn.. They had not used | a single man or gun in the emergency. Attitude Obviously New. | Any one familiar with Central Amer- | ican politics and the Caribbean policy of | the United States in the past, will have no difficulty in recognizing that this attitude is somehow new. And yet, it is in accordance with that observed last year by Secretary Stimson when renewed hostilities of Nicaraguan rebels endangered the safety of Americans in that _country. Following his theory of non-interven- tion, the Secretary of State announced at that time that the United States would not protect with armed force the lives and property of American citizens menaced by rebel activities in the in- terfor of Nicaragua. He made his position even clearer by recommending that “all Americans who do not feel secure under the protection afforded them by the Nicaraguan gov- ernment through the Nicaraguan Na- | tional Guard should withdraw from the country.” | remain do so at their own risk and | must not expect American forces to be 1sent inland to their aid.” In a further statement, Secretary | Stimson emphasized the fact' that as | long as there was an established gov- ernment in Nicaragua it was “the ex- clusive task of such government to avoid and punish the attacks coming from a small group of rebels who are (Continued on Fourth Page. Leader of Russia, Who Is Welding Gigantic | When the crisis had passed, when the | rebellion had been conquered by the ex- | He added that “those who| War Machin would burst into flames once more. In uneguivocal words he told the repre- sentatives of more than 3,000.000 Com- munist youths, whom he termed the “natural reserve” of the Red Army. what their duty in the next war would be. 4. The commissariat of education in Moscow has adopted a program for the ry re-education” of the country’'s to bring the schools ser co-operation with needs and of the war office. The Soviet though operating under the strictest censorship in the world, was brought into still greater harmony with he country’s prepared Osoavichim, Russia’s ity organization, with a membership £ 9.100.000. 10-day period. known as the of defense,” in which it held thousands of meetings throughout the country to imbue the population with a proper regard for the approaching war danger Warns of Attack. 1th plenum of the Com- tional met in Moscow and proclaimed to its followers in every part of the globe that “the danger of an imperialist attack on the Soviet has never been greater than The plenum instructed all Cof arties affiliated with the ational to rally to the de fatherland of the world proletariat The whele of Soviet lfe today permeated with an intense War pay- chology. In the factory and behind the decace 5. The munist Inte: today nmunist Inter- nse of the Russ Prepare for World War Everywhere Soviet Union Trains Its People for Days of Tremendous Conque plow, in the home and in the school, the “next war” is spoken of with & sense of Gnality, as if the enemy were already mobilized and on the march. Just as the five-year plan represents a stupendous departure in the field of economics, 50 Moscow’s preparedness program—the Soviet plan for war, it might be called—represents the most breath-taking advance of militarism the world has vet seen. From the Gulf of Finland to Afghan- | istan, from the Polish border to the |Island of Sakhalin, the country’s hu- | man and natural, technical and educa- tional resources are being mobilized, combined and fitted for war. Industry is being placed on a reversible basis, for-use in war as well as peace. Every | citizen is a prospective soldier, every factory a possible munitions plant. A 24-Hour Basis, The Soviet war industries operate on a 24-hour basis, and pever rest. The | loss and inconveniences from red tape and bureaucracy which are the curse of every other industry in the Soviet Union are unknown in factories pro- | ducing war munitions, airplanes or war | chemicals. Here drunkenness by a | workman is no excuse, and irregularity |if it is repeated, becomes a counter- revolutionary crime. | These industries do not complain of shoddy materials or half-way work. In front of each establishment a Red sol- dier is stationed, and he turns aside all | visitors without proper admission cre- dentials Lenin went to the New Testament for | the most powerful slogan of the revo- lution, that about “the last being first and the first last.” Stalin chose his epitome for the Soviet's military pro- gram from the Old Testament. David's injunction to “teach the children of Judah the use of the bow” has been translated by the Communist war ma- chine into an incisive edict, as follows: “Every young worker, every young clerk, every young office employe must learn to handle a machine gun. Every voung person must become proficient in some branch of military science and battle practice.” Between the ages of 10 and 50 every man _and woman, every boy and girl, in the Soviet Union today is provided with some sort of “military qualification,” whether this be for work on the battle- field or behind the lines. Machinery for the training of large masses of the population in war practice has been set up in every part of the Soviet Union Every class of the population is reached by the government's deferse program. and every language or diaiect spoken in the Soviet Union is uttlized in these campaigns. Military Corner.” Each factory is provided with a “mili- tary corner” (vovenni ugolok). Every village has its defense house (dom 0bo- toni), a small scale armory for military practice and instruction. In every large City is a “central hous> of the Red Arny," which serves both as military schonl and museum for the city and district The whole of the Soviet Union i covered with a network of shooting cir- cles, and men and women periodically undergo rifle practice. Every boys' club in the country sees youths and children practicing military gymnastics, for all sport in the Soviet n is conducted with an eve to military usefulness Theoretical and practical military edu- cation is carried on in grade schools, high schools and universities There is an Army Press. consisting f a gally paper. the Red Star. and of a dozen or more weekly and monthly pub- ications. One publication, which (Continued on Fourth Page.) EARTH IS MOST PERFECT TIMEKEEPER, SAVANTS SAY| Vibrations of Crysta Is and Momentum of Heavy Machinery Cut Errors to Surprising Degree. BY G. EDWARD PENDRAY. HE earth is the most perfect timekeeper of which we have any knowledge. Man - made clocks and time indicators. from ancient water clocks and hour glasses to relatively recent pendulum and balance-wheel clocks, give only ap- proximations of the earth's curacy Up until the beginning of the present century the finest astronomical clocks made had an accuracy of only one- thirtieth of a second average variation from their mean daily rate. But through steady improvements in design and the application of new regulators, including vibrating crystals and the mo- | mentum of heavy machinery. this mar- | gin of error has been so much reduced that time may now be kept within an accuracy beyond anything scientists of even two decades ago might have imagined possible. How this has been accomplished and what it means to scientific research, engineering and the increasingly com- plex pursuits of every-day life was ex- plained this week at the Winter con- vention of the > Electrical Engineers. In a_symposium on time several men who have had a major part in the development of high- precision clacks and_synchronous time service told for the first time the story of this work. | " The greatest strides in high precision have been made by applying vibrating qua L. Loomis, the New York banker, whose private laboratory at Asbury Park is famous for the studies being made there of ultra-audible sound and its ef- fects. v Regulate Clocks by Crystal. Extremely rapid vibrations in matter necessary for the study of high-frequen- cv sound or supersonics may be pro- duced tnrough the peculiar property of quartz crystals which vibrate with a current is passed rprising constan- rected oscillating through them. The s | may be as high as 500,000 a second, | readily suggests that these vibrations | could be harnessed to timekeeping ap- | paratus to great advantage. Several | such crystal regulated “clocks” have, in | fact, been constructed. Mr. Loomis reported that the most accurate oscillators of this type recently built have been completed in the Bell | Telephone laboratories primarily for use as a frequency standard, and a | similar set of crystal oscillators has been supplied to the United States Bu- reau of Standards for a like use. In these oscillators the frequency of | the electrical current generated is con- trolled by a ring of quartz crystal about three inches in diameter. The fre- quency of the oscillator is the same as | that of the crystal, some 100,000 vibra- tions or cycles a second. | "In order to operate clock mechanisms | from such apparatus it is necessary to gear the high frequency of the oscilla- for to & circuit whose frequency is low enough to operate a motor. Synchro- nous motors, similar to those used in | ordinary alternating current house | clocks, are employed for this purpose, |and several types of electric circuits have been devised to make the high frequency control a slower one. Usually the low frequency, which is time ac- | Americarr Institute of | t7 crystals to the regulation of elec- | trically driven timekeepers. Chief among | the experimenters in this field has been | constant frequency when a properly di- | cy of the rate of these vibrations, which |, |locked in absolute synchronism with | the higher. is one of 1000 cycles. Each pole of the synchronous motor driven by this current, therefore, corresponds to one thousandth of a second of time. | the | operation of the motor can amount at Consequenly, any variation in the most to a small fraction of a thou- sandth of a second. When the simplicity of this device is compared with the complicated electri- cal and mechanical mechanism neces- sary to increase the accuracy of a pen- dulum clock, the advantages of the crys- tal-regulated timekeeper are easy to see. Crystals have been operated continually for years without showing any measur- able variation in the number of vibra- tions per second, and without wearing out, heating up or losing accuracy in any way. Practically the only large difficulty which may cause irregularity in such clocks is the ageing of the vacuum tubes, which must be used in the circuit, and it is expected that this trouble can be reduced considerably. In order to increase the accuracy and to adjust the system for minute varia- | tions brought about by any of hundreds |of small factors, the Bell Telephone Laboratories use three such crystal oscillators instead of one. The result is a timekeeper of such extreme accuracy that special instruments have had to be devised to detect variations. | The most accurate of these instru- | ments is the Loomis chronograph, in- vented by Mr. Loomis and used in his v at Asbury Park. Also in his laboratory are three Shortt pendulum- regulated clocks of the most accurate design, on which experiments and re- finements are being made. eliminating as far as possible the variational factors which contribute to the inaccuracy of such clocks. Factors That Influence Clocks. Some idea of the smallness of the forces involved and the tremendous complexity which greater and greater accuracy introduces into the problem of such pendulum clocks may be gained by a consideration of some of these error-producing factors. These include changes of the center | of gravity of the pendulum due to vary- ng buoyancy in air of the two or more materials of which it is made; change |of motion due to the amount of air | carried along with the stroke; the fric- | tional effect of the air; minute wear- ing at the knife-edge which supports the pendulum—or if i is Spring sus- | pended, changes in the elasticity of | the sprimg; change of movement caused | by the effects of temperature, by the inaccuracies of the apparatus which transmits power to the pendulum, by the friction of the various parts, by the gravitational effect of the earth, and the varying gravitational effect of the moon and other heavenly bodies. Coupled with these troubles are vibrations of the earth caused by earth- quakes, traffic, or other unpredictable movements, the sympathetic action of one pendulum on another, even when operating in a vacuum, and changes in the pull of the earth’s gravity when | the clock is slightly raised or lowered. This last is a very serious effect, and is sometimes uncontrollable. If pen- dulum clock be raised 1 foot, its rate | will be changed by one part in twenty | million, and its accumulated loss as a timekeeper will be one and one-half secv:zd.s in a year, due to the change in the force of gravity as the distance T «Contloued po Fourth Pagel / 5l | WASHINGTON S BIG ROLE AS EDUCATOR PICTURED Helped Pioneer Institution Envisioned Great National University in Capital. New Books Bare Influence. BY JOHN WALKER HARRINGTON, S schools and colleges through- out the Nation prepare to ob- serve this year the Bicentennial of his birth Gen. George Wash- ington is recaiied more than ever as a promoter of American educa- tion. So varied were his services to a coun- try which hailed him father, that labors to the cause of learning have not been stressed. To him both elementary and higher types of education in the United States owe much, for he not only en- couraged them by his moral support, but by substantial gifts. His devotion to the training of the younger generations sprang largely from own lack of formal academic attainments can history adopted this year by the w York City Board of Education, Washington is referred to as a ‘“self- made man.” Entitled “Exploring Ameri- can History” it was written by Miss Mabel B, Casner of Washington School, West Haven, Conn.,, who believes that other text books do not sufficiently ex- plain the -personalities and origins of our complex civilization. It teems with many references to the first President, whom she portrays rather as the demo- crat than as the aristocrat of the standard biographies. To her point of view he was “a planter’s son,” who rose to high place despite his handicap. In Virginia, as in the Southern col- onies generally, popular education had not the early start it had in New Eng- land. Children were sent to private “dame” schools and also to teaching units fostered by the Church of Eng- land and its Society for the Promotion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Young Washington went to his lessons in West- moreland and in Fredericksburg, Va ‘He became well grounded in mathe- matics and drafting, and was an pert penman. The clear and precise script which made his letters and papers so easy to read was cultivated at that period. Became Surveyor at 17. At 17 he was a surveyor for the sixth Lord Fairfax, who had acquired vast estates in Virginia. Lord Fairfax was a graduate of Oxford University. a man of “wit and letters” and one of the con- tributors to the Spectator. Between the English noble and young Washington sprang up a deep friendship. Washing- ton, too, was the friend of George Wil liam Fairfax, a relative of Lord Fair- fax, also educated in England, a man nearer his own age than the noted land- ed proprietor himself. Through this as- sociation with George William. Mi Casner asserts, the youthful Washing- ton “acquired the manners and address of a cultured Virginia gentleman. It was the custom in the colony for the sons of the wealthy planters to have tutors, after which they were sent to England to finish their studies at Ox- ford and Cambridge. They returned, as the author notes. with the mannerisms and accent acquired at those seats of learning Neither Washington nor his brother Lawrence. who married a Miss Fairfax. had the advantage of a university de- gree. Through their intimacy with the house of Fairfax and with other fami- lies, however, they had been trained in all the traditions of higher education in England. Gen. Washington studied works on the arts and scienci from the Fairfax library and later i ported them from London. It is said to | have subscribed to one of the earliest | encyclopedias brought to this country. Self-educated, he had information as well as much practical common sense. His interest in mental development caused him to aid many voung men with their schooling. To the son of his physician, Dr. Craik, for example, he made an allowance of $100 a year to assist him in his studies Helps to Found Academy. After his temporary retirement to Mount Vernon following the Revolution Gen. Washington interested himself in public education more than before. In 1785 he became one of the founders of the Alexandria Academy, at Alexandria, Va., which gave free instruction to orphaned and poor children. He him- self laid the corner stone for the build- ing. the ceremony being held under the auspices of the Alexandria Lodge of Free Masons. of which he was a mem- ber. This event is regarded by sam authorities as marking the beginning of freeschoolsin Virginia. Anabsolutely free public school system was a slow growth, and in the United States in most Com- monwealths it did not become organized in its present form until after the Civil War. Virginia's present scheme of edu- cation for the masses goes back only to 1870. The ideals of the Alexandria Academy, however, had a profound in- fluence in that State. Washington set aside £1,000 ($5.000), from which during his life an annuity was derived for the institution. He was very active as a governor and caused the appointment of Dr William Brown as principal. In his will he bequeathed 20 shares of bank stock, of a par value of $200 each, in lieu of the first fund. From this about the same income was paid as had been received under the original trust. ‘Washington's services to higher edu- cation are perpetuated in part by the founding of an institution at Chester- town, Md. in 1782, which still exists. It is the oldest college in the State. as it was based on an academy established ber of its board of governors and a lib- eral contributor to its endowment. In his diary may be found reference to his riding over to take part in meetings of its board. He was much concerned in the drawing up of its courses of study, as he desired to have it prepare youth for solid accomplishments, and “espe- cially to take up engineering and the applied sciences. Endows Augusta Academy. Probably the most extensive of his labors for formal education were for an institution for young men. It was founded near Staunton in 1749 as the Augusta Academy. After the Revolu- tion its name, which was regarded as too reminiscent of the House of Han- over, from which George III came, W abandoned, and it took the title of Lib- ety Hall. The institution was removed in 1782 to the outskirts of Lexington To that struggling output of culture in 1796, Gen. Washington donated a block yielded a substantial income. Even to recent times the revenue was put at $3.000 a year. Two years later the in- stitution ~ was renamed Washington Academy. Gen. Washington had the future of the school deeply at heart, as fluence in promoting the prosperity of his beloved Virginia. His will, written in his own firm hand, provided as an additional gift 100 shares of Potomac Co. stock to be held as an endowment. In 1813 the Adademy became Wash- charter. Another famous name became con- nected with it when, in 1865, Gen. Rob- ert E. Lee was elected its president. For decades it had functioned ef- ficiently, but disaster came upon it with the Civil War, and its work was sus- pended. Gen. Lee, after the fall of the Southern Confederacy, the armies of which he had so gallantly led, would heve retired from active life. He felt, however, that the restoration of the youth and, with his characteristic cour- age took up a new cause. The affairs of the college were at the lowest ebb and its buildings almost wrecks. The South- ern leader managed to rehabilitate it considerably, even in the few years which remained to him, for in 1870 he died. . The iostitution in 1871 was reorgan: In one of seven new books on Ameri- | in 1732. Gen. Washington was a mem- | of shares in a canal company Which | he believed it would-have a strong in- | ington College, by virtue of & State | South depended upon education for |ized under its present title, Wash- ington and Lee University, and for | more than a quarter of a century there~ after was under the direction of the son of its restorer, Ma). Gen. George Wash- ington Custis Lee Most ambitious of all Gen. Washing- ton's projects for the spread of educa- tion was a national university to be built in the District of Columbia in the Capital that bears his name. As a nucleus for it he made a bequest of 50 shares of Potomac Co. steck. The in- terest from this wes to oe reinvested until such Tess should create the t*2wv, n udnd & center for tne & <or. fessions and scie » dirfus of knowledge throughout the land had never lived in the White Jou and to him the now “City of Magjificent Distances” was largely the promise of things hoped. He had the vizion of a mighty seat of Government and of a itadel of learning for the guidance of | the peaceful arts. Flis dream has never come true lit- erally, for this provision of his will was never’ carpisd out by his executo There is today, however, in the Distr of Columbia George Washington U ty, which may be said_indirec fulfilled his wish Church bian College, whick arge endowment frc n. became C versity. In 1904 it was rec eral schools taken into its fold and it started on a new career jer its pres ent title. George Washington Uni ties of medicine and many other professicns That Washington was so tor in promoting the training of y is evidenced by the attention given the coming celebration by the A 1 Education Association In cial publication it suggests m grams for special days. and schools will follow itlines being sent out from States Comm ion for of the Bicentennial Ll sl ters in the Nation Sketch Washington' He sity has 1 and of law vital a fac- uth w0 offi- Ny pro- clost important national com is the series of 16 booklets d phases of the first P have bees of Pro rvard Univ v orian of the commissi shington with carel ton ch ent from t was o pecul fered for generat those * ton” union of his powers.” The t dicate the method of treatment pur and are as follows Frontier Backgr ton’s Caree “Washington talents h ma Washing- himself | | Vernon “Was | ‘Washington “Washington, “Washington Builder.’ “Washington's Life.” “Race | Time.” ‘Classified Washingt The commissior Appreciation of Was | thoritative compendiun his life, with an acts both from era and of the present Many Sources Used. ucation has gathered ny nd Home and Praternal Elements in Washington's pretation of hi t of view of his sources soon wil The Nation: mission suggests essay contests., pagear details so nds the sue instruction for as well as the St and portrait by Gilb by Houdon as th le likenesses of the first President for displ The celebratic begin with the ob- servance cf. the birthday annis y on February 22 and close with Thanksgiv- ing in November. Important holiday such as the Fourth of July, are to have appropriate fe schools and colleges undc dopt sugges- tions for pag ther observ- ances at ccmm At institutions _of were aided by Washington himself or bear his name the programs will be especiali elaborate. In every place where yc is_instructed, however, the debt whi education in America owes to the g leader is likely to be recognized. . New Canning Industry Grows Fast in Britain LONDON.—No new industry in Great Britain has undergone such expansion in the last five years as canning. There are now at least 50 firms concerned In |the production of canned goods and aiming not only to take a large slice of home business in such products from the United States. but to compete in world markets against American manu- facturing concerns. In the case of fruit, there has been an increase of more than 500 per cent in production | since 1927 and of vegetables 2,500 per cent But vegetables and fruit are not the only things being canned in King George's realm. The widespread popu- larity of pork and beans, the home chow combination that American man- ufacturers introduced to the British | public, has led British congerns to do a lot of concentrating on that angle of the canned goods business. Some firms are turning out canned horse for Bel- gian and other continental markets vhere horseflesh is much relished There is no demand here for such fars Five years ago there were fewer than half a dozen firms in Britain productng canned goods. The 50 or more now in existence operate 59 factories and em- | ploy 5,000 persons. | Social workers in many industrial | communities say the canned goods habit is making home cooking a lost art in thousands of households. | Art Museum at ]ierlin Installs Light System BERLIN, Germany.—The famm ‘Kassel picture gallery in Germany 18 now available to the public in the | evenings. The museum has just been | equipped with a modern lighting sys- | tem, enabling it to remain open days and nights. So scientifically arranged is the system that instead of it detract- |ing from the effect of the pictures, it | heightens their artistic effectiveness. The gallery is famous the world over for its treasured collection of original Rembrandt: One of its most valued pictures is “Jau™’s Blessing.” which, when sent to Beil2 via autornobile lase year for exhibition. had to be closely guarded by armed policemen, " \