Evening Star Newspaper, January 3, 1932, Page 21

Part 2—12 Pages he DITORIAL SECTION Sundiy St WASHINGTON, D. €, BUNDAY MORNING, JANUARY 3, 1932 Special Articles FRANCE TRIES TO ISOLATE GERMANY IN DEBT CRISIS Four Projects Afoot to Consolidate Europe Against Possible Berlin Effort at Treaty Revision. BY PAUL SCOTT MOWRER. ARIS —Events are moving fast in Europe. Every day brings its new diplomatic sensation Pirst it was the real that Prance and Great were going to try to renew their en cordiale. Now it is the nev Poland, Rumania and the So: J are planning to meet, probably at W: saw, January 7, to Sign a non-aggres- sion pact on which ir depends the final signature of ranco-Soviet non-aggression pact The trend of these developments is to isolate Germany on the eve of the reparations and disarament conferences and of the probable accession of Adolf Hitler, German Nazi, or National Sacialist leader, to power in Berlin ‘They appear to be a result of extraor- dinary diplomatic activity deployed by France within the last few months to break out of the isolation in which it suddenly found itself at the time of the Hoover moratorium negotiations Bast Summer. Four Projects Afoot. There are indeed no less than four projects now afoot to consolidate Eu- Yope against possible German efforts st treaty revision. They are | 1. Renewal of the ~Franco-British entente cordiale, which in turn_would | duobtless entail better Franco-Italian relations 2. Stabilization of Eastern Europe, despite German opposition, by means of | Polish-Rumania-Soviet and Franco- | Soviet non-aggression pacts. | 3. Extension of the little entente, now | including Jugoslavia, _Czechoslovakia | and Rumanis, to include Poland, thus forming a political block of 85,00,000 | people allied with France in the’ cause of the maintenance of the peace treaties. 4. An economic union of Czecho- slovakia, Austria and Hungary, thus de- taching Hungary and Austria from the Tevisionist group and giving a sem- blance of order to the sadly disturbed smaller countries of Central Europe | tu the Paris-London Accord Near. | It is still not certain whether any one of these projects will ever be act- ually realized. Nevertheless, French di- plomacy for the moment appears to be making progress all along the line. It is confirmed that France and Great Britain are already much nearer e reparations and war debts agreement | than has been supposed. Franco-British experts will renew their talks here to- morrow and soon afterward it is ex- pected that M. Laval will go to London | to talk with Prime Minister Ramsayi MacDonald. France concluded commercial and non-ageression negotiations with Rus- sia late last Summer. Russia was will- | ing, because in the present circum- | stances its working agreements with | Germany no longer offer the same at- tractiveness as in recent years. Prance was willing because it feels that there can be no real peace in Eu- | rope until Eastern Europe is stabilized by agreements similar to those which, | it is boped, have stabilized Western Eu- yope. Finding an understanding with Germany on the subject impossible, | Prance sought, apparently with success, | t? make a stabilization pact with Rus- | sia. It is naturally, however, held that | iconclusion of the Franco-Soviet treaties ‘ mre contingent on conclusion of the | cuse German | tories. Polish-Rumanian-Soviet non-aggression | pact French Nationalists _are vigorously opposing M. Laval and Foreign Minister Aristide Briand in this policy, not be- se they disapprove of the general , but because they say that Russia’s worthless and that France, Rumania will therefore p ertheless, it looks now as if the ed. Germany natu- | I t is well known that | German writer Emil Ludwig re- | 1y went to Moscow and saw Dictator josel Stalin and personally asked him he intends now to abandon Germany and the German effort to break down the Versailles treaty system. Stalin replied ambiguously in an in- | terview subsequently published in the | Berliner Tageblatt that Russia wants to make non-aggression pacts with its neighbors, but that these pacts will not be directed against Germany, nor must they be understood as guaranteeing the | Versailles frontiers. All they guaragtee, | ne said, is peace and neutrality. | The Tageblatt, commenting on this statement, expresses the fear that the | pact will make Poland henceforth even less conciliatory toward Germany. At the same time, Polish newspapers ac- of trying to block the pact. Hungary Is Helpless. The little entente was _originally formed by Czechslovakia, Rumania and Jugoslavia as a guaranty against Hun- gry’s desire to regain its lost terri- But Hungary, like Austria, is | now helpless. The French seem, there- | fore, desirous to give the little entente 8 | new anti-German slant on the theory | that all the danger to the new frontiers now comes from Germany. This would | enable Poland to join the little entente. Since last Summer an important or- | ganization of committees for “peace by | respect for treaties” had been formed in | Poland, Rumania, Jugoslavia, Czecho- slovakia and France. The.claim of the founders is that this means that 114,- | 000,000 Europeans are standing solidly | | together for the preservation of the present. frontiers. The weakest link in the little entente at the present is believed to be Ruma- nia. King Carol of Rumania and for- | mer Premier Count Stephen Bethlen of Hungary had a mysterious meeting in | Transylvania December 7. It is said | that King Carol aspires to unite Hun-] gary and Rumania under his crown. | Trade Deal Resumed. What is perhaps more significant is the reported renewal of the Rumanian- German commercial negotiations, which were suddenly interruptd last Spring in the midst of the diplomatic battle over the proposed Austro-German customs union. An economic union of Hungary, Aus- tria and Czechoslovakia was recently proposed by Count Bethlen himself, but it is thought that the idea is really of | French origin. France, indeed, ever since the World War, has favored a solution of the economic problems of | small States of Central Europe by means of a sort of Denube confedera- tion. Opposition has come heretofore par- tially from Great Britain, mainly from Italy and Germany. Now, however, the influence of Great. Britain, Germany and Italy in this part of the world is temporarily weaker and that of France stronger. (Copyright. 1932.) Berlin Store Masters 16 Tongues To Meet Demands of Customers| | hundred thousand unemployed, while posed of a certain degree of mistrust BERLIN.—A prominent Berlin store now makes the accommodation of cus- tomers in 16 languages a feature of its res here have inter- preters for the four or five languages most used in Europe, but when a Mag- yar comes along wanting to buy, let us say, two meters of blue ribbon, the shop girls get jittery and regret that they gave so little attention to their Finno-Ugic studies at school. In the 16-language store, however 1l is sent out for eeping department, gets his ribbon. Also ice as to good eating to get bus 12 that on store, places and_where runs near his pens t the chief and North ordinarily African dialects N k “the Scandi- selling books navian expert,” man from up Sv along with her as own fai ligent salesgirl has probably picke to tell a friendly Stock- ¢ ogeblike! Vor so god he en tolk! ‘means “Be good enough ¥ and wait a moment; I call an interpreter Eager to Learn. the G ges is well oach the Russians and but_they try to nans the Poles in pi hard. Even ar noticeable. A of your correspondent’s was flattered at the ease with which she made friend- mates practice in E The Berlin papers tisements S German Frei hoove 8 ¥ working at t Institute here of these offers their b cknowledge colleague “Danke It may have been though I am a shop the oth sie eine wiege wagen.” ‘This ing “Have yo adle? 1 risk something.” was easy-to-make arror, for “Haben sie eine wiege? Ich snoechte etwas wiegen,” or “Have you 8 scale? I want to weigh something.” After all, any traveler in Spanish- speaking countries knows how simple it is to stroll into a store and murmur politely “Buenos Dios” (Good God!) for “Buenas dias” (good day). The Foreign Influence. The foreign influence in Berlin may » judged offhand by a glance at the mes of some of the restaurants, shops, at clubs, etc. Before the war this ce was even stronger, but the of four years' hostility and the Haben etwas and asked Ich moechte rious request efforts of the “German Language Socie- ty” has been to root out a good many non-Germanisms. “Adieu” has been largely supplanted by “auf wiedersehen,” “billet” by “fahrshein,” “conducteur” by “schaffner,” and by other changes ail along the line. ‘The visitor to Berlin, nevertheless, is almost constantly within sight of some foreign sign. It might be a tafloring | firm, “The American—for Ladies and Gents,” or the “Carneval de Venise,” or “La_Corsetier,” or “La Bonbonnerie.” “Coiffeure” and ‘Haarkuenstler” may dwell amicably a few doors apart, with | a “Patisserie” across the street. One | may hawve tea at the “Anglo-American Tea Room” or at “Hindustan House,” with cocktails and food at any one of the followin, £ The Jockey, lier,” *“The “Quartier Latin,” Hollywood,” Eldorad hambra,” 2 jader “Medwjed Neva Grill,” “The Mikado” or “Casa- nova ne of the night places best to tourists offers under a sir though in separate, appropriate rated rooms, the specialtie: drink of Japan, Spain, Austr the American (cocktails, ham and eggs!) nd divers parts of Germany. Spurning concession to any foreign tongue, howe place calls itself “Haus Vaterla; patriotism plus! (cor “The_Cascade. Blue Boy,” ° “Savoy, right, 1932 Mayan, Aztec and Inca Art on Exhibit in Berlin BERLIN.—Art_treasures of the Az- Incas and Mayas were sh P n exhibition in the Prussian Academy | Arts on the Pariserplatz, at the :nburg Gate, in Berlin The exhibition, the most impc of its kind since the great pre- bian exhibition in the Paris covered the territory of the Mexico, Central America, Colombi; Peru and Bolivia. It included wonde: ful masterpieces of tapestry, mosi gold and jade ornaments, s well as imposing sculptures. All the exhibits came from Gerr museums or private collections exhibition was arranged by the s museums, the Academy of Arts an Ibero-American Institute Population of Canada Rises to 10,353,778 | OTTAWA, Ontario.—Canada's po lation may only be one-twentieth of the United States, but in the last 10| | years it has gained 1565829, according to the 1931 census figures. The population of the Dominion to- | day is 10,353,778, while the 1921 popu- | | lation was 8,787,949, By provinces the population is as fol- lows: Prince Edward Island, 88,040 Nova Scotia, 512,027; New Brunswick. 408,255; Quebec, 2,869.793; Ontario, 3, 426,488, Manitoba, 699,841; Saskatc wan, 921.281; Alberta, 727.497; Britis Columbia, 689.210; Yukon, 4,.213; Northwest Territories, 7,133, | finds himself ranged with against Lloyd George, who could nerve | secretary Why France Is Now Wealthy People Know How to Save, and Once Scorned for Trait, They Now 'Are Wooed. BY STEPHANE LAUZANNE, Editor in Chief of Le Matin. HERE is an old French tale of the seventeenth century that every French child reads in school a8 soon as he can spell and which he learns by heart as soon as he can read. The title is “The Ant and the Grasshopper.” It tells the very simple story of a grasshopper, hav- ing sung all the Summer long, being caught without any reserve food when | the Winter comes. So the grasshopper calls on the ant and asks for a small loan of some dead flies or worms. But the ant, who is thrift itself, asks dryly: “What were you doing all last Sum- mer?” To which the grasshopper makes reply, “I was singing, if you don't mind.” “You were singing, were you?” exclaims the ant. “Well, now you may dance!” The tale today looks very like a sym- bol of France and the world. Some peo- ple believe that if France today is sit- ting on top of the world, with a few Britain’s New Foreign Pilot Has Keen Legal Brain Believed Needed to Solve Grave International Issues. BY C. PATRICK THOMPSON. IR JOHN SIMON, tall, alert, deci- sive, wary, imperturbable, a faint chill smile the only expression ever permitted to ruffie his finely chiseled Caesarean features, sits now at the big table in the great ornate room which is the sanctum in the For- eign Office Building in Whitehall of his Britannic majesty’s secretary of state for foreign affairs His presence is remarkable for two reasons. Ong is that it represents the eternal paradox of politics and person- alities, and in a sense the human drama | of the last laugh A liberal pacifist during the war, he found he could not go all the way with Lloyd George and the Tories, and over the conscription issue he left the cabi- net. They all called him a weak- kneed humanitarian and an unpat: shrinker from necessary ruthl Now, in the post-war phase of the bloodless economic-financial war, he the Tories himself up to_war rigors, but cannot bear to think of the suffering caused by dole cuts and tariffs. Simon now is the war-like patriot, ready to be neces- sarily ruthless in the national interest. Advent Marks Change. The other reason is that his advent marks a revolutionary change from British traditions in regard to the type of man chosen to handle foreign policy —a change the effect of which the chancellories will become aware as soon as the intricate questions of reparations and disarmament come up for discussion in the international sphere America has long been accustomed to a trained lawyer, a Hughes, a Kel- | logg, & Stimson nctioning as its of State. The phenomenon is new in Britain. The office is the most_exalted in the premier’s gift, and | bitherto has been regarded as the pre- serve of elder statesmen like the late Earl of Balfour or great noblemen like the Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, or statesmen like Earl Grey of Fallodon (who handled foreign policy through the cumulative years of the German crisis right on until Asquith was blown | out of power by the mines that Lloyd George laid). A practicing, professional lawyer, Si- mon is not in the foreign office tradi- tion. It is unlikely that he will initiate policy—MacDonald will guide the larger issues—but he will be an_unrivaled counsel for the defense of British in- terests in every sphere. In Britain's several crises since the war—the general strike, the subsequent | act regulating trades union disputes, the issue of liberal support for the Labor-Socialists, the fssue of nation versus political labor—in all these crit- ical hours, dominated as to action by bigger men, Simon’s incisive brain has Germany, England or the United States | have their millions out of work, it is | | because she is predominantly an agri- | cultural country and_therefore suffers |less from the industrial crisis now rag- | ing throughout the entire globe, Others attribute her economic strength to the | fact that she won the war and is lucky | And many, like Lord Cecil of Chelwood firmly state that “the primordial cause of the world's crisis is the lack of con- fidence.” Now, it may well be that all these | commentators are wrong. The truth is {much simpler. It is that for 10 years | the world has been inhabited by grass- | hoppers, who believed in eternal Sum- | mer. They were all just singing, and | the grasshopper's song is a song of con- | fidence—of too much confidence. The | truth is also that there is only one na- tion of ants on the globe—France. Of course, France is not a nation of | big enterprises and quick designs. It is | a nation of small, slow, stingy people, | | but all these people have at least one virtue—foresight. And foresight is com- | | SIR JOHN SIMON-— seized the underlying issue and stated it in precise terms, which have caught the national and the parliamentary mind and made his contribution to de- | bate and discussion the vital, impor- | tant one. On each occasion, displaying | a chilly scorn of all r.’m(ur)«"al{dpvlcos, | e’ has displayed the power of an in-| | tellectual appeal based on sound knowl- | edge and just thought to & democracy | more accustomed to have its heart ap- \ pealed to than its head. Comes From Middle Class. t of a Noncomformist| culture, with a cul- | anner which noth- | { The producl origin_and Ox{ord | tivated urbanity of m! v ing can disturb, avoiding c»eremphuis‘ and _exaggeration, Dever yielding to | temper nor betraying emf)no‘?c-r ‘r;;r:f‘nc- y Vi i serenely suasive, T m‘itd years in the van of Jawyer, politician and | the bar. bt s indeed unique. | hless and at ease man before a | he has been for | the successful | without rival al | _ His legal position | He is equally matc | defending an accused HE HAS HAD THE LAST LAUGH ON LLOYD GEORGE. | Foresight consists in saying to one's| self: “Of what will tomorrow be made? | Let us fear the future. Let us save for | the coming Winter.” That nation has old buildings, narrow ports, post offices which are not up to date. People laugh at its oldness, its routine and the me ocrity of its conceptions. But that na- | tion throws neither its own nor its neighbors' money out of the window. 1t hates to owe anything. Above all, it believes in thrift. Some one has said: | “The American people know how to| spend, the British how to lend, but the ! French know how to save.” This is per- fectly true. The French even consider saving as @ religion. And they practice this religion fervently. Let us take an example: An American farmer will come home and say to his | wife: “There are nice modern and most useful iceboxes for $400. Suppose we were to buy one” The wife will no doubt say yes and the icebox will be purchased by installments. But if a French farmer comes home and makes the same proposal to his wife, the wife | will immediately answer, “Wait a min- | | case. 'BRITISH FACING HEAVIEST .~ TAXATION IN ALL WORLD Burden Appears Heavy Enough Even to Threaten to Change Char- acter of People. | | | | BY NEGLEY FARSON. ONDON.—Great Britain 1932 bearing a load of taxation and business burdens threaten seriously to affect even the indomitable British char- Many of those are due to the slump, but perhaps the most acter. world enters [ L | serious is inherent in the British situa- | tion_itself. “We live In times fraught with difficulties,” King George replied to the Lord Mayor of London, answering the latter’'s New Year message, “but during the anxious days through which we | have been passing the courage and de- | | —From a Painting by F. Lulginl ute. How much have we put aside?” | ‘One thousand dollars.” “Well,” the wife will say, “let us wait until we have $2,000.” And they will wait. And they will buy the ice-box for cash. In Prance, installments exist only | for saving, not for spending. | This nation of savers is also one of | hard workers. It is as much through hard working as through saving that France was able to restore her devas- | tated regions. Some villages in the regions of Verdun and of the north| had been completely swept off the sur- | face of the earth. There was not a stone left, not a single tree, not a blade of grass. The people, nevertheless, | came back after the Armistice. They | began rebuilding, planting, ploughing. Pinancial help, of course, was extended to them by the government; but the curious fact is that after six years not only were the inhabitants of the recon- structed villages able to pay their taxes, but they were also able to put money aside, and the local savings banks are b st : s | (Continued on Third Page.) | serious aloofness, somehow always man- aged to win his case. ‘There are two illuminating stories of his young days. He was counsel for the defense in a case which rested on identification of a prisoner. The chief | witness for the prosecution was the owner of a small shop. Simon went into | the shop the day before the trial and asked for a packet of pins. The shop- keeper said he didn ell them, and referred Simon to ancther shop. Next | day the witness swore icentification of the prisoner. | ‘Witness Collapses. | “I suppose you always remember faces?” Simon asked, casually. “Al-} ways,” asserted the witness, emphati- | cally, “Have you ever seen me be- | fore?” asked the counsel for the de- | fense. “Never,” was the reply. “In-| deed? Would it surprise you to learn | that only yesterday I came into your | shop and asked for a packet of pins?” The witness collapsed. Simon won his | in a| In the other a key witness | housebreaking case adroitly evaded and | —Photo by Herbert. criminal tribunal, or unraveling some | enormo intricate financial or com- mercial case, crossing swords with the law lords of the crown in some abstruse | revenue claim, or pleading an involved technical point of law before the high- est judicial tribunal in the Privy Coun- cil Toom in the Treasury Building. He looks like an aristocrat, but he comes of lower middle-class stock. He | is the son of a Congregational minister. He had to depend on scholarships and his own industry to make his way. There was neither money nor influence in his family. He did brilliantly at school and university. At Oxford he was elected president of the famous Union. He was 26 when he was called | to the bar. He was married the same | year, and learned wrat it was to strug- | gle hard. He earned some money on the side in journalism., | But he made his mark pretty quickly. | Solicitors with briefs to give out to| struggling lawyers noted that this pale | and austere young man, prematurely | inclined to baldness and with an air of ! | | pause dropped his voice and quietly hampered Simon'’s questions by pretend- | ing to be hard of hearing. Simcn, de- tecting the maneuver, shouted several very awkward questions, and then in a asked a harmless question which he | thought the man would be eager to answer. The witness fell into the trap and answered at once. The credibility of that witness' evidence was immedi- ately destroyed. The judge, the jury grinned and Slmon scored another vic- tory | Soon Simon began to appear as an | indispensable junior in many of the | heavy commercial suits which make dull | reading when reported in the news-| papers, but which involve large sums of money and make it necessary that only the very best men shall be briefed in them. For a considerable period, | while lesser men, handling amusing and sensational cases, were getting new. paper publicity, Simon remained com- paratively unknown, although engaged | in conducting substantial litigation and making a considerable income for so young a lawyer. He was 30 when chosen one of the | counsel for the British government in the Alaska boundary arbitration. His practice widened; so did his ambitions. He decided to enter politics, and got | into Parliament in the election of 1906, | which saw the Tories go down in crush- | ing defeat and the Liberals, led by the | massive lawyer-scholar Asquith, begin their run of power, which was inter- rupted at last only by the earthquake of the war. It was a good time for a brilliant young lawyer with the right ‘politics, a capacity for hard work and a eom-‘ bative spirit. Simon had all these, His| (Continued on Fourth Page) | termination of all classes to restore the fortunes of our beloved country have filled me with admiration.” Such is true and the steadfastness with which the British people have withstood price raising, hoarding and inflation after being forced off the gold standard is a remarkable, even mirac- ulous, traditional calmness to face physical or moral adversity. Back-Breaking Load. either “It is in a spirit of confidence that| I send my greeting to the citizens of | London,” King George continues, “pray- | ing that under divine guidance the coming year may bring light and hope and the strength of united purpose to vi)urdnves and renewed prosperity to our But look at the back-breaking load which the Britons are bearing. First and most staggering is the national debt of more than £7,500,000,000 (about $25,500,000,000 at current exchange), the largest in the world, 6> times that of the United States if measured on a per capita basis, 10 times as large when measured on average income. To meet the interest on the sinking charges of this crushing load the Brit- ish taxpayer must raise £1,000,000 (about $3,400,000) every day in the year. It eats up nearly one-half of the public revenues and actually consumes some 46 per cent of the budget after a few small self-balancing items have been deducted. This debt, nearly all of which was the cost of winning the Great War, is the back-breaking factor making the Briton the most heavily taxed person in the world. Forty per cent of the total nation- al revenue for the current year is due from the income tax. Taking the pound sterling at the nominal figure of $4.86 and the average family man with a wife and one child, a man earning $1,500 a year must pay $25 if all his income is earned, and pays more than $65 if his income is from invest- ments. A man earning $2,500 must pay $140 or $275, respectively. A man earning $5,000 pays either $600 or $900. Surtax Charges High. Above these are surtax charges, which | begin with incomes of $12,500 per year. For example, a married man with three children would have to pay $2,400 a year, while a big business man earning, say. $500,000 would have to give the government more than $300,000. In addition to these are death duties, which have completely shattered big estates. An example of this is the death of the late Lord Dewar, head of the great Scottish whisky combine. When Lord Dewar died, in April, 1930, he left an estate of shares valued at £2,010,000. At the time of Lord Dewar’s death the valuation of these shares for the death duties would have resulted in the pay- ment of death duties over £800,000. To- day these same shares, which have just been sold, realized only £1,290,00. So Lord Dewar’s heirs thereby lose further £720,000. The death of Bernhard Baron, a big ;\chm magnate, is a parallel instance. i £5,000,000, on which death duties were paid amounting to more than £2,200,000. manifestation of the Britons’| | | I | Baron left an estate of nearly | The remainder was left in shares of he tobacco company, which were valued at about £2,700,000, but which, owing to the slump, are worth only about £1,350- Which | 009 today. This incredible taxation is changing the whole tone of English life. It is cutting out the very foundation of the British aristocracy by shattering the big estates; great county familles—the | backbone of the British middle class— are forced to send their sons early into business pursuits instead of raising them as heretofore for Parliament, the army, navy and Great Britain’s public services; retired army and navy officers and civil servants are so impoverished by mere income tax that their place and moral prestige in British public life is fast_diminishing. Three-quarters of the Briton’s cur- rent income tax is due and payable Jan- uary 1, owing to the necessity to get it in to balance the budget. More than £287,000,000 in income ta¥, surtax and estate duties must be collected by March 31. Estates Given Up. Examples of the inability to maintain former estates under such pressure are: Lord Derby, one of England’s biggest landlords, who just sold 1,700 acres of his estate, Knowsley, to the City of Liv- erpool. During the last year Lord Astor closed down Clivenden, his historic mansion on the Thames. Lady Louis Mountbatten closed her house in Park Lane. Sir Philip Sasson closed his 25 Park lane, his houses Folkstone and Hert- fordshire. Lord Harewood, husband of Pincess Mary, is reported to be closing Hare- wood House, offering his mansion, Ches- terfleld House, for sale and moving to a less expensive street. He also sold his Benvenuto Cellini jewel for £10,000. Marquis Aly2sbury sold a great part of his beautiful Seven Oak forest. ‘The Duke of Richmond sold his his- torical Trees Goodwood. ‘The Earl of Durham sold Lawrence's “Red Boy.” The Duke of Norfolk sold his estate, Littlehampton. Lord Radnor sold his estate, Folk- stone. Tax Extended Downward. So much for the ravages of such de- structive taxation among the mighty great. For ordinary humans it can be understood what it means when from one-sixth to one-quarter of cna's earn- ing is confiscated by a needy govern- ment. And this year 1,500,000 new tax- payers have been added, reaching down to those earning less than $15 a week, who are liable to $15 income tax. Another burden under which the Briton is staggering is the failure to ad- just his industry to post-war conditions, with the result of a chronic decline in export trade, on which his very exist- ence as a first-rate power depends. In volume Great Britain’s exports have not yet regained their pre-war level. In 1928, a good year, they were 15 per cent under 1913, measured in terms of the pre-war price level. In' 1830 the volume of exports was less than 85 per cent of 1928, and they have shown a further decline of some 22 per cent for the first nine months of this year. Great Britain’s invisible exports, such as the return from shipping, overseas investments and other incomes, which up to date have more than compensated the adverse balance of imports over ex- ports, have fallen so alarmingly during the world slump that a deficit in the balance of payments of at least £50,- 000,000 is expected for the fiscal year. And Great Britain will have to draw that much on capital. Another burden which Great Britain is bearing is that one person out of every five of the working population is without a job. (Copyright, 1932.) Turkish Interior Minister’s Survey Hints War on Bandits and Smuggling ISTANBUL, Turkey.—It is believed that Shukru Kaya Bey’s tour of inspec- tion through the eastern and southern provinces of Turkey will lead to strong measures directed toward the extermi- nation of brigandage and smuggling. The minister of the interior was sent by the government to study in person th. scene of action and the condition of the peasants long harassed by brig- ands and hoodwinked by smugglers. Through the snow and mud of an Ana- tolian Winter, Shukru Bey has gone from village to village, listening to heart-rending tales of woe. The Turkish brigands have started into action again, swooping down on villages, stealing the cattle, burning houses and laying waste the country the™ pass through. A knock at the door sends fear to every one's heart, for it means that the armed men are on their ruthless raids. When neighbors go vis- iting each other they never pound on the doors but call their names out loud, | 50 as not to scare the inhabitants. Checks Up on Smuggling. Around Dersim conditions have reached a pitiable state, and the peas- | ants welcomed Shukru Bey with joy and poured out their complaints to him. | A strong reinforcement of the gendar- merie is expected and it is hoped they will clean up this brigand-infested re- gion just as they freed the western part of Turkey some time ago from the | same pests. Until the government went into action actual warfare was carried cn between the gendarmes and well rmed brigands. In lieu of thanksgiv- ing & memorial will be erected in Angora to those gendarmes killed during the action. The minister is also including smug- glers in his tour and is extending his study to conditions along the Syrian border, where smuggling is concentrated. The new law on importations has but- tered the bread of the smugglers. So vast is their field of action that one deputy clamors for “tribunals of inde- pendence,” a mild form of the Soviet other deputy exclaims: “The smuggler and he who helps the smuggler should be considered traitors to the country. We shall pursue the smuggler over city and over hills just as we do a spy, for both are dangerous to the country.” Goods Runners Well Organized. The minister is to draw up a report following his investigations, which will help the work of the special commis- sion chosen to stop smuggling. The smugglers have spread a vast| network over the southern provinces of Turkey. Along the Syrian frontier there are hundreds of them—many of them Armenians settled in Syria—who are growing rich and increasing their field of action to such an extent that smuggling has become a real menace, both for the State revenue and for the morale of the people. The smugglers are so well organized that they spread their goods far into the interior of Ana- tolia without being caught. This means | | that the state is losing a large source of revenue each year and that the hon- est merchants are suffering. These can- not compete with the low prices of the smugglers and are often unable to sell their goods. Sugar, which is a state monopoly, is one of the principal articles smuggled, and the illicit trafic affects the work of the sugar factories in and around Edirne. All state monopolies are tar- gets for smugglers. The prices of their goods are much higher in-Turkey than abroad; hence the gain of the smugglers is enormous. Will Wage Bitter War. Other favorites of the smugglers are old clothes from Europe and America and artificial silk in all forms. The old clothes are ripped to pleces and intro- duced into the country as rags; then hundreds of women are employed to sew the pieces together again. The artifi- cial silk stockings, selling as low as 20 cents a pair, and silk underclothes, gaudy and cheap, are great favorites of the peasants so that pure Turkish silke is going a-begging. The silk merchants of Diaribekir are greatly hindered by the smugglers, who undersell them right in the bazaars of the city. So bitter war is declared on all smug- glers as well as brigands. Turkey is determined to get rid of these two enemies. (Copyright, 1932 Max Reinhardt Is Man Truly Without Country VIENNA —Max Reinhardt, one of the greatest theatrical producers of the world, is indeed a man without a coun- try. He was born in Bratislava, Czecho= slovakia, which at that time was Aus- trian territory. But his Austrian citi- _zr.lex;hlpudlaé:sed after the war and he uggling. An- | Reglec! 0 exercise the option that cheka, to put an end to smuggling | would have made him Crech. Meate time he wanted a divorce from Elsa Heim, a well known German actress, whom he married in 1910, but under both German and Austrian laws the divorce was difficult. Reinhardt was living in Berlin. He went to Riga, Latvia, bought a residence there, and as a property owner became eligible for Latvian citizenship. The dl\!'zurceh(ollawed. einhardt, however, t frto m nd more difficulties mg(l)’egnrd to ?:l; natlonality. He was neither German, Austrian, Czecho, nor Lett. So recently he made a clean sweep of the business :;%mfi;e;i :hpevtinan in Budapest, ac- 0 the Vienna SRS the papers, to become Buy Wheat With Dough. From the Port Wayne News-Sentinel. As we understand it, !ur'?e is will- ing to buy American wheat with Amere can dough,