Evening Star Newspaper, December 13, 1931, Page 39

Al HE SUNDAY STAR. WASHINGTOXN, D. €, DECEMBER 13, 1931—PART TWO. MILLS OUTLIN FOR INCREASES Un'dersecrelary of Government Finances in Radio Forum Address. HE full text of the address of Ogden L. Mills, Undersecretary of the Treasury, on Government finances, delivered last night in the National Radlo Forum, ar- | ranged by The Washington Star and broadcast over a Nailon-wide network of the Columbia Broadcasting System, follows 1 assume that the fact which is up- permost in the minds of all listeners hls evening is that recommendations been made to Congress with a to raising more than $900,000,000 itional revenue in the fis ng June 30, 1933. I trust that b2 able to pre to you the the on which ed such recommendations as to substitute, for the natural reaction against a higher tax bill, a genuinely favorable response to & policy which is designed to assure the continuance of the finances of the Federal Government on a sound basis. Severe decline and depression in business over the past two years have very materially affected the budget, dcularly the Government's revenues. Income tax receipts, which are a major source of Federal revenue, averaged $2,370,000,000 in the fiscal year 1929 and 1930. Present estimates indicate that income tax collections for the fiscal year 1932 will be $1,140,002,000, or a decline of $1.230,000000. Est mated ordinary rece.pts in 18 all_sources show a de: $1,750,000.000 from of 1929 and 1920 depression has also been reflected in larger expenditures, as the result of unusual outlays for relief and construc- tion, I tu re about level the ge effect of The Three Means to Get Funds. The Treasury closed the year §931 with a deficit of $903,000,000, and estimates indicate that the aggregate deficits for the three-year period ending in 1932 will be $4,400,000,000, This is the prospect, notwithstanding the fact that, in forecasting the revenues, it has been assumed that in the calendar year 1932 there will be definite improvement in general conditions of industry and trade. There are only three ways of meeting the needs of the Government under | such circumstances, either by increased taxation, by borrowing, or by both. The Treasury cannot of itself create funds Whatever it spends must be obtained either through taxation or through the sale of Government securities, and the securities 1 the end must be redeemed by taxes. To attempt to cover the com- bined deficits of the three years in ques- tion entirely by borrowing is unthink- able, 'and would present enormous diffi- culties. It must not be forgotten that the very ability of the Government to borrow "depends not only upon the con- viction on the part of purchaser: and | holders of Government obligations that | the Government will maintain itself | in such a position as to meet at all | times and under any circumstances its own obligations, but that its finances | will be conducted with such regard for sound principles that Government se- curities will not suffer drastic deprecia- | tion. If, in disregard of every dictate of financial and business judgment, we should attempt to raise ali of the addi- tional sums required as a result of the depression through the sale of Govern- | ment securities, we would, I am con- fident, encounter real resistance on the | part of investors, not only because of the immense volume of new securities to be marketed—which would neces- sarily depreciate the value of all exist- | ing securities—but because of the ap- prehension such a temporizing policy would engender. In the midst of our difficulties, let us not forget that there is nothing more important to the Nation than the main- tenance unimpaired of the credit of the United States Government Balanced Budget Ideal. It is sometimes urged that, since in | the course of 11 years prior to the fiscal year 1931 we have recuced the total debt by about $9.300,000,000, some $3,- 460,000,000 of this amount from sur- plus receipts, we are justified in exten- sive borrowing now. There is some force to the argument. We have cre- ated something in the nature of a re- serve which we are warranted in draw- ing on, certainly to some extent. But there are definite limitations. In the first place, these earlier surpluses re- sulted in large part from special non- recurring receipts, such as the sale of capital assets, which were most prop- erly applicable to debt reduction. In the second place, when the sinking fund | was created, it was assumed that the | proceeds of Tepayment. of loans to for- | eign governments would be available in full for the retirement of a y large | part of our public debt whereas the amounts due us were subsequently re- | duced by the debt funding agreements. | And, finally, even if we assume that we are just owing up to the full amount of $3,460,000,000, that sum will be almost absorbed by last year's and this year's deficits What, then, is the wise course to pursue, under all the circumstances? The ideal would be a balanced budget in 1932 and in 1933. This ideal cannot be reached in this fiscal yvear, since half of the year has already passed and the size of the deficit makes it impossible of attainment. In the fiscal year 1933, it is conceivable that we might attain a balanced budget, but our doing so would imply such an enor- mous increase taxation as to pre- sent a serious barrier to business recov- ery. It seemed to the Treasury De- partment that we might meet the Turks, Turning Mod As Day of Rest fo ISTANBUL, key. key, having realized that she is losing forty-eight days & year by keeping the Moslem Sab- bath and resting on Frida Sunday, has decided to ¢hange the day of rest and prayer. The Turk will either close shop on Sunday, together with millions of Christians, or will wake up to find his Priday disguised as Sun- day by a government that ac- complished even more astonishing things When Turkey adopted the European calendar the Arabic numerals and the Latin alphabet, there was also a strong or that Friday would lose its all im- portant meaning the day of rest for Turks. Although the question was then discussed &t length the chang was not made. Perhaps the religious element S col ¢ and the tho :ght of adopting the Christian Sunday the holy day of rest for 14,000,000 Moslem Turks seemed too bold at that time ‘et this is not a religious question. 7he Moslem religion orders one day of Test, when the Moslem is to devote a lengthy prayer to Allah. Whether that prayer is sald on Friday or any other day of the week is not important Ramazan, the menth of fasting, changes months with ease, as it is bound to the fickle moon. The learned hojas study the heavens and declare that Ramazan fall on a certain month of the year. That month is called Ramazan and the faithful start to fast and keep fasting until the end ame can be true of the day £ day seems to be just as goo! a cay a Priday to go to mosque and enjoy life afterward in a coffee house It is not that Turkey has become so ‘Westernized that she has to copy every- thing the West has to offer. The ques- tion s deeper, as it is an economic one and thus all important at present. ‘Turkey is bound to Europe for her eco- momic reistions. The stock exchange, instead of | year ES REASONS IN TAXES Treasury Discusses needs of the situation with due ob- servance of sound financial principles, and without any impairment of the national credit, by the adoption of & program which would aim at three definite objectives; first, reduction ln‘ the prospective deficit for the current fiscal year: second, no further increase in the public debt in the fiscal year 1933; third, a balanced budget in 1934 Existing conditions would not, in my opinion, justify a request for more, and we should have fai! in our 'du! had we recommended less Return to 1924 Act The Treasury has b J in the main upon the relir ment the principal tax reductions which have been effective since the revenue act of 1924. It has, in short, recommended returning in principle to the general plan ‘of taxation existing under that act, with such changes as may be ap- propriate in the light of temporary conditions, the new measures to termi nate at the close of the fiscal year 1934. The public has paid taxes under such a law, and the Treasury can ad- minister it more expeditiously and ef- + Daredevils of the Skies Men Who Make Pictures fectively than would be the case with new and untried ventures, In lier experience with such taxe not constitute by any m ble burden. nor did tl sed prosper t ne escar althou made to cover the two com years, it should not, of course terpreted as implying an expected c tinuance of depression during that period. It will not be until the fiscal 1934 that income taxes will be free from the influence of severely de- presssed incomes for the calendar yar 1931. The program should be consid- ered rather as provision for repairing the gap in our revenues—actual and in prospect—which conditions to date have created It is unnecessary program in detail you_ have read it it provides for some instances our they { an | pr did 3 the to describe Doubtless all of Generally speaking, the retention, and :in n increase in_existing excise taxes, a restoration of the man ufacturers' sales tax on automobiles, trucks and accessories, of the stamp tax on conveyances of realty, and of the tax on telephone, telegraph, radio and cable messages, and the mposition of new s on’ manufacturers' sales of radio| and phonograph equipment, and on checks and drafts. The rate of tax nn | corporate income is increased but slightly, from 12 to 121, per cent. A | return to the 1924 act necessarily in- | volves a sharp increase in the rates| applicable to large incomes and the | taxing of some taxpayers who, since | 1924, owing to very high exemptions, | have been relieved from the obligation of contributing to the support of their Government, though enjoying a very genuine ability to contribute certainly the very moderate amounts demanded by the 1924 uct, Underestimate Intelligence. I have been t the old by some gentlemen that, from a political standpoint, we ! are making a terrible mistake in re- | ducing exemptions. Aside from. the| fact that, under existing circumstances I cannot concede that politics has any. thing to do with the drafting of & Tevenue bill, I think those gentlemen underestimate the intelligence and pa- | triotism of the American people. Other nations, confronted with difficuities in- finitely greater than our own, have met the needs of their government to| an unheard of extent without protest or _murmur. | I am confident that, once the neces- sities of the situation and the prin- ciples that are at stake are under. stood, our taxpayers will respond with equal willingness and, if not cheerfully at_least without complaint p Even in these days which appear so dark, we are still fortunate as con. | trasted with other nations. For in. stance, available information indicates that in this country Federal and local taxes combined are about 10 per cent of the national income, while in Eng- land total taxes are about 22 per cent of the national income. After all, can | it be fairly contended in such an emer- | gency that a married man, with an income of $4,000 a year, cannot con- | tribute $16.50, or less than one-half of 1 per cent of his income, to the sup- port of his Government, or one with ' &n income of $5.000, $31.50, or slightly more than half of 1 per cent; one ! With an income of $10,000, $153, which 15 only 114 per cent of his total income? Not Intolerable Burdens. When we come to the group, the rates are not interfere with the flow services, or to constitute on those who buy o we seriously complain if cigare radios and admissions o p|:::s"x$ amusement—yes, even if semienecen. sities such as automobiles—are to oo 8 trifle more, or if we are to pay 2 cents for the privilege of using checks and an additional cent the trans- fer of securities? These not intol- erable burdens, especially when we are asked to assume them to meet the necessitics of a real emergency We shall emerge from this depression, as we have emerged from depressions in the past. We shall do so all the earlier and with greater certainty if we face the realities of the situation | squarely, deal with them intelligently and courageously and proceed to follow the right road, even if it isn't the easiest one. | ern, to Drop Frid miscellaneous s0 high as to of goods or a real burden enjoy them. Can on are ay r Efficiency’s Sake the banks, the merchants eyes on the European m low the movements of stock exchanges. When a and business institutions close on Fri- day, Turkey loses hours and then agother 24 when Europe rests on Sun- ddy. No bank merchants can deal on | Sunday. as the European stock ex- | changes are closed, which means that Sunday, although a work ¢ is wasted through lack of information. Impor- | t transactions have been lost that way If a European bank sends a telegram Turkey on Thursday *d Friday morniug, but as ever is away, the answer is wired on Saturday, received Sunday by the ank, and laid as until© Monday morning. Even & European institution cannot wait that long to close a busi- ness deal. The same bank dealing with ey’s close neighbor, Greece, aould Tecelve an answer in 24 hours instead of having to wait 72. Up to now, bus ness was not important to the Turk. He neglected stock exchanges, bonds, banks and work. But in these new republican days the Turk has become a_budding business man and cannot afford such waste On the other hand, there are thou- sands of people who are going with a long face at the thought of having to g€t up at seven on Friday instead of enjoying the luxury of bed and sleeping until noon. The foreign institutions of Turkey either granted two days a week ~Friday and Sunday—or a day and a half, so that the employes were spoiled and the change will hit them very hard Turkey is the land of numerous holi- days. The Moslem rests on Priday, the Jew cannot give up his Saturday and 1l have their ket and fol- e European the official rnoon it is | which Alfonso despised | Spain |and that they were not s UPPOSE that instead of reading this printed page you were clinging to a hard wooden bench in a swaying airplane cabin You are swathed in leather clothing, felt boots and fur-lined hel- met. There are great gauntlets on your hands, making them look like the | forepaws of a black bear. Up ahead of you is the broad back of your pilot. By your side is a small row of instru- ments. The altimeter reads 19,700 feet, and the temperature is 60 degrees below zero. Reconstruct such a scene in your mind and you have a picture of the working conditions of the man who holds the highest job in the world. He fis the aerial photographer; the most misunderstood and generally abused person in the whole flying game He showed the aviation industry how to make flying pay, and his was the first flylng job to graduate into the realm of big business. But nobody cars, He seldom gets his name in the papers and never receives spectacular HAPPY LANDINGS! A VIEW OF TE welcomes after his flights. The pilots get the praise and man with the camera frequently doesn’t even get credit for the photographs he took. But if the mob that surges | around the pilot knew what sort of thrills, excitement, danger, hardship |and adventure there was in the pho- tographer’s job. he might push the pilot off the front page. A stricken liner sinks 'a hundred miles at sea Middle Western town threaters a dozen cities. river floods a score of countles. the A forest fire The first man on the job is the flying pho- | tographer, see will air, This and the first picture you have been taken from the man’s life is a bewildering whirl of big cities and trackless jun- gles, the sizzling heat of the tropics and the numbing cold of the top layer of the atmosphere. He defies the laws of nature and lives to tell about it. His office is five, six or seven miles above the earth—so high A prison riot breaks upon a | A swollen | in the Air Face Danger as Everyday O IE MOUNTAINS NEAR MEXI to breathe and not enough warmth to keep him alive—and should his man made oxygen and heat fait he suffer: physical strains that sometimes result in death. But his job makes him forget | the danger. A man named Russell was making & map over Pennsylvania a few weeks ago, and was kicking to himself that life was so monotonous. His mapping | | camera had an electric drive and he was just sitting there holding it 1?\‘(-'1] and wish he were back in Brooklyn shooting a few holes of midget golf. The wind changed direction with some abruptness and started blowing along the same courSe that his plane was fol- lowing. The plane, with the gale blow- ing under its tail. started to whiz along at more than 200 mil an hour. The camera’s electric timing gear eouldn't | keep up with it, | Russell yanked out the electric con- nection, twined his feet around a stan- chion and began cranking film like a maniac. He had been over Harrisburg | Alfonso Has Price on While Former Ruler Is Man Without Country His Patriot Victin BY ALBIN E. JOHNSON, ADRID.—Alfonso, former King of Spain, has been declared an outlaw, his properties ordered confiscated and every Spaniard is empowered to arrest him at sight should he ever again set foot on the soil of Spain. From the proudest throne in Europe, the last of the Bour- bons has tumbled to the low estate of an ordinary fugitive, with a price upon his head. "That is the decision of the Cortes, and from now on the Cortes, is supreme in As the last of the oldest line of hereditary monarchs in Europe Hapsburgs, Bourbons and Alfonso is without a throne, a country Behind the dramatic sentence imposed upon Alfonso, however, lies an even more dramatic story, It will be remem- bered that it ldier, Gen. San Jurgo, commander of the Civil Guard, who almost singlehandedly checkmated the former King's trump card when he was preparing to plunge the country into bloodshed in 2 last effort to keep his throne: it- was the ghosts of two cther soldiers, Capts. Firmin Galan and Garcia Hernandez, for whose executions King Alfonso is held responsible, which placed the once proud and vengeful Castillian beyond the pale of Spanish law. There were many crimes with which the Republican Tribunal could have charged Alfonso. The former King had caused the deaths of many men, not the least of whom were the thousands who the futile campaign against Krim in the Riffian War crifices, however, were more or less “within the law.” Alfonso was then recognized as Kin ruling un- der the constituti The ex- cesses of the monarchy after the coup of Primo de Rivera, whom Alfonso used as & tool for overriding the con: tional rights of the people, were ones which the Cortes consider unfor- givable, Lorraine: but a man without of Officers Loyal. Capts. Galan and Hernandez, although officers in the army, were loyal to their oaths under constitutjonal Spain when they sought to overthrow an illegally constituted dictatorship. Theirs was a loyalty far greater than allegiance to a King who had broken faith with his subjects. Gen. Primo de Rivera's court- martial, which tried the former mon- acchist’ premier, Sanchez Guerra, ad- mitted that fact when it discharged the leader of the abortive Valencia and Cu dad Resl rebellion even h confessed that he soucht to ove the existing government Alfonso's bloodthirsty demand for the lives of the two popular officers lias now been legally defined in republican S as “murder.” Germany's judgment | egainst the former Kaiser was never so | publicans in Spanish jails severe., Today, and probably down through the new republic’s history, lan and Hernandez will rank as mar- tyrs, former ‘King Alfonso as the de. spised sovereign who was first a Bourbon and then a Spanlard, and who put his dynasty above his country. / Capts. Galan and Hernandez first appeared in the public eye largely a result of the tragic Jaca rebellion. tragic because the impetuous off: could not wait for the ‘o hou when two-thirds of the garrisons Spain_and the Rebublicans, Socialists and Workers' organizations were to have driven Alfonso from the land last December. When the Jaca troops found that something had again gone wrong, upported by other garrisons, Galan and Hernandey as in | the Christian has to go to church on | Sunday. Three days out of seven some- 'body i resting in ’mrkei. voluntarily surrendered to the ciyil authorities, naturally expecting con- siderntion as political offenders. ‘Gen. Damasco T ‘Was then the | now not only a former king | CAPT. FERMIN GALAN, dictator. Acting under Alfonso's orders he saw to it that the two officers were summarily executed, without even the consideration ordinarily shown victims of a drum-head court-martial in time of war. Berenguer and his Monarchist colleagues are now in Spanish prisons awaiting their fate at the hands of the Republican Responsibilities sion which passed judgment on Alfonso For Berenguer, at least, it is not tho first time he has faced death. It seems if the hand of fate is moving in his case. Not many years ago, after the Morozcan disasters in 1921, Gen. Beren- guer was arrested, tried by a military court, and sentenced to death for hav- ing been involved in the civil, political and militery scandals which ~caused such frightful losses in wealth and men in Spain's Riffian expeditions Capt. Galan, then a young officer, be- lieving his chief was being sacrificed by King Alfonso, penetrated the fortress | of approbrium among Spaniards), Bu | e said- re he was confined and offered to lead a_ small band to forcibly release him. Later Gen. Primo de Rivera, as dictator, illegally amnestied Berenguer, | only to see him again become the in- strument of Alfonso when Rivera no longer proved useful to the intriguing King. Th'n. to crown his checkered career, Berensuer did not e a finger to save the life of the voung officer who would have befriended him It was Alfonso's delermination to “make an example” of some Republic- ans that cauvsed him to insist Galan's and Hernandez's death. At the time there were around 6,000 other Re- According to the chief of police of Madrid. 80 per cent of thlese were “intellectuals,” any | one of whom was far more dangerous iw the monarehy than the two army | officers. Most of the men in the pres- ent Alcala Zamora government were imprisoned at the time. However, it was easier for Alfonso to use & military drum-head court_than the civil or tatorial tribunals in creating amples” calculated to slrl}:t'r fear in the hearts of the revo'utionaries. £ Within a few hours of the time the Jaca officers had given themselyves up, the court-martial had sentenc them to death. The Berenguer cabin: met immediately to The ministers of interior, economy public works and public instruction op- posed the verdict and demanded clem- | ency. Berenguer, close to King Al- fonso, beat down their pleas and finally the . judgment was confirmed. The Commis- | upon | consider the sentence. | |some of us willing to die for our | archy 60 hours before the time set | petuosity, | Ty between the dashing artillery offi- | leaflets and led the Quatros Vientras Alr Corps in a second abortive mutiny. CAPT. GARCIA HERNANDEZ, | to present & decree of reprieve to the King. | “If thgt is your wish,” Berenguer told them, ¥ shail do so, but remember the | same time we ask his majesty for a | reprieve we shall be presenting the cabinet’s resignation, for the King cer- tainly will refuse mercy.” Berenguer then again convinced the majority of | his monarchist colleagues that this was I no time to leave the country without a | government. They had pledged them- selves to early elections and resignation would have meant another military dic- tatorship which the King wanted an excuse to establish. The throne was | tottering. Alfonso’s back was to the| wall. He had announced: “I was born | a king and despite the efforts of these | Indians, I shall die a king.” (Alfonso was born after his father had been as- | sassinated and consequently was liter- | | ally ushered into the werld with a | crown on his head. Indians is a word | | | even Berenguer’s persuasiveness and | | argument failed to win over one mem- | ber of his cabinet, the minister of pub- | lic instruction, who Insisted that his | disapproval of the entire proceedings be inseribed in the official minutes. Capt Gelan was shot within six | hour: after his arrest. Not only th but he executed on Sunday, which is against all tradition and religious custom in a Catholic country, where even wartime executions are forbidden cn the Sabbath. The act cost King Alfonso more friends than any one | thing he bhad done since he boistered | | up his shaky throne by breaking his | | oath to defend the constitution. Tt is one thing the army will never forget | —that is, the lower rark and file, The details of Capt. Galan's death, as told the writer by an eyewitness, played an important part in formu- | lating the Cortes' sentence against Al- fonso. As stated before, when they | saw that the game was up, Galan and | Hernandez surrendered to the civil cuthorities rather than shed needless- ly the blood of their troops. It would have been casy for them to escape across the Franco-Spanish frontier. Galan Disgusted. “T am surrendering to the eivil au- thorities because I am disgusted with | the military men, with whom I have been associated in the movement to liberate Spain,” Capt. Galan told the mayor of the small froptier village. “X MMM&MI:O | | 0 CITY. record-breaking | in the air that there is insufficient air|when the wind changed; exactly 28 | more than half an hour, progressing | having the unexpected happen, and it Bnan o ccurrence, minutes later he was over Philadelphia, with the map all finished and blisters on his hands from cranking film through the camera @ breakneck speed. About a week later Russell's partner, Capt. Robert A. Smith, was-in the same ship. The wind played the same trick, this time biowing directly at the nose. There was no movement at all. The plane just hung there for not a foot. about it. th The pllot 'was worried He was for landing then and But E€mith piel 3 ~ had When it did, he decided to move. z w vack’ to " This same Smith, a ruddy, yellow- haired dynamo of energy, is used to doesn’t bother him any more. He has been flying with a camera for the last 15 years—all over Europe and most of (Continued on Fourth Page) Head Are Honored. ideals.” In all truth, Capt. Galan had large- | ly himself to blame for his ill-fortune. | He had led his troops against the mon- | for the uprising. He did this partialiy | because of his Liot-headedness and im- and partly because of & fixed idea that e was the man “cho- sen” to bring the republic to Spain. He aspired to be first to enter Madrid with 2 republican army. There also was a certain amount of friendly rival- cer and_the spectacular airman, Maj, Ramon Franco, who, & few days later, to avenge’ his fallen comrade, “bomb- ed” Alfonso's palace with revolutionary Before the drumhead court-martial, | composed of generals and colonels, sit- ting over the two officers, the follow- ing dialogue took place: “Have you any accomplices?” Jjudge asked Galan. “Yes," replied the accused. “Who are they?"” “All of you, as you well know. All oi you who are cowards and traitors Spain,” retorted Capt. Galan, im- etuously. Warned Against Replies. The judge then warned him against his replies, calling attention also to the fact that he was addressing his “su- perior officers.” “There are no superiors or inferiors here,” retorted Galan. “In this court there are only men and uraitors. You are the traitors. Capt. Garcla Hern- andez and I at least are men.” When Galan himself signed ‘the court’s record, calm and smiling, he as- tounded all of those present, most of | whom were his comrades of many years, , and also implicated at one time or another with him in the republican movement, by saying: “You see how easily one can sign his ! own death warrant, if he be a real nan 0 A priest came forth to offer consola- tion. Galan politely waved him aside. “I do not need what you have to offer,” “Only let me live the few re- maining moments of my life intensely. the | | council in serious disputes, as a point | compacts that solidified PAN-AMERICAN THEORY Thursday La BY GASTON NERVAL. EXT Thursday marks the 101st T anniversary of the passing of Simon Bolivar, the “George | Washington” of South America. On that date Latin Americans throughout the ccaiinent will pay re- spect to the memory of the greatest man that ever lived in that part of the world, Bolivar, “The Liberator.” has been hailed as & military genius, as a politi- cal organizer of extraordinary vision, as a statesman, as the apostle and the man of action working for & great ideal But the liberator of five South Ameri- can nations is seldom known or men- tioned here as the real pioneer of the most_interesting political tendency of our days, the pan-American movement 1t is with this aspect of his multiform personality that readers in this country should particularly be acquainted. Bol- ivar the visionary stateman is even greater than Bolivar the leader of sol- diers and emancipator of nations. | Bolivar father of Pan-Americanism be- comes a continental figure and deserves just as much the admiration of Saxon Americans as he does the gratitude and immortal homage of the South Ameri- cans he liberated. Preceded Leaders of U. S. Secretary of State Blaine, Henry Clay, even President Monroe, are often mentioned here as the pioneers of the pan-American spirit. But long before these distinguished statesmen of the North had achieved public prominence and used it to promote international co- | operation in the New World Simon | Bolivar had divulged his dreams of a | united American continent from one | extreme of the Southern continent to the other. The first international assembly ever to give thought to the ideal of a united | Westen Hemisphere, in which peace and matual co-operation would reign! Suprem® was the Congress of Panama, | convoké by Bolivar in 1826. At that time the South American countries had | just comyileted their liberation from the | Spanish #rown and were attempting to | take thelr first steps as independent, | sovereign states in the community of | nations. | Even before that Congress the mili- | tary genius and thinker who promoted | it had given the New World the mo- | mentous idea of a united America in | his personal letters, proclamations, po- | litical _instructions and speeches. He spoke of establishing an ““Ameri- | can Compact,” hoping that “America | (referring to ‘all the American repub- |lics) so united, may, if heaven so | grant, be called the Queen of Nations, | the Mother of Republics.” In & note to his secretary of foreign | affairs, he wrote: “Nothing is of such interest at this time as the formation | of a truly American League; but this confederation should not be formed simply on the principles of an ordinary | alliance for offense and defense; it | should be a much closer union than | that recently formed in Europe (the| ! Holy Alliance) against the liberties of | the people. "It is necessary that our league be a society of sister nations, at present separated in the exercise of | their sovereignty by reason of the course of human events, but which | must be strongly and powerfully united in order to defend themselves against the aggressions of foreign powers.” And then, setting forth the ideal of a continental congress, which should discuss such union, he instructed his secretary of foreign affairs: “It is | necessary that you shall henceforth incessantly urge the necessity of laying the foundations of an amphictyonic body, or assembly of plenipotentiaries, that shall gdvance the common inter- ests of the American states and settle the misunderstandings which may arise in the future between peoples who have the same common destiny.” He also warned that such misunderstandings, if not properly attended to and solved, “may perhaps kindle lamentable wars, such as those which have desolated other less fortunate regions.” Urged Treaties of Union. To prepare the way for his final project of a continental league of the | American states, Bolivar invited the Latin American republics as early as 1822 to draw up treatles of ‘“union, association and perpetual confedera- tion.” Such treaties were concluded by Co- lombia with Chile, 1822; with Peru, the | same year; with Buenos Aires and Mexico, 1823, and with Central Amer- ica, 1825. 1In these treaties it is stipu- lated that the parties bind themselves to use their good offices with the gov- ernments of the other states of what was formerly Spanish America to enter into & pact of union, association and confederation. | boundary ORIGINATED BY BOLIVAR Liberator Who Died 101 Years Ago id Plan for “Society of States.” | Bolivar dreamed of a “strong and united America which would present itself to the world with an unexampled aspect of majesty and grandeur.” The racial that separated Latin and Saxon peoples did not stop him. He spoke of the necessity of “arriving at & clear and distinct understanding re- garding the interests of Colombia and her allies (Spanish America) in connec- tion with those of the United States.” His mind and soul were first in Vene- zuela, then in Colombia, then in South America. Finally, he dreamed of pan- America His dreams were not only those of & theoretical idealist. He had the vision ta lay the political foundations which would preserve the union of the Ameri- can republics. He was the first one to use the phrase “society of nations”; he proposed the formulation of an Ameri- can constitution binding all the coun- tries of the New World. And he even went so far as {5 indicate that the best form of representation for that America, 50 united by ties of intimate friendship and concord, was the establishment of an international organization under the name of the “assembly of plenipoten- tiaries,” with its seat in Panama,. which would have had the task of being, in his lown words, “a counselor in great con- , flicts a point of contact perils, a faithful interpreter of treaties in the event of any doubt arising and a conciliator of all differences that might develop.” His plan was that of a confederation of American republics, in which all of them, retaining their sovereignty, would sacrifice something of their individual interests and political freedom to a su- preme power, made up of their own rep- resentatives, which would guarartee their security, peace and progress through mutual co-operation. Racial differences, political misunder- standings, internal dissensions, and a complete ignorance of the psychology of each other—factors which still exist to a lesser extent in our days—prevented the success of Bolivar's pan-American scheme, but in the treaty drafted by the Congress of Panama, convoked in 1826 by the Liberator, his ideals are clearly expressed, and may still be used for the basis for a powerful continental union. in common Four Signed Treaty. This treaty of “Union, League and Perpetual Confederation,” was signed between the republics of Colombia (in- cluding Venezuela and Ecuador), Cen- tral America (including all the present Central American nations), Peru and Mexico, which participated in the Bo- livarian Congress, and was inspired and drafted by the Liberator himself. The Bolivarian ideals of pan-Amer- icanism which are embodied in that treaty—which, by the way, was only ratified by the Colombian Congress, and therzfore never came into effect—can thus be summarized: 1. Intimate character of relations be- tween the American peoples, members of the league, which any other conti- nental nation might later join. (Intro- duction to the treaty.) 2. Permanence and inviolability of a close friendship and union with each and every one of its parties between the signers of the treaty. (Article 1 of the treaty.) 3. Defensive and, if nécessary, offen- sive common support of the sovereignty and independence of each of the ton- federated powers of America against all foreign domination. 4. Immutability of peace and har- mony between the confederated Amer- ican peoples, or between them and the citizens of other nations of the world. (Article 13.) 5. Impossibility of declaring war among themselves without previous con- ciliatory intervention by the assembly of plenipotentiaries. (Article 17.) Urged Conciliatory Methods, 6. Agreement to settle amicably, and. by direct means, the differences that might exist between the countries of the league, and, in the event of being unable to arrive at an agreement, to give preference to conciliatory methods rather than to warlike ones, by bring- ing the question before the assembly cf plenipotentiaries for decision. (Article 16.) 7. Tmpossibility of going to war with nations not members of the league,, ex- cept in the case of failure of the good offices which should be requested of the other members of the league, who would be obliged to offer them in order to prevent conflict. (Article 18.) 8. Mutual guarantee of territorial in- tegrity of all the contracting parties. (Article 22.) 9. Facilities for the acquiring of citizenship among citizens of the con- tracting countries and alleviation of the conditions imposed upon aliens among It is stipulated, moreover, that as| soon as this great and important ob- | ject has been attained there will be a | general assembly of all the American | states, composed of their plenipotenti- | aries, for the purpose of cementing and | establishing more firmly the intimate | relations which should exist among | them. This assembly should serve as | of contact in common danger, as an | authentic interpreter of their public | treaties when difficulties arise, and as | judge-arbitrator and conciliator in their misunderstandings and differences. | In 1824 Bolivar, then president of | Peru, sent a circular letter to the gov- ernments of Latin America inviting them to meet in & congress in Panama for the purpose of outlining the basis of the pact of union and confederation which was proposed in the treaties re- | ferred to. The circular ends thus: | “When, after & hundred centuries, pos- | terity shall search for the origin of our public law and shall remember the its destiny, they will finger with respect the pr- | tocols of the isthmus. In them they will find the plan of the first alliances .that shall sketch the mark of our re- | lations with the universe. What, then, | shall be the Isthmus of Corinth com- | pared with that of Panama?” It is| interesting to note that the Govern- | ment of the United States also was in- vited to the congress, for the Monroe Doctrine was to be promulgated therein and the most adequate means discussed | for the abolition of the slave traffic. Refuses Blindfolding. ‘The scene then shifts to the country- side, with Galan and Hermandez march- ing beside a platoon of soldiers. Re- fusing to be blindfolded Galan faced the firing squad, stili smiling. He took out one last ci ette, lighted it, and tossed the case to one of the officer: Then, after a few puf cigarette aside, faced ths and himself gave the com- mand to fire, The volley re-echoed across the hills. Galan slumped to the ground. There was not a bullet mark in his head. The | soldiers either couldn’t or wouldn't look into those burning eyes. Neither had | any shot, pierced a vital spot. The offi- cer in charge, wishing to end Galan's suffering, borrowed a service revolver | from a trooper. The bullet glanced off | the skull. Sick at heart the officer | turned aside and motioned to a soldier the to end it. That is how Capt. Firmin Galan died, | according to the story told the Cortes’ | try.” Committee on Responsibilities. They | decided that former King Alfonso was ' ri to blame—also for the equally poignant execution of Capt. Hernandez. Some members of the committee demanded | a death sentence for the former King. Others held that that would be too 00d. r: Today, from ope end of Spain to the other, they are erecting statues, tablets and memorials to “Galan and Her- Streets which bore the names onso his kin aze being e~ Knew No Limits, Bolivar was the “spiritual father” of pan-Americanism. His flight of thought knew no limits. First, he conceived the | liberation of his native country, Vene- | zuela; then he widened its frontiers, and, | giving it & new name, caused that of Colombia to be written into the annals of history. He formed “Gran Colombia™ with the territory which constitutes to- | day the republics of Venezuela, Colombia | &nd Ecuador, and, with the pride of a | creator, called himself a Colombian. | Then he gave freedom to Peru and Bo | livia and became the leader in the lib- eration of a whole continent, And when this continent was free christened after leaders and martyrs of the revolution. But that is not all. Posted th the Town Halls and public buildings are official edicts informing Ppeople that the former King has been found guilty of “the most criminal acts against the juridical order of his coun- His property is all to be taken over by the state. Dignities, titles and ghts accruing to the former king and | his kin are forever forfeit. The republican | Cortes is going ever farther than that. Every government in the world which has diplomatic relations with the new | republic is to be officially notified of Alfonso’s status. The League of Nations will get & copy of the official decree. As for Capt. Firmin Galan and Capt. i —— . . their future Tesls. sacure . -hodrts of their couns. rymeny 3 Mansa on ateam-driven Mr, Cppistianson on them, there being stated here, for the first time, the principles of recognition of professional titles. (Article 23.) 10. Retention of the sovereignty of each member of the league for its own determination, even in the case of for- eign relations, in so far as the same was not in conflict with the provisions of the treaty. (Article 28.) Provided for Assembly. And for the carrying out of all the details of this program, the treaty pro- vided for the establishment of the “As- sembly of Plenipotentiaries of America, with supreme power over the relations of the confederated countries. Such a masterfully conceived plan of an American League of Nations, the first, is still the most ambitious and the most complete one ever drafted. Ad- vanced political ideals which today are changing the course of international re- lations—such as the Societies of Na- tions, the outlawing of war, the arbitra- tlon of disputes, the permanence of unions—are there mentioned for the first time. Bolivar was the first ever to speak of pan-Americanism. And after Bolivar no one has spoken so clearly, so force- | fully, so intelligently. (Copyright, Soviet Union Visited By Group From Denmark 1931) MOSCOW, U. 8. 8. R—A Danish in- dustrial delegation representing almost every branch of the Danish national economy visited the Soviet Union in or- der to ascertain the possibilities of a further development of Russian-Danish trade relations. ‘The All-Union Chamber of Commerce arranged a reception in honor of the delegation. The Danish Minister, lead- ers of Soviet export and import organi- zations and representatives of the peo- ple’s commissariat for foreign trade were present. K. Begge, vice president of the Chamber of Commerce, greeted the delegation heartily. The Danish Minister stressed in his reply the ner- mal and untroubled relations between the two countries. There is, he said, .Y certain similarity in their economic' structures, forming a natural basis for economic collaboration. In the course of the banquet a mem- ber of the executive council of the Chamber of Commerce gave a brief summary of the aims and activities of the chamber and stated the problems facing Russia in its active participation in the world foreign trade. The delegation expressed great inter- est in the export museum, which they visited after the banquet. A number of lectures took place in the Chamber of Commerce during the visit of the delegation in Moscow, Mr. Blache, president of the delegation, lec~ turing on Diesel motor construction, Mr. Dye Peterson on Diesel Mr. bedreulic