Evening Star Newspaper, December 6, 1931, Page 37

EDITORIAL SECTION he Swunday Star. Special Articles Part 2—8 Pages STIRRING SOCIAL CHANGES ARE IMMINENT IN GERMANY People Flocking to Hitler Standard Be- WASHINGTON, D. C, SUNDAY MORNING, DECEMBER 6, 1931 | What the Progressives Want \JAPAN’'S MANCHURIA FEAT HELD “WORD PEACE” BLOW |League, Kellogg an'd Consultative Pacts i cause Its Disruption of Present | Order Seems Certain. ‘ BY COUNT CARLO SFORZA. | Pormer talian Minister for Foreign Affairs HE reception of Adclf Hitler in a solemn audience by the Presi- den’ of the Reich, Field Mar- shal Hindenburg; the gigantic Harzburg meeting, in which all of the Hitlerian forces were openly joined for the first time by the purely reacitionary forces of Hugenberg, a meeting which suggested the impress- sion of a general mobilization on the eve of a war, and last, but not least, the overwhelming electoral victory won by the Hitlerians in Hesse just a few weeks ago—such are the political symp- toms which have given rise to the belief throughout the world that at any mo- ment some radical change may take place Germany New economic events have added to the necessity of revising our views on the German situation. I mean the fall of the pound in England, and one must pot forget that anything happening in the British Isles in the economic field feots Berlin and Frankfort, the Ruhr ®nd Saxony much more than it does ®aris or New York or Milan, The fall of the pound will make German exports | fore difficult and therefore increase | e present appalling unemployment. Germany Seems Contradictory. | That is why I decided to make a new Wisit to Germany in order to get direct mpressions. The following lines will £imply try to give the sincere, if some- what contradictory, synthesis of my ob- servations. Why contradictory? = Be- cause it is comparatively easy to judge Jogical Prance; because it is not difficult to discover real Italy behind the pom- pous performances of the Fascist re- gime. But Germany appears as the most contradictory of nations. All the im- pulses, all the hopes, all the curses are 1o be found at work in Germany at the end of 1931, Years ago, in Rome, Prince Bulow told me that, in his opinion, certain German blunders in foreign policy could only be explained by the congenital in- capacity of the Germans to reach a realistic political mind. But upon view- ine the Hitlerian successes and their eficct among the masses, of which al- most 50 per cent already have flocked 1o the banners of the eloquent dema- €ogue, I wonder whether the expla- nation is not more tragic. During the reformation the different European countries became either Protestant or | Catholic. Only the Germans divided half and half. And so it is today. Half of Germany has already seen the ad- ‘vantages of a policy of peace and democracy; the other half rises furi- ously against them and preaches the mecessity of violently breaking all of the obstacles and embracing the wild gospel of Nationalism. But even this| impression of mine, deep and sincere as | it is, runs the risk of being misleading | when it is given as an explanation. | How well one understands, when one | hes gone to Germany in & period of rychologiu] crisis like the present one, hat the Germans should be inclined to write works in 10 volumes when they treat of things German. It is easy to yeduce the present complexity of the German forces now in opposition into some facile literary antithesis, but that | ‘would be misleading. It would be less | foolish to think that one has explained | America when one has spoken of the | Hamiltonian North against the Jeffer- | sonian South than when one speaks of | #wo Germanys being in opposition to each other—Hitler against democracy— | ©or, as was the fashionable formula in | ‘France until two or three years ago, Emperial Germany against republican &ermany. Many Germanies. There are not two but many Ger- manies, each one hating and despising | the other. There is Agrarian Germany | against industrial Germany; there is| Catholic Germany against Protestant | Germany; there is the Germany of the | loyed against the Germany 01‘ 'h—and the list might on. China’s Proposed Ten-Year Program BHANGHAI, China.—A 10-year pro- gram for the industrialization of China has been drafted by the minister of in- dustries, Dr. H. H. Kung, and has fl-‘ ready had considerable circulation abro However, with national re- | depleted by civil wars, ditry, the great flood In the Yangtze &nd with government attention d a solution of the Man- | churian crisis with Japan, little, if any- | thing, has been done toward carrying | this program forward. se who affect to see a parallel of | Industrial conditions between Soviet | Russia and Kuomintang China are like- | ly to suffer disillusionment. The former 8t least has a unified control of indus- | try end of finance, whereas the latter Perhaps the drawing up of ses imply some small progress nfortunately, nationalist China wn up an endless series of plans, laws and proposals, few of which have | left their office of origin. | Problems Are Unsolved. An industrial China looks good on aper; 50 does the 10-year plan of Dr. | Xung, but there is a vast array of con- tingencies militating against "it. Dr 2 n, the father of «modern > had plans for the invigora- n and modernization of his native Q, but thcugh his program has done 0 bring national problems to the it has done little to solve those A decade of civil wars at- tests to that fact China’s 10-year program the following 14 points Construction of harbors, canals, ads, etc., where urgently needed. Reclamation of undeveloped ter: y in the northwest and general im- | provement in the agricultural and pas- | toral industries throughout the country. | 3. Development of mines and quar- | ries, | 4. Establishment of smelting works mills for metallurgical industries. Production of iron and steel. Manufacture of bricks, cement and ©ther building materials, 7. Building of locomotives. 8. Bullding of merchant ships and fishing vessels. 9. Manufacture of types. 10. Promotion of the coal-tar in- dustry, 11. Establishment of works for mak- ing batic chemicals. 12. Development of hydro-electric schemes and establishment of central power stations. 13. Manufacture ehinery 14. Establishment of municipal water- Works. Machine Shop at Nanking. Such, in brief, is the program with the added proviso that the government establish at Nanking & machine shop in which Chinese - artisans will be contains end vehicles of all of electrical ina- | such as I have carefully | minded me of Russia, was based only on | newspapers which admitted a few days Here Is What Ma The tremendously exciting new fact BY SENATOR GERALD P. NYE. observed it during my last visit, is that while all MANY political writers have the parties of the nation have some stated In recent months that in the sesslon of Congress about to begin the Progressives h will “hold the balance of distant common hereditary link. there power.” is today in Germany oniy one idea which is common to all: The idea that the old social order is going to die, What is meant, of course, is that with the House of Representatives that it is dead, and that something new must be built. And this is the |and United States Senate almost equal- ly divided between Republicans and Democrats, the issues that arise may be decided by the votes of those in both main reason back of Hitler's successes. | parties who are commonly denominated Millions of men have voted for him | ag “pr. ives.” not because they think he is or may | 1t becomes of some importance, then become a real leader, but simply because | t,” answer these questions: “Who of he says to the Germans: “All the past | what are Progressives?” “What co they must be destroyed; I will guide you t0 | want?” “What do they propose, and & new world." why?"” I have seen and talked with & Young | * ithout undertaking to set myself up German writer whose essays are a bril- | 5c a spokesman for the Progressives in liant proof of his critical mind, and who any such discussion, ¥ can, I am sure, had just returned from the last elec- | cafely proceed with a discussion of the toral battles in Hesse. He told subject which will not conflict with any \Yes, you are right. Hitler is probably |jpgividual opinion existing in the minds just as much of a demagogue as your of those who constitute the Progressive Mussolini and nothing more; but I gave my vote to his candidates, not because I will ever believe in him, but because his movement may become a sort of an cause in congressional halls. Re-elected Despite Aspersions. earthquake; perhaps out of the ruins | & new Germany will emerge.” On various occasions and by varous more or less eminent authorlties, the | Ps essive grou as been identified Despair, pessimism, political unripe- | ns opoahceibien by ness? A little of all that: but, above all, this: The sensation that Russia is not as “Bolshevists,” as “traitors,” as “sons of the wild jackass,” as a “little band 0 far from present Germany. Not that Bolshevik horrors are or seem in store | of willful men who should be hanged as high as Haman.” | Nevertheless, their constituents have for Germany. If they are going to have | continued to elect them to Congress. And & revolution in Germany it will be & |fodav'there are probably more members beautifully orderly revolution, preceded | of" Gongress who welcome the appelia and followed by Schupes with their | fion” of “Progressive” than ever before, brilliant uniforms Why? The sensation I constantly felt when | " Bica e throughout America millions in Germany, that the atmosphere Te- | o¢"citizans are beginning to think, and think seriously, about the problems of government. That thinking is produc- tive of condemnation of present eco- nomic conditions, and of the kind of political action and inaction responsible for those conditions. It has become ap- parent to many millions of citizens that the kind of prosperity that existed for & few brief years was a false prosperity. soep-bubble prosperity inflated by wild and reckless speculation. That bubble burst n October, 1929 We now are faced with the problem of reconstructing our economic system so that there shall bs the real and lasting prosperity which the natural and hu- man resources of America justify—a prosperity that will begin at the bottom of the social structure and spread up- ward, instead of a prosperity confined to a comparatively small class at the top. two facts: First, that virtually nobody believes any longer in the sanction of | the individualistic principles of the nineteenth century. | As a proof of this I may quote one on the most important conservative | ago: “We cannot deny that in a poli- tical sense as in a scientific sense half the Germans are today socialistic even when they do not know it.” The second fact is that nobody be- lieves any longer that the present so- clety can last as it is now constituted. Restrictions Imposed. | How could they belleve this (since | Germany lacks the solid historical | foundations of France or of England) | when one secs that 3 out of 10 men you | et on the : that the satest bank ot io¥®d’ | Would Ald Those With Few Means. bankrupt tomorrow, and that the pres- | Reputable economists have estimated ent Chancellor, Dr. Heinrich Bruening | that 3 per cent of our population own —a man morally respected by every |75 per cent of the national wealth. body—has imposed upon his country- | They have stated that 80,000,000 of our men a system of Testrictions and taxa- | population of 125,000,000 have an in- tons which leaves so little scope for | come of .less than $700 a year. Pro- private initiative, gressives belleve that the first duty of Nothing strange that under such con- | government is concerned with the wel- ditions many people, even among them | fare of those 80,000,000 and of millions many who scorned and loathed Hitler | more who lack economic security until yesterday, are now beginning to | Consider the present condition of say: “Well, Jet us try his remedics. After | business depression and unemployment. all, they can be no worse.” Even less | It is not a new condition, except in its strangz that, under such psychological | conditions, one detects in the German | air & smell of reyolution or at least of llor Bruening redical violent cl It is true that Cl has reshaped his cabinet, giving the | ministry of the interior to Gen. Groe- | ner, who is also the minister for the national defense. Groener is one of the rare Prussian generals with deep re- | publican convictions. And the fact that he now keeps in his hands the two| portfolios leaves at his immediate dis- | posal, for the protection of the Rebub- lican regime, & splendidly selected army of 250,000 men—100,000 of them being the Reichswebr and 150,000 being Schupos, Germany's armed security po- | lice. But even granted that no racist | and militaristic elements are at work inside the Reichswehr for a treason against the republic, history tells us | ¢ ¢ that the most efficient material forces | are of little help when the institutions | 2 A are not surrounded by the confidence | women in Arizona. &t thie ‘Dation | She had just been arrested, We are confronted today in Germany | Caught almost roddmndp?{ the police — —— | say, in what seems on the surface & (Continued on Pourth Page) | most atroclous murder. Herself: for | gone in_tuberculosis, probably a hys- teriac, she is accused of | woman ~friends whose | pleased her some accomplice, she dissected bodies and shipped them in ordinary baggage to Los Angeles, at which point | she hoped to reclaim and conceal them | There followed the usual slip, the ar- trained as experts in handling modern |rest and the machinery. justice. Of his plan. Dr. Kung says: “This|' She reckoned without knowing the is an ambitious program. admittedly, | facts. They do hang women in Atizons but it is not beyond the power of our | Only & few years ago they hanged Mary people to carry it into effect if only ¢ we can concentrate our energies upon the work of economic reconstruction. | During the last few years there has been much internal strife in the coun- try, which unhappily has greatly handi- capped the government in its earnest endeavor to develop the nation's in- dustry and commerce. With the re- storation of domestic peace, prosperity is bound to follow in a country so rich- ly endowed as China with natural wealth and other resources.” China’s greatest wealth is her man power. Her greatest lack is money. To complete such a plan as the min- istry of industries contemplates implies | the solution of too many other problems confronting the nation. It means the releasing of funds from military pur- | suits to civil and a settlement of out- | standing international ‘ssues—chains forged by foreign powers, as the Chinese would put it—before foreig; would gravitate to China BY WILL IRWIN, Noted American Author. "M glad they're extraditing me back to Arizona,” sald Winnie Ruth Judd. “They don't hang for long description in the newspapers— Just the line “it jerked her head off.’ And yet the hope of poor, abnormal Mrs, Judd has some justification. For 15 years now, this State has had a kind of uneasy conscience about capital punishment, the ground that it “kecy bees.” Further, G. W. P. Hunt, in late years almost the perpetual Governor, has a deep-rooted dislike for judicial killing, yet has permitted it, despite the power to pardon, because it is the law, Campbell Comes on Scene, And behind the present Hi rey lies that of Thomas E. Camphel] oo Federal Civil Service Commissioner, an. other Govertor who followed the same policy, but in the face of an aversion wh]rlh goes ]dn;\n to the roots of his emotions—which amounts, n capital | kind of complex. Partly “fifr‘f.d‘sem)f: igured in an episode which put Arizona Cliasaitoss Mol Srolie: | back 1n the list of capital S ndnbane | States, but mostly nevs e Furthermore, it means the investment | which' ever happencd to Tom' Go in China of large sums from abroad | is story-teller’s material, his <-ax(»r:rr-’cbx§11; at terms dictated by the Chinese if |f8F the more interesting of the two, In setting forth to tell this story I ope I will be pardoned for digressing | now and then from the main roaq ing since about 1834, when foreigners | ‘b’e’;;':ag‘g‘; ‘tfl;kgof Jom Campbell the | o o ; dictated political and fiscal policles %0 | squirrel-tracks becomes ?Frleosxffxlr:f: cnx»; safeguard thelr interests. Under pres- | fact, I feel justified in beginnin ‘at a ent conditions in China it is extremely | period when he was not yet bus, doubtful if foreign capital will be forth- | In the year 1867, a gangling iuy of coming unless guarantces are glven— |17 named Daniel Campiel] wark yoobi and the very spirit of the new industrial | down a Philadelphia strect. o Jo8 program precludes any such possibility. | been very strictly brought up by The industrialization of China is pro- | family of mixed Quaker and pr ipy: ceeding, just as it is inevitable that it | terian tenets. He had mo ben rresol: should 85 foreign contact enlarges. 50 | has none even to this day, when L’ | will it continue to proceed without very | rounding out 81 years. He saw 5ol : | much organized help from the govern- | strange “boys of “about his “awp O ment for & long time to come. A little | struggling with a live pig ok | machine shop here, another ‘there; &| Naturally and humanly, he stepped | municipal electric plant in this small | over to scc What it was al} abeyt’ L town, and another in its neighbor; & |a policeman arrived. = municipal waterworks in this city and | The boys went over a fence with thei its replica across the river. And 50 on. | pig, Which they had just stolen rere s The Chinese is & business man from | drover. The policeman aryeres ll® | the tips of his toes, and there are few | Campbell, the innocent bysapae, o3 | shrewder to be encountered. He has |locked him up in jail. He sent o e | bulle frutt and meat canneries. He | one of his sisters’ She jumped o G | makes Western-style shoes and suits, eally had stol he because he knows the demand is there Driat et i and will continue. He has not yet portunity to rey Jl |turned ‘to modern agricultural ma- | and did nothing. He iay berePelh chinery, but he will in time. Prog- | overnight until an e b | ress is slow, but it s certain. S | him out. | na 1s not Russia, and no star g , & | industrial expansion is to be expected | Acquitted of Charge, | overnight. “The 10-year program is| Acquitted of the charge and very re- | more the expression of a sincerely pious | sentful toward his family, he manifusted hope, than the envisaging of an im-|that Campbell suddenness which his | mediate—even 10 years is short in the|son has made a tradition in Arizona life of a nation—concrete reality, He walked straight to a recruiting office (Copyright, 1931.) and enlisted in that famous 7th Cavalry » Afterward, perhaps with | the | remark about Arizona | Dugan under circumstances too horrible | 5 Justified it mainly on | off lynching ! other relative bailed | of the Liberal Group Desire, According to One of Their Leaders. T RN B FS R B | & = § means can be found to prevent recur- | : ¢ . rence of such | of the Committee on Manufactures of 3 g the United States Senate has just com- | : ! o pleted extensive Learings on a bill to | T b ; ; establish a natlonal economic council. Its function would be to keep Congress and the President accurately informed | of economic trends, and to make recom- . . mendations before a depression to pre- | 1 vent or minimize | 3 Economists, business experts, business | |8 : . leaders and others testified that such g i an official counc!l would be helpful and | 5 useful. is better economic ture. e SENATOR GERALD P. NYE OF NORTH DAKOTA, WHO O SOME OF THE THINGS DESIRED BY THE PROGR! GROUP IN CONGRESS. very marked severity, as compared with most depressions of the past. In the last ceniury there have been 13 major depressions and six or seven minor ones. Men of conservative or reactionary political beliefs say that | | nothing can be done about it. The | Progressives say that something not only | | can” be done about it, but should be! done about it. They point to the fact| that while wages decreased $11,000,000,- 000 in 1930, intorest and dividend pay- | ments to owners of industry actually increased half a billion dollars. It business is able to build up huge re- serves for times of decreased trade, why should not labor be provided with | $12,000,000 will not begin to meet it. | similar_reserves, | The emergency is the greatest New JTLINES IVE an extra session tu deal with this and similar related problems immediately | after the close of the regular session last March. They wanted, among other things, the passage of certain bills that had been introduced to aid in creating and distributing employment. _Their wishes were not nceded. Now, through- out the Nation, we are confronted with conditions similer to that described & few weeks ago by a prominent New York banker, thc head of the “drive” in New York City for' charity funds from private sources: “Each day the applications for re- lief mount, and it is easy to see that is not a has based on hearsa; i o5 opinion of the careful study of actual conditions now confronting this community. vember last year the number of unem- plog‘ed in distress was estimated at| 50, need is st least 160,000, or more than | three times the figure of last year | & 5 More than half of those now seeking | i 3| | help are | - . ¥| | to any welfare agency, and at least 50 | 3 o per cent of them are what are called | ‘white-collar workers'—not only cleri-| cal and sales reople, but professiopal | people, such as engineers, teachers, | doctors and dentists.” on official figures, of the number of un- | employed throughout the Nation is ap- proximately 6,500,000, Wage earner: 4 3 3 & alone, as I have already stated, have! | |8 = § lost $11,000,000,0C0 in the past year | B L > r through the lack of work, part-time | g p 3 work or reduced wages. | . \ . il to_remedy this situation? | 4 4 |in dealing | : 4 | with present tress. They are not particularly con- cerned by called. They believe that the Federal Government has merely touched the | hem or fringe of the unemployment sit- ustion with a totally inadequate relief program, a mere pittance. ed and what will be proposed and urged by Progressives is a building and con- struction program of sufficient magni- tude to create employment for a vast number of men and women in many industries. not fail to extend financial aid to its citizens who are in want and distress because of enforced unemployment. Starvation confronts those whom cities and counties will be unable to aid this Winter. ernment is to meet a national crisis in 8 national way with the power of the Nation, instead of running from its duty and passing the responsibility on to local communities that are absolutely unable to finance relie alarmist statement, It is the unanimous committee, based on | BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. T would be singularly unfortunate| if the true significance of the re-| + cent Manchurian episode were to be obscured by discusslon of rela- | tively unimportant side issues, A quarrel between advocates and oppo- nents of the League, an elaboration of the tactical blunders of Geneva or for that matter of Washington—in a word, anything that would draw attention away from the main issue would be de- plorable. For it is not merely the League which has gone down to disaster in the pres- ent crisis, but quite as clearly it is also the Kellogg pact and the nine-power treaty of Washington, with its once forgotten and now notorious consulta- tive pact, We are face to face with the | failure not of one or several instru-| mentalities, but with that of the whole conception of how peace is to be main- tained. And, broadly speaking, it is the | American and British conception which | has collapsed. | To begin with the beginning: Ever | since the formation of the League, its| avocates have quoted Lord Grey, still better known as Sir Edward Grey, who | affirmed that had he then had avail- | able the Council of League of Nations, | he could have averted the catastrophe of August, 1914. But when one now undertakes to reconstruct the situation | of that period one is struck with the | amazing resemblance between July, | 1914, and October, 1931. Similarity of Issues. | After all the issue between China and Japan today and between Serbia | and Austria 17 byears afc ‘lsia singu- | " | larly alike. Serbian nationalism was | planningin the fu- (| Fofng to recover from Austrian ruled ¢ territories inhabited by southern Slav | Rellef by U. §. Proposed. | populations and ethnically and na- | But Progressives belleve, first of all, tionally Serblan. The Hapsburg mon- promptly and adequately | archy had the law and treaty rights conditions of human dis- | in Bosnia on its side, but its position | was challenged by Serbian purpose. | The assassination of Serajevo brought the whole issue to a head. Serbian intentions were irreconciliable with | Austrian rights; Austria had to ad- vance or retreat, [ In the face of this situation Vienna prepared and suddenly issued the fa- | mous ultimatum, designed to put Eu rope in the presence of an accom- plished fact before action could be taken. And before Europe did recover from its surprise war was on in fact between Austria and Serbia. There- after it was impossible to prevent the onrush of events hecause there was no way to end the crisis without the abject submission of Serbia or fatal loss of prestige by Austria. Now precisely the same thing has oc- | | curred in Manchuria. Japan, faced by | unmistakable challenge, has moved with | the same celerity. It has placed the | world in_the - presence of accomplished | facts. Retreat by the Japanese has | been ‘made as impossible as was retreat In No- 00. Today tne number in urgent rsons heretofore unknown | architects, nurses, commerclal artists, Would Guard Against Slumps. | The present reliable estimate, based | ‘What do Progressives propose to do In the first place, they belleve that fods. A subcommittee subnormal trade. ‘What is needed by the Nation lons of the “dole,” so ‘What is need- And the Federal Government should The duty of the National Gov- k__ade- ! The Progressives in Congress wanted | York has fa for many years. This Sudden Tom Campbell Picturesque Career of Civil Service Commissioner Has Been Ruled by Quick Decisions. | THOMAS E. CAMPBE | BY A GOOD, —HIS PLEASANT PERSONALITY IS BACKED RD HEAD.—DRAWN FOR THE SUNDAY TAR BY S. J. WOOLF. which a decade later Custer led to an- nihilation on the Little Big Horn. | Thence, after three tedious sea voy- ages, a raflroad journey across the Isth- | mus of Panama and a long march afoot, | he found himself in an_Army post on the Rio Verde, Arizona. For three years he chased Apaches on a broncho, and | | emerged from his enlistment as Sergt. ampbell. 'CTh%ugh he never put on uniform again, he stayed with the Army for | many years as a civilian clerk. Mean- | time, the cattle business under the old, wild" conditions, was spreading into Arizona from Texas. He acquired a bunch of cattle, and presently he be- came a rancher in a big way. He had | married Eliza O'Flynn when he settled down, and in 1878 came Thomas Ed- ward, thelr third son. Near the border | of Dan Campbell’s ranch shot up that thriving little Western city, Prescott. Tom Sees Hanging. hen Thomas Campbell was 8 years o]:v the county hanged a man named Dildy, He deserved hanging If any one ever did. A fellow rancher had reporte him for stealing a watch. The deputy sheriff rode up to the ranch house b} E make the arrest; Dildy drew and killed him. Six months before Dildy had murdered a wayfarer for his money and dropped the body into a well. He thought the deputy was coming to arrest him for that. : The courts at Prescott made short work of Dildy. It was to be an old- fashioned public execution. All the men were going; all the boys wanted to go. The mothers of Prescott therefore hastily got together and arranged a ju- venile picnic to which they invited every child in town. Tom Campbell weni with the rest. But he was an en- terprising lad and he knew how to beat that game. He seeped out of the pic- ture and joined his elder brothers. They found a place in a tree near the scene of action, The execution was almost as off- hand as a lynching. They had not taken the trouble to erect a scaffold. The deputies simply drove a hayrick under a tall pine, mounted Dildy on it, affixed a rope to a lower branch and When the spiritual adviser had finished, lashed up the horses. Suddenly, little Tom Cam; hold on the tree. , , , He 1l lost his 't made the mistake of keeping this shock to himself, letting his memory eat in. He | was resolved to stay in Bosnia, will talk about it. and jerking up and down—and they hadn't covered his face . . . ‘There he usually stops. sliding, half falling. He landed on tMe ground like a wet sack, managed to | | crawl away into the bushes and lay there for a while, very, very sick. His mother, after she rebuked him for run- ning away from the picnic to the hang- ing, tried to comfort him; his older | brothers, on the other hand, called him a slssy. est in life for a while,” he says. to this day, the very mention of an exe- cution brings up this sinister vision full the life of the range, learned the trade of cowpunching in a time when the stuff which we now see only in rodeos was a reality of life, and de- veloped an ambition to go to West Point. and adopt the military career, tended the first high school of Arizona | in Phoenix, from which he was the first graduate, while his father pulled wires |to get him an appointment. promised; entered St. Mary’s Collegs at Oakland. | He later was appointed to West Point— but as an alternate. | man for whom he was to substitute in | cas= of failure to pass the examinations | was healthy and well ~ducated. the hard times of '93 had reached the | cattle business. He must come home | and go to work. i League is powerless. although Tom Campbell's lifey Is such | &0Y of the positions which they took or that it probably attracts a good story | once & week, I shall skim over the next | realized. They have consolidated their four or five years. The important thing | position in Manchuria by force and now here is probably the fact that he didn't | they can afford to talk indefinitely. stop his education with his schooling. He had seen that mining was the next stage of progress in Arizona; he aimed | his career in that direction. help of night school and correspondence | Europe to resort to violence to improve courses, he boned up on the geology, civil engineering, chemistry and mathe- matics necessary to make himself if not a graduate mining engineer at least competent mining man. here at last came his chance to be a soldier. town, commissioned by Theodore Roose- velt and Col. Alexander Brodie to re- crult a troop of Rough Riders. He saw Tom Campbell; together they filled out the roster. Campbell was to have a commission. But here the elder Camp- bells intervened. years old. Mrs. Dan Campbell, while quite willing that her boy should go to ‘West Point, was unwilling to send him to be killed before he became of age. the old bloc] and enlisted Everything was going well when the Army officer in charge discovered the secret of his age. And this man had, }‘ appears, one special prejudice arising rom ‘When, d the end of the Civil War, Northern dwindle, his father had raised a com- Eny wp! raw boys and taken them into 3 came home alive, though Wwounded, but e g‘thz Bloody Angl aroun y Angle. sworn that no boy under age should get into his command. job, t’m wi his ambition was bent, (Continued an Fourth Page.) for the Austro-Hungarian after the utterance of the ultimatum. So far hings have proceeded in the identical fashion of 1914. But China has appealed to the League of Natlons, as Serbia could not. Instead of the frantic lone efforts of | Grey, the machinery of the League was set in motion with Telatively slight de- lay. -Yet this new machinery of post- | war international relations promptly | broke down exactly like old-fashioned diplomacy and for the same reason. | The course of the Japanese, like that | of the Austrian, was designed, without | regard to law, to re-establish a national situation which had been compromised. Japan meant to stay in Manchurla, to | maintzin her treaty rights, to defend her material interests just as Austria Al g Serbians Like Chinese. Conversely, as the Serblans were de- termined to recover the lost lands of | the old Serbian kingdom, the Chinese vere resolved to regain a province in which so many millions of their co- | nationals dwelt. The single difference between 1914 and 1931 lay in the fact | that neither Japan nor China had for- eign allies who were drawn at once into | the melee. Only Soviet Russia was vi- | tally concerned’ and, for obvious rea- | sons, Soviet Russia was not in the po- And | sition to act as Czarist Russia acted in | 1914. Thus the quarrel in the nature | of things was localized automatically. Nevertheless, he went on living to the | * B¢ the implications are not to be mistaken. What has happened in Man- | churia could at any moment occur in | various corners of Europe. The inces- | sant collision between Germany and Po- | lish rights in the Danzig Free State, the | e at- | minorities disputes in Upper Silesia and | | in the Polish Corridor, could bring a | collision almost_without warning. | 1and, with her hold upon the Corridor | perpetually challenged by German pur- | pose could be moved to seek an end to | the dispute if, for example, Germany | were shaken by domestic strife. Ger- And the young | many, just as obviously, under Nazis direction, could undertake to suppress the Corridor by violence. The gravity of the Manchurian epi- sode lies in its disclosure that, in the face of any such act of violence, the It can meet, it can send out warnings, 1t can threaten, " he says. But down from the tree he came, half “But I didn't take much inter- It was and meantime young Tom Also, | e I et Qe | but the result in the present case has He got a job as post office clerk. And | not been to make the Japanese abandon to halt their progress until the major purpose of their undertaking has been i That is what Austria-Hungary expected to do in 1914. Manchuria is an invitation, there- With the | fore, to all the dissatisfied powers of | their situation, and to all the satisfied to consolidate their position by what in old military jargon was described | as “defensive-offensive.” And one may find similar situations to the Manchu- rian all over the east and south of the continent, Since the United States is not a member of the League and not directly concerned in any European dispute, the Manchurian episode does not touch it at Geneva. On the other hand, Man- | churia does touch the United States directly in the matter of the consulta- tive pact, which was the invention of the Washington Conference to offset the covenant of the League. The treaty of Versallles had been rejected by the Senate because of its involve- ments. The problem was to find some- thing which satisfied the peace socie- tles ‘of the United States who were politically important without offending the controlling politicians of the domi- nant party, who were isolationists. The theory of the League covenant was that every one should agree to pool forces to punish an aggressor. All t0 | nations were to join and subscribe and| bring Then the Spanish War broke—and “Bucky” O'Nelll appeared in Tom was only 20 ‘Tom Campbell behaved like a chip of E, He went to San Antonio in another company. episode in his family history. manpower had begun then their combined force would to a halt any nation running amuk, But as Wilson once said, back of the covenant was force, and he meant physical force. He would not go as far as the French, who wanted to vldethemxuzwlthnmu‘flm he was thinking far more of eonomic boycotts and financial embargoes than military operations and’ armed action. ;zucmmcmmmnmam orce, ilderness campaign. The officer his died in the trenches ki His son had So Tom Campbell went back to his over into the mining game (Continued on Fourth Page.) b “Scrapped” in Success Austria Failed to Achieve in Bosnia in 1914. ‘The consultative pact, on the other hand, only bound people to get to- gether and talk about the question if there were trouble. It could be de- fended against isolationist criticism be- cause it carried no contractual pl to act; it could be commended by the peace societies because it bound the United States to add its voice to other people’s when emergency arose. Thus we agreed to the nine-power treaty with_its consultative pact, mccepted the Kell pact and at least about implementing it by still an- other consultative pact. And finally, at London during the Naval Confer- ence, Morrow and Stimson were favor- able to still another consultative pact. Consultations and Results. Always—in America and England— the idea was that it would prove enough to get together and talk about the question at issue. Always the argu- ment was that the moral sentiment of mankind would thus be rendered vocal and no single people would stand out against it. No attention was paid to the probable futility of consultal by the Anglo-Saxon powers. By con- trast the armed states of the continent, particularly France and her allies, declared their e: ence and conviction was that consultations with- out means to enforce decision were worthless, that war was war and, in substance, that peoples who felt strong- ly enough to resort to aggression would hardly stop just because three or six peoples not directly concerned took & high moral tone Critics of the League say that if it acted differently it could have avoided trouble. But if the League had acted differently it would have dis- closed its impotenceé by Inactivity rather than by over-zealousness. De- spite all criticism, the Geneva secre- tariat were perfectly right in their con- clusion that if the League did not act with decision and success in this crisis the result would be deplorable for it. The League directors were perfectly aware that for two years the Geneva organization had been losing ground everywhere in Europe; that it was “now or never” with them. As a practical matter it is not go- ing to be possible for some years to obtain a hearing in Europe for the fa- miliar Anglo-Saxon thesis that the so- lution of the world problems is & " of understanding.” Old-fashioned diplomacy went into the discard in July, 1914, The new just as plainly has been reduced to nothing in the crisls of October, 1931. The Japanese have demonstrated that the thing to do is to arm and to disre- gard world opinion and, when you ac- complish your ends, to discuss the mat- ter with a world which is too poor to fight and too disorganized to employ economic and financial coercion. .ug-n in 1931 has followed the 'ex- ample of Austria in 1914. The course of Tokio, like that of Austria’s German ally, has reduced a They struck at a moment as as that, following the Russian defeaf Manchuria, when Buelow chose to the Moroccan gesture. tually accomplishs planned to achieve in 1914. dealt with China as Austria expected deal with Serbia. After a dozen years of wandering in idealistic fogs, the world has been brought back to realities by & policy of violence based upon a just es- timate of the forces in play in the world. The blow has fallen not because the League officials acted foolishly, but because the League was based upon the assumption that peace was an ethical and not a political problem and that words would always restrain weapons if cne only trusted them sufficiently. (Copyright, 1931.) —_— Mother Keeps Faith And Soldier Returns ROME, Italy—When the Austrian war office informed Mrs. Marinich in 1914 that her son Joseph had been killed in action on the Russian front, she told her neighbors in the little town of Bala that she didn't believe it. She proved her sincerity by refusing to ac- ce;c the pension which the government offered her as the mother of a fallen soldler. Years passed, her husband died, her other children divided up their father’s property and still the old lady swore that her son was still alive. Then, the other day, Joseph came walking into the front door of the fam- ily cottage. He told a story of having been captured by the Russians and sent to Siberia to work as a slave on the estate of a wealthy landlord. After the revolution he was given some land for his own, he declared, and managed to earn enough to pay his-fare to Moscow. There the Italian consul gave him funds for the trip home. Three thousand ex-Austrian soldiers are still working in the steppes of Northern Siberia, near the Chinese bor~ der, Marinich declared, walting for an opportunity to return home. The Ital- ian government is attempting to hel those who come from territory vhh:g {:hlgaed into the possession of Italy after war. Chinese Will Study Railroads in England CHANGHI, China—Railroad officials throughout China have been approached thmugillkt{ie é}n‘lil’mtry of industries to name likely nese candidates to to England to study British e and railroad machine factory work. The terms of the British Boxer indem- nity agreement provide for study abroad of a number of students, as well as the purchase in England of nflm’uw supplies and equipment. - ministrations and equi) o it in China today are a strange co; n of French, Belgian, German, Japanese methods and eiulneerhu. King Boris Reduces Own Small Salary