Evening Star Newspaper, October 25, 1931, Page 32

(Continued From First Page to tampering with the traditional posi- tion of women in Indian soclety. For this reason he did not seek to win women followers nor to create = fem- rt of | his campaign. But whether he willed | it or not, this last attempt to free| India from British imperialism has furnished the stimulus that history will) Tecord as the turning point in the evo- | a:tion of a twentieth century woman of | India. During the campaign of civil dis- | obedience leading Nationalists discov- ered this new power and assertiveness in their women and, at first surprised, then pleased, they utilized them fully. They were given positions of respon- sibility in that wonderfully complex and subtle organization of rebellion, the | Indian National Congress. They were put in charge of groups of volunteers and in executive jobs as heads of branch Congress Committees. In the schools and in other public institutions women sometimes replaced or substl tuted for the male mentors who had been taken to jail Many educated women, previously repressed by male prejudice agatnst female participation in any activity outside the home, now found openings in varied professions. Contest Outcome Unknown. The outcome of Indla’s epochal con- fest with Britain is still unknown. Whether the Indian National Congress must lead another and yet another fight for swaraj—self-government—will not be decided until the conclusion of the Round Table Conference sessions at London. But the new sense of free- dom and importance that Indian women have won during the last few years has come to stay and to expand. The husband-gods are beginning to totter on their pedestals, and the vir- tual enthrallment that wives of India have endured for ages appears to be nearing an end. Educated Indian women are still comparatively few, but those who have benefited thus are determined to raise the status of the rest. Through the women's organizations which have germinated so rapidly all over the na- tion, women's opinion is now & potent and readily wielded instrument. ~They stand, as one of their Bengal leaders, Mrs. A. N. Chaudhuri, recently put it, “for independence of women in the home as well as for India in the fam- ily of nations.” They are united in their demand for full social and politi- cal emancipation. ~With self-govern- ment possibly imminent, they are de- termined to introduce into the consti- tution certain clauses that will modify the old tragic social system responsible for the degradation of Indian women. Through Katherine Mayo’s somewhat perverse and pathological lenses many Westerners have observed the revolting results of that system when operating at its worst. But, in order to under- stand the difficult combat which faces the protagonists of India's new fem- ininity, it is perhaps well to recall here what the conventional male attitude toward Indian women has been. A good wife, according to accepted be- liefs, is one who is literally the servant, at times the slave, of her husband. From conversations with many Indians, Islams as well as Hindus, I gather that this is still considered to be the ideal marital relationship. It is believed that & virtuous wife must be completely self- effacing, subservient, uncomplaining, meek and in every respect as docile as a well domesticated animal. Consider the code of conduct that is supposed to govern the life of a high-caste Hindu woman. In these excerpts from the sacred Padmapurana it clearly de- fined: “There is no other on earth for & woman but her husband. The most excellent of all the good works that she can do is to seek to pleas¢ him by manifesting perfect obedience. There- in_should lie her sole rule of life. Be et husband aged, deformed, infirm, offensive in manners; let him also be choleric, debauched, , a drunk- ard, a gambler; let him frequent places of {ll-repute, live in o] sin_ with other women, have no affection what- soever for his home; let him rave like a lunatic; let him live without honor; Jet him be blind, deaf, dumb or crippled; in a word, let his defects be what they may, a wife should always look upon him as her god. should lavish on him all affection and care, paying no heed whatsoever to his character and giving him no cause for dis- pleasure. “A woman is made to obey at evesy stage of her existence. As daughter, i to her father and mother that she owes submission; as wife, to her husband, to her father-in-law and te her mother-in-law; as widow, to her sons. At no period of her life can she consider herself her own mistress. How to Be Faithful. “If her husband laughs, she must laugh; if he be sad, she must be sad: if he weep, she must weep. . . . She must take heed not to remark that an- other man is young, handsome or well proportioned, and by the gods! let her not speak to him. Such modest de- meanor will secure for her the repu- tation of a faithful spouse.” And well it might! No wonder In. dian women are in revolt! Although thousands now scoff at this creed, they know that thousands of others are still enslaved by it and similar super- stitions. Women's assoclations in all the provinces have agreed on an ag- gressive program to destroy such be- liefs. At the recent All-India Women's | Congress, attended by more than 500 | delegates selected from every major dis- | trict of India, a platform of reform | was unanimously adopted. It includes | these resolutions i That the custom of sanctioning | polygamy must be prohibited by legis- lation: that all interference with the | remarriage of widows must be vigor- | ously prosecuted by law; that public | opinion must be mobilized against the | continuation of the purdah, the dowry | and other obnoxious customs: that the | recent Sarda act, which prohibits mar- riage of girls under the age of 14, should be strictly enforced; that legis- | lation s nacted _granting , daughter r of equal inheri- | tance with sons; and that women should be allowed to compete with men | in the spheres of science. art, coi merce, politics, etc, on a basis of full equality Mild and just a6 these demands ap pear. their effect on the reactiona masculinity of India is electric. Pro- | tests come from many religious socie- | ties and from various organizations, | both cultural and commercial. Cer- tain prominent Indian politicians pub licly express doubt over the policy of | ht admitting women activities, The Women's Congress is denounced with special vehemence for baving considered a resolution favor- ing “divorce where that step is called for." It shocks men of the oéz schol of ortbodoxy that this was discussed, although it was defeated. Hindu hus- bands who have long regarded marriage as a sacfiment, an indissoluble tie re- gardless of their own conduct toward | their wives, now begin to fear that the | haleyon irresponsibility of the male is doomed. They sense the approach of iniquitous alimony from the West. But the women have got beyond pother over the outcries of the cha- grined husband-jailers and the wife- beaters. They feel confident now of | the support of the more enlightened | men of India, though at present they are admittedly in the minority annual meeting of the Indiai Nationa Congress in Karachi last March the women's delegation secured from this { unofficial but puissant political organi- | zation some vastly significant conces- sions. In the Bill of Fundamental| Rights adopted at that meeting these reforms are promised under any form of self-government established in India Equal privileges and obligations of all citizens, with no discrimination againsf either sex; adult franchise for both male and female citizens; free primary educativn for both sexes; protection of women workers, especially with regard | to adequate provision for leave during the period of maternity; total prohi- bition of child marriage and equal op- portunity for men and women to hold public office or to engage in any legiti- mate trade or profession. Considering the low percentage of literacy amol India’s women under the present educational system, it is remarkable to find them already repre- sented in_all the professions and in public offices. Teaching has called | many; there are now women professors | in most of the large colleges and uni- versities and in hundreds of rural and rimary schools. In other cases women ave launched educational experiments of their own, such as brilliant Mrinalini Chattopagpyaya's school in Bombay. There aré many women doctors and hundreds of Western trained nurses. In one city I met a woman dentist who had been educated in America. Many women barristers prosper in the courts of Bombay and other cities; some of them have told me they earn as much as from 5,000 to 10,000 rupees annually. In some Indian states and in seven of the nine provinces of Brit- ish India, women members now sit with men in the councils of state. There are women magistrates and judges. Recently & woman was elected presi- dent of the Madras Legislature. The Dravidian—perhaps the most in- fluential daily paper of Madras—is edited by a spirited little Hindu lady, Mrs. Alumelum Ammal. Women may be found in the chief’s chair in several other Indian journals and magazines, and at least one important publishing house is owned and managed by a woman who runs & school as well. In both the English language and the vgnncuhr press female contributors are frequent. *Many publications run regular features written by and for women, although as a class the “re- porteress” scarcely exists. Incidentally, despite its social back- wardness in other respects, India does not restrict the free publication and dissemination of information on birth control and other sex subjects. Scien- tific sex knowledge, much of it in the form of books written by Indian medical men and women, is now abundantly available. But its benefits are confined largely to the literate classes, although there are now sev- eral agencies through which such knowledge is given to wives of workers and peasants. Lord Irwin, former Viceroy of India, recently placed solemn blame on the cinema as one of the chief factors contributing to the rapid growth of political * revolution in India. The ‘movies” are also responsible, in a large measure, for the rebellion of women. Western social ideas, given wide currency through the silver screen, have worked at the undermining of India's medieval soclal structure. This is particularly true of metropolitan life in Bombay, Madras, Delhi, Calcutta and other large towns. = Apparent Domestic Freedom. The American or European visitor who has carefully schooled himself by reading “Mother India” and its sequel is usually confused to discover that in most of the cities mothers and virgins (easily distinguished from each other by the way they wear their ornaments) mingle wxéh men in the streets and s and appear to enjoy consider- able domestic freedom. o As was the case until recently in China and Japan, women in India were barred from the theater. Men imper- sonated them, but they never developed much genius in the art—a fact which probably accounts for the poor quality of the Indian theater and, latterly, its decline. ~Thus, when “movie” directors searched for feminine players, they got no help from the stage. They next turned to the singing girls and Nautch dancers But here there were strong soclal objections. These professional courtesans were skilled enough in nis- trionics, but many Hindus disapproved of their appearance in “movies” which their wives and children could see. The “flower women” of India enjoy no such prestige here as they are given in coun- tries farther East; they are members of a low and depressed class which in- cludes magicians, acrobats, musicians, prostitutes, gypsies and so cn. Once, i Udaipur, I watched a favorite Indian dancing girl present a petition to her highness the Maharana, in which she humbly begged the right to Wuild a stone house—a_orivilege generally de- nied to her profession! To circumscribe these difficulties young Indian directors enterprisingly appealed to the public for a new at- titude toward artists of song, dance and pantomime. They succeeded in interesting several prominent families in the utility of the cinema in India for spreading education. Sons and daughters from middle-class and up- per-class families were induced to enter the films Within the last three years a num- ber of pictures have been produce with what are described as “all society casts, which in India ‘means Brahmin” castes. Among the life of Buddha Light of Asia.” filmed as “The which was greeted with enthusiasm when shown in America That and subsequent pictures such as Shiraz” “Shirin Farhad,” “Swamy “Vasantasena” and one or two other: have done much to popularize Indian- England’s Finance King Is Mystery Figure Looming in Present Crisis _{Continued From Third Page.) sinister bankers’' conspiracy to break them by shutting down on their credi hiad been at pains to assert that MacDonald had not made his deal with the Liberals and Tories the Labor cabi- net could have carried on despite the bankers and couwd have completed the necessary credit arrangements by mo- bilizing Britain’s huge foreign resources shrough the Overseas Bank, with May ®s présiding genius. Just how far this was & definite ar- rangement between the treasury and { the bank in which Sir George May is a power is a question which was variously answered in the London financial dis- | dtrict. Sir George May was, as usual, + Feticent. } And then the Labor cabinet blew up | and the new emergency cabinet took its | Jisce, and_before tho willingness of | ew York and Paris to advance $400.- | 000,000 for a year without security, any | Pproposition that might have been dis- cussed with May for a gigantic mobiliza- tion of foreign securities through the | medium of the Overseas Bank faded nto the ba ind. Sk That possibility, however, has not en- ly @isappeared. And Sir May bt Yet be called in as th who | has done it before and can do|it again. ‘Whether he will welcome' another colossal job is another matter. These war and post-war years of intense work have had their effect upon him. Up to 5 years ago you would have taken him | for 10 years less than his real age More recently he has begun to gray | and show his vears, and early this year | he retired from the Prudential, although he is only 60. His life work and the report which at last shook England out of her com- lacency behind him, he has retired to is estate, 30 miles out of town. That home is symptomatic not only of his desire for privacy, but of his intention to have it whether or no. It is a comfortable place, secluded behind trees and encompassed by lawns and gardens on a small island in the middle of the Thames at a point where the river widens and divides. The ga- rage and outbuildings are on the main- land, but to get to his house you have to pole across in a punt. May occupies himself with his gardens, goes out on the river, plays some golf and tennis and lives a comfortable home life with his wife (he has been married nearly 2 ye)l-n and has three grown-up chil- en), 1 into revolutionary 1 At the || 1 these was | THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., OCTOBER 25 SPENT the week end with my friend Bill Brown, whose famous health farm is just across the river from West Point. On Sunday morning we went to mass at Father Paul’s, and afterward the good father came to the farm for dinner. He told me how he started his church and boys’ school 20 years ago with but little back- ing, and how!, though the bills sometimes mount to terrifying heights, the money has always come from somewhere at the critical times. : “We live by faith,” he saiaq, and his face was a benedic- tion. “This year has been harder,” he continued, “because we have had so many more Brothers Christopher.” “Brothers Christopher,” I repeated. “That is an order with which I am not familiar. Who are the Brothers Christo- pher?” “Some call them tramps,” he answered, and smiled at my look of surprise. “We are on the Albany Post road,” he explained, “and all sorts of men pass by. Some have left their jobs; some have quarrelea’ with their wives; some are lifelong vic- tims of the wanderlust. We have a house for them in which they may sleep, and no questions asked. They may come to the kitchen for their made films with the high-caste Hindus. The recent introduction of Indian talkies has served also to create interest in native music and dancing, which had fallen into disrepute in recent years and were looked upon-4s synonymous with carnality and vice. Studies in Schools. Since these arts, revived in their purer_and less sensuous forms, have been brought to the sound picture by young actresses like Zubeidat, Rekaya | Khatoun, Gohur (who manages her own studio) and Enakshi Ramakhan, public opinion has altered. A number of schools now offer studies in the singing and dancing which in_fommer times were a necessary part of the edu- cation of cultured Indian women. But politics and social work attract more talented Hindu and _Moslem women than anything else. I do not| know why; perhaps it is because they offer greater opportunities for service | to India, perhaps because they offer greater opportunities for personal ex- pression. The women engaged in these fields form an intensely interesteing group. Many of them have been educated abroad, and in the process of assimilating Western ideas they have perforce been obliged to drop some of the more stupid, unscientific beliefs foisted upon them in childhood. Some who have never been out of India but ' come from erudite parentage have an | excellent understanding of the econamic | problems at the root of both the social and political evils in India. | Here I think of the Chattopadhyayas, the most clearly emancipated from old superstitions and surely the most in- teresting family I have known any- | where. A study of them exhibits a| cross-section of the social change in | India during the present generation. Their place is somewhat like that of the Roosevelts in America, the Soongs in China or the Tokugawas in Japan. | They differ from other romantic fam- ilies in this respect, no two Chattopad- hyayas have ever been known to agree on politics, religion, love—or an opinion on the family Chattopadhyaya, Four Daughters Differ. ‘There are four daughters. One of them is India’s best-known woman | poet, speechmaker, matchmaker, bour- geois politician, meat-eating Brahmin | and delegate to the round table confer- | ence. One is an atheist, a Communist, | the most beautiful Indian woman I| have ever met and has a vibrant sing- ing voice which she refuses to develop because she devotes all her time to the | cause of a proletarian revolution in India. Another is a modern educator, spinster, philosopher, editor and lead- ing Theosophist. The fourth is a fore- most authority on Indian art in all its tangents, but specializes in music and | dancing and is also famous as a dramatist. It is true that such families as this are a small minority of India’s millions. But leadership necessarily rests with a few. ‘The encouraging thing is that educated women see their task and are taking it up with energy and a will. 1f they do nothing else, these women furnish example; and it is example that the masses Tequire. Victimized by their own religion and archaic social structure, a system of government that has kept them in dark ignorance and illiteracy and a_philosophy based on one of the most fundamentally cor- rupting of all superstitions—that the suffering one endures in this life is the result of sin in a previous existence— PALESTINE —EGYPT in the entirely modernized | Cruising Steamer ROTTERDAM Leaves New York FEBR. 6. 1932 wader Holland-America Line's mansgement 689 days of delight A Spai raltar, Algeria, Tumisis, Naples, Malta, Greece, Turkey, Rhodes, Cyprus, Palestine, The Holy Land, Egypt, Jugoslavia, Venice, Sicily, Monte Carlo, Nice, ; Southampton, Boulogne-sur- | Mer, Rotterdam—EA! IN§ ROME. AMERICAN EXPRESS CO. Apply to your o 1and-America Line, 21 N'Y. Offices in all principal citi Brothers Christopher BY BRUCE BARTO! meals, and if they know any trade they may help u$ with our building operations. When they have stayed with us as long as they want, they move 3 on. “We took our motto from the words of the Lord, ‘Inas- much as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto Me. In that spirit we regard them not as tramps, but as brothers of our Lord, Brothers Christopher.” Listening to his gentle ac- cents, watching the light of benevolence in his fine eyes, I felt encouragea. I reminded myself that we are often mis- led by the facts that sin gets most of the advertising. Sin is dramatic; so are war- fare and crime. They are not commonplace; they are news. They occupy a promi- nent place on almost every front page, while a million quiet acts of human kindness are not and never can be re- ported. Life itself is the Albany Post road. People hear of it only as a highway of business and pleasure, made occasionally notorious by a ghastly acci- dent. Yet quietly b{ the side of the road is Bili Brown with his farm, where tirea men lose their tiredness; and Father Paul with his friendly hand and cheering word for the Brothers Christopher. (Copyright, 1931.) the millions of Hindu women in semi- slavery need to be awakened to the needless futility of their lives and_ to be shown how release is possib] For that they reauire exemplars: they need pattern and precedent. Luther Shrine Restored. TORGAU, Germany (#).—The chapel of Hartenfels, Germany's first Protestant church, is to be restored to the condi- tlon in which it was when Martin Luther dedicated it in 1545. Much of the work will be done on the organ. Sailings from New York Te MIAMI—Every Saturday. or all points Boutheast. GALVESTON, TEXAS — Every Saturdsy, for ail points West sad Pacific Oonst. TAKE YOUR CAR Yow rates when soccompanied. ALL-EXPENSE TOURS L o ek Oall or write for booklet. 723 Mills Bldg. LOWEST FARE OF THE YEAR :b—— Baltimore to Miami and return 2100 miles in gorgeous Autumn sun; now only 870; meals, berth included while on ship. Jackson- ville, $46; Boston $32; round trip. Take one of these restful salt-air trips while the fares are so low. Florida climate ideal in Autumn, EVER TRY THISt -~ - An All-Expense tour?—hotel and sightseeing included; St. Augus- tine 9 days, §63; Miami 10 days, $83; Boston 7 days, only 845, REMINDER - - Nov. 24th, personally conducted Havana-Miami four party sails from Baltimore; 16 days, $169. Folders on vequest. Apply 1338 H St., N.W. Washington. Telephone National 4612. - MERCHANTS & MINERS$TrANS.CO. Christmas Cruise Pecember 19th ahip for the foct cruise ot the o Loaves New York visising At S$t. Thomas — Venezuel Panama — Jamaic 21 State St., N. Y. or local dgent 1931—PART TWO Depression Tears Away Old Barriers To Closer Co-operation Among Nations (Continued Prom Third Page.) organizations connected with inter- American trade, tourist travel and cul- ture; to serve as & medium for dissemi- nation of information on pan-American subjects, and to co-operate, in an in- formal way, with the governments of American countries. Purpose Is Same These are exactly the things that the International Chamber of Commerce and the Fourth Pan-American Commer- cial Conference now want to bedone. The founders of the Sacramento Institute stated that this was bound to fill the long-felt need for an unofficial clear- ing house for purely pan-American problems, which “shall be free from all red tape and political influence and be based upon good-will, co-operation and Teciprocity among agriculturists, in- dustrialists and merchants of this hemisphere.” In one of the meetings of the recent Pan-American Commercial Conference, some one suggested that instead of help- ing the establishment of the Pan-Amer- ican Institute of Reciprocal Trade the American republics should encourage the creation of national branches of the International Chamber of Commerce, an organization long existing, which has expressed the desire to extend its activities to Latin America. At first glance this seems only logical so long as both institutions have inter- ests in the promotion of trade and ood will, which appear to be identical. n second thought, however, the dif- ference is easily recognized. And it is equally easy to agree with those who insist that it must be the Sacramento | Institute or another exclusively Pan- American organization and not the In- ternational Chamber of Commerce, the one intrusted with the task of pro: STEAMSHI moting and directing commercial re- lations in the New World. Take the case of tariffs. How could a world organization like the Interna- tional Chamber, the chief interests of which are in Europe, work for the abol- ishment or reduction of tariffs among the American countries and the conse- quent increase in inter-American trade which would follow? Such an increase would be a blow to the foreign trade of the European nations which are the main clients of the International Cham- ber of Commerce. This could not very well further inter-American commercial interchange without hindering Euro- pean foreign trade. ‘The same thing may be said about tourist_travel, another one of the pur- poses of the Sacramento Institute. The International Chamber of Commerce or any other world organization could not be expected to promote and encourage travel among the American countries with the enthusiasm with which a solely pan-American institution would do it. ‘Tourists travel is becoming more and more an outstanding factor in in- ternational commerce. Its development in the Western Hemisphere would naturally prove harmful to European interests if thousands of United States citizens were diverted from their annual excursions to Europe and sent, instead, around the Latin American lands, and thousands of Latin Americans likewise changed their point of destination from Europe to the United States. The In- ternational Chamber could not be a part in thiseconspiracy against Euro- pean commercial interests. ‘Education Also Included. Another aim of the Sacramento In- stitute is the development of cultural relations between Saxon and Latin America, through the establishment of scholarships. How would the Interna- tional Chamber of Commerce help this cultural interchange in the two Ameri- AMSHIPS. WEST INDIES S.S. RELIANCE FROM NEW YORK SIX LUXURY CRUISES Thousands acclaim this shiptheidealfor Tropical Voyages. SAILINGS No. 1—Holiday Cruise of 4,500 miles from New York, Dec. 19, for 16 days to St. Thomas. . Kingston . . . Port-au-Prince Santiago ... and New Year’s in Havana . . Rates $180 up. Other Cruises Jan. 9, Jan. 30, Feb. 20, Mar. 12th, all for 18 daysthroughthe West Indies to South and Cen- tral America—more than 5,000 miles . . . rates of $195 up...A Sixth—Special Easter West Indies Cruise for 15 days—4,273 miles, sails April 2nd. .«‘? AN WAUKI Dance to the rumba, in the moonlight. Veranda Cafe—ga; colorful on the CE" and the MIL- EE. CRUISES MILWAUKEE FROM PHILADELPHIA SEVEN I2-DAY CRUISES This is the largest Ger- man Motorship . . . new, spic-and-span. 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How could a Latin American branch of the Inter- national Chamber of Commerce do all 1China Reds Apologize For Looting of Mails SHANGHAI, China. — With abjec! | apologies, & smali band of Communisit | Who have been destroying vil an¢ | towns on the north bank of the {River between Kiukiang and ln‘E {have returned the mafl and | pouches they stole during a raid on one |small town. They have now ordere¢ | their followers in future to leave the |mail alone. During the last year m than 160 small town and village pfl offices have been looted by reds. N¢ reason is given for this changed a#ti this without endangering th of the chambe tors, the business men (Copyrisht. 193 France Supplies Cigarett Almost all the cigarettes m: United States are rolled in France. 1931, by exspaber_Alliance STEAMSHIPS, s founders and direc~ ¢ Europe? e interests | tude _ STEAMSHIPS. e Paper. ‘uouoww ade in the paper im- ‘the North American #. 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