Evening Star Newspaper, September 27, 1931, Page 26

(Continued From First Page.) ess of a majority of the Yo & red b benehts to & most of the nations in . are facts briefly with reference to the dole in Great Britain? What of the dole in the econ%nlc life of mod- ern Europe today? hat aré the ef- fects of the dole upon our own_ eco- nothie and industrial policy? These are a few of g:‘e questions Which are lé's minds while of fand's government is current news. Certal in general observations &bout | the dole can be fc'e ab the outset. mzofnummu‘%nthem- omy of one nation aré bound by th law of economic interdependerice o nations to have ah effect upon the economy of other nations. Fell Because of Dole. Already We have seéen thé manner) in which a substantial leah was made by American Bankers _ sustain. the valte of the pound, aftér assurance had been made that there would be a curtalient _in the = unemployment benefits in Great Britain, the standpoint of a banker, the demand was_not unreasonable. The lésson to be drawn from this procedure is clear. We have the assurance, however, of | Mr. Ramsay MacDonald, in ah of cial broadcast upon the formatioh of the national government that the government was not due to ' “ramp.” Yet there is a cer- tain -g;nea to the characterization of the fate of the Labor government by one of its cabinet members who as- serttd in a_public address that “the first Labor government fell Becausé of of a red Iettér’—and the second be- cause of a “bankérs’ order.” The gov- ernment did fall and it fell because cultlakfi'fil\h the g?le!! What, then, ly, are the about the dole §o far as Gréat Britain is concerhed e t?ul indebtedness of the uneg_lpld m :gt px.u\fl to the Brit- ish treasury, due yme: count of the g:l:, were on July 25 last not 1ess than $460,000,000, with a deficit mounting at the rate of $5,000,000 & week. In n, Britain is faced with two other facts; first, that-the number of unemglo s is intreasini and will number 3,000,000 by the firs of the year, out of a total working foree of 11,000,000; “fi?fl" prices have fal- len 27 yer c:nt ice 1922 and 1115 per cent Since 1929; and yét there has been no réduction in the dole. Furthérmore, a series of anamalies in payment of the dole_have added some inequalities to these comy !wblenu, Anamalies, RS T o the Jerommendation. o as a 9 ,‘ = the ¥ tkn&grmmmwmmé MacDofiald Arguments Sound. 1t is Wl to fémeriber that Mr. Mac= Dofald restéd his casé for & réduction mmmmmmamutmnmw !Iofiollflfifuht the ddle would lz}v! the g ipients lg per cent better Tenablé lhdl::rlflel w:' e&':"u‘fi other, hand, viewed quite objectively, Mr. Philip Srowden's eourageous sub- | mission of the néw budgét, which calls | {oday, for the distribution of sacrifices equally arong all the le, can hardly be ex- pmggwmz don of 10 per cen reduction in the dole, which itself rep- resents a savil of fi’lfl ,500,000 monthly, to sul lly the dole expenises as compared with an in- dahl:ed,;xp;n of nearly five times that amount monthiy. The net situation s that the new m“é:tl:u‘gf of, e s & _basis Eeal Britatn “which i 1 contemplate for the United ‘The unsettlement in mounting costs of in the national budget. of finahcial of these vast expenditures made on ac- count of the dole can be found in other countries. It should be asserted in full fairness, however, that to many, if not most, of the countries of Europe, unemployment insurance has, in fact, beén revolution havé the result, not of revolutionary ide! but of starvation and utter Deviss 16 Prévent Revoluth Thus¢ we have theé dilemma of the modern state—thé dole as a deviee to prevent social revolution from the bot- tom, at the same time threa the financial stritcture from above. 1t the final answer i3, probably no oné can predict. It would appear cledr, if con- tradictory, to say for those nations that | tha have embarked on the &lfll of the dole. that they can't afford to do away with it and they can't afford to retain it. One other fdctor has bécome clear with reference to the present world critis. Unemployment insurance may begin in normal times as insurancé on a sound actuaria] basis, but in & crisis or a prolonged depression it bécomés a dole. That is the history of the act England; it @ppears to be thé trend Germany and in othér countries which cover today no less than 45,000,000 ‘wage earners in Europe. Of the English act no less an authority than 8if Wil- liam Beveridge, perhaps the most cele- brated authority in the world on uném- | ployment _insurance, wrote recently, | unemployment insurance = incorrectly | called the dole up to 1922 (ifi Gréat| Britain); the doje incorrectly calleld in- | surance 'sinies 1922.” That #ppears to | bs the fact! WHhIlE it 18 trué that cér- | tain persons have used the phrasé ' “dole” to prejudicé the concept ih ths | public mind, the sént day fact I8 that one by one every actuarial featurs | has been stripped away under the erisis | and it has become & public dole to pre- | vent involuntary wwn{. Men every- ‘where had sensed this fact and jh Ke words of Mr. Waltér Lippmann in the Herald-Tribune, “Thé mindof thé world has fastened oh the dole as the symbol of the causes of the British dificulties.” | Unsettles Politics as Well The dole has unséttled not ohly British finances but British politiés in & significant manner. 1t will continue to unsettle governments as well as| finances. The Labor government fell, not only because it falled to conquer unemployment, but because it was un- willing to tedtice its subsidies ta the unemployed. Yet anothér fact of the réeenit British crisis has e?emd which is of great lmponlbci, 1t 18 now "En- erally undérstood that the Labor cabi- w&;nd&n’,hfi mdg‘nmo!redx e n é than the oné actudlly Q}?umd in thé bu !;«t’hlt thé 1;ndée ‘nio; MUrT 18+ sult Wg'ih%wn an e ‘1 log- ers and put fi of pa betore thé mp;:ufi!’?u vé nt. It Was & solemn dec whi do gréatér damage to d in thé public mind than Hendérson and his follow- ers believé. In our cumtlt&th:'ll dglfloeu:hlin th,: litical part; extra-legal; theré :?, provlsfon {nr politice]l pi in the United States Constitution. For a party in 4 national crisis to desért its priorit to the national welfgre is functio govérntént gone wild! The findl jue mént on this action cén ol e- termined by thé course of hé:&ry; in rinciple i s ufiécund, The & upon Elrmsh l.t?::v nxli‘:: wldm? :n gzeper cleavage betw: * political eco- hic afms of th ‘. dole, ;h:!e e :fise ufi‘s il | theIF cafe. It whs ah unbalanced pro- Pl ! situation in e adts | tect themiselves or their members. | i - | - | broad efte and all aré wards of the state. “Soclal- fsm in our time,” was the campaign cryl.‘“ t:n: dole some two u';g a e Tete o Wwards of the state, to the extent of the the state did not assume etions through which ight have produced at least some of the wealth required for | tlg.’. bound to come to grief. But e British trade unionists who fore- saw glel were derided and pushed into ckiround It seems elear that if any part of the t B to be ted, :n“a lrl: Payment Roleh g_rfore yment of doles et bfilh!a’ ted, §o that the state may at least ve an earned income with which to pay its wards. But it scems even clearer that the Boclalist move- mmhfld d n the visionary picture u as its p'a!k{vh #aint when it comes to ical ) x policies. The gland fully justifies the ition taken By the American Federa- ién of Labor in declining to bé other thir;l trade nglon organization. When the Britith trade unions went into poli- ties they weré the strongest in the world and the best disciplined. For years past visitors from abroad and self-acclaiimed intelligentsia _at home have lectured the American Federation of Labor and its officers for the blind- ness and fallure to see the goddess of opportunity beckoning to them to turn political. Overlook Labor's Part. At gl times in this thad rush the fact ever borne in mind by the Ameri- can trade unionists—that all wealth is primarily created by labor and eventu- ally all the burdens of taxation are paid by labor diréctly or indirectly— has been forgotten and overlooked by those wifo have led the British trade unioh frim trade unionism into poli- tics and Soclalism with the net result that thé trade ynions of Great Britain, today the shadows of once powerful economic forces, are impotent to pro- From nearly 7,000,000 in 1920 the metbership of the British trade unions has & to little more than half that number. ntime, there have beén mote drastic and sevéte wage re- ductions in almost any 12 months dur- ing this decade than the United States wage éarners have Suffered in the en- tire period. r;t has been sald that the British Labor party will have to be rebullt. Whether it will of not, whether it can or not, is for politiclans to say. More important will be the rebuilding of the British trade unions, certain to be torn and split and stripped of much of their remaining power by the movement now in its early stages. For the United States the lesson of Eurone’s expeérience with the dole is manifest: to Jeave untouched and un- remedied the basic causes of unemploy- | ment s to make insecurity a heunting fear o labor, and instability # continu- night to business. If insecur- of hia, akil s éxperience in an, ence indugtry, theh labor will be dri 4 dolé as a guaranteé against involun- tary idleness. For men will not starve ——fiolé or no dole! Once we have set our face toward the dole we may ex- Elet somé of the results which perplex rope’s finances and political order of Ainerican Eabor Opposed. The position of American organized labor toward the dole is one of ardent ition. Amefican r has a pro- 'ound abhotrence for the whole princi- ple un érlyt'n! the dole. say we cannot b2 dfiven to the is certain we will resist it to le, It e last ga‘rl Mark, is as visionary | charit; It is idle to | he and that if driven to accept the dole we are extremely unlikely to stop at any m%1 suicidal point. e position of American labor is oneé of demanding work—work at stip- 31&!;\1 wages. By whatever name ¢! ol may be called, it remains charity. It Is not justice of any sort: It is too ‘!:l.eun for justice, too shriveled for ges. effect upon the state and upon indus- | i beneficiaries | of Lfin;s‘lnd disas- | was not pushed at full stretch. Kitch- try, its effect upon the themselves is demorall trous. Quite clearly the ter wagés, for fewer ai rht for bet- Bacomes mbme}'fi_ A & larger dole takes the spotlight. Lead- érs who should be engaged in better- ihg working conditions become poli- ticians, chiseling away at the public treasury. And whén the treasury is empt[; and government must go with hat hand to the masters of inter- national finance there is inevitably grumbling because the bankers have scant . sympathy with government financing that 5 drained away by an outflow of unsound and uncontroliable y. Much Agitation in U. 8. ‘Thére has been much agitation in the United States for a dole. Some have called it a dole, while some have called it uhemploythent insurance. ‘There is tio difference, for there is and can be no such thing as unémploy- ment ihSurance. Thére can be no in- surance without & Sound actuarial basis for the assessing of premiums and the forecasting of losses or payments, Theére !5 no such basis in_the fleld of unethployment. No one has yet de- vised a method of creating one or pointed the road to the discovery of one. Even if so-called unemployment insurance were to be built up within industries to care for those classified #s belig within those industries, there would remain a vast army not in any industty and not wanted in any in- dustry. Not since 1921 has there been a plade in our industries for all who were willing and able to work. It is probable that even in that peak year of cmployiment there were many for whom no place in any industry was available. Had the United States been paying gn unémployment dole we should have d it in operation at least since 1921 and our present treasury deficit would be insignifitant in comparison to the deficit we weuld have had. Every ex- amination of the dole and its effects “{2“ natlon ahd individual points stralght to ths cohclusion that we must devise Eelbods of affordihg work. The resort to the dole to escape the pen- #lty of unémploytient is like seeking she{hrufrom the rain by getting under a cloud. Cites British Example. Some very eminent persons have de- clared that the policy of higher wages and lesser work a_-¥u and fewer work hours pét weék is false economy, but the Amefiéan laborer invites the at- tention of those eminent persons to the British example. Higher wages, fewer work hours per week and a flr““%“{' réduced drainage of profits into dividénds on pramided ~ stock struch l_lj!l absolutely w-exéflal i n}e system of privaté property, democratic TTTE oBR aier Yy femocratic eble suk of the dole is to be contined, The way ogorvold nce for the neces- sity for a dole, of safeguarding the 598 of dgrml'!'_! y and per- petuating perttic self rule is the road of co-operation between American industry and an labor which will WASHINGTON, D. C., SEPTEMBER . 27 Churchill the Fighter (Continuéd From Third Page.) Aside from its demoralizing |ing about that, too. His friends say t was the most promising conception f the war and failed only because it ener. at the war office, and the grim nd shorter work | old sea-dog, Fisher, at the admiralty, | days and for better working conditions | quarreled as to how far army and navy ed, while the fight for | would co-operate to take the vital eninsula, and thé whole affalr was ungled. Served As Mere Major. Then, after vainly imploring the remier, his old friend Asquith, to glv‘! i, if not the commander in chief’s job, at least ah army command in the field, he was shaken loose from the political tree. He went out to France as a mere regimental major, and took his share of the flghunT in the trenches, what time his headlong imagination and giant energy were tugging at the leading strings, desperate to get back to & dominant position whence he could master once again 2l these little people to whom he felt infinitely superior. Not that evén in this phase he cut his ties with the powers-that-be back home. His word still counted; he wrote letters to personages with resounding effects. Beaverbrook has given a vivid }and not particultrly flattering picture of him during the secrét negotiations between party lead which resulted in Asguith's downfall #nd Lloyd George's assumption of the premier- ship. He was down and out as & politi- cal factor then, but he was thrusting himself forward, doing his utmost to elbow his way back the peaks of wer. poPower! He eats it. He loves it. It is t and drink to him. Power acts on film like a gpur and brings out all his tremendous vital qualities at full stretch. He works then with a furious animal energy which crashes through obstacles. Nol: mls he‘;d nwe:t n:’d ple%;; ant man in periods of power. has a militant temper which mékes him view civil power much as a soldier born and bred views military power. Again Beaverbrook, his friend, has given a glimpse of Churchill, the despot, which must have nlarinéd ouite a few even of those who tentatively say among themselves that if and when the time comeés for a Mu?allm to take Britich affairs #h hand for a period, there is no_better man than Churchill in sight. Plays With Foresight. To get at Churchill's angle on_life you want to seéé him play polo. Well girded by a belt as wide as a woman's corset, and with his striking arm léashed | ™! by & leather strap (he broke his shoul- d{r out hunting and has to take this precaution), and mounted on a pony sturdy as a siall cart-horse, he rides in the game like heavy cavalry getting into ition for the assault. He trots uuutl:n:emly watchful, biding his time, a master of tactics and strategy. Abruptly he sees his chsx:;‘e.. and ’l';‘e ers his pony ani rges in, i"\"twhzr drfi nor graceful, but full of tearing physical * energy—and skillful ith it, too. He hears down opposition by the weight of his dash, and strikes the ball. Did T say strikes? It is the wrong word. He sloshes the ball. ‘That i§ ho¥ he has gone through life. You think ~ - 15 out of it because he is quiescent, ; “ting in Egypt or bathing at Biarritz, working with the reduce the waste of conflict and share | bricklayers on & new cottage on his both the prosperity 6f good times and the adversity of bad times. In the long run neithér émployér nor em- ploye can profit at the expente of the other. Then, too, we must overhaul our prevailing business practice at ome as an example for nations abroad. Qur motto must bé “Co-opera- até or Collapse.” Republican Leadership Is Flayed By Senator Hull in Radio Forum __(Contifited From ‘Third Page.) fiods in accordancé with sound . Governments and indi- have sincé the war béen spend- and llving beyond their medns. g this lod many of us have constantly urged retrenchment in ex- pénditures and reforms in taxation and other fiscal phases of Federal, State and Iocal governments. Our level of Federal | Itures, exclud! postal, was $3 - 795,000,000 for 1922, the first full year of the Harding administration, and for | shos fiscal year 1930 they weré $3,994.- ,000. 1t is not ifprobable that Fed- eral taxes have 1 80 reduced that thosé iccfi:lflf di avetage busi- ness year will o t the normal re- ury. This 18 thi rréct 1 with tA% readjustmént dc- T é Any additional taxes levied | Snheriieaeet aod. sty 68: | es, er] ces_ . an y cér-| m mp {azes. Excish taxes on ion of some of the chief tariff| iciaries is well wi considering. | 51 cmauftlng Federal neifg it is iways safe to pursue the maxim it “economy i8 better than tazation | aht taxation is better than bofrowing.” | The best taxation, 2s a rule, is adequate retrénchment. It is unsound govern- | ment financing to viclate the integrity | of our sinking fund law and policy. wrg::ever it 18 necessary to borfow in| o1 to pay current demands, as is| now bexn: invaded and pendeéd. e, the sinki Non-Partissn Question. the law in Neither political party has ever pre- memfea that prohibition is a partisan | uestion, while great cross sections of both parties occupy positions on either side of this controversy. In striving to advance the Democratic welfarc it has invariably been my attitude toward rohibition and anti-prohibition alike hai prohibition is €&entlally a non- partisan quéstion for the exclusive eon- sileration and determination of the géneral fibllc as 1t may see fit at any all times. I geny the right of either side to saddlé this controversy on th= Democratic party, lsntlemcn #ay that a of thé wet or dr a und 1s | effect sus- me overzealous 'mocrat, whether ity persuasion, who would not maké a pa: question of prohi- bition 18 “pussy footing” or ‘side step- g I do not think even these gen- en will thus accuse former Presi- nt Wilson. I therefore place his de- libérate utterance on this precise point against the rash assertions of these spokesmén in thé following language tfim April ?‘I 1 . Wilsbn's letter of 1911, to Rev. Thomas B. Shannon of (made constructive party action impos- the | togethér by making & political issue of _Presidént Wiison, after clearly stal t;hn,J;e favored local option, then procéeded as follows: “But the questions involved are $o- cial and moral, and &ré not susceptible of being made ;v-m of a ty pro- gram. Whenever theéy have been made the subject-matter of party contests théy have cut thé lines of party or- ganization and party action athwart to the utter confusion of political action in every other field. They have thrown every other ?xemon. however impor- tant, into the background and have New Jerse; 1l sible for long years together. So far as I mysélf am concérned,- therefore, I cah hever conSent to have the question of local option madé an issueé between | pen political partiés in this Stite. My Jjudgment 16 véfy cléar in this matter, I do not bellevé that party {romms of the highest conséguénce to the political life of thé St and of the Natlon ought to bé thrust oh one side and hopelessly émbarfassed for long periods a great moral question which 15 essen- tially non-political, non-partisan, moral and social in its nature.” Need Courageous Leadership. If it be & d that a more ag- gravated condition of lawlessness exists than when the Wilson utterance was made, the answer is that a mere dif- ference in dégree of lawlessness within itself cannot creaté a practical issue between the two political parties. If it be sald that some of the rank and file on_either side demand partisan steps on this question instead of non- partisan, this only proof that they need more enlightened and courageous leadership. = y general :pgeul is for an awaken- ing of the people in support of & con- | structive 4nd truly nationa] program which would includé such grave prob- lems as unemploy?:ent. tariff reduction, with repeal af the flexible ovision, & modernized for- eign trade policy, peace, practical con servation, rhonopoly, paternalism, a b lion-dollar Treasury deficit, bureaucra suppressioh of erime, together with a common leadefship back in the direc- tion of thrift, constructive eéconomy, retrenchmetit, tax reduction and equita- ble readjustthent of tax systems, espe- clally State courity and municipal. Every goverfimental laency in the Na- tion should now consider these policies, together with adequate sifiking funds, uniform tax systems free from double taxation, uniform accounting systems and budget systems, to the end that the Américan &:flrle now hopelessly over- loaded wi opsided and inequitable taxation and vast indebtedness may se- cure early relief. agriculture { (Contthuéd From Third Page.) the daor losed to dny condtderation of an exténsion at someé latér perlod. It is not being eried from thé housetops, but fl!iyéfid?fihlnflnulmm kpowlédge of thé #ituation 18 consclous ST Af ol ifure date, a8 Juis T 1085, approaches, thé moratorium will have to taken up with & viéw to prolongation in some mfin ‘The present Washington mood is not to tackle the quéstion at all for someé time to comeé—certainly nof until after ccngrnh has ratified the Hoover debt holiday. Miich depends on { | forms dur[ng the nrxt fsw months not regirded at Wachinigton that e éfizugh has vet elapsed th soe the cts of the moratorium. France sénted bel n&tnkah g(— zun;r:n by the 07ver moratofium. M. Latal may su~- gst that dny futuré ta anfl with ,n’ h be & I:nt anco- v;‘ lh‘ #tivE. 16, ctmes to_Afibrica s the 3 mcmueefi""’mu 1 0 'M"%awq L, L] 'w S deou, n% {Premier Laval’s Visit to America Promises Little Imme diate Restilts |of thE yéllow métal that havé piled uj |in France and the United States ar not thé result of any delibefate hoard- ing policy by either country. been flowing to their respec i pat sl el P capital 8¢ ho R et i of Wathington kel e 0 A 1l\,m'mrmu that thé wérld's gold can be “redistributéd” by any of V- |ernménts. The métal has piled up two major quarters through causes jjover whic] | governmen! | moreover, had no _control, | muldtions of gold in |United States must find {helr way back lhr&u normg!, automatic channe!i. | . Laval vill be in the United Stotes | ot ‘long_ aftér his visit to B week end, 1f the sojourn in Germany of himbeit P Brland. resutts in by priv Wnb the has | Brooded on soldiers and war. Co; e s | Sloned, e désired o fet Dt 16 ditions | to madé g’" privately owned. For these | Cuba he saw s the manner in which the Reich per- [reasons, it for no other, the viéw in|less forests, ha 1t |Washington is thet the excessive accu- |Killed, heard bullets whizzing ovér his | france and the|beed when he was bathing in a forest | But 0-opeér- | you! inston had wrif account B R L e e little eountry estate or earning the title of “His Loneliness” by moving away from his party’s official policy on India gnd_taking up an individualistic, lone, die-hard position which appears to be applauded only by Rothermere, Lord Lloyd (an autocratic ex-viceroy of Egypt) and die-hards whosé vigorous views are as old-fashioned a&s their clothes. But he is never really out of it. He is only trotting about, keenly watchful, biding his time, He has sloshed the ball of life as nobody else has in his timé. He ha$ seiled in and carried difficult positions with welghty et | sh. He is not out of the| i Ithough waiting tactics ha: game yet, althou walling tacties ve had the efréct th (enforced ihactivity had the same effect on Napoleon), and oné of his bricklayer mates noticed that, although a good wotker not shirking his whack of labor, he didn't like to have to bend to pick up his bricks. A bad sign. Appealed to Premler. As a patrician at a time when patri- cian famiifes still ruled the political roost, and with powerful family influ- ences exerted on his bshalf—he was able to get to the battle of Khartum by appealing to & prime minister over, the head of a commander in chief—Win- ston, preparing for the army but guite it upon having a public carer in dué course, got a4 good start in life. His lovely and indefatigable mother— whom facially he resembles much moré than he does his father—worked hard on his behalf. After a first shove-off, however, he went ahead by his own | effort. The times were most propjtious. Al- though there had been no fighting for the British army for a long time, a benevolent empire was about to pro- vide young Churchill with several nice little ‘wars, The world he passed into from Sand- hurst, the British West Point, was cne alfeady in transition. It was the gay brilliant pre-automobile Victorian world of a ruling class forming a select and exclusive small society, luxurious, hos- pitable, meeting at endless parties, and a caste of high-born politiclans who opposed one another courteously in public, but met at night and week ends to share all private and social pleasures. Young Winston was commissioned an officer of the 4th Hussars. The Hus- sars, with thé Lancers and Dragoons,, were the spoiled darlings of politico- militry soclety, 4nd the star turn of battlefields where the entire action was visible to the naked eve. At Aldershot, the chief military center, one day in 11895, he rode at the head cf his troops | past’ Queen Victoria, who sat in her carriage et the saluting paint, ‘while t entire aril.san. blue and gold and s let sns S assed bsfore her in broad and scintillating flood. And not 4 mathine gun, tank, tractor or gas thask athong the lot, Regrets Efa of Scierice. Churchill rather sardonically regrets those groomed and grand old days when war was a gentlemen's game. Sclence and democracy, he has asserted, have spoiled_everything. “From the moment that either of these meddlers and muddlers was al- lowed to take part in actual fighting the doom of war was sealed. Instead of a small numiber of well trained profes- nals championing their country’s use with ancient weapons and a beau- tiful intricdcy of archaic maneuver, sustained st every moment by the ap- plausé of their ndtion, we row have entire populdtions, including even wom- en and children; pitted against one an- dther in brutish mutual extermination, and only & set of ?llenr-eyed clerks left to add up, thé buteher's bil» From his edrliest youth he hid minis- Cuba sée sormé redl fighting. It was easier hndm éhndx; for m'gt:!t“ aub:lum& All 5 was eak to his ap- v ?glfl!.wl and tli‘:n write to i mu'n jend and political associate, then Ambassador at Madrid, to get the in | necessdry permission and introductions to everybody from Marshal Martinéz Campos, captain geperal of Spain, in e e A AMSTR | command in Cuba: downwsrd. ©Out e fighting in the end- the horse next him p:olh end come horhe without 4 hurt. Then, sfter a spell of polo plaging in India, with some hot c:mpaigning cn iin_this | the {rontier, hé got into the war in the Sudén. = Kitchener didn't want hitn, #nd Kitchener was in charge. it 9 Tim ‘The minister, Lord m% British world, ed Euct. s time of erlarging hisq silthouette in a discoricerting manner | had read gt with pleasuré and made the acquain e of author. So Churchill had plenty of strings to pull, and he pulled them hard until he got his way. Those were easy days. He, a lieutenant of Lancers now, could arrange with the son of the proprietor of the ehief Tory newspaper to do a se- ries of letters from the front at $75 a column. His mother waved him off to the war. Thus he !nt into his first cavalry charge, the famous charge at Omdur- man. He cut through the dervish mob ail right, irning, he saw what had happened to the less fortunate cavalry- men. Men céme staggering with arms end faces cut to pieces, fish-hook spears stuck through them, some still mounted on horses that ted blood. How had he got through? He had ex- changed his saber for a Mauser pistol, in the use of which he had. carefully trained himself. He had shot down the swordsmen who cut at him. After this nmgllrn he left the army, began to write the history of that war, and started to prepare himself for Parliament. But the war with the Boei republics broke out, and he hurried of to rerort for the Morning Post at $1,250 a month and all expenses. He was 24, > He had not been out long before he was taken ptisoner. He was with an armored train which was attacked by the Boers and derailed. Churchill took charge of the business of getting it back on the rails under fire. en the locomotive to move again Churchill was in the cab directing the engine driver, wounded men, jamming them in and shells bursting ail round. He got out of the cab and went back to tell the covering party to ey, The Boers had got between them. Two appeared mg!enly and fired at Churchill. ran toward a rocky forge. A third rifie-armed figure ap- peared. Churchill put up his ds. Récognized by Captor. ‘Three years later at & luncheon part; in London given for the 'gm- 'éherflz who had come o¥er to ask for a loan ter the war Churchill sat next to lotg’us. c!'\utchm é\;l:_thm the s o captire. You recognis me?” sald Gen. Botha. ' “I was thal man. It was I who took you prisoner.” kuter when__ Churchill was _mihister luring the World War he oftéen had great and _distinguishéd personages calling on him, but there was only one of them all whom he &ecompanied downstaifs and put into his car with his own hands—and Botha was that an. Luck and coincidence have g}fiy:d 80 continuous a part in Churchill’s life that one might devote theé whole of this article to enumerating instancés and then not complete them. Hunted by a brother and a cousin when a boy at play and hemmed in on & bridge he framed the daring project to escape by jumping into a fir tree. g‘hz branches ‘failed to hoxdlgun and e féll 30 feéet into & ditch. He rhight have broken his back or his neck, but by luck he landed on a soft patch in a dgtch, ruptured & kidney, was lald | up, for & year, but recovered. In the Mamund Valley hé atays a moment in & hot spot aftér rétreat has been ordered to help an excited Sikh gather up his cartridge clips. The rest of the , risen, get caught in a | blast of fire; two are killed, three wotnded, and the officer next to Churchill goes spinning, his face a mass of blood, his right eye cut out. | Escaping from his Pretoria prison after his capture by Botha, he has the | most extraordinary luck, jumps a train, rides till daybreak, hides all day, walks all night, falling into swamps “ahd crawling past guarded bridges and vil- lages, and then boldly risks a night call at a house. It is the only house within 20 miles where Hé would not | be given up. A British colliery man- | ager who has become naturalized lives | there. This man hides the refugée in the workings and mun}l‘filhlm onto a train which _carried over the | frontier into Portuguese territory. His Natrow Escapé. In France he is summoned back from | his front-line dugout by a general who | wants to have & lock at him. But the great man after all cannot fit the meet- ing in. Cursing, Churchill plows back three miles through the mud, to find that in his absenice his dugout has been | | |admires men like |at_the spectacle of Wrecked by & shell ana the oficer 18 1t killed. He makes his headquartérs in & ruined mm The Germans havé not shélled zone for months. Now they lob & few heavy ones over. Oné bursts gutside the window of his smashes the back of his chair. But he is not in the chair. J\Il{ before the bombardment began he wen! outside, and now he returns and sur- veys, with a sensation he is now ac- customed to—a sensation it he Has been mlnmlmnl; by some power beyond his imagination—the missile that would have broken and ripped hif like anh égg struck by an ax. | ‘The same luck, the same agility, Have carried him without serious through his ling polltical career from the South African war, he plinged into Tory politics. R in on their war, usé a8 their at meetings. e part; chieftains compéted fof hia services a5 & speaker in the various constituencles, He himself was tly ele for the cotton eity of 5 Theén to work to make him- ing W= had $20,000, procee and war corres) He sent this money to the hmll?l?nenu: Anaacier, WEh Instrustion b st inancler, ction to sheep”; Which the banket did. &?fl family is not rich. Churchill has al- ways earned hfn own living.) Welconiéd By Libérats. But it was not long before he fell out with his y and went over the Liberals, then beginning théir 1 run of Eowcr which lasted from 1‘:’!{ up to the World War. Thé Libérals welcomed such a recruit from thé camp of their enemiés, and rewarded him with ngfld promotion. d Them e found ot in The. 7 ul e cmF ng‘ln :gm ldwin cruxhgd’nt);g coalition, and Was made Baldwin's chancellor of the exchequet. But he : suspect. mh:: Pald to be an unsound party man ( af was before him, repudiating his xe&'fi: and trying to form & fourth party). fescinating rid- Todéy his futuré is a dié. T »Lhel w:l:-“hthg _to per- le that Were_men- ae o Red erll, but the g failed to becomé aroused. Now as hitcheéd his wa; to the Indian com with what éventual résults we shall see. ‘There have been time Ji;:n his sin- cerity was in doubt. This Indian phase sken. B s e Sccuted df KIariog fou Boti accused of playing for ] Tmere sup- port, lh%‘ certainly_he never Ml:m news) favor. But he is an im- perialist, and while he can see the need for an honorable settlement of the longe drawn-out_Irish feud, and detachedly Michael Colling in this present calling 8 murderer e is moved to wrath N the great Indian empire, won by British arms, being handed over to the native politicians and lawyers of the Home Rule by _pro-consuls whom he as pusillanimous &nd hom= politicians whofh he regards as either &ntimental (whom his supporters Indian business and a gunman), and weak-kneed or mefely Socialists | fi upon bréaking be: 3 B S Taaens [% 5753 as tlon and chalienged Britain in the figld, and dealt her some doughty bafi. he would be :tnl\ont :ho me lvocate a peace settlement on rule 1 He adinires milliAry Broweas And if Wi iny mml_tf,z_‘ ality. But the seething movements of mobs, the pas- sive resistance of the non-co-operative campaigns, the s odic outbreaks of terrorism—these, in his view, are symp- toms of Oriental inferiority, & be crushied by the white overlord. Although he has supported prc - sive movements, hé rémains, 1}!5\’: the aristocrat in sympathy with soclal reforms and new ages oniy so long as they offér him opporturities for the ex- pression of his own personall long as he can surf-ride their waves to pover, rivilege &nd high office. Noth- ing austere or disinterested about him. He likes the good things of life and takes them with both hands. As men Hiow, He {§ feally in the prime of life. ¥ore and more he I to_me like a Scipio an which denies him a haps he was born too has told Américan 1ibal rly, s 1 audiences -’:’3 e Rk A R o gla father, if he were 20 8y, thi have stopped short at words. \ {(Continued From Third Page.) | | attributing intentions contrary to this | effect to the Monroe Doctrine. | are wton! | Doktrine &n instrument of foreign po- litical interference. supporting %n Monroe Dot ]0( their self-preservation and security. rate and et taking for granted that the | that force. They are wrong in sup- | posing that the Monroe Doctrine justi- | fles their intervention in Latin Ameri- can countries or gives them the role of an international police power in the ‘Western Hemisphere. Thus, from théir own points of view, from thelr own conceptions of the Monroe _Doctrine, both Safon and Latin Americans are right in upholding | and denouncing it. But from the view- | point of the dc-ttrine itself, from the viewpoint of . the Monroe Doctrine was really {h''©- ~d to be, and mean, they are both w:.rg. Change Interprétation. Fortunately etiough, statesmen in this coutitry have lately realized ta=t their predecessors had bBecn on the wrong | track in their eudgnent of the doctrine. To emend past misundetstandings, thy | have been repeating once dnd again, although not often enough be fully heard on the other sice of the Rio Grande, that the Mofniroe Doctrine is exclusively a national policy of natiopal interests, which does not require e support of any other American republic, pokesmen for the State Department have been recently proclaiming this new interpretation of the doctrine. In its latest communique, origihated by the Meézxican reply to the League, the de- partment pointed out, ohce more, that | the Monroe Doctrine “is an American | poliey, not a treaty or agresment with |any “other government, and may be charged only by a-ticn of this coutitty.” Of ccurse, this 15 the opthion bf well vers=d statssmen who have stidied th~ re#l meaning of the doctrine. The | bu'k of public opinion in the country | still huz to_be converted to this new interpretation of the Mohroe Doctrine, which is the only trus one. Asllor the L:; Ariéricas a.é theé ler s evi er, for not évs std e yet {nfiflflnr with new _un ding of the Monroe Doctrine. d until they do, until they his | realize they have nothing to fear from the doctrine, they will ke? on séizing porzunlty to :lulc it and dis- credit it. " International 1ifé is fill of misthder- standings. Perhaps thé auithors of the League’s covenant did not méan to in- dorse a doctrifie disliked by the Latin .merjcans, but evidently their mistake was in the wording of Article XXI, which mikes special réferénce to it. Defined as Understanding. Afticls XXI defihes the Montoe Doc- trne es a “rellon&l understanding. e ‘This_ p; pOse: backing of a dumber of American s ,‘,’.f, : t‘g.tu&ivméli has ind which the doctrine Department s d: e 4 upon the Uj de:g“fi the s Monroe Doctrine entitles them to use, ‘Misunderstanding Clouds True Purposes ‘Of U. S. in Standing by Monroe Doctrine ‘They in considering the Monroel writers were not offensive The Saxon Americans are right in| which were su national policy, like the | text was a rine, which is for the good | tremely iinterest They may be also right in maintaining mula read: “Any American their privilege to protect with force | an their fellow citizens abrcad. But they | inf are wrong in tying up these two separa- | inde roblems of their foreign policy ' terril | b | Béld up the littlé rédort of Gagno fe- i Déetr 6.‘.-: gfi et’lnh: o | ican pedce, to opposé and Theé érror, it 8eémms to 6, wis ih defiii- ing alaé.enmme A e standin ‘That thé intefitions of thé 'wnfirt‘p Latin the XXI, ly_seer iy e t 8] ir$ now Ex- il Tafl rican_Staté or {nAm!Hun States can protect the! tegrity of American territory and the! 'ndence of the government whose is endangeted, his 4 mem- | ber of the League or n i the interest of American peace, and prevent the future tra American ter{lwry or_ soverel dny power forelfgn to tHé ent, 's ula “Nothing in this covenant can or deny the right of any Ameéri State or Il? American Stal the integrity of the terrif inde; idence o ment whose tet whether this 5 a tember or not, or in the interests Americd mi cl various an.t'e F y Former Presiden er of ty to estern sajd: al cin ddngered, o o e el future transfer of Ameri nevt:l;rlwr; vereignty to any power outside ‘estern Hemhj!leib."v Wording Ys Unfortunate. Finally, Sir Bobert Ceell’s projected formula Was: “Nothing In this covenant can be interpreted &s alterihg any in- ternational oblflflfl‘pru) of agreemeénts to preserve world peace, s the arbi- | tration treaties og the Mofroe Doc- From these e trine,’ . form to_the tekt of Artlcle. XXI lcv.\ll'rll‘ydfiuérfiz in the covenant_there is a considerable dis tance. It eems to me one of these fofmulas b f\g' msu!;gctflln the text d onroe e as & “réglon: der- | standing,” many \tntcm?nshu k.éfiem like the recent Mexican denunciation would have been avolded (Copyright, . Honor Bandit Protests Unnecessaty Murder or the PARIS.—The thrés Corsican bandits, cavigiioll 4hd his tWo fEphews, Who cently, are having little trouble ot of the way of the ger are chasing thefn. “king” of the Corsican Bandits, Battol, has sworn to avenge thé “Ehame” they thréw on thé profession in cotfimitting an unne:eau? murder. This Bartoli is the Sarell pei- gon in the whole islard. For hé hés beeh an outlaw, Hing in tie back. woods, the mountain fi iessés of Cor- ©ica, He has dlready killed many geri- darmes, is gic, and lives on on & “venfetta” which | tithe ago. Bartoll frieni g i Tlfll. enuna % 8 fit= | whe ot et 242 HEE "= By vo J8, tha | it - | serve, . which tides them over. Help the Crippled Child (Gontinued First . ued From Page.) HM& mately. It has befi; & labor of love—a Iabor in many the whom I have never met and who w me only by hearsay or the printed page. Without those thousands of peo- ple of modest means, whosé free-will offerings came to heaps of dimes and quarters and dollar bills folded in pen- cil scrawls, “This is for the ctippled kids"—without them there would be scores of cripples more than there are now. It was at Christmas time in 1920 that the work began—if work it can be called. From that v.lme on it has been in the hands of an istrator, Van Natta, who has served withoul s have all the others associated in the expenditure of the fund. There isn't ntlyl?!l:‘uxe, there jsn't any certificate o y at all about our fund for erip- Con & pay, | it ibérship, there isn't. any for- | gitls pled children, but it lives on because it | the ks | appeals to the hearts and minds of men and women everywhere, Many Contribute. Bome of the contributions have been a8 littlé as & penny from a tiny boy or girl who had been told of the work or had seen a picture in one of the maga- zines of & crippled child who was being helped. And the biggest contribution, {fom others, has been $200 in & lump sum. Fiftéen thousand dimes un&mln a ;oh;oahower at Thanksgiving time, and 10,000 quarters poured In at Christmas. ‘Thé money hasn't enriched sny doc- tors or hospitals, but it has met their in giving serviceable legs and feet and spines to little helpless boys and girls from many States. It has &5 o Jainers of cxippied young: mothers or fathers < sters couldn't even pay that lm expense. The “egg money” contributed b{ many farmers’ wives, for instance, hlreflwbflnxhwmnmmloolof o mot h::u and her crippled little boy, Her and the bo; Taliromd "staron k2 ‘Topee. t at the the | Jess or almost hopelessly e nt8 to know where to find you.” ln.And then, while th nt be ' turhed away, wrapped shawl about her shoulders, o %fi"”? boy in her arms, ter's wind that blew with icy, sever- ity, in & strange city hundreds of miles from home, trudged 10 blocks up the hill to the “court of last resort” for her.lehflm_ry : “I'm I cm‘?f " she sald, and shi wx?el‘d qr‘ll%:i&? in her defénse g,?x %y‘_'.hfine::ed xio“-iefi 3 well, qum go:fiu fifi!.!‘e;hml{- show you my ymfiwvnld not, sénd me back.” = ung:e& of lications must Ar'ifu every fi' ot a o ek e e 1hé B /ou back; we'll give the bo belp we can,” tears flowed down = u‘:’" Like Other Boys. & shadow of Pike's out O B R B for €] a1 z Bliled gurger, was the of & o1 is h:nn!ver ,,;:ohe. ed treatment by great ort! edge &nd tiriie to thi th Ta; Tied_oe & L e ity in ‘hosj f urés AE th sutne. tins te. They had a = red.” but they wan birth- t of bodies 1 2 5 T ey ae sther pors Aod e, shunned and avoided by other children y, and objects of curiosity in the 50 they . Withetood the " mmavoldang ordeal, of treatment iy & y 45 Lravely as any soldlers in battle. 'I‘o%mmzme victory—for Charlle’s little feet will “track” now and not get in each other’s way. And Theliia’s back, after five long months in a traction frame, fol- lowed by a major operat is a straight back, growing’ 'Mr‘:%? Likf le Margaret, who i garten because she could not go Lthg exercises like the otgghcm and told her mother she b go back to school, and e mother and father didn't khow what ado. because there was fio motiey, is happy rn:fi. For the kindergarten teacher en- listed ald—and Margaret plays fow like O hets was Frank. a iy ere (3 e 2-year-sld from down along the Rio on’:x:e in Texas, whose feet turned in and doubled upward so much he couldn’t ly use them exczpt to try to get toes in his mouth like other bables. And Minnfe, Whose mother wrote us from M , and sy, in | Oklahom “I wonder if you could help me? M; daughter is cli-l&?lm from infantile p-! ralysis since WS 2 years old; she is 12 nl;;v. Ithi.s'eryhndfm J shé walks oh her toes; ghe cannot get zhhSmtolherre‘_nmme m‘;{ you could help her I'd be 80 thankful. I have six children, all little ones, and her— pléd children. B& important to er&p ize how they could do if given the ‘Theré are great_su of their time, but o} course can’t give all their time. And there are thou- sands of children vfltlnkon hospital lists for the chanece to made ke other children—but there aren't enough hospitals or other facilities. There are crippled children at home who hool, and who Ing not only physicall; 3:’ enta m ub m caped in lhunyhforedm ‘There was a survey made in e didn't know her or anything of | i & riust go without it—and Mlp— e ‘was "phon- n:?!m she might ‘worn | John her 5. | for the ts, who oohmzuw their knowl- | normal child. !e‘ratmah“k ) y hm ‘more tcted 1ittle It is & wotk Préstdent the Um‘ud nfl"&:‘“ o Of his time and it It is & work ih mmmhflm- blest of us can aid. A list of gmm New_York en may recels for a dn’;n mit of even the a; Philippine Island Folk So F Business Slump Fails to Hurt Them MANILA.—These islands which hlvei been bullt up from the bottom of the canic and coral action fin a curlous Tstance to deprassions—ifi- cluding business depressions. The ty- ?h(an devremgml comes freques acks scathingly; but mo! :?le can :n‘ the ntfiucl#x the s a8 it was originally, or perhaps 4 !lé.lé imgprov&! 4 depressions only come when times are not brisk in the United States and y too attdck vigorots- 1y, but do ho noticesble harm. : of e dre reasons, somé of them _interes! to Americans who stu {r:?éms markets and whom over- seas concerns. Péople Reidy for Trouble. Among the srrlmary forces that shunt depressiogs dside in the Philippines dre the frugality of the people, the vast un- cultivated lands, the absence c¢f Winter, Philip- pines, though in oceanic Aitierican West. It happens in depressions, as it hdppened this year, that crops from tiew Jands offset low | h fces ro;rt_'.}u mpsei? theé old dnds. Vi ént K pushing roads g N e o Slieans of sovena buist b; 1o more lothing than when p 3 T ey Libve. o litle capital in re: fid upon the landlords, also ‘rruuogaf"::éna the landlords help them through. % Bopumation Doubied. &r prifnary factor is the rdpid e DA i s domand 1 ?: nt, T every year, 7 oae. This will of popultion al “pummn L& 30 years. rapidly on ing b POl almost doubled in the ldst Gold _mining grows s ntly, at- | ta “ég‘ asno | 5 befc ited S cyin bonanza mines of Baguio, turning out many mil- lions. HEY. year, d 70 per. of every dollat ‘goes ot , Sup- plies and wages, wi e of oré yields the governmental Rail Project Will nna&.;o Strait Crossed by 20, STOCKHOLM, Sewden—A project which was envitioned 120 years ago by 4 fighting Swédish Kinig will Be réalized when a railway efibankment is built between the German island of Reugen and the town of mainland. , Incidentally time between S olm be decreased by more They | taken latter, mental by Sweden. Black Forest Resort Gets Many Froii U, 8.