Evening Star Newspaper, June 21, 1931, Page 27

| HYDE DENIES FARM BOARD IS ACTIVE IN “BUSINESS” Secretary; in Forum, Hits Back at Critics, | Discounting Criticism It Has Lost $500,000,000—Pra ' Yhe following speech was made by Becretary of Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde, over the National Radio Forum, arranged by The Star and broadcast over a coast-to-coast mnetwork of the Columbla Yroadcastig System, last night at 8:30 o'clock, from Station ‘WMAL, here: 'OT long ago I went on a fishing trip to the ‘Tortugas. These islands lie about 60 miles from Key West, the farthest piece of American territory gulfward. as our boat drew up to the pier, we m- greeted by the entire population, ch consisted of one man. This dy soul proved to be an employe of Department of Agriculture, sta- ed on this lonely island to protect the birds which were nesting by tens €f thousands nearby. Contrast that incident with. another. On hboth of his Polar expeditions Ad- miral Byrd took with him two of our Weather Bureau people. The admiral ‘was generous enough to say that those department men, in the case of each of the expeditions, had been able to set dates for his flights which proved to be the only dates upon which they eould have been made successfully. Forests Policed. Are you going to the country for a picnic? If you live in the West, or at many places in the East, try a Na- tlonal Forest for your outing. There are 160,000,000 acres of them to select They are policed, protected from fire, and administered by the Forest Service with a view to recreation, wise use and conservation. The road you will travel over was constructed on plans, sometimes originated but cer- tainly approved by the Bureau of Pub- Yic Roads. Store in your hamper an sbundant lunch. That the animals from which the meats came were healthy; that the conditions of slaugh- ter were sanitary, and that the meat itself is wholesome is certified by the Bureau of Anymal Industry. The milk you brought was probably produced under dairying practices standardized by the Bureau of Dairy Industry. The fruit you are taking was probably graded by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics—the grain from which your bread is made certainly was. Have no fear of the canned goods. There was a time when buying a can of food was a voyage of discovery, fraught with perils that were both deadly and un- seen. That time has long since passed. Labels must speak the truth, and adul- terants must be declared thereon. Our food and drug inspectors kept tab on one lot of 100,000 cans of decomposed canned salmon for five years. minute they attempted to land it in our port it was seized and destroyed. ‘When you come to spread your table- cloth, it will be interesting to reflect that if it was made in 1930, the chances are two to one that it was made of American flax. If it is a cloth you have had since 1917 or 1918, the chances are it was made of flax elsewhere. The tariff of 1930 has given the American flax grower and the American textile worker that much bet- ter break than he had. There were about two and a half million acres more flax in this country last year than there were from 1914 to 1922, when the tariff was so low as to discourage our own producers. If the cheese on your bill of fare is Roquefort, you will be encour- aged to know that our dairy people have imported the fungus and duplicated the temperatures of the caves in France 80 t we can now make a fine Amer- ican Roquefort, not out of sheep or goat’s milk, but out of clean cow’s milk produced under sanitary conditions. If it is Swiss cheese, I'll take a bet that you don't know whether it was made in Switzerland or right here in the U. S. A" If it is the ordinary Cheddar cheese, I want to let you in on a little secret. ‘We have perfected a can so ventilated the cheese can be packed fresh and kept so for a long time. Markets Reported. After the lunch is over, fog up the old pe (the tobacco was probably graded our men) ufld1 opeal t1;‘9 t.hel news- r. On page 1 read the only news ?gfy which is front page stuff with every mewspaper in the country, every day in the year—the weather report. Turn to the financial section. Many of the market reports were furnished by the department. In between you will find the crop forecasts, stories of road construction, of plant breeding, of grim battles waged against invading hosts of insect pests and of many other branches of our work, all of them merely inci- dents of the day’s work in the depart- ment. ‘Without prolonging the recital, I am sure you will agree that the Department of Agriculture, through a multitude of et and unobtrusive services, touches e lives of every person in America in more intimate ways than is commonly imagined. In many other ways than can be de- tailed here the Department of Agricul- ture is a great educational, research and service institution, not alone for farm- ers, but for every citizen of the Nation. ‘The service of the Weather Bureau transcends the interests of farmers alone. It warns ships at sea and air- planes on land of approaching storms, as well as warning farmers of impend- ing frosts. The Bureau of Public Roads serves everybody. In research as to nutritive values of foods, the Bureau of Home Economics is thinking of all our le, not farmers alone. In estab- r\:o game refuges and protecting mi- tory wild fow], the Bureau of Bio- f«:flml Survey is conserving wild life for all nature lovers. Nevertheless, our fundamental job is agriculture. Our thoughts are first of all of ways and means to help the farmer solve his problems—problems of the kind and volume of his crops; prob- Jems of production; problems of or- ganization and management; problems of marketing. Our quest for answers to these problems takes us into the realms of business, of economics and | t0 of nearly 'every known science. One or more scientists representing the department are almost continuously scouring odd nooks and corners of the world for new plants or new varieties of plants—in Arabia for date shoots which will resist rain and add new enterprises to our Southwestern States, or in Siberia for wilt-resistant alfalfa which will replace less herdy varieties the Middle West, or in Madagascar rubber plants which offer opportun- ities for development here. Other sci- entists are working in our forests study- insects whos: ravages threaten to bi Jow the lordly pine, in in Hawail to learn more of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ':‘x; in the Virgin Islands at- cultural problems of | €rop. agri the gple of those islands. Our econo- mists and crop specialists are stationed in a score of foreign countries to re- crop conditions, or market pros- pects for the guldance of our farmers or our shippers, Add these facts and will readily agree that the battle of the department is not only far flung, but t as well. I Helped Medics. " To the research scientist every new ‘project is a rainbow of promise—the pot of gold is always about to be un- earthed by the next spadeful of earth. oeeu!nn-{Iy they are right. For in- stance: About a year ago a chemist was Jooking for plant molds to produce tar- taric acid. He had examined 149 with- out results, Number 150 unexpectedly roduoed glu’conlc acld. fl\‘::n‘l;:“::nm now used in making calc - ate, a_calclum salt that is extremely yaluable to the medical profession. This caleium salt was once so rare that it cost $150 & pound. Now it mhy be had for 50 cents a pound, and so the The | grown | tai ises Relief Work. chemists, has contributed to the ad- vance of medical science. Laugh all you please at our bulletins. It would do no earthly good to un- cover this knowledge if we merely stored it away. Consequently, we spread the information as rapidly.as possible to any one who can use it. ‘We use every modern means—radio, the press, bulletins, exhibits and motion pictures. We carry useful and practical information _directly through county agents to the farmers in order that the information may be promptly applied. Recently we have been engaged in two large emergency operations, made neces- sary by twin calamities, drought and unemployment. It was not an ac- cident that this department was selected to carry these responsibilities. In our Bureau of Roads, the machinery al- ready existed, and to a large-extent the plans _were already approved, quickly and efficiently to expand road’ construc- tion and provide jobs. In the extension service, with its force of more than 6,000 county agents and other em- ployees, its intimate contacts with State agricultural colleges and other State forces, the machinery was at hand to put drought relicf funds at work where they would do the most 5 Prior to 1929, our normal Federal sid roads funds had been $75,000,000. An- other $50,000,000 was added for the year 1931. To speed up employment, | the President directed that the whole |fund b: immediately allotted to the | States for road constructicn. President Hoover gave the program another boost by recommending a further cmergency appropriation of $80,000,00¢ to be loaned to the States so that they could match | Federal funds already availale. Another $9,000,000 was added for forest roads ]nndd‘ trails, and for roads across public |lands. $289,000,000 for Roads. ‘The last two appropriations became available about six months ago. Today the volume of unfinished road work now gonig forward is $289,000,000. More than one hundred thousand men have been given work directly on Fed- eral-aid projects; 290,000 more have been employed on State work which this expanded program has largely made possible. Probably 200,000 ore men have had part-time employment in fur- nishing the supplies and materials which are necessary. We estimate that, ‘n all, 590,000 men have been given employ- | ment, wholly or partially in conse- | quence of these emergency funds. The forest service with its funds has given preference to mea with families, and has given part-t em‘gloyment to about 20,000 men. Biological Sur- vey and the Bureau of Plant Industry have given work to 1,600 mors, A year ago we were facing the worst drought disaster in the history of the country. July, August and September of 1930, saw 21 States gripped in a drought which in severity, duration trd area covered, was the worst of which we have any record. The tields were blistering in the relentless heat, vege- tion burned up, water had to be hauled to both men and animals. The drought cost the farmers 700,000,000 bushels of corn, all of their pasture, much of their hay crop, and large losses in many other directions. Dis- tress became general and in the Winter the Red Cross extended its aid. Congress appropriated $65,000,000 for loans for croop purposes to farmers in the dought-stricken areas. The department promptly expanded its forggs. Voluntary committees of citizens in each of the stricken coun- tles were appointed and set to work to receive and pass upon applications for loans. Emergency offices were set up in five cities The services of over 6,000 voluntary workers in .the counties and a temporary clerical force of about 800 people were required. Some idea of the size of the jcb can be gained from the fact that loans were made to 385,000 people. The total amount was $47,- 'Ol.d King Cotton Is Sick - Leader of the Industry Tells What Ails America’s Principal Export. BY GEORGE W. GRAY. TTON, the traditional King suffering with it. I have just completed a wide tour of the cotton kingdom, and wherever the fiber is grown one hears stories of the hard- ships and improverishment of those de- pendent upon cotton for a living. In some sections the mounting debt incurred by tenants and other farmers to secure money advances for seed and provisions has brought them to a state of virtual slavery. Banks have failed and merchants have gone bankrupt on o Midas of Dixie, is sick, and a whole empire in the South is | cotton. The current price is far below the cost of production; and yet, in spite | of its cheapness, consumption of Ameri- can cotton has fallen off sharply. American sales abroad last year were 1,000,000 bales below normal, while India and the other foreign growers materially increased their business. ‘This plight would not be so serious if it were only a local or sectional prob- lem, but the truth is that cotton is the chief export item in United States for- eign trade—and its decline affects the welfare of railroads, steamships, export merchants and all who have any part in this trade. Through them it affects ~—Drawn for The Sunday Star by Robert Lawson. indirectly the economic welfare of the whole country. Our exports of raw _cotton on several occasions sincé the World War have exceeded in value $1,000,000,000 an- nually. Even our foreign sales of auto- mobiles and other manufactures have not succeeded until very recently in threatening the pre-eminent place of cotton in international trade, and econ- omists look upon the present waning influence of American cotton abroad as a danger sign not alone to the South, but to the whole Nation. Should King Cotton’s sway decline to that of | the rest of them put together.” a mere domestic power, the loss would be felt nationally. 500,000—about $130 each. Aims Accomplished. It was the desire of President Hoover that these loans be made speedily and sympathetically with a view to relieving distress and to re-establishing the drought sufferers in their business. This has been done. If you could have seen the drought-stricken area at its worst and then have seen it again when the new crops were just springing through the soil, when newly riven paling fences surrounded gardens filled with promise for the family table, when the phoenix of hope had risen from the ashes of hopelessness, you would know that those loans reached the spot. ‘Thus in these two emergency opera- tions we have been instrumental in af- fording work for something over 600,000 men and we have been able through m&; help 385].002 farm families put crops, plant a garden and started again sk o Although the Federal Farm Board is mumdmdgnt &ody. the close co- operation e ent of - culture makes mmep.rx;znu 'flt It ‘you have been judging you have been jus the activi- tles of the Farm Board by read in the daily press, you doubtless have gHe impression that ‘it is engaged in pri g. You read mostly about the wheat and cotton stabilization ac- tivities of the board. Those activities are dramatic. They have involved large sums of money and large stocks of the commodities. They have aroused the wrath of the_rgro!udon-l traders. They are “news.” They have caught the pub- lic attention. And yet these activities are only a small part of the Farm Board pro- gram. They are emergency ations only. The major objective of ge board is to help farmers to organize their own e s lone. was given $500,000,000 to loan to erative ~ farm organizations. ‘The not the objective of the law.. Helping organize agriculture and helping agricultural organizations over the hill, getting them soundly set up and going —that is the objective of the law. Loans and stabilization operations are merely incidental. Not in Business. We hear the cry “Government in business.” The Farm Board is not in business. It is not going in business. Its business is to put the farmer in business—in the business of planning the volume of his crop, in the business of following his crop, through organiza- tion. into the markets of the world; in the business of having a saies depart- ment for his production, just as any of 1!:;0?1 has. mfim;{ It is his . -He ' produ is clothed with divine right, mud with “authority to sell it for him. there is anything new or revolutionary - about this, the novelty is due solely to| the fact that it is farmers who are crganizing. Busin labor foretell what the final accoun! will be. If it were necessary to liquidate an the present market, there would be a large loss on the face of the paper transactions, but when benefits already against any probable loss of funds, the (Continued on Fourth Page.) loaning’ of that half billion dollars s | 100 achieved for agriculture are balanced*® CENTRAL EUROPE SAVED FROM FINANCIAL DISASTER International Bank’s Support of Austrian Institution and Bank of England’s Ad- vance of $21,000,000 Relieve Crisis. BY GERVILLE REACHE. IENNA.—The Bank for Interna- tional Settlements and the Bank of England this week have momentarily saved Cen- tral Europe from a financial disaster which would have had reper- cussions in all the countries of the world. Will this intervention suffice? ‘That is the question being asked in all parts of Europe with a certain de- gree of anxlety. d The Bank for International Settle- ments, by supporting the National Bank of Austria, and the Bank of Eng- land, by advancing the Austrian gov- ernment $21,000,000 at a moment when the 1‘lznwer inund eom;g:u panic, provisionally prevented a mora- wflumw Austrian banks which would have. extended rapidly to neighboring nations and affected Germany herself some weeks later. Now there is some time for reflecting on the situation, which is far from oSy Compulsory Reorganization. In Austria a drastic reorganization 3 Kreditanstalt, g system of Central Europe, henceforth is hors de combat. Its Icsses, which are not exactly known, reach at least $100,000,000, and sur- prise was expressed because directors aware of this divulged it so late in the day. The commission of inquiry insists on legal proceedings against certain of the_directors. ‘The causes of the failure are only notorious. Doubtless the origin of all the difficulties arose from the dis- memberment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but the Kreditanstalt, which controlled 66 per cent of Austrian in- dustry, had absorbed another bankrupt bank, the Bodenkredit, in 1929, with- out even making an inventory. This had ccst it $11,000,000 and, moreover, had embarked it on a venturesome policy of extending credit to local in- dustries and banks and freezing foreign short-term deposits in too ambitious undertakings, some of which were ruined by the maladministral their own directors. ‘Who eventually will take these losses? ‘The bank's capital covers them only to the extent of $12,000,000. It is true that the foreign credi ‘whose Yet the A ready has a defici mier. more, carry the burden of the loan of $21,000,000 from the Bank of land and solve the difficult lem of in- ducing the internati 5 ' dicate to take up this loan, which is renewable in seven days.: Finally, new cabinet must still borrow con k mm 1,393 persons 000 or $70,000,000 to cover the. losses of the Kreditanstalt,\ which will mean an annual expenditure of $5,000,000 or $6.000,000. & Doubtless Austria is easilv able to support these new loans, for the burden of the public debt, both internal and external, represents at the present time little more than one-tenth of its bud- get, namely, about $30,500.000. In the eventuality under consideration the burden would be increased to $37,000,- 000 or $38,000,000. which still is not an excessive proportion. Matter of Guarantees. But floating these loans is a matter of guarantees, and confidence at home and abroad. Already the Socialist papers are loudly protesting that the operation is a gigantic plum conceded to the Austrian Rothschilds and their foreign colleagues. And floating an Austrian loan abroad under present conditions is revealed as an operation full of risks. Consequently, it is not without weeping and gnashing of teeth that such measures can be taken, as they amount to Austria reducing her expenditures to the level of those in 1927. Austria is not the only European country which the world crisis will compel to reduce her pretentions. But if the customs union with Germany had been consummated, would not the gan- grene have extended to both countries? | legis! Only powerful intervention by the League of Nations is capable of re- establishing Austria’s credit and sav- ing the country from new monetary les, ) (Copyright, 1931.) h:f;“ why should King Cotton be The dominant figure in the American cotton trade is W. L. Clayton of Hous- ton, and while in Texas I sought him out and propounded this same ques- tion that I had asked of farmers, gin- ners, buyers, merchants, bankers and others throughout the South. Many of them, indeed, had referred me to Mr. Clayton. “Ask Will Clayton,” said one of the farmers of the rich Brazos bottom land. “He knows more about cotton t)llnzlxll (Continued on Fourth Page.) $80,000,000 DEFICIT FIRST IN FRANCE IN 5 YEARS Government Considers Not Presenting 1932 Special Budget, Adopting Instead 1931 Figures to Foil Pork Raid. » BY G. H. ARCHAMBAULT. ARIS.—The French Parliament painfully realized this week that the 1930 budget will show a deficit of at least $80,090,000, the first deficit in five years anll the largest in 60 years, and that there is a likelihcod that the 1931 budget will show an even larger unfavorable balance. As a consequence, the Government is reported to be considering not pre- senting a special budget for 1932 and adopting instead the same figures as for 1931, in order to prevent the deputies, on the eve of the parliamen- tary elections next Spring, from making a raid on the pork barrel for electoral | aidis purposes. In view of the ever-growing demands made on the public funds, the ques- tion being asked seriously on all sides today is: What will happen to Prance when the whole country is but one huge pork barrel? ' Election stortes are already going the rounds, for deputies and would-be deputies are feeling the pulse of the voters. Here is one story which is told frequently: A Deputy was addressing public meetings in his constituency. In a small village an elector waited for him after the meeting. "Whhnwt can I do for you?” asked the T, “You've simply got to do g for me,” replied the man, “for my sit- uation in this is absolutely ridiculous.” ‘How’s_that?” i only man here who isn't Britain Is Aroused by Traffic Perils; Public Urged to Acquire Safety Sense BY JOSEPH GRIGG. LONDON—Britons and Londoners in particular, are being urged to ac- quire a sixth, or safety, sense to reduce the ever increasing number of accidents. Human failure was the ‘re- sponsible factor in 84 per cent of the fatal road mishaps in the country at large in the last six months of 1929. In Greater London in 1930 87 per cent of such fatal accidents were due to want of forethought and altertness on the icerned. In these were killed ahd 55,961 injured. At the recent Safety First Congress held in Leeds an analysis disclosed the ;o:o;h( percentages in respect of acci- In just over 35 per ‘cent of road ac- cidents in which motorisf ts were to |lane blame excessive speed was the cause. Mfie;mhmflmfljw- Improper o cent. ice, 3% per cent. Losing control through ing, 5 per cent. road, 8 the | fusion or lack of Pedestrians Lack of Judgment. In addition 17 per cent of the acci- denumuundbylnn:mfim.m- per cent of the accidents, 37 per cent being due to carelessness or confusion, and 22 per cent to stepping from the sidewalk into the street without looking. One particular brand of jaywalker In?.hhcoun&yh:mroeo{mtw annoyance to the driving public. He is the individual who thinks he should uphold his consiuitutional rights to a part of the road even when on foof. He is to be found in all comm: but particularly in rural small provincial towns. Professional Drivers Safe. Professional drivers, espec London, have an enviable record. The bus 98 g s L . - irln state pay or drawing a state pen- on.” sion. Socialists, as adherents to a political party, are relatively few in France, those paying their dues numbering only 130,000 in a total population of some 40,000,000. But Socialists, in the sense of those clamoring for a share of the public funds, represent today the very great majority of the nation. More than ever, the object in life of the ave Frenchman and Frenchwoman is to me a state employe as a pre- ll;:nny step to becoming a state pen- sloner. ‘When state posts are all filled, pres- sure is brought to bear on the Legisla- ture to create more. So that, the war ng, the state has established more and more monopolies and has entered into business activties on a greater and greater scale. Today the state not only has a civil service, an army and a navy, and is an educator, but it operates pub- lic utilities, makes tobacco and matches, runs railroads, sells gun powder and automobile fuel, organizes the tourist traffic and builds tramp steamers. Those who cannot find employment under the state turn to the next best thing—they claim subventions from the state. If 10 men form a fishing club their first act is to ask for a subven- tion. If others create an archeologi- cal society for a “little theater” move- ment, they also ask for a subvention. And in ninety-nine cases out of a hun- dred they get it. It may be only $20 a year for each club, but the total runs into six figures or more. ‘Whereas the American is a t be- liever in individual effort, such as co-~ operation, insurance and subscriptions, the Frenchman turns instinctively to the State for help. The arts and liter- ature appeal for financial support. catacylsm of nature is followed = mediately by a request for state aid. When a storm ravages fields, orchards or vineyards, the first step is for Par- from rmandy to ask the govern- ment to stop this calamity! ‘The war divided France into three tegories—; Kemal “Elects” Group PAN-AMERICANISM GAINS THROUGH STUDENT TOURS - Summer Visits of University Members. " to Latin Countries Create ; Understanding, BY GASTON NERVAL. AN-AM] seems AMERCIANISM have a friend in Summer. It ities, the ports of Uncle Sam hound for Latin America to spend their vacation weeks in visiting some of tre Southern capi- | nomic tals and getting people. ‘These Summer excursions of can students to the little-known lics on the other side of the Rio have increased particularly in the last few years. And those who understan: acquainted with their Ameri- repub- for promoting inter- [ te in all of ice the efits of such excursions. ‘The full significance of these in- tellectural excursions is not altogether appreciated by people in general, who often hear of parties of Ameri- can tourists business men visi the Southern republics in search of adventure, picturesque scenery, natural beauties or merely the enjoyment af- Grande J trends, and learn of their ideals, and (why not say so?) their “side of the story” in this Pan-American issue which is day by day the paramount forded by some gay old Spanish cus-|in toms. But these are only incidents in a business or a pleasure life, with no other consequences than those strictly economic or material. Create Social Bo: On the other hand, t American students and Latin America—which b in contact with the learned of those countries—have a spiritual sig- nificance, for they create a social and intellectual union. And this, in turn, constitutes the sole channel through which mutual knowledge and a better understanding may gain stengtk. ‘The weakest point in the Pan-Ameri- can cause has always been the lack of sympathetic understanding and mutual knowledge among the peoples of Saxon descent and those of Latin America. To this lack the misunderstandings and errors which have heretofore hindered closer relations between them may be attributed. The ignorance which exists in the north as to the manner of living and mode of thought of the Latin Americans is just as great, or even greater, than that of the latter as to the true ideals and aspirations of the United States. There is absolute norance on each side, which prevents an understanding of the purposes, thoughts and efforts of the other. Peoples who do not know each other cannot understand each other. It is the same with nations as with individ- uals; a mere superficial acquaintance cannot form the basis of a solid, sincere friendship. Intimate knowledge and, above all, a spiritual commui ideas are necessary for true friendship. And now, in the Americas, there is ig- norance not only of higher of mere geography. Such ignorance is partly justified. At present there does not exist any intel- lectual interchange between the Ameri- cans of Latin and of Saxon origin; that is, any permanent current of inter- change sufficient to convey to those of one race a knowledge of the conditions of life and modes of thought of the other. ‘There are, of course, scattering trav- elers, tourists, adventurers, traders, business men, and even a few scholars, going back and forth, but these form such'a small group that they are the exception rather than the rule. Student Contact Needed. And this is precisely what is needed; a great many people—highly educated people—from the north going to the south to study and learn at first hand the manners and customs of the Latin nations; to learn Spanish and truly to know the Spanish Americans, their problems and their aspirations. And, also, a great many people from the south to the north to learn r:;fum, to study the opinions and prin- ciples of the Saxon Americans in order to attain an understanding of their ideals and the realization that it is not alone business or commercial interests which impel them to seek the friend- ship of the Latins. Goal of the (Continued From Pirst Page.) changing social organization as ate any other wars; as any war of cannon and bomb. of to visits rofessors them One of the main difficulties that the | JOU writer of such a treatise as this has to contend against is the incredibly senti- mental attitude of the average man or woman toward war. For every man to be made to see that such class wars are not sponf-;neo\u upheavals is very difficult indee The true significance of the surface disturbances resulting from the occult operations of a politics of youth escapes every man entirely. Thus feminism was a political disturbance that re- mained, doubtless, a great gun.le to him. “Al, these womenl” he would unquestionably bluster. Just as now he would bluster, “Ah, these youngsters, the young devils!” Mobilize Salaried Herds. Let us g:t right down to the economic heart of the matter now, and see if it is really so difficult to understand why a first-class economic brain should wish to encourage this latest of the class wars. ‘Youth-politics is, upon the purely eco- nomic side, a technique for mobilizing and manipulating the saldried herds in office, workship and factory. It is there that the effects of youth propaganda are princi to be looked for—the wage q the critical one. In highly tionalized” big business the machine today takes the place in- creasingly of the man. In the majority of cases people who A | expect, the older they get, to have more Pocage sarsp mcchine of & sorng s stamp machine or a 5o; - chine. Only they are a machine that once was new but that is wearing out! Ninety per cent of these semi-autom- atons are an but indispensable. A child of 10 could do their work just as well, were child labor not illegal. nion of | w, things, but | ing ling which are being offered at 209 American colleges and universities. History Ignored. interest & Latin America “m munique” observed that 35 years ago *~ there was no institution of er % m" 1mngt.he United States where the study - origin important to devote a single course to. - their discussion. In 1895 the University of California " the field with a course ventured in entitled “S) American history and institutions.” As late as 1904 only two ~ other universities, Columbia and Texas, had followed the example of California, seeing the need of a scholarly interpre- - - tation of Latin America. Harvard and - Illinois followed in 1909 and 1915, re- spectively. By 1915, therefore, only five universities were making an effort to - uaint their students with the 20 nations that share the American conti- _ nent with the United States and Canada. it In 1926, and mainly as a conse- - quence of the fact that the Latin American countries were brought inte the limelight as a result of the World * /ar, a great change had taken place. In that year there were 175 colleges and universities offering COUrses Vary- from- elementary matters to semi- nars in subjects of special interest to advanced students. Courses Instituted. In the brief period of the last four years, according to the Pan-American Union, 34 colleges and universities have been added to the list. taught in the United States, ranging from history, literature and diplomatic relations to trade conditions, govern- ment and institutions. Nevertheless, it possible. to live there for a reason=- N Econ nand - Ensviedge, liks ~ -] owledge, - thing second-hand, has only a g- tive value; a superficial one, in this “(Copyrisht, 1981) Youth War for fifteen years now, you should have been getting less annually, not more, for your wretched services? Is it e that you do not see that & )y of twenty is far better able than are to perform the simple tasks for which we pay you so handsomely —better, because he is twenty years more fresh than you—no other rea- son—ten years hence he'll be in the same class as you—but at least we are teaching him what to expect! His notions won't be so grand as yours. He knows that he will get less, if any- thing, and will be very lucky if he gets as much for a time. But you— you are preposterous! You ask for a raise—and for more and more money the older you get. “That is indeed the limit! ‘There is good strong youth of seven- teen who would eat his hat for your Job. Do you know that? pins, T'd give it to him! I de ere’s no about youth—grateful for whatever turns up, as hard as nails and none of your nonsense about ‘experience!’ Youth at the helm! That’s my motto! You hop it—and don't let me a word about higher wages, see? From now on I drop you 4s. 6d! And at the New Year out you go! We shall require your services no longer!” Tirade Imaginary. ‘The corpulent and highly - enced manager would by this m'm;‘a quite out of breath, we will o 15 But, actually, this Julfl.fllblol“m % could never be uttered at all—democ- racy precludes any such divine direct- And then—still more effe Yo ; Mr. Evmerymln can be - up (by hypnt compulsion of press and other propaganda and incessant hoarse whispers in his ear that he is young, and that he should inherit the - earth by all rights): and Y Everyman will scowl or clu‘m such mmon and more at the sight of o”fl To Form “QOpposition” | person ntil eventually, i | i : i