Evening Star Newspaper, December 31, 1930, Page 2

be . definitely_determined,” the Cornellians STENCE OPENSNEW " FELD FOR RADID Sh})rt Waves Have Power to -Cut Virulence of Diph- theria Poison. By the Assoclated Press. CAMBRIDGE, Mass., December 31. Sciénce opened a hitherto unknown opportunity for shcrt-wave radio to- day—a newly found power to cut the virulence of diphtheria poison. In one sentence this discovery was summarized to the Society of American Bacteriologists by Waclaw T. Szyma- nowski and Robert Alan Hicks of West- ern_Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh. “H potent diphtheria toxin,” they stated, "is found to be diminished in strength by the action of short elec- tric waves, 1.9 and 3.76 meters, at a frequency, respectively, of approximate- ly 158,000,000 and 80,000,000 cycles per second.” Diphtheria toxin is the poison which causes the disease and is produced by dipbtheria bacteria, The radio waves are the sanfe sort which wefe ans nounced in Boston about a year ago as producing artificial fever in human beings. Scientists have been quietly experi- menting with them in a number of American laboratories, and tdday's re- port is one of the first disclosing re- sults, ‘The Pittsburgh method points at a poscible method -of immunization, rath- er than use ‘of radio upon diphtheria patients. The Pittsburgh bactericlogists said they have not investigated '‘the immunizging properties of the attenuat- ed toxin.” Battery Made From Bacteria. An electric battery made of living bac- teria at Johns Hopkins University: was described yesterday. ‘The battery was made by Dr. Bar- nett Cohen of the Medical School to illustrate the existénce and effects of self-produced electrical cutrents in the growth of bacteria. BEach “cell” of the battery is made of a little more than two fuls (two clibic centimeters) of bacteria cul- ial coupled with a sterile con- trol. Through 300 ohms of resistance this cell discharged about 1-100,000th of an smpere a minute. ‘With such cells Dr. Cohen made a battery furhishing a current of about 2-1,000chs of an ampere at 35 volts. To obtaln electrical results of such magnitude the bacteria were first treat- th certain chemicals. Their nor- mal electrical output is less, but it ex- ists and is connected with the energy production in growth. Curtent Output Low. “The bacterial culture during the process of energy conversion,” said Di Cohen, “is ip a sense a primary ele trical half ceil, and as such should con- ceivably be sble to perform work. Its test deficlency lies, however, in the fact that its current output is ordi- ly very low (A millionth to a ten- nth of an ampere) and it is very quickly discharged.” ents to learn whether per- fectlly dry bacteria can live 1ndenmmy’ were reporied by C. N, Stark and B. L. Hertington of Cornell University. Some scientists hold that life is impossible in complete absence of water. “The facts probably can never stated. “Those who believe that really dry bacteria will live forever can always maintein that death ocourred as s re- | sult of the method of drying the bac- teria. rather than from dryness itself. Similarly, it can be held by others that failure of the bacteria to die was due to_incomplete drying.” By special drying methods Stark and He found that two-thirds of the streptococei originally present grew readily agan after 97 days dry exist- ence. But only 2 or 3 per cent of ceftain other kinds of bacteria sur- vived that long. Disease Germs in Dust. ‘Widespread presence of disecse germs in dust of homes, offices, hotels, hos- pitals, schools, apartments, shops and dormitories was established in a report by Mi P. Horwood of the Maszsa- chusetts Institute of Technology. The samples came mostly from metropolitan Boston, with a few from New York, Philadelphia and Toledo. found streptococe!, which cause | some of the serious types of infection; hemolytic types, which cause serious blood ‘poisoning’ if they get into the blood, and staphylococchi, which cause & different category of ills. Tubercle bacilli were found, but when inoculated into guinea pigs, failed to roduce positive evidences of tubercu- Some of the dust was léss than three days old, but the remainder ranged from three to six weeks in age. Hans Zinsser of Harvard, one of America’s leading bacteriologists, re- ported a promising method for immun- ity against typhus fever. He has found how to obtiin large quantities of an immunizing substance hitherto scarce. In tests upon animals this vaccine produced either complete immunity or distinetly milder attack. Zinsser reported his findings to the Boclety of American Bacteriologists in a joint paper with M. Ruiz Castaneda of Harvard The tremendous mortality of typhus in famine times gave them the ke to the store of immunizing agent, whh:lz is made of “Rickettsia ies of Moo~ ser.” the bacteria credited with causing typhus and generally transmitted to man by bites of lice. Experimented on Rats, Zinsser tried @ scientific type of famine upon rats and guinea pigs. which he wa# obtaining insufficient quantities of rickettsia. He fe them on vitamin-free diets uniil they were in rmr condition, much like residents of famine aress. When inoculated in that condition with typhu irus the animais, sald Zinseer, “| invariably yicided con- siderably increased numbers and sitri- bution of rickettsia and in some of them enormous amounts. The practieal pur- pose was to obtain sufficlent numbers of rickettsia material for vaccine pur- ‘This vaceine was made by killing the rickettsia with formaiin. “We report also,” the paper states, “uypon a series of experiments which, though not T cent successful, demonstrate unam| lzuml( that active immunization with formol-killed rick- ettsia material will sometimes immunize completely and when it does 1ot do this will modily the disease distinctly in the ) direction of greater mildness.” What sort of overcoats bacteria manufacture for themselves in cold weather is not known exactly, but the fact they may develop some means of cold protection was reported by Samuel C. Prescott of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and P. K. Bates of the bacteriological department, Frigidaire ration. c‘!.‘g:“‘m types of food-spoiling organ- isms,” they stated, “adapt themselves position processes. Even solid ice may contain living organisms. ‘They found that although freezing reduces the number of organ- jsms in water, a small number pereist alive in ice for several days. smaymh “discontinu_ refrigera~ tion, the kind that a careless house- keeper might permit, they learned that food thus treated spoils rapidly. This 18 especially the case with food kept in Covered dishes |'see any difference between cheracter THE EVENING STAR, MORAL RESPONSIBILITY “ROD™ SHOWS WIDE HUMAN VARIANCE Measuring Principle Presented to Amer- ican Association for Advancement of Science After Elaborate Tests. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. Special Dispatch to The Star. CLEVELAND, December 31.—A measuring rod of moral responsibility, or ability to discriminate between right and wrong, was presented to the American_Association for the Advance- ment of Science today. It is based on the samie ‘)anlple as the measurement of intelligence ac- cording to age levels. The authors, vd A, Lincoln of Harvard Univer- sity end Fred J. Shields of the Col neciicut College for Women, demon- stra‘ed that moral responsibility may var’ widely ong persons of the same inteiligence, although there is some re- lationship between the two faculties. They characterized it as an effort to ‘diséover how far the individual has developed in relation to the moral and ethical standards of the soclel which he lives.” 'The present practice of courts is to hold a person to full moral responsibility if he has normal intelligence. Lincoln and Shields have devised a test, already tried out on approximately 1,000 persons, ranging from pre-school children to college graduates, by which they have established normal standards for discrimination between right and wrong for age groups from 8 to 18. Then this has been applied to delin- quents to determine the variations. Quizzies for 3-Year-Old. The normal 8-year-old, for example, should be able to rate in order of wrong- ness, “stealing $10 from somebody’s ketbook, killing a man by shooting him on purpose, or fighting & boy Who has thrown a stone at you.” He is aiso asked some such question as what to do if he has broken a toy belonging to a | playmate, or if he sess a boy taking something which does not belong to him. He is asked whether it is right or wrong to “tease a playmate, run away from home, be afraid of the dark or be boastful.” From this point on the moral prob- lems increase in perplexity for each age level. At the 18-year level the sub- ject is asked to compare such offenses as stealing from a siranger, from a friend, betraying his country, robbing a man on the public highway, or as- sauiting & man by knocking him down and breaking his arm. In this way a responsibility quotient, comparable to the 1. Q. for intellizence tests, is given an individual. By giving this test Lincoln and Shields conclided tentativel velopment of moral ent trota chil’hood to maturits ey have not been able to determine the exact age of moral oturity, but conciude tha: on the average it is well above the six-| te-nth year. | “We fint they reported, “that there | pre large numbers of boys and girls from 15 to 17 in high schools who do not | jud; and reputation, laziness and idleness, crime and sin, and who do not recog- nize many other moral differences whith we generally take for granted that they know. The word ‘guilty’ has | nc meaning until a child is 10 or 11, wnd many at these agea cannot give eny definition. From 12 to 15 the iden becomes clearer and is then defined as ‘one who ecmmits a wrong’ found to have done a crime' or ‘one who has been- fourid out.’ After 18 there is & further development of the conce] Even at this age the concept is not al ways clear and definite. Environment and Training. “@niironment and training have a | marked effect on the moral judgment of boys and girls. -appears espe- cially in the reactions 6! children of foreign parentage. One 12-year-old boy put stealing before murder. When asked if he really meant that stealin was worse than murder, he replied, “Sure they killed a man next door to onur house last night” A girl of about the same age rated cursing as worse than murder. Inquiry revealed that she hac had considerable religious traini and her judgment on this point was de- that “there is a graduai de- [mys termined by the Ten Commandments, in which swearing has an earlier place than killing.” A device capable of measuring five sextillionths of an ampere of electricity, based on a new tube recently perfected in the laboratories of the General Elec- | tric Co., was described todey by Prof. L. A Du Bridge of Washington Univer- sity, St. Louis. Through the use of this tuve the current is amplified so that it produces a reading on & galvanometer. | By means of this tube, he said, it vecomes _possible to - detect currents smaller than ever have been measured betore. running as low as those con- sisting of 80 electrons a second, the, current through a 100-watt inandes- | cent lamp running to about 10,000,000,- 000,000,000,000 electrons a second. | Hitherto, he pointed the sclen- pol in | tist interested in measuring very small cutrents often had to spend months mastering the {diosyncrasies of very dellcate electrometers. The new device is simple to handle, A mesr-pmc flashlight, operat- ing eithér froth a storage battery or from a wall P‘“" ‘which produces illumi- nation equal to that of 200 500-watt incandsscent lamps in clear bulbs in a flash at last approximately four- hundredths of a second was described by W. E. N!!Llhe and M. A. Easley of the Generel Electric Co. The lamp. they said, starts about two-hundredths of & second after it is turned on and the fiash reaches its maximum in ap-, proximately sixteen-thousandths of a second. So much more effective than anything now in existence, the lam is belleved to offer revolutionary possibili- tis in instantaneous photography. Green and Red Relations. Some relationship between the green | color of leaves and the red color of blood, probably dating back to the | ancient days when the plant and animal kingdoms separated, was postulated by Prof. Oran Rober of Immaculata Col- cge, Pa. Vietims of wr‘l’l‘cw“‘finl:m\“ inted out, are fed liver. en- {leeup‘;ome chemical combination either | to build up the hemogiobin, or red cells , of the blood, or to prevent their destruc- tion. Vegetation owes its greenness to chlorophyll, and when it is confined lnl the dark leaves soon furn white. But this process, he found, is checked ‘when a nutrient solution of liver is furnished the plants. -nl\’e picture of a strange meduvlll tic who, making his living by for- tune telling, laid the foundations cfl modern astronomy, Wwas presented wl the history of science section by Prof. E. 1. Johnson of Kenyon College. This | man was Jo;n;'m ul’(epler, the direct | redecessor of Newton. P Kepler undoubtedly believed, Prof. | Kenyon said, that the earth was a living animal, “not like a dog, ready at every nod, but more like a bull or elephant, slow to become angry and so much more furious when incensed. If any one who has climbed the peaks of the h- est mountamns throws a stone down their | Very deep clefts a sound is heard from them, or if ha throws it into one of the | mountain lakes, which beyond doubt are bottomless, a storm will immediately arise, just as when you thrust a straw into the ear or nose of a ticklish animal it shakes its head and runs shuddering a What so like breathing, especally - | like that of those fish who draw water | into theit mouths and spout it out again through their gills, as the tide. I any one uphold that the earth regulates its breathing according to the motion of the sun and moon, as animals have daily and nightly alternations of sleep- ing and waking, I shall not think his philosophy unworthi of being listened | to, especially if any flexible parts should | be discovered in the depths of the earth to supply the functions of gills md' lungs.” Prof. Johnson maintained that Kepler | undoubtedly believed in the astrological | predictions by which he supported his family and depended on them to pub- ish his scientific works. i SCIENTISTS PROTEST D. C. BILL BARRING DOGS IN EXPERIMENTS (Continued From First Page.) in the District of Columbia afford every safeguard against the infliction of un- necessary suffering upon the animals, “No legislation of the character pro- posed in this bill has ever been enacted in spite of the efforts of anti-vivisec- tionists in this country and abroad for many years. “This association, with a mmbenh‘lf of over 19,000 and representative of all the sciences of nature and of man, is confident that if the members of Con- s become fully informed of the in- jury which would be inflicted upon the progress of curat've and preventive medicine by such legislation H. R. bill 7834 will not recelve their favorable consideration.” Develop Malaria Cure. Canary birds affected with bird malaria have helg:d make possible the development of ochin, a drug that cures malatia humans, it ‘was re- vealed today. Plasmochini was recently developed in Germany as A Qirect result of ex- periment with canaries affected with malaria, said Dr. Reginald D. Man. well of Syracuse University, speaking befure the parasitological section of the American clation for the Advance- ment of slc{ehncc, e Cnlai “‘One of e great advan e Of - mochin over quinine is lheb:glmy o? the former to destroy the crescgnts of plasmodium,” said Dr. Manwell. These are the crescent-shaped germ ecells of malaria. How blunders made by thrown new light on was explained by Benjamin C. Gruen- berg of the Viking Press, New York. He held that what teachers take to be the student’s failure to understand often is really the teacher’s failure to make cleer. Similarity in words. he sald, s one cause of such misundcrstanding, as il- lustrated by & pupil, who said: “Acrimony, somelimes called holy, is another name for marriage.” " A misunderstanding of the teacher's definition of the word peculiar led. to | this one: students have ucational work Teacher—What three animals are | pecuilar to the Frigid Zone? Student—The lion, the elepbent and the lllefle would be peculiar to the | H*;fl one. false inferences by the swudent Mr. Gruenberg attributed this one: “A grass widow is the wife of a dead vegetarian.” Faint Aroma of Almonds. It the earth should & comet’s tail the air might take on & faint droma of almonds, it was declared before the astronomical section. The presence in the tails of 14 comets of cyanogen, a Colorless gas known on earth and naving an almondlike odof, was reported by Prof. N. T. Bobrovni- koff of Ohlo Wesleyan University. | Changing the species of plants with a big magnet has been tried with rasults that give hope of success at the United States Department of Agriculture, the sclentists were informed. ‘The magnet is made by the electric current from a 20-horsepower nerator, its colls llrry- in Funeral 'cmel. SEATTLE, Wash., December 31 ().— ties of a funeral Ronald placed i the fleld with the idea that radiation Plant Industry, who made the experi- ments, said that preliminary tests indi- cate an increase of frequency of mosaics. A plant mosalc is produced when one or more characteristics ex- change places. This is one of nature’s stzps in changing species. e number of mosaics increased the longer the plants were exposed to the magnet. Dr. Sprague found. Certain changes in the all-important chromo- somes also were observed. Man's first visual evidence of the earth’s cufvatire, a photo which “saw" 320 miles, was exhibited last night. ‘The picture was taken recently from an a‘rplane in South America, showing level pampas stretching ahead for near- 1y 300 miles, ending in a long range of the Andes, and behind them. 320 miles from the plane, the peak of the volcano Aconcagua. The distant horizon line of the pam- ?Il bent slightly downward at one end, ike a photo of the cutving edge of the moon. Tracing the just distinguishable curve with his finger, Dr. C. E. K. Mees, di- rector of research of the Eastman Kodak Co., said that there is a science n photography not yet rcalized even by most scientists. The earth’s curvature photo was made ible by development of photograph- c plates sensible to rays of light invisi- ble to the eye. The picture was taken by Capt. A. W. Stevens, U. S. A, who he mountains, although he could not see them. Human Eyes Keener. Experiments showing that human eyes are still ahead of photo-electric eyes for detecting light through a tele- scope were reported by Dr. Joel Steb- bins of the Unlversity of Wisconsin. Because its size is smaller, the human eye gets more good out of the magnifi- cation of a lens, and in a telescope sees objects five to six times fainter than :.:e bigger photo-electric eye can de- ct. Bingle eleetrons, regarded as the smallest things in creation, still are beyond the tangible grasp of physicists, but 30 electrons at a time have been measured. They constituted a tenuous electric current, flowing at the rate of 30 elec- trons a second. This ssamer strip of energy was caught and measured ac- curately with a pliotron tube by Dr. L. A. Du Bridge, assistant professor of phyeics at Washington University, St. Louis. Radio as Storm Detector. ‘The often heralded reading of coming storms in the sirength of radio signals has been reduced to workable rules by Prof. Robert Cameron Caldwell of the University of West Virginia, They ap- E:‘y‘ 'l?t!he area between Morgantown 7 Fhisourgh. m way to get the most profitable Malaga grapé in California is to thin the leaves to & maximum of 33 for each cluster of fruit. This thinning pro- A whakier of e University of Oall: A . Winkler fornia, Still [urther thinning gives even larger grapes, but reduces their number tor much for usual commer- clal putrposes. Use of radium to give fleeting grecn and violet glows to certaln heated minerals was d scribed by Fiances G. Wick of Vasea: Co'lege. Prof. Wick sala some natural crystels may have been colored in some such fashion in the earth by radium emanations under heat and pressure, A certain type of i onions has al been easily Dlant. species, shapes, o8 Trati, B ., Borague of the Bureau of S m flow can of which v inted his camera in the direction of ing s LEGGE SEES DOOM | OF SHORT SELLING Will Come to Grain Trade if Restrictions Are Not Enough, He Holds. By the Associated Press. The opinion that short selling on grain exchanges ultimately will be elimi- nated was expressed today by Chairman of the Farm Board. n response to questions, the chair- man made clear that he favored a re- striction of short selling rather than its prohibition. He expressed doubt, however, that short sales could ever b2 restricted, and sald if that proved to be | the case he would have to go further and favor their elimination. 'Trading on a basis of eliminated short selling, he said, would probably result in the trading of about four times the actual grain that is handled instead of the trading of 20 times the actual grain under short-selling methods. The trading of from three to four times the actual graln, the chairman sald, would be done by the elevators, the miller and ware house man, Who with others want legitimate hedges on their wheat. Hazard Seen in Resttiction. ‘The chairman’s statement s made in reply to questions on a statement in Chicago yesterday by Peter B. Carey, a vice president of the Chicago Board of Trede, who sald further Federal re- strintions on trading might cause the exchange to close. Legge expressed the opinion that it was imprcbable the exchange would close. He did not advocate that course. “Properly regulated,” he said, “the grain éxchange has a useful function to perform.” The chairman advocated that grain exchanges should not be permitted to establish their own regulations, “which obviously are to the interest of the traders rather than to the producer or consumer, except as approved by the Secretary of Agriculture.” The further restrictions desirable, he said, would involve a consolidation of the administration of the three differ- ent laws affecting trading. These laws are the Federal graih inspection act, the warehouse act and the grain fu- utres act. Each of these was enacted at a different time and has a_different division for administration. Views on Marketing Act. Legge said such a consolidation would probably be welcomed by the Board of Trade-and traders generally. Questioned further, he replied that one of the purposes of the agricultural marketing act was to limit speculative trading. “If we succeeded in eliminating the exchange without legislation it would go down in histoty as some achievement, wouldn't it?” he asked. Legge said he did not believe Carey's statement “represented any well con- sidered policy or program of the . He also termed the Carey statement as_a “petulant expression. If the grain exchange at Chicago should close, Legge believes something would be found as a substitute. At the present time, he said, live stock, representing about 35 per cent of the financial value of all agricul- tural products, i8 handled without an exchange. Wheat, he said, represented about 8 per cent. Legge sald wheat could be sold over the counter the same as liye stock. BOARD CLOSING HINTED. Chicago Executive Criticises Conditions of Market Trading. CHICAGO, December 31 (#).—Further Federal restrictions on grain specula- tion may cause the Chicago Board of Trade to close its doors, an_eventualit; which, according to Peter B. Carey, vice president, the board of directors has contemplated. “We might as well; few traders are doing any business, the Government agencies are doing most of the trading,” Carey cbserved yesterday. The present home of the Board of Trade, a $12,000,000 peak of 44 stories, crowned with a gigantic statue of Ceres, rising 608 feet above La Salle street, has bzen open only a year. It's time we fight back at those who have tried to make the Board of Trade the goat in this farm-relief business,” Carey said. His utterances were significant be- cause the Board of Trade has refused to be drawn into any controversy over the Farm Board policies. While Min- neapolis, Kansas City and lesser Boards of Trade criticized stabilization and other Farm Board practices, Chicago board officials remained silent. Carey scoffed at Legge's suggested em- bargo on Canadian wheat, declarini “None to n&n of” entered, only a “few fancy kinds not grown in the United States.” FARM BOARD GAMBLING CHARGED Texas Mass Meeting Passes Resolutions of Protest. DALLAS, Tex, Decembér 31 (P).— Charges that the Federal Farm Board had “gambled” in farm products on a large scale were made in resolutions adopted by a mass meeting of farmers K:lurflly sponsored by the Farmers’ arketing Assoclation of America and the Parmers' Union of Texas. The declaration alleged that the Farm Board had engaged in “collective sell- instead of “‘co-operative matket- ing” and demanded that cotton pur- chased by the Farm Board not be sold on call, but that it be stored in ware- houses “where it actually can be seen.” Fires Menace ot{-erénmry. LOS ANGELES, December 31 (#).— Seven forest fires, which F:deral au- thorities said were of incendiary origin, esterday menaced the famous Mount ilson Observatory. Six were extine guished without difficulty. On: hun- dred men were enlisted to fight the seventh, which A. J. Mueller, assistant United States forest supervisor, reported under control late last night. of the Cleveland Clinic as part of Dr. George Washington Crile’s researches into th: fundamentals of living tissue, were shown yesterday. The radiation is called mitogenetic, which scientists are inclined to believe is u'traviolet light, having th: wave length of the uitraviolet used in the cuting of rick:ts and giving sun tans. Exposure for the phu‘oenplu require approximately 100 hours. On the nega- tive the radiations make dark gray semi-circular splotches. New Use for Radio Knife. New use for the radio knife were an- labora! recently de- Tharge of the dbplar, Wisreby 1t Sould e , Wherel [ g. used for m"w.r?a out unw’;. without the spread of the malignant cancer cells. It g\':n also been dfiov-refl that the knife can be ngene to cut under water, mkmfimwme retofore major opera- tions simple minor ones. The knife cuts by means of a rapidly oscillating electric current. “The Russian revolution is the most significant event in modern history,” ac- cording to Dr. Leslie A. White. Dr. White, who is assistant professor of anthropology at the University of ;lnl of the Russian Revolution " “Capitalist socity eannot continue to flsel ana. ‘sgns of dikintegration. are 2 are on s e 8. | services to begin at 8 o'clock. On el | jeave 11:44, HOLDS INDUSTRY OWES WORKER 10 Has No Right to Shoulder Unemployment on Commu- nity, Says Wagner. By the Associated Press. CLEVELAND, December 31.—In- dustry has no more right to shoulder its unemployed on the community than it has to ask charity to care for ml machinery in periods of ~depression, Senator Robert F. Wagner told the Assoclation for Labor Legislation and co-operating organizations last night. | WASHINGTON, D. C., WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 81, _1930. “If the wage earner is to be protected | f in his right to work, it follows that in- | dustry must be subjected to a duty of maintaining the. continuity of wages,” the Senator said. “It does not strike business as strange that it continues to pay in- terest though its capital lies idle. Rent is collected though the plant is vacant. In the absence of profits, dividendatare pald out of surplus without so much as an intimation that anything un- usual is occurring. “Why should a different policy gov- ern the payment of wages?” Dr. Leo Wolman of the association's | Executive Committee, also argued that | “it is time for industry to cease hold- ing cut the tin cup fo the American ! public and to begin paying its owni overhead.” He advocated unemployment insurance, CAPITAL TO GREET 1931 TONIGHT WITH JOY AND PRAYERS (Continued From Figt Page.) of the young people’s socleties, with Miss Alice Waktz as general chairman and Miss Eula M. Emick assisting. Y ‘Wisconsin Avenue Baptists Church, of which Rev. C. R. Ferguson is pastor, will have a service béginning at 8 o'clock. Rev, Harry Collier, pastor of the Full Gospel Tabernacle, has arranged a pro- gram from 9 to 10 o'clock. Dr. 2. B. Phillips, rector of the Epis- copal Church of the Epinhln‘n has ar- ranged for services to begin at 11 o'clock, during which he will make an Meeting Tomorrow Morning. A special service will be held tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock at the Covenant- First Presbyterian Church, under the direction of Dr. Albert J. McCartney, the pastor. A watch service will be held with a varied program beginning at 9:15 o’clock at the Chevy Chase Presbyterian Church. The young people sponsor this service, with other organizations in the church co-operating. A feature of the devo- tional service just before midnight will be the unveiling of the new church motto for 1931, Members of the Chevy Chase Presby- terian Church will hold a social in the church house at 10 o'clock, followed with the watch service at 11 o’clock. At New York Avenue Presbyterian Church the program will begin at 9 o'tlock with a reception and social in honor of and in recognition of the serv- ices of Rev. George G. Culbertson, who has been associated with the church for several years and has resigned to accept the pastorate in the Great Island Pres- | byterian Church of Lock Haven, Pn.' Following the social there will be a short program. A buffet supper will be served after the reception. At 11 o'clock the watch night service will be observed in the auditorium of the church. Dr. J. R. Sizoo will preach a short sermon, and | the service will close with the ringing of the chimes at 12 o’'clock. Bishop to Preach. At the Washington Cathedral there will be morning prayer and litany to- morrow at 11 o'clock. Bishop James E. Freeman will preach the sermon and the service will be broadcast by station AL. Beginning at 11 o'clock tonight, Dr. W. A. Bhelton, pastor of Mount Vernon Place M. E. Church Bouth, will conduct services, during which he will preach a short sermon. tor of Francls Rev. J. J. Rives, Asbury M. E. Church South, has ar- nnred for services to begin with a soclal 0:30 D. at .m. At the Hlfl\hnds Baptist Church, of which Rev. N. M. Simmonds is pastor, the B. Y. P. U. will have charge of the watch services. Dr. George O. Bullock, pastor of the Third Baptist Church, has arranged for Bervices will be held in the parlors of the Western Presbytetian Church to- night under the direction of Dr. J. H. Dunham, the pastor. At Lincoln Congregational Temple watch services will begin at 10 o'clock. Other Services, ning at 9 o'clock, services will be held at the Mm/x:l Olive Baptist Church, conducted /by Rev. A. E. Willlams. At Calvary M. E. Church South, Rev. D. A. Beery will conduct services, begin- ning at 10:30 o'clock. A soclal and watch services will be held at the Eastern Presbyterian Church, beginning at 9 o'clock. . here will be a 12:15 o'clock low mt tomorrow at the Church of the Immat- ulate Conception, of which the Rev. Francls J. Hurney is pastor. There will be a complete musical program and a rend'tion of carols by the Boys' Sanc- tuary Cholr. Other masses tomorrow will ‘be at 8, 6:45, 7:30, 9 and 10:15 o'clock. Dr. Drew to Speak. Dr. Simon P. W. Drew will deliver an address in the Cosmopolitan Bay- tist Institutional Church, colored, 1317 Corcoran street. He anncunced that frec meals will be given to the unem- ployed. Extra setvice on the lines of the Capital Traction Co. will be avallable late tonight and eatly tomorrow Ior celebrants of the coming of 1931. On Fourteenth streete 11 cars wiil leave Decatur street southbound be- tween 11 p.m. and midnight, nine be- tween midnight and 1 am., and six between 1 and 2 a.m. Northbound cars of this line will-leave at various times from Navy Yard, Bighth and F streets northeast and Union Staticn. There will be four cars between 11 and 12, 10 between 13 and 1 and seven between 1 and 2. On the Seventh street line cars will | leave the Bureau of Btandards at 11:51 . 12:08, 12:26, 12:43, 1:01 7 and ind Rocl at 13, 12:16, 12:25, 12:33, 1 12:51, 1.02; 1-10, 1:18, 1:25, 1:35, 1:53, 2:11 and 2:16 a.m. the Georgetown line the cars will Roul!n at 11:22, 11:29, 11:36, 11:52 p; 1201, 12: 12:21, 12:82, ! .| and additional cars will leave town at 1:03, 7:33 and 2.03 a.m. Additional service will also be fur- nished on the Florida avenue line. UNRAVEL 15-YEAR THEFT PITTSBURGH, Deocember 31 (). Somebody stole J. F. Bickerstaf's watch here—15 years ego. ‘Today city ectives were {N ring to send the watch to Bickerstaff, who now resides in Fisher, Minn. The watch was found in & p-'nfllng had beeh in pawhshops 3 And A posts staf Linton Trego and Alice H. Dodge, 4007 Connecticut avenue, witnesses to the accident at Tilden street and Connecticut avenue Sunday night, in which an automobile struck four persons in theé street car safety zone. at the battered machine owned by Lieut. the automobile that knocked down the four people. They looked Bruce Settle today and said it resembled —=Star Stafl Photo. HINES CLARIFES _ CERTICATE ISSUE Outstanding Veterans’ Pa- pers Have Maturity Value of $3,420,000,000. BY DAVID LAWRENCE. Cognizance is being taken by the administration of the growing agitation among veterans of the Wor'd War with respect to the cashing of their bonus certificates. The problem is so com- gllcnted that much missnderstanding as arisen concerning it, and verious bills. have been introduced in Congress which, if adopted, would mean a cash payment by the Government of $3,000,- 000,000. This has been opposed by the Treasury Department, and has led now to a clarifying statement by Gen. Frank T. Hines, administrator of vet- erans’ affairs, who concedes that “con- siderable misunderstanding™ has arisen. Blilions Outstanding. There are at present outstanding 3,395,000 certificates with a maturity value of $3,420.000.000, or an average of more than $1,000 each. When Congress, in 1924, passed the existing law, provision was made where- by the veterans could borrow on their certificates, after the latter had been in effect for two years, an amount based on a reserve value. At present it is estimated . that most of the veterans can barrow approximately 22!, per cent. or a little over $225 on the average certificate, It has been calculated that about 1,600,000 veterans have already, borrowed to the extent of $300,000,000 and that $42: can be borrowed during the making a total loan value of the exist- ing cortificates of about $725,000,000. ‘The Veterans’ Bureau has been lend- ing heretofore at the rate of $8,000,000 a month, and now, due to the large number that will become eligible for loans in 1931, approximat-ly $20,000,000 will be loaned during the month of January “No doubt,” says Geh. Hines, “the availbility of these funds will be helpful to those veterans who find it necessary to make loans at this particular time.” 300,000 Loan Applications Expected. ‘The machinery of the Veterans’ Bu- reau has been geared up to take care of all demands, and it is anticipated that more than 300,000 veterans will make application for loans on their ad- Justed service certificates during the month of January. It is too early to say whether any ncw legislation will be pressed for assage during the present short session ut the administration feels that during the next two months the elasticity of the present system of borrowing on bonus certificates will b> tested and if any modifications are needed they can be presented at the December session. Meanwhile. some of the members of Congress are conferring with veteran organizations to determine whether any chn‘:lge in the existing plan should be made. The particular impetus behind the movement at present is a belief that the advancement of funds to the veterans will put money in circulation and help those who may be unemployed. The Treasury Department, on the other hand, is opposed to any increase in ex- penditures at this time which would re- quire an increase in taxation, because the latter might be an influence in re- tarding business recovery. (Cupyiight. 1030 . DAVIS MAY RESIGN PHILIPPINES POST Governor General’s Wife Has Been in Il Health—Gen. McCoy Mentioned for Successor. By the Assoctated Press. Dwight F. Davis was reported in offi- cial quarters today to be contemplating an early resignatioh of Governor Gen- eral of the Philippines. ‘The {1l health of Mrs. Davis, who has never been able to join the former Sec- retary of War in Manila, was sald to be the prmclyd reason. The possibility of entering the Repub- lican senatorial primaries in Missouri in 1982 also is reported to be interesting Mr. Davis. Maj. Gen. Frank McCoy has been mentioned as & possible successor to the t. He supervised , | this “year,” Hyde and Caraway ‘Christmas Card Argument Sizzles Senator’s “Interest in Starving Babies” Brings Scathing Reply. By the Associated Press. Bwe:tly worded greetings for a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year had given rise today to an acrimonious ex- | ¢hange involving mention of starving | babies, political motives and economy. Senator Caraway, Democrat, Arkan- | sas, opened it by saying he had re- celved information that Secretary Hyde sent his Christmas cards out postage free under the franking privilege ex- tended officlal business. Hyde Denies Charge. Secretary Hyde replied he had not. The cards sent under frank, he said, were from the department to those who had aided its work during the year and to members of the Senate and House Agriculture Committees. An official of the Post Office Depart- ment said & few cards not entitled to frank had been sent over from Hyde’s office through an office error, but that the small amount of postage due had been pald immediately when the mis- take was discovered. In bringing up the matter, Caraway said Hyde “was opposed to using Gov- ernment money to succor starving bables in drought-ridden States, but I under- sul;: he used it to send out Christmas cards.” Evidence of Official Nature Cited. Hyde said that sufficient proof that the franked cards were official greet- ings only “can be adduced from the fact that Senator Caraway received one.” “The num?‘er of tHese cards sent out e continued, “was about postage would have been “The Senator’s interest in starving babies is ‘very touching. It i .ard to sce how the payment of $18 to the Post Office Department by this depart- ment would have changed the status of any babies—whether starving or otherwise. The Senator’s interest in such babies, is, I am inclined to be- lieve, both academic and political.” Such eards, he added, have been sent out for 10 years and he had not been required by postal inspectors to pay back “a lot of postage or a cent of postage.” To clear up the matter, the Secretary announced he was sending a sample of the official greeting to the postal authorities with a request for a fuling on whether it was entitled to travel postage free. POWER RATE CUT T0 4.2 CENTS, WITH FUTURE FIGHT SEEN __(Continued Prom First Page.) 900. The -| about $18. hout. for electricity for domestic uses other than lighting. President William F. Ham and Vice President S. Russell Bowen of the powur company ide defenses at the after- hoon session yestetday of the consent decree of Equity Court, under which the electric rates have been annually adjusted since 1925. Mr. Ham said that under the decree there has been a reign of peace, as contrasted to the 10 pre- ceding years of bickering and contention. Under the decree the officers of the compahy, freed from the necessity of constant attendance at valuation pro- ceedings and coutt litigation, were able to develop it to a high pitch of ef- ficiency. He was surprised that the ruhuc should, seeing that they hadfthe owest rate but one in the country, be- grudge the company its 10 per cent gmm. the result of the working of the ecree. He quoted from editorials in the Wall Btreet Journal, the Boston Transcript, the Public Utilities Fortnightly and EARLY PROHIBITION DECISION IS ASKED / Justice Office Cites Uncer- tainty of Enforcement in Supreme Court Petition. By the Assoelated Press. Seeking to end uncertaifity regarding. the validity of the eighteenth amends ment, the Justice Department had be- fore the Supreme Court today & request that an early hearing be given its ap- peal from the decision of Judge Clark of New Jersey. With the request was & brief setting forth concisely the Government's dis- egreement with that jurist's conclusion that the prohibition amendment was in- valid because ratified by Legis- latutes rather than constitutional con- ventions, Arguient Ts Brioh. ‘The Government's brief, written by the solicitor general and Assistant At- torney General Yumtfiuh:hm charge of prohibition, with the of four other attorneys, filled in its entirety only 18 pages, most of which were given over to quotations from other laws and rulings. Its summary of the case sald: “Article V of the Constitution pro- vides that amendments shall be valid when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the States, or by con- ventions in three-fourths of the States, ‘as the one or the other mode of ratifi cation may be proposed by Congress.’ “It was held by the court below (Judge Clark) that the generalit; this lan, should be mod! “principles of political science’ dnd tha! an amendment such a8 the éighteénth amendment could be constitutionally L:l'l:zd only by conventions in the E] Denies Ambiguity. “We submit that the language of Article V Is clear and entirely free from amblguity, and that there is no room for the construction adopted by the court below. This court Court) has sald: “The language of the article is plain and admits no doubt of its _interpretation.’ " . Justice officials were of the opinion the Supreme Court would set a date for the argument on its next January 12. It is at present until next Monday. recess again on January 26 until Febru- ary 24, and the Government's repre- sentatives are hopeful the case Wwill be heard before that. Dry Law Collapse Charged. Meantime, a discussion of the Clark decision in a statement gressional League contained the that “collapse of prohibition enforcement is so complete” the Government canfiot protect the medicinal whisky in its bonded ware houses, and that this is being sold, cut and adulterated while still under Government seal.” Another statement, issued by the Anti-Saloon League, viewed wil - timism conditions of the it year and forecast for 1931 no material change ex- cept improved enforcement. ‘The Wickersham commission itself continued work with only a bare ma- Jjority of the members present. They were still uncertain as to how soon they comld hend in their report. MILL HEAD. SILENT ON STRIKE OFFER Fitzgerald Refuses to Reply to Proposal of William Green for Sen.lement. of Spectal Dispateh 1 The St DANVILLE, Va., December 31.—H. R. Fitzgerald, president of the Riverside and Dan River Cottcn Mills, today flat- ly refused to make any comment on the proposal of Willlam Green, presi- dent of the American Federation of Labor, last night to settle the textile labor controversy here, “I have nothing whatever to say,” was his only reply when asked for statement. This was col posal, und ing operatives would return to work without the union being recognized, with controversial points to be settled by a board of arbitration, has fallen on ceaf ears, and will not be heeded by the mill management. Green's pri 1, offered before 7,000 persons, was t the workers resume operation “immediately” and that the 1ssu€ be ironed out by a board of two representatives of the mill and two rep- resenting the workers, with either Admiral Richard E. Byrd or his former Go Fle in event of a deadlocl by. He challenged -the mills to deny the“l:lrnmsdot the mpou‘} u:nd éalled on the crowd to stage a pul - tion meeting if the offer is nEfif“‘ It was learned today that mill management recently was aj hed with a similar suggestion, but paid no heed to it. MRS. MARY B. HARRIMAN, SOCIAL LEADER, EXPIRES Body Will Be Brought From Paris to Grave Beside First Hus- band in U. 8. By the Assoclated Press. PARIS, December 31.—Mrs, May Brady Harriman, New York social leader, died in Paris yesterday. She will be buried beside her first husband at Roslyn, N. Y. Mrs. Harriman was the divorced wife of Herbert Melville Harriman and had lived in Paris for many years, She was & daughter of the late Judge John Brady of Baltimore. Mrs. Harriman was divorced from Mr. Harriman in 1921. Her first hus- band was the late C. Albert Stevens of Hoboken, N. J. and the second was Maj. Charles Spencer Hall of the Brit- ish Army, from whom she was divoreed in 1906. Two years later she martier Mr. Harriman. SOUTHERN VETERAN ILL Gen.. N. D. Hawkins’ Condition Berious—Was Widely Knows. Gen. N. D. Hawkins, Confederate veteran, is critically i1l at his home, 3431 other journals showing the high esteem in which the Washington decree is held in other parts of the country, and from editorials in the Washington sreu at the Mn:e l:tll m:hmulfllng of dthmdnum congratulating the u an com- mission oh arriving at a truce after 10 years of warfare. People’s Counsel Keech and wil- liam MeK, Clayton of the Fedeta- tion of Oitlzens’ Assoclations, argued that the dscree was never intended to divest the commission of its rate-mak- ing power—to réduce it to a mere rub- ber stamp of the eOUFts. “&f the commis- pany per 1031, !":h 1 o ar sion holds ug bound pefpetally by the decree, n it has abdicated its rights to act s the mouthpiece of Bpn- gress in diglating reasonable rates for blic utilitles in the District of OBy lumbia. To adopt the rates submitte by the was to assure the com- cent rate of return in beyond that which s Fourteenth street, it was made known today. He has been seriously ill about & week, it is said. Gen. Hawkins, widely known in this city, i& a member of the Virginia Miiitary Institute Alumni Assoelation. - BANK DID NOT CLOSE Report About Missiesippi Institu- tion Was Erroneous. Miss,, here today said they e i of iated ollan a the ing of two banks in Clar] . The Bank of Hollandale has , but 15 dolng business ALE, (#).—Bank officials Asaoc] 7/ /