Evening Star Newspaper, September 14, 1930, Page 39

SMALL EUROPEAN STATES SEEK PROFITS IN UNITY Farmers and Statesmen Hold Confer- ences in Face of perity With Eye BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. HILE the attention of the world is more or less fixed upon Geneva and is consid- ering the problem of Euro- J;em unity from the angle of League activity, a series of conferences in Rumania, Jugoslavia and finally in ‘Warsaw has served to open a new and practical aspect of the question. For while Briand and other representatives olmltwwmmd.lmm{n(thogzv— 1 of a United States of Europe from point of view of , the states- men of the smaller itries are con- sidering co-operation from the point of “%!'m‘: e ition has its origin new_proposition in the double fact that in Europe, as in America, the farmers are having a bad time and that this bad time is accen- tuated by the competitjon between the farm products of adjoining countries. Rumania and Jugoslavia, &numly allied through the Little En ,_are gral maturally compete Thus it was natural that di and after the annual conference of the powers making up the Little Entente. namely. Rumania, Jugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, the eleventh of these theetings held this year at Sinaia in the Rumanian Carpathians, the question of !fifl and wheat should come up after hat of minorities had been disposed of. And the upshot of the difcussion was @ tentative cartel agreement between the Rumanians and the Jugo:lavs with the added agreement to sound out the Hungarians, neighbors of both and also exporters of grain and live stock. Csechs Plainly Displeased. At the outset of these discussions the third partner of the Little Entente, leased. ©zechoslovakia, was plainly displ On the one hand the Czechs are im- Diminished Pros- to Co-operation. which was politically impossible and economically one of the most self con- tained of all European states. Divided, the various fractions, which have gone to Poland and the states of the Little Entente or remained in the sadly di- minished fragments constituting the present states of Austria and Hungary, have on the whole fared badly. Political independence has been accompanied by diminished prosperity. It is necessary to perceive, however, that any such combination would at once awaken violent opposition in Italy and only less vehement protest in Ger- many. For on the one hand Italy nat- urally opposes any form of reintegra- tion of the old Hapsburg monarchy, even economically, since it would at once compromise her influence in the Balkans and might eventually destroy her dominance in the Adriatic. As for the Germans, such an association would inevitably abolish Austrian desire for Anschluss—that is, union with Ger- many—and block German commercial penetration in all of .the center and east of Europe. France Stands Alone. Of all the great powers, France alone would welcome it, for at the basis of all French policy lies the determination to gt:uerve the political frontiers of the ris Peace Conference, and such pres- ervation must depend ultimately upon the elimination alike of the quarrels between Hungary and the Little-Entente and ths menace of German absorption of Austria. One may easily believe, then, that French diplomacy has been busy alike in Prague and Warsaw, while French influence even in Budapest is not negligible, given Hungarian need for French loans, Given the present tense situation all over Europe, it would be too much to any definite results can come from the existing discussion, al- porters, not , of foodstuffs and on the other they are sensitive to any operation which affects ! the Hungarians, who feel most bitterly “toward the Czechs because of the ter- ritorial losses of the treaty of Trianon. As to the Hungarians, their situation was interesting. They were despoiled of more than half their territory by the Czechs, the Serbs and the anians; they have been held down in a vise of steel by the Little Entente and finally they have, despite their present weak- ness, never resigned themselves to their &rmnttronmuormenudtomyol e various efforts at reconciliation. On the other hand Hungary more than any of her neighbors, is an agricul- vitation coming conference, including Poland, which is also concerned over the question of grains and meat. ‘The Polish invitation, too, gave the ns & better status because no Advantages Here was something present. M ] Eég%zr B.202 g though partial cartels in agricultural exports may be established, following the ‘m of the cartels iron have already been framed to include Germany France, Belgium, Lux- fhan passing _importance. that along passing importance that along the larger movement toward a general European combination there is march- ing a project of regional agreements. Nor can | question be devoid of interest for the United States. Were the unlikely to take place, even in a small measure, American farm products would be faced by a real and competition in all the European markets. hard kets glutted through overproduction. Tariff Issues Rising. Nor is it without significance that all the world is turning to tariff questions with equal interest and the same com- could impassable Andm-mm'u'fimmumen- ired Middle old as Middle Ages and as recent the Paris Conference are talking bout farm relief by international co- operation almost as earnestly as they have discussed and still discuss the burning issue “of treaty revisions and frontier rectifications. Thus, if politics g:merbhuy makes strange bedfellows, ird times is not less successful. (Copyright, 1930.) Photo Device Records Piano Playing. Showing Abilities of A mnew electro-optical method for release of each key. It also shows thé velocity with which the hammer strikes the strings. A separate line on tne Ailm record shows the movements of the Time is measured speed of about 12 centimeters a second. 1%ent Registers Tempo. Attached to each key is a light paper Strip glued to the tail of each hammer. A narrow slit in the paper allows the light from a bank of electric lamps to pass through it when the key is struck to a camera suspended four feet above In this way an impression is made on the record film whenever the keys are struck. lasts until the key is Student Performers velocity of the stroke, indicated by the time taken by the hammer in passing 12 millimeters, is taken as a qualitative and relative measure of stress or in- tensity of tone and is read in milli- meters. The timing is done with a neon lamp containing a small quantity of mercury, which makes it glow with a bluish color, | to which the sensitive film is subjected. A spark coll and a tuning fork also work in conjunction with the neon lamp to make the 25 time-dividing lines on the film. With this new de- vice timing differences ‘of .02 second can be accurately recorded. Records Player's Ability. ‘The lp?nn\u may be used to secure an objective measure of motor rhythm under an actual situation where this ability is to be used as well as to analyze artistic piano performance. In plano record making it provides a graphic story of the temporal aspects of tone production on the piano and furnishes a serviceable indication of the relative stresses with which the keys are depressed, so that all the ele- ments of rhythm, in any complex musi- cal movement, may be analyzed for interpretation. The authors state that they believe the principle of the device may be used in other types of scientific investigations where rhythm and tempo as well as relative intensities may be desired to be recorded. Icelanders Build for Bending Energies Toward N'odemityi BY WILLIAM H. STONEMAN. @pecial dispatch to The Star and the icago Daily News, (Copyright, 1930.) REYRJAVIK, Iceland—Nine out of ten Icelandic skippers who guide their fishing trawlers through the Arctic seas still regard the sextant as something newfangled. They take their courses from the stars if they happen to be showing. Otherwise they lead a few times, whiff the wind and decide just where on the broad gray waste they happen to be. Every school child in Iceland knows about Heimskringla and the Edda and can recite the latter with the same gusto which American children display in connection with “The Villiage Blacksmith.” Yet to tell an Icelander that you like Iceland because you admire Snorri Sturluson or that the country is pleas- ing because captains steer by the stars and people go horseback riding is m&n}mt to telling a Chicagoan that United States is a fine country be- ‘cause ‘Washington was a capable dier. Tcelander “count past, but_he is “interested in the Iceland which has ‘come into existence during the last 50 Fears. Jou,aak him about Arl Thor- ‘gusson—al it more than a littie—he will offer to take you out to Thors Jensen's model farm. Future Grea? .ess, when it secured financial and political independence in 1918. Icelanders look eagerly forward to 1943, when they plan to sever their ties with Denmark com- pletely and perhaps even to dispense with the services of King Christian. Self-rule has not been the only de- - | of flotillas Ancients of Americas 1,000 Years Before Columbua There Was a Land of Business Men, Industries, Roads and Fleets. A MODERN MAYAN AND SOME OF THE SETTLEMENTS OF TODAY—BOTH FORM A SORRY CONTRAST WITH THE PAST. BY GREGORY MASON, Leader of the Mason-Spinden and Mason- Blodget Expeditions to Central America. N 1502, on his fourth and last voyage to America, Columbus met off Bonacca Island, in the Caribbean Sea, a great Maya trading canoe. Thirty paddlers were at the sweeps.. In the walst Columbus saw a merchant, richly clad, and surrounded by bales of bright cotton gogds and stocks of bril- liantly painted pottery, which he was taking southward to exchange for the cocoa and featherwork of Honduras. ‘That maritime merchant induces a more accurate picture of the pre-Colum- bian America than we can get from any historical text book our schools. America, far from being a land of blood- thirsty barbarians, was the domain of nations whose high achievement in the arts and sciences was founded on and supported by a solid basis of trade and manufacturing. Vast parts of America which are now a wilderness—Honduras, Guatemala, Yucatan and much else of Southeastern Mexico, and the forested uplands of Colombia and Ecuador—were then wide gardens of corfl, beans, po- tatoes, manioc (tapioca), or were at- tually as thickly studded with indus- trial cities as Massachusetts is today. Coral coasts Where now venture only an occasional trading sloop of the white man or a tiny Indian dugout were then the background for the flashing paddles f great 30-man canoes and for the 1s of the falcas, those huge double sailing cances loaded with cot- ton, hemp, salt, pottery, cocos, gold, «copper, pearls, turquoise and other prod- ucts for the busy factories, mines and forges of those times. Grain and Cotton Fields Crisscrossed. ‘The extensive grain and cotton fields of the interior were crisscrossed by fine roads linking industrial city to indus- trial city. And “fine roads” did not mean narrow, muddy trails, but broad, raised highways of stone which sur- passed the famous thoroughfares of the Romans—great causeways such as those well preserved remains which may still be found running through the brush of Yucatan, Colombia and Venezuela, roads which ran over well made suspension bridges, such as those of Peru, whose central artery of commerce traversed the whole empire, & distance of 2,200 miles. Such was America when Columbus first sighted our shores—a land of in- dustry peopled by between 50,000,000 and 75,000,000 red business men. Now discoveries are just being made ment of America which we have just described goes back a thousand years or more before the day that Columbus sighted that Maya trading canoe. When an Indian runner recently brought out of the brush of Yucatan | the news that the expedition under Mr. | Frans Blom of Tulane University had discovered near the ruins of Uxmal 19 sculptured monuments, pushing back the history of that ancient Maya city at least 500 years, a good deal more was being told us about the fascinating history of ancient America tham the man on the street perhaps appreciated. _ First Empire of Mayas Cited. Blom’s latest discovery, combined with recent findings of other explorers, strongly suggests that the so-called “first empire” of the Mayas in Chiapas, Guatemala and Honduras and the so- called “late empire” in Yucatan were flourishing at the same as the southern and northérn parts, respectively, of one great commonwealth nurtured a great commerce, of one great, loosely held together federation of trading famous Hanseatic League of medieval European trading cities. According to what was until recently orthodox theory, there were no mpor- tant cities in the northern or “second empire” territory of the Mayas until the end of the sixth century AD. And it was held that Uxmal was not founded until about 1000 A.D. However, in 1926-27 scientists from the Carnegle Institution of Washington and the Brit- ish Museum found near the ruins of Coba, in Northeastern Yucatan, stone inscriptions including dates within the fourth century A.D. by our count. And now Blom puts the founding of Uxmal back to at least 500 A.D. All of which means that some of the great cities of the North were flourish- ing contemporaneously with such great cities of the south as Copan in Hon- duras and Tikal, Quirigua and Pledras Negras in Guatemala. And if they were flourishing contemporaneously there can be little doubt that there was thade be- tween them. Finds One Great Seaport City. During the Mason-~Blodgett expedi- tion in 1928, I came upon the remains of a once great seaport city which flour- ished near the mouth of the Sarstoon River, on the boundary between Guate- mala and British Honduras, and which played a prominent part in the com- merce of ancient America. Investiga- tions which I have made since returning cities which may well be likened to the | Thom from the trip persuade me that this s | which tend to show that this develop- BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is & brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended September 13: BRITISH EMPIRE.—The redoubt- able Harry St. John Bridger Philby, ex- plorer, diplomat, linguist, writer and one of the most distinguished members lof the British foreign service, has ceased to be a British subject and a Christian. He has become a subject of Ibn Saud, Sultan of Nejd, and a | Wahhabi, that is, a member of the very straitest sect of Islam. His name Is now Abdullah. 'Tis said he will give the world his apology, which should prove extremely interesting. He has done some very notable exploring in the strange { Arabjan peninsula, and his written one of the best latter-day works about Arabistan. He can talk fluently in Arabic, Pushtu (the Afghan language), Persian, Baluchi, Junjabi, etc. o ARGENTINA.—They have been at it | “for fair” in Argentina. Last Sunday I recorded how on September 5 President Irigoyen delegated temporarily the ex- ecutive power to Vice President Enrique Martinez, and how immediately on as- suming office Senor Martinez declared | a state of martial law in Buenos Aires for 30 days. The next day revolution blazed out, headed by Gen. Jose Evaristo Uriburu. A great mob, in which sol- diers of all ranks participated, swarmed upon government house in Buenos Alres. { Mounted police loyal to the government opened fire, but they were soon OVer- whelmed, and the cabinet, in session there, ran up a white flog. By night Gen. Uriburu was in full control of the city, backed 'tis said, by practically the entire army and navy. Apparently the total casualties from sundry affrays, in- cluding that above glanced at, were not numerous; less than a score of deaths, less than 200 injured. On the 7th, President Irigoyen and Vice President Martinez resigned. The revolution spread lige wildfire and at once em- braced the entire country. Irigoyen, fery 1ll, is, we are told, being conveyed. by the new government's orders, on a cruiser to destination undisclosed. 1t is satisfactory to note that provi- termining factor in Iceland'’s prosperity, but its present period of afuence was delayed for a long time by the Danish trade monopoly and by the Danes’ lack of interest in developing the country’s possibilities—an oversight which the Danes themselves now_ admit and as heartily regret. Thel Icelanders have shown the quality of their ancient blood by more than making up for lost time. Since the granting of Iceland's con- stitution in 1874 the population has increased from 72,000 to 106,000. The creased from approximately $77,000 to $3,500,000 and the amount spent on churches and schools is 27 times what it was in 1876. The bureaucracy ate up one-third of the annual income in the days of Danish rule; now it takes , which now sup- 'whom he is sure to know | by to double them in the last 10. In 1906 a cable was laid to the out- side world via the PFaroes, and since then nearly 300 telegraph stations have | litically been established in cenun,\at annual government budget has in-| sional President Uriburu's cabinet is composed of civilians, except for the ministers of war and the navy. It has dissolved congress and replaced temporarily the civil governors of the | 14 states (with two exceptions, ap- parently), by army and navy officers. On the evening of the 9th there was a little counter-revolution in Buenos Aires, staged by “roving bands of partisans” of Irigoyen. There was a deal of firing, some arson; some say | a score of killed and as many as 200 wounded. But by midnight the forces of the provisional government, alded | hun of armed volunteers, had i quelled the flare-up and there was quiet. Arrests were ordered of the mem- bers of Irigoyen’s late cabinet, of many leading members of the late. national lature of practically all the leaders of the Radical party (Irigoyen’s party). A dispatch of the 9th instant stated that marital law continued throughout ossal | the country and more sternly than ever, described Buenos Aires as a_“an Iceland lies north of the sixty-fifth parallel. that four-ftths of it is not in- abitable and that it has been po- free word popu- for less than 60 years, it seems that I done extraordl A s Considering the facts thet most of the have narily well by themselves, by | the first seaport, whose ruins are called “Olitas” camp,” and spoke of “various rumors of counter-revolutionary preparations throughout the country.” Late reports fail to make the situation clear, but the general indication is of compara- tive quiet. Assurance is given, that the political prisoners will be treated gently. There seem to be elements of opra _uffe as well as of tragedy in the __.uation. A group 14 banks—two United States banks,’four British and the rest Argentine—have joined in offering a short-term loan of the equivalent of about $37,000.000 to the new govern- ment to tide it over urgent needs. A rather remarkable revival of econemic confidence is in evidence. No doubt the Argentine business is an incident of the world economic de- pression; though this statement of the matter requires a good deal of qualifica- tion. Naturally it causes great con- cern to the British, whose investment in Argentina is so great. Speaking in a general way, it seems to mark the swing back of power from the Radicals to the wealthy landowners Certainly Latin America is in a phase of political disquiet. * ok Kk % UNITED STATES.—The census shows this country to have 64 cities of popula- tion exceeding 100,600, Massachusetts leading with nine, Ohio following with eight, New York third with seven. Citles, with populations over a million are New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit and Los Angeles. ‘The polo series between British and American teams, at the Meadow Brook Club, Westbury, L. I (the tenth series for the Westchester Cup), opened on September 6. The American team won 10 goals to 5 in a very hard-fought contest. Until near the end of ‘the sec- ond half the British had a fighting chance. All on both sides played mag- nificently; perhaps Pat Roard on White Slave, for the British, and Earl A. 8. Hopping for the Americans, shbwed supreme, though Lacey and Hitchcock fought up to their reputations as among the greatest polo players of all time. The line-up was as follows: United States team—No. 1, Eric Ped- ley; No. 2, E. A. 8. Hopping; No. 3, Thomas Hitcheock, jr.; back, Winston Guest. British team—No. 1, Gerald Balding; No. 2, Lewis Lacey; No. 3, Capt. C. T. 1. Roark; back, Lieut. Humphrey Guin- ness. There were no substitutions throughout the eight periods of 7% minutes_each. On September 10 the American team won the second game, 14 goals to 9, and therewith the series; a mag- nificent game, much more hotly con- tested and doubtful of issue than the score Wwould indicate. For the Ameri- cans, perhaps Pedley was oustanding, and for the British, Lacey and Roark; no substitutions; same line-up as for ame. It should be borne in mind that the British team had been sadly upset by injuries and {linesses, and it may be some consolation to Britain to rei that two of the American players come of British sires. Ah, those ponles—White Slave, Sil- ver Morn, Merry Valley and the rest! . A LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND PAN- EUROPE—The eleventh session of the Assembly of the League of Nations opened at Geneva on September 10, 50 governments being represented, and the representatives including 23 for- eign ministers. The sixtieth session of the the 8th. Ni 80 many of Lake the side to icritics, in pursuance of her policy of adership (“Little Jars") by the modern Indians, was the Atlantic terminus of & g:.“ trade route connecting the Caribbean Sea with the Gulf of Mexico and making unnecessary the dangerous 600«mile trip around the tip of the peninsula of Yuca- tan. Goods from South America for Mex- ico, I believe, were transferred at Ollitas from the big ocean-going canoes to small river craft, taken to the head of the Sarstoon River and carried over- land by human bearers the few miles to the Rio Pasion in Guatemala. This flows into the big Usamacinta River, which reaches the Gulf of Mexico in the State of Tabasco. , Now if Uxmal was flourishing in 500 AD, as Blom’s fesearches seem to indi- cate, it was a beneficlary of, as well as a contributor to, that transpeninsula trade of which Ollitas, with its inns for sailors, its shipyards and all the familiar atmosphere of seaports the world over, was the eastern junction point. ‘The Sarstoon River inside the bar af- forded plenty of good anchorage for even the longest of ancient trading canoes—which such an authority as as Joyce of the British Museum says “were large enough to take a crew of 70 or 80 paddlers or more.” Today there is a brooding air of the sinister about this lower part of the river. One thinks of a great stream flowing out of darkest Africa. Lovely white herons supply a touch of beauty, but this only accentuates the weird and dismal tone lent by the crocodiles and by the thick, ufly snakes coiled about the lower branches of the trees behind draperies of vines which trail into the water from the uper limbs. But in the days when Pope Gregory the Great was ruling Rome, and St. Augustine was in- troducing Christianity into Britain, this part of the Sarstoon was to Ollitas what the lower bay around Quarantine today is to New York. Thatch Roofs Protect Canoes. ‘Thatch-roofed ship sheds were built off the low banks into the river to pro- tect idle canoes from the wind and the rain. Most of the transhipping of the cargo to the small river boats was done near where Dulce Creek empties into the Sarstoon, half a mile behind the protective bar. The harbor is unusually calm in the morning, but at noon when the gentle land breeze dies down and the turbulent sea breeze is borne in from the Gulf of Honduras, it Becomes a turmoil of white and green water. Ar- riving cargoes had to be timed to reach the bar before noon or they would have to lie out shore overnight, as many a modern liner has to lie at Quarantine within sight of Manhattan’s towers. consider M. Briand's plan of Euro- pean federation, or co-operation, or whatever it should be called. This important sideshow (most if not all the mrmlp.nu, representing 27 countries, ing delegates to the League bodies) opened on the 8th. In approving M. Briand’s outline of his federation project, the French cabinet 1s follows: e the organization of peace, respectful of existing treatries.” Senor Zumeta, Venezuelan minister to Paris, is chairman of the League Coun- cil and as such he presided over the opening of the Assembly. Nicholas ‘Titulescu, Rumanian Minister to Lon- don, was elected its president. ‘The -dove of peace, which broods above the Hall of Assembly, looking very dejected, even comatose, the Lon- don Naval Conference having fallen considerably short of a howling: success, and the Kellogg pact being only faintly visible in the crepuscular atmosphere, it is thought thaf this Assembly will soft pedal on the movement to millenarize the covenant. There will or will not be action on the proposed amendment pledging financial assistance to victims of aggression. On the Germawn proposal to strengthen the Council’s means of preventing war, on this or that in like sort. A lively debate, however, is expected on a plan contemplating reorganization of the League secretariat, to which Germany and Italy are opposed; Italy, say the mobilizing under her le: the slements of discontent. Not much hope is felt that the con- versations looking to Franco-Italian naval agreement, which of recent weeks have again languished, will brisk up much during the life of this Assembly. The Assembly has to elect a complete new set of judges for the World Court, involving keen competition. ‘The meetin; owever, summat thereof jpired.” A resolution was passed follows: “After taking note of the results of the inquiry instituted with a view to the organization of a system of a European federal union, convinced that close collaboration of European governments in all interna- tional activities is of capital importance for the maintenance of peace through- out the world, unanimous on the other hand in their conviction that this col- laboration should be carried out in com- plete agreement with the League of Nations on a basis of respect for all principles contained in the covenant, the conferees decided to place the ques- tion on the agenda of the League As- sembly.” The resolution leaves us guessing as to the precise nature of the “question.” That, of course, was not M. Briand's idea at all. In his report to the con- ference and the replies of the powers to his famous questionnaire, he said: “From these replies there seems to emerge as a conception shared by a great number of governments that there flect | should be a single conference, including all the states, which would meet cally, and having from the commence- ment a committee, bureau or secre- tariat, which could continue in the in- tervals between meetings the necessary work of organization.” And he suggested the propriety of a preliminary accord among the power: and of their submitting a tentative glln of some definiteness to the League for consideration. To~ which, Arthur Henderson, the British foreign minister, rejoined that such action on European federation | ‘There is high dry land just west of the junction of the creek and the river and, here probably were located most of the 'inns and the grogshops for sailors, though the skippers, as well as the pas- sengers of social importance, went up the creek two miles to where the stone foundations of the ceremonial center | of the city occupy some 23 acres. (Only the public buildings of the Mayas, and possibly monasteries and dwellings -for some of the aristocracy or the priest- hood of this most religious nation that has ever lived, were made of stone. The great bulk of the dwellings, shops, hotels, etc., were built of walls of.up- right logs and roofs of thatched shaan leaves, as are the habitations of the degenerate Mayas of today.) “Acropolis” in Superb Position. | The “acropolis,” which MA{! Appears to have been the center of Ollitas, oc- cupies a magnificent position on high ground, with the sea to the east and the 1,200-foot high Sarstoon Bluff to the southwest—near enough so that its afternocn shadow falls over the tumbled white stones of temples which once boomed the priests’ evening prayers. These men of God were also men of science and worked out the knowledge of heavenly bodies which made it pos- sible for Maya canoes to navigate north- ward to Bakhalai, Muyil, Tanca (the port of Tulum), Cozumel, Tavana, Cam- peche and Vera Cruz, or southward to good harbors certainly as far distant as the eastern shore of Colombia and quite likely even to the region of modern Rio de Janeiro. There was no silly conflict between religion and science then. The priests collaborated with the engineers who built such canals as the one we found forming rt of the 12-mile to Muyil, in modern ed on the altars of the coastal “lighthouse temples”—pyramidal buildings at high points along the east coast of Yucatan, which served both as beacons and shrines for fishermen and sea traders. Ancient America had a cultural unity. All the high spots in early American civilization were within one rather large but continuously spread and definitely limited region. This con- tinued from the northern border of Mexico—as it was before the war of 1846 with the United States—down through Central America into the north- ern of Chile, and including all the northwest portion: of South. American. There was an extremely wide ex- change of ideas and goods among the (Continued on Fourth Page.) pure ideas prior to full debate thereon by the League. ‘The foreign ministers of Belgium and Czechoslovakia took sides with Briand, the German foreign minister seemed to incline to Henderson. The passage of the resolution indicated victory for Mr. Henderson. But the conference had paid Briand a personal tribute and gave him an opportunity by directing that he personally present and expound the resolution to the Assembly. On September 11 Briand made his presentation to the Assembly. It was very general and by no means one of his” best efforts; whether from fatigue or discretion, one may not say. Of course, the sequence of his grand argu- ment is federation, security, disarma- ment. Arthur Henderson replied, the sequence of his grand argument being disarmament, security, then, if it should seem desirable or necessary, federation. * ok x NOTES.—The Polish political situa- tion is developing in a typically fan- tistic way. The government has caused the arrest of 18 members of the op- position in the late Parliament, includ- ing former Premier Witos, and their isolation under observation, if ‘not im- prisonment, at Brest Litovsk. What a nusiance those Armenians are, to be sure. About 40,000 Armenians who declined to accept the “spiritual home” offered by the Turks to Ar- menians and made their escape to Greece, refuse to become Greek citizens, whrefore, naturally enough, Greece doesn’t want 'em to stay. Their dis- position is to be considered by the League of Nations Assembly. It has been proposed to convey them to South America. They buck. On_September 6 the official estimate of the casualties from the Santo Domingo disaster were 2,700 dead, 8,000 injured 1,000 gangrene cases; of property loss, upward of twenty million dollars. ‘The Mexican government announces work will soon begin on creating dequate harbor in°Magdalena Bay near the southern end of Lower Cali- fornia. The other day a world nitrates cartel was formed by affillation of the re- cently formed European synthetic ni- trates cartel with the recently formed Chilean nitrate corporation. The United States, with its dependencies, is, of course, excluded from the cartel by rea- son of the provisions of the Sherman anti-trust law. But, of course, the indi- rect American pmic'l'g.uon is very im- | portant because of the large share of the Guggenheim-Ryan interests in the Chilean ration. The world's ni- trate output of last year totaled 2,165,- 000 tons; 1,710,000 synthetic, 455,000 natural. . China Reconstruction Schemes Numerous Pifty - six national _reconstruction schemes have been mapped out at a national conference held in Nanking and presided over by Chang Ching- kiang, who has done much to modernize his province, Chekiang. Chang inst ‘plpcfi construction” col to bring tion, which call for such thing | opening of coal mines and oil installation of a printing bureat Ids, the large-scale government the im it of the would carry the impication of a federa- | cial tion, it bei an wi Britain m!fn "idea” must remain implication to admi it. ‘The the domain of long-distance telephone systems, hich | devel mtld‘ghwfludm ent issuance of an frri- gation reconstruction loan. the | House to save the country 3 COACH’S PAST RECALLED BY GIFT TO SMITHSONIAN Few Changes Made in General Structure of Vehicle, Which Has Been Used for 500 BY JOHN WALKER HARRINGTON. HE recent gift of a Concord coach, 1825 model, to the Smithsonian Institution recalls the debt transportation owes to that type of vehicle. The joint donors, will Rogers and Fred Stone, found this relic in their Western travels. From New Hampshire, where the Con- cord was originated, to the Rockies is a far cry, yet there many an old Con- cord migrated, for the design may be traced in the lines of the famed Dead- Although the coach has been used for nearly 500 years, few changes have ibeen made in its general structure. The first is said to have been built in 1457 in Kocz, Hungary, from which it derived its name. The names of most vehicles come from the town of their origin, as the landau, first made in Landau, Ger- many, or the Berlin, named from the German capital, or the Conestoga ‘Wagon, now recalled so vividly as America’s ploneering to the land of the setting sun is being celebrated. Long Luxury Abroad. Coaching recently has been revived in the Adirondacks. The Rondack coach owned by Mr. and Mrs. Walter Schnaring is making frequent trips be- tween their farm and nearby moun- tain resorts. At a recent horse show was exhibited a famous old stage coach which half a _century ago hauled pas sengers from Port Kent to Paul Smith’ Coaches were long a luxury in Eu- rope, where common folk walked and the wealthy rode horseback. At first springless and clumsy, they were bone racking. Then came the use of huge leather straps to swing the bodies and relieve the jolting of the rough roads. In the eighteenth century the glory of coaching days in England had dawned, and the English, outrivaling the French artisans, made coach building a fine art, All monarchs had their coaches of state, plenteously gilded, covered with ornate carvings but still lacking in comfort. No Perch Left for Assassins. The folding steps cf /the coach of ceremony were invented, says tradition. because when they ;‘erl; fltr}:wn up into the body of the vehicl ere Was no perch left for assassins. The driver's box rested directly on the front axle. Over the rear axle was a platform, the rumble, on which stood the footmen. Their employers considered that a rumble was a concession, for, after all, footmen were supposed to be walking or running most of the time, giving warhing of bad places in the road or helping in case of accident. On the coaches of state, when monarchs go to be crowned or to open Parllaments, liveried lackeys stand on the rumble. On the traveling coaches the rear boot, intended for bnnue‘ (s l.:‘td packages, took the place of the platform. Oo-cmnl; gained more comfort by the introduction of Dbetter roads. The Scotch engineer Macadam introduced the broken stone pavement which bears his name; Telford provided the highways with heavy foundations and underdrainage and the surfacing which characterize our modern thor- oughfares. A for coaches before these mm% had been four miles an hour, regarded as fiying in the face of Providence. As the stage routes of mostly over level coun- England W, mry'u-vcl r ‘wheels became fairly com- fortable. Land Travel Developed Slowly. Land travel in the New World de- veloped slowly. To her primitive peo- the wheel was unknown, although continents there had ?eum for thousands of years. Thef were no horses in the Americas nor any oxen. The Indians traveled on foot; the only vehicle they knew were li:g:n. one ;nd of which was on und. dr’?"h‘:fl"‘ best. mo‘t:: of transit was by canoes, which could be carried over portages from one water course to an- other. The white settlers followed the Indian modes of travel—building their villages near the water. Rude carts drawn by oxen imported from the Old World appeared as roads were built. Then came horse drawn wagons, next the American road wagon. Coaches at first were im England. Coach building had become an accepted English tradition in the to eighteenth century, and the few co- lflglhl coach bullders had served their apprenticeships in the old country. Philadelphia had several important shops, and from one of these came the coaches of Gen. Washington, such as the one in which he made his tour of the South after e had been made President. In the colonies sedan chairs were still used—contrivancies - invented in the French city of that name and in- troduced into England during the reign of Charles 1. Women were carried in these chairs by footmen, who bore the weight on poles. In sedans the socially elect often went from their estates to the stopping places of the stage lines. Abbots Devise New Coach. In the temporary quarters of the museum of the City of New York is a model showing a scene before the Blue Bell Tavern. A woman has just alighted from her sedan and is about to enter & coach which is to bear her to the then distant city. Several forms of vehicles, such as the French chaise and the hansom cab, gre really sedans or inclosed chairs on wheels. The small coach to this day shows sedan lines, as it is llke two of the litter chairs placed front to_front. been | tion from | Years. ‘The close of the Revolution brought independence to this country not only in political but in industrial domains. This was evident in the development of transport. The fine English coach was not well adapted to the rough and often precipitous roads of the United States. o In such States as Vermont, with her Green Mountains, and in New Hamp- shire, with her White Mountains, once one colony, the demand grew for a ve- hicle which would be as safe and com- fortable as possible on the steepest and rockiest grades. The coach developed early in the last century by the Ab- botts of Concord met this want. Body Swung From Straps. An outstanding feature of the Con- cord coach is that the driver’s seat and the rear boot are all part of the body. The body itself rested upon two sets of heavy cowhide straps, three or four of these being arranged one on top of the other, as is the case with some types of steel springs. The straps were at- tached at each corner to stanchions or spreaders of steel. e metal contrivances were mnot 8 gs exactly, but under heavy stress they would yield enough to absorb the shock of heavy jolting. The Concord coach has a resilience in its gear and strength and stability not present in the English “tremble chariots,” which had straps, yet wobbled unmercifully. One who studies the English sporting prints cannot but be impressed by the lack of brakes. gerlod thought it rather unsportsman- ke to resort to any such mechanical substitute for their control of the reins. ‘The Concord has a powerful hand brake with a lever 6 or 7 feet long, operating on the rear wheels. The leverage given by this device is enormous and in the hand of a hardy mountain driver was most effective. It was well adapted to mountain roads in New England, and later was introduced into New York State. In later tygea the long lever brake was operated by a pedal. Oval Bodies in Early Coacl >s. Early American coaches had oval bodies, whereas the Concord type has Saiare top. The Faof 13 heavily braceds juare top. T00! ea 50 that 1t will asily bear the seats for passengers as well as luggage. Concord has the folding steps of the European models. Inside there are seats against the two ends, each ac- commodating three wmiddle of the body is , NAITOw seat which will take care of several more. It will fold up at the ends and when thrown back will permit passen- gers to enter. This old Concord has no glass thas in its d}idoon, _n;nd wmdowu evidently never did. opénings were pro- Sflcd by curtains on the outside -&'& ere rolled up when hot needed to tect the passengers from the welticr. This arrangement indicates that this antique of traffic is really of earlier origin than 1825, the date assigned to its_building. The fame of the Concord coaches spread to England and they must have been highly regarded, as the conserva- tive builders there adopted several of the features of the erican model. The design of the Cohcords was im- proved year by year. The openings were glazed, as was the case with the so-called “glass coaches” of Europe. Dartmouth -Concord Glazed. In the museum of Dartmouth Col- lege at Hanover, N. H, is a well served Concord, bullt the body underslung with leather straps, which are in such good condi- that they glve the Decessary springness. In its heyday the Dart. mouth Concord had elaborate pictures painted on its body panels, but these were covered by the coat of brown placed there by its last owner before ;t came into the custody of the col- ege. Coaching days in the East were doomed commercially with the coming of the railroads, the first of which ap- peared in 1828. By 1830, so rapid was the rise of the new method of trayel, fikl.lnited States had 9,000 miles c] The first rallway trains were made up of coaches. In the Grand Central ‘Terminal may be seen a string of them, complete coaches in every sense, even the socket whip, just as they ap- peared when drawn by the locomotive Dewitt Clinf iton. Elliptical Springs Introduced. In the winning of the West the coach and the Conectoga wagon had their part, for the rail lines were hardly begun there by 1860. Many of the hardy old Concords were sent beyond, the Mississippi, where they wore them- selves out. m:ie; coaches, firnuudy 'influanced by lew Hampshire design, appeared in the ploneer posts of the new West. ‘These had various improvements, such as elliptical springs. In design and sturdiness they bore a strong likeness to the Concord. The Deadwood coach, which Buffalo Bill used in his Wild West Shows, was an interpretation of the design. ‘When coaching was revived in Eng- land 50 years or so 2go, not as a means of travel but as a sport, it took hold on fashionable Americans, espe- clally in New York. Old-time coach- building establishments came back into their own. Even in this age of the motor cars the memory of the Ameri- can .coach cannot be blotted out, for the perfection and grace of automobile bodies is a tribute to that noble craft which reached so high a standard at old Concord. (Continued From Pirst Page.) Hoover's personal position before the country. A President with a Congress belonging to th> other party; or to state the same thing in terms of a State, a Governor with a Legislature in con- trol of the other party is sometimes the making of the Governor. To cite one familiar example. Alfred E. Smith during many of the terms of his »o/ernorship of New York State had a Legislature t -~ - Republican. It was the controversies between Demo- cratic Gov. Smith and the Republican Legislature that in part made Smith's fame. It may be whimsical to say, and yet experienced politicians are likely to co ‘e much validity to it, that if Gov. Smith during all the years when he was (Governor of New York had had a Demo- cratic Leeislature (dominated, as it would have been, by Tammany), the country would have Fes- ~ little of him. And so of President Hoover if the Democrats should control of the House in November. Much depends, of course, on the sort of man who is Presi- dent under thesé circumstances, and nds on the character of the House. It is possible under stances for a President, if man, to present to the country a picture which will enhance his mem‘pv It is mn’u for the country to get a lg'gglnx t they rely on the man in the from bly dubious , or dangerous 'lmhum IS; Sontroverted legis- control of the House, T e PatY iR oy o te | increase of te| Fall Ballot May Swing Presidency . By Deciding Control of Congress |ent case a Democratic Congress—just because it differs from the President, is apt to be dominated by belligerence, and being thus dominated is apt to do things alarming to the country. When that happens the country, or the por- tions of the country that provide it with leadership, hWPm to feel grateful to the man in the ite House. In short, Mr. Hoover with the crats in control of Coni might be in better fortune than he now is. If the . Democrats_should win control of the House in November, that fact, so sensational, would put the country on notice. The country would know that President Hoover did not and could not control Congress. e country would absolve him of responsibility for Con- gress and its works. That condition might be tter for Mr. “Toover than the present, when he * is titular party Congress, but when actually the Senate is controlled by the Democrats through alliance with the insurgent Republicans. (Copyright, 1930.) Canadian Population Shown'on Increase c-gtdn'u population on June 1, 1930, | is officially estimated at 9,934,500, an 137,700 over the 1920 esti- mate. It is e thal 10,000,000 when the is taken The drivers of that .