Evening Star Newspaper, April 2, 1929, Page 8

» > i THE EVENING STAR —_With Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON, D. C. TUESDAY.........April 2, 1020 THEODORE W. NOYES....Editor The Evening Star Ne'm:_pq Company Bustness O 11th 8. and Pennsylvania Ave. w Jork Ofice: 110 East 4and St. Chicago Office: Lake Michigan Building. European Office; 14 Regent St., London. ny E Rate by Carrier Within the City. The Evening Star. .45¢ per month The Evening and St 3 (when 4 Sundays) -60c per month The Evening and Sunday Star hen 5 Sunds 65¢ per month The Sunday Sta per copy Collection made each month: Orders may be sent in by mall or telephone ain 5000. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. Dally and Sunday. Daily only 1yr. 38! Sunday only . 1 $4.00; 1 mol, 40c All Other States and Canada. Dally and Sunday..l yr. $12.00; 1 mo., $1.00 Daily only . yr., $8.00; 1 mo. %S¢ Sunday only . $5.00; 1 mo., 50c Member of the Associated Press. The Associated Press is cxelusively entitled to the use for republication of &ll news dis- patches credited to it or not otherwise cred- ited in this paper and also the local news published herein. All rights of publication of special dispatches herein are also reserved. The President’s Message. When it was made known recently that President Hoover would leave the framing, of a farm relief bill to the congressional committees, immediately arose a clatter in quarters not friendly to Mr. Hoover that “he has no plan for farm relief.” "But now it is revealed that the President, in his message to Congress when it meets in special ses- sion April 15, is to go into the farm problem in great detail. Indeed, his discussion of this swbject will be com- plete and will give not only his recom- mendations, but also the facts and the reasons for advancing these recommen- dations. When the message has been read by the members of Congress and the country there will not be the slight- est doubt, it is said, just where Mr. Hoover stands with regard to farm re- liet legislation nor any doubt that he has a real program for meeting the problem. ‘The message of the President will be read in both the Senate and the House by the reading clerks of those bodies. President Hoover will follow the prac- tice of so many of his predecessors who transmitted their messages to Congress in writing. Former President Coolidge, except in one instance, his first mes- sage to Congress, sent them by mes- senger to the Capitol to be read there. The late President Wilson revived the practice established originally by George ‘Washington and went before the Con- gress to read his own messages to it, assembled in joint session in the House chamber. His successor, the late Pres- ident Harding, followed the custom re- established by Mr. Wilson. The appearance of the President of the United States before both houses of Congress to deliver his messages to them in person had both its dramatic and its influential aspect. In the first place, far more members of both houses actually listened to the reading of the messages when delivered by the Presi- dent. In the second place, there was the personal touch between the executive and legislative branches of the Govern- ment, with:the Chief Executive wielding influence by hi§ presence in the halls of Congress. ~ Mr, Hoover, however, has decreed against this practice of deliv- ering his messages to Congress in per- son. His attitude is much the same in this connection as it was when he let it be known that he did not intend to sit down with the members of the con- gressional committees and write out the farm bill with them. The executive and the legislature are to remain in their own particular spheres in the present administration. This does not mean, however, that the President will not ex- ert himself to obtain the adoption of measures which he believes helpful to the country. ‘The message of the President, it is said, will deal with just two topics, the farm problem and the tariff problem. ‘Those are the subjects for which Con- gress is called into special session. It is upon those that the President wishes to lay the emphasis, and he can do so by limiting his address to them most ef- fectively. It is quite true that there is a desire on the part of the President and of the leaders in Congress to deal with the bill for reapporticnment of the House, with the repeal or postponement of the so-called national origins clause of the immigration act, and with the transfer of prohibition enforcement from the Treasury Department to the Department of Justice. But they are measures which will be given attention by Congress at the special session as occasion permits. The Congress is com- the committee was close, complete and effective. i So it is to be hoped that the tem- peramental and gifted gentleman from Idaho will find much in common with the lawyer-soldier-diplomat who is now | at the helm of foreign affairs. A Borah- Stimson working agreement, as smooth- ly . functioning as the Borah-Kellogg pact for outlawry of war-between the Senate and the State Department, is a consummation devoutly to be wished for. —_————— Dupont Circle. One of the chief obstacles to the suc- cessful operation of the new traffic lights at Dupont Circle is the’ thoughtless driving of motorists themselves, While the street cars have been complained about, with reason, and the timing of the signals is scored by motorists, the drivers entirely lose sight of the fact that their own failure to keep in the proper lines when rounding the circle is responsible for some of the most irri- tating and dangerous delays to traffie, This habit of keeping to the outside of the circle when logic suggests the inside, or on the inside when common sense points to the outside, is not a new one as far as Dupont. Circle or any other circle is concerned. But with the installation of the lights it is glaringly apparent that this driving practice of criss-crossing lines of high speed travel on the green light is dangerous. It re- quires only & modicum of intelligence to realize that a motorist driving south on Connecticut avenue and intending to keep on .down Connecticut avenue should stay on the outside, where, ex- cept for the ordinary ingress from the other streets, he will have to cross no lanes of traffic. Almost invariably, however, this motorist will immediately proceed to the inside of the circle and, held up by street cars and by other drivers who are attempting to get into the proper lane, will cause congestion when he tries to turn into Connecticut avenue at the south side. The street cars not only routed around the wrong side of the circle, but mak- ing a left turn in the face of green light traffic, are a difficult problem. Fre« quently, in rush hours they run so close together that the motorist finds it al- most impossible to make any progress at all even on the supposedly “clear traffic” green light. Adding to the bad driving habits of motorists the large number of balky street cars,’and then distributing & hundred or so scurrying pedestrians at all points, who, although the lights were put in for their sole benefit, refuse to allow even free green light travel, and Dupont Circle becomes a scene of confusion. The traffic office has consistently held that the lights were installed for the protection of pedestrians. No one can possibly submit a valid argument against protection for the walker. Many Wash- ington pedestrians, however, seem to be unwilling to do their share to solve the trafic problem. At Dupont Circle, for instance, although traffic is delayed purposely for the walker on the amber and the red lights, he goes ahead willy- nilly across the street when motor traf- fic is moving on the green light, and thereby adds to an already confusing situation. The traffic office attacked the Dupont Circle problem hindside foremost. Far more than the need of lights at this point is the absolute necessity for the routing of street cars around the circle in the proper direction. The present tracks are archaic and dangerous and would be permitted in no other com- munity comparable in size to the Na- tional Capital. Their rerouting should have been ordered as the first step and then, if found necessary, lights might have been installed at a later date. As far as the lights are concerned at the present time all that can be said for them is that they offer some slight pro- tection to the pedestrian—a protection of which he seldom avails himself and one that is just as dangerous as no pro- tection at all because serious accidents are likely to occur on green light traffic. No policemen have been relieved of duty because of the installation of the lights, in fact almost as many police- men are on duty at the circle as there are lights at the present time. Besides the regular men others have been re- quired to assist in untangling the traf- fic snarls that the stregt cars, motor- ists, pedestrians and lights succeed in creating. The trouble with Dupont Cir- cle is still in the routing of the street cars and even if twenty-two more lights were installed conditions will not be im- ing to deal with the farm problem and tariff revision, specifically, and it is the President’s purpode to keep that fact constantly in the foreground. —_————— Commuters into Chicago arranged to pay $15,000 a year extra fare to avold strap-hanging discomforts. Traffic problems can be solved with the assist- ance of & checkbook. ——r—o————— Borah and the State Department. Hardly second in importance to the preliminary disarmament conference discussions at Geneva is the impending meeting at Washington between Sen- ator Borah and Secretary Stimson. Upon its outcome issues of war and peace depend—as between the Senate and the State Department, America and the world at large are jointly in- terested in the powwow. If the chairman of the Senate com- mittee on foreign relations and the Secretary of State agree to consider international affairs in a spirit of ac- commodation and occasionally to con- cur a8 to the manner of conductihg them, that constitutional requirement known as senatorial advice and consent will be essentially promoted. Recent history has witnessed far more advice than consent from the treaty-making tranch of Congress. Assent has been withheld in particular from the prin- ‘proved until the proper direction is taken by the public utility vehicles. ———————— Any great financial enterprise should welcome ex-Gov. Al Smith as a member of its organization. While his political ideals were not accepted by all the States in the recent election, he demon- strated unquestionable efficiency as & high-power salesman. —e——————— Research has revealed traces of Caligula’s dissolute magnificences. There ar'e glories of ancient Rome that Musso- Uni may not be inclined to imitate. e The Prince of Wales is done with horges; and this is ill luck for the horses, for the prince has undoubtedly been a big-hearted lover of animals, oo Brander Matthews. For more than & third of a century Brander Matthews, critic, educator and playwright, carried the torch of litera- ture and drama, as professor of Eng- lish at Columbia University, He retired from that position & few years ago and on Sunday he died at the age.of sev- enty-seven, in New York City. To thou- sands of students who attended his lec- tures he was an inspiration. To an even wider circle of readers of his books he was a delight. Gifted with a vig- orous and vivid style of expression, he gave to the world no less than thirty- five volumes of commentaries upon let- ters and drama, upon the stage as an institution, upon the exponents of the dramatic art. He lived to see the stage, comedy that lived for a season and BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL, pmedmwmrmdlotmmhurmmdepm was asgimportant as the enduring work that remained from year to year and became a standard. In the death of Brander Matthews, even though he had become emeritus and had for several years ceased active contribution, the American stage loses an exponent of its best traditions. Cost of Schools. “Can the States afford to educate their children?” The research division of the National Education Association asks and answers this question with a new set of statistics showing the rela- tion between expenditures for public schools, in the varigus commonwealths and the amounts pald for various luxuries. ‘The District of Columbia, for example, spent.$9,658,614 for schools and $68,148,~ 672 for automoblles in 1926. The cor- responding figures for Maryland were $26,577,101 and $168,578,205. ‘There was about the same relationship in Virginia with $28,384,866 for schools and $169,733,885 for automobiles, ‘The National Capital in the same year spent $16,279,458 for tobacco, $14,067,144 for soft drinks, Ice cream, chewing gum and candy, $8,232,276 on theater and movie tickets, $6,293,106 on Jewelry, perfumes and cosmetics, $3,798,- 834 on sporting goods and toys. The total expenditure for these purposes was $48,670,908—more than five times as much as the total expenditure for schools. Maryland did a little better, with expenditures of $86,110,068 for auto- mobiles and luxuries, compared with the $26,577,101 for schools. The figures in Virginia were $74,878,320 against the $28,384,866 school expenditure. “Our yearly income,” says the report of the research division, “now ap- proached ninety billion dollars. That this income is ninety billions, rather than fifty or sixty billions, is very largely due to human factors, special capabilities possessed by the Nation's citizenry, which are the result of such agencies as good schools. These qual- ities have not been developed in a day nor a decade. “Our annual investment in schools is now about two and a quarter bjllion dollars. , Due to the special aptitudes which the schools have assisted in creating, our income has been increased by ten, twenty or more billions a year. If the schools have had even a small share in discovering and developing these .special aptitudes, the investment made in them has been an exceedingly profitable one. “This conception of the place of schools in our economic system suggests that we look upon expenditures for education as payments to a depreciation or insurance fund which it is the sheer- est folly to neglect. The special human aptitudes which have been principally responsible for recent economic advance in the United States are of a perish- able rather than permanent quality. This all-important asset may be com- pletely lost in one generation.” —————————e For some Maryland streams, anglers over eighteen years old must have licenses, which fact is no discourage- ment to the small boy who goes ahead and catches the most fish. ———rae. Once regarded as a subject of humor- ous comment, now, in the midst of traffic problems, no one is mentioned so seriously as Henry Ford. ———— SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Voice From the Street. The farmer views the sunrise brief Out in the eastern sky. He tells us that he wants relief; And so do I. While I am lacing on my boots, Just after the alarm clock shoots, The motor bus its signal toots; ‘Then passes by. T'm weary of the heavy rent And taxes high, And of the vehicles hell-bent ‘With raucous ery. Each thinks his Sorrow is the Chief, ‘When Hope is wrecked on Hard Luck Reef. ‘The farmer says he wants rellef. And So Do I! Practical Forgiveness. “Do you try to forgive your enemies?” “Certalnly,” answered Senator Sor- ghum. “If you can win over an enemy his vote is just as good as another e Jud Tunkins says he's been tryin’ hard to lose his appetite for mince pie ever since he found out that its princi- pal flavor is in violation of law. Pretty Much the Same, If you were I and I were you, In life’s complex design, For your mistakes I should be due, And you'd be making mine, Experience Not Required. % “Does your small boy annoy you by fident assumption that he knows the answer to everything.” Every one, of course, is interested in the daily weather forecast, if for no other reason than to poke fun at the forecaster when he misses it. Upon special occasions, such as the recent inaugural, the forecast even gets into the headlines of the newspapers, so great is the public interest in it. Ordinarily, & subject for scarcely 8 minute’s notice in the lives of thousands of people, who g0 on about their business and their play as if sunshine and shadow did not come into our world from the very clouds and infinite spaces. It is because “the weather” is the result of immortal forces, working upon this planet from millions of miles, that it deserves more than a casual con- sideration. We submit that every one should be interested in the weather every day, not only because it is a romantic thing— a scientific romanticism, if you will— but even more because it is a beautiful manifestation, no matter what its form. ‘To keep alive the sense of the appre- clation of beauty, so easily lost in a machine age, is one of the duties of every man and woman who believes in something outside himself which makes for righteousness, as the poet put it. It would perhaps be impossible for any one to lose this glad sense of beauty in sun, rain, snow, clouds, if every one gardened, if every one planted and tended even so little as & back yard. * K kK Once the city dweller puts a seed Into the ground, he finds himself solidly allied with the farmers, whose very livelthood depends upon the weather. ‘The city man’s garden bears no such relation to himself as the farmer’s farm does to the farmer; it serves esthetic ends where the latter's ground serves eminently necessary and practical ones. ‘The rural dweller, despite his hard toll, may be as keenly alive to the beauty of the early morning as any number of urbanists who have nothing more to do than launch into poetical exclamations. ‘The gushing girl's laudation of the dawn is not the sort of thing we mean when we speak for keeping alive the sense of beauty inherent in the weather. * ok ok % !nxmt. rather than gush, is what counts. Consider that last week of the month of March. What a varlety of weather there was from the beautiful warm Sunday to the next Saturday morning! Pageantry was unfolded as March in- however, the weather is | 8990 AT prove, there plentiful nufl)ly of moisture sap plenty to work on. ‘The week reminded him late, warm Fall than of Spring. ture was the need of the moment: teady rain would do eves s a world of good. of m; pressions had thoughts during 11 years in the service n. A bit of sleet complicated the. situa- tion slightly, but it ended, shortly, and the amateyr gardener could see no real harm coming from it. He could see the slight slush on the back steps. March was “going out like a lion!” How well the flower borders looked! Their soaking had done them good. As for ‘the grasa it was fine and green; never had he seen it look so well 80 early in the year. Nature, after all, is the only true lawn sprinkler. Under her guiding hand a real stand of grass may be secured. She forces the tender roots to go down deep, during the hot days of Summer, 50 that they are protected from the sun’s rays, and there they stay during Winter, ;me'l;e they are safe from Winter’ rosts. 1s that not a charming economy? * Kk Plenty of rain and plenty of warmth —these are the two needs of every gar- den from now on. Warmth presupposes the sun to make it. Given alternate days of sunshine and rain, with the former prepondersting, and the rains good !mklfl ones when they do come, the National Capital bids fair to enjoy its finest Spring in many years. ‘Whether. this joyous anticipation will come true depends entirely upon the subject under discussion—the weather, that teeming uncertainty which no one can predict very far in advance. As uncertainty is the spice of life, Elvln: room for hope, guardian of man- ind, so it is the very gist, as it were, of the weather. It is because no man knows exactly what will come next that the changes of the weather are so re- plete with interest, so beautiful in themselves. Thus with the right men- tal attitude, secured through the sim- ple expedient of starting a back-yard garden, one may wake up on a rainy morning glad instead of unhappy. BACKGROUND OF EVENTS BY PAUL V. COLLINS. A memorial building is to be dedi- cated today, at Panama, in honor of the man who attacked a mosquito and in due time wired, like Marshal Foch: “My right is crushed, my left is in treat; I am attacking with my center. Up to that time the forces of the mosquito had routed the French, under Count Ferdinand de Lesseps, driven his army into full retre: It had slain millions and broken down the morale of civilization, so that it was erally assumed that white men could never live in the tropics, and that if the Panama Canal was ever to be completed it must be dug by Negroes ll‘}ld Indians, with terrible sacrifices of e. The mosqdito army did not_resort to chemical warfare, but the defense had tried that method for ages, with very discouraging results. The enemy spread yellow fever, malaria, dengue fever u-nd‘nwm om‘:’r g:n:s T&- parently nous ropics. Science had searched for the causes of such epidemics, but few suspected :he true means of the spread of the evers. It was not Gen. Willlam Crawford Gorgas who finally solved the mystery, but it was he who first succeeded in m a wholesale demonstration that the solution had actually been found. Other researchers were ahead of Gor- gas In their conclusions, but it was he who first lppl‘t'ed‘me discovery. * x Dr. Walter Reed, who headed the sanitary board in charge of Havana, Cuba, bore testimony as to the original research and theory of a native Cuban, taying: “To Dr. Carlos Finlay of Ha- vana must be given full credit for the theory of the propagation of yellow fever by means of the mosquito, which he proposed in a paper before the Royal and | mediate initiative and. quito as a carrier of the germs. Even the Cuban government had to be con- verted 5o as w‘zei its support. * % ‘The result of the Gorgas efforts is told best by Dr. Pranklin Martin: “But his enthusiasm, his staunch be- lief in the proposed l:alhods, his im- great industry overcame all obstacles, and between the time of the announcement of the plan, on February 1, 1901, and September 15, 1901, a. Peflod of less than eight months, he eradicated yellow fever from Havana, where it had existed continuously for over 150 years.” Following this success, strict measures were adopted to prevent the reproduc- tion of the mosquito, and, since it breeds only in clean water, a sanitary a- tion required all domestic water vessels to be kept screened,’and a film of oil covering all water in pool ‘hich film im’athered the larvae and prevented its ving. As Dr. Martin records: “Ten years preceding the time of the Spanish-American War, there had been an average of 500 deaths per year from yellow fever, and according to statistics the disease had been continuous since 1762. 1In 1900, there were 310 deaths from yellow fever. In February, the measures described were begun, and yellow fever rapidly disappeared. In September, 1901, the last ease of yellow fever occurred, and, except in very rare instances, there have been no cases since that date.” By the same methods, the anopheline mosquito, which carries malaria germs, was also eradicated, and malaria, which had been averaging 300 deaths per year—in 1908 as many as 1900—has been completely driven out of Cuba. In 1912, there were only four cases, and these were traced to sources outside of ul S Academy in that city at its session | Cuba. on the 14th day of August, 1881.” Yetit was not until 1899—18 years later— that Surg. Gen. Sternberg of the United States Army induced the Secretary of War to appoint a board of Army med- ical officers to investigate the subject. This board was composed of Drs. Reed, Lazear, Carroil and Agram®nte. sanitary department of Cuba was in the hands of a board consisting of Drs. Gorgas, Finlay, Albertina and Guiteras. 4 * ok koK - ‘The Walter Reed board investigated as “pure sclentists"—at first hoping to disprove the entire insect - carrier theory—and reported that yellow fever was caused or conveyed from man to man n;zll.y by t‘?’em bite of the u(]anné: stegomyia mosquito. The mosquito, become infected, must suck the blood of the yellow fever patient after the first three days of his disease, and then, as proved by Dr. Carter of the sanitary board, 12 to 20 days must elapse be- fore she is able to transmit the infec- tion—a longer time in cool than in warm weather. Also, it found that the disease comes from a parasite con- veyed by the mosquito, and the bmicroscopic—too ‘The | extensive sanitary plans as being * ok ok X ‘This success in Cuba led to the transferring of Dr. Gorgas to Panama, when the United States took over the canal project from the French. But at first the American Commission having the canal in charge opposed uor::': jul contrary to medical lore, and an effort was made to have recalled. . This was not supported by President Roose- velt, and Gorgas’ authority was in- creased, instead of diminished. The result was that, in the language of Dr. Gorgas himself, “During the Fall of 1905 yellow fever decreased and by November the last case of this disease had occurred in Panama, * * * By the Fall of 1907, about all of our sani- tary work had been completed. Our fight against disease in a had been won, and, from that time on, our attention was given to holding what had been accomplished. One more case of yellow fever occurred in Colon, during May, mu. %; ‘dnu M;zt 1906, now more n el years, a case O yellow fever orl'gln:u:l T the Isthmus.” | was_ su ted b) .Pru(dznt ‘Wilson. One year Before. the war, ‘there were only 435 before the w: me doctors in the Reserve Corps, together with 250,000 enlisted men and 23,000 nurses. Now that Dr. Gorgas’ great work is finished and he has “passed on,” it is in Panama City a blic of Panama, that agreed to contribute a $500,000 site and building. The United ‘officers | into world DRAGON AND THE FOREIGN DEVILS. Johan Gunnar Andersson. ‘Translated from Swedish by rise to ‘Years of living in China gave informa. this volume of wide Such enterprise involved, as matter of course, exploration of the country for the sake of locating its mines and charting them, of testing them for extent and content and quality, for their workability and their promise to the industrial future of the Far East. in hand has relatively little to do with mine hunting and treatment. Such is not its purpose. Rather is it a record of general ob- servations made in addition to the duties lar enterprise in hand. Along y 1t would seem that innumerable points of value and inter- est clamored so persistently for a word of their own that Dr. Andersson, yle! ing, gathered up these insistent de- mands as & sort of by-product of the main issue, The whole constitutes, in the author’s approach to his readers, “a descript y imj and of the Chinese state. I realized that opportunity was offered me to fulfill a debt of gratitude to the great and vener- able people, among whom I feit as if in a second ive land.” The effect of the book, both &s a whole and line by line, is that of in- timacy, nearness, of an actual - ing of the adventure by the reader him- self, 'This impression comes, in large part, from the straight and level outlook of this Swedish scholar, from his clear sympathy also with these working armies of plodding people as in an in- finitely patient industry they win scanty sustenance from the tiny plots of sofl. There is no lobking down on the part of this observer. Instead, there is the straight look across in the true bond of human fellowship. Such is the spirit that animates the entire book, carrying it over into the enthusiastic acceptance of the reader. So, we step out joyously here with Dr. Andersson, along indiffer- ent roads, by the waterways, up into :l;: mountain u:ltlam, across into des- areas. And always we are stopping. This is that kind of journey, swppfl’l :: see the farmers at their toil or, in little villages, the craftsmen at their work in metal or clay or silks, while carriers dart here and there on their own par- ticular business bent. And at intervals there are significant pauses for a gath- ering up of innumerable kindred points into graphic and picturesque wholes. It is at such a moment that there are spread before the reader the temples of China with all that these, great and small, connote in the lives of the people, Again, at such a pause the civil life of one district or another is portrayed. The daily habit is, unvaryingly, set out in these r pictures by some simple incident of inclusive meaning that typ- ifies the people as a whole, Here is, too, the story, told chiefly by way of in- cident and picture, of the encroachment of the West upon these Orlentals, chlnflng their lives, confusing their views, disturbing their contentment and breeding gradually hostility against the foreign devils.” = Here are incidents bearing upon the work of the mission- ary. And, off in the desert, is sketch a view of “the living Middle Ages,’ where life moves exactly as it did more than 1,000 years ago. Coming toward the {:relen! there are vital moments of revolution and a fallen dynasty. accom- panied by the confused and bewildered march toward the nationalism that sprang into activity through the general upheaval of the year 1926. Here are in- idents, pictures, impressions, gathered seemingly at random in the day's work, and then combined and co-ordinated into wide views of the Chinese people— views that are projected in a spirit of a: fection and understanding and appre. ciation. A vivid book that leads one to the very heart of Chinese life, where the people are found to be, barring super- ficial circumstance, exactly like the rest of the world. It is a beautifully friendly nnt“"( tgwxrAd d. great people on the part of Dr. Andersson, who loves admires China. T * kK ¥ THE FAR EAST: A Political and Diplomatic _ History. Payson J. ‘Treat, Ph. D. Harper & Bros. “The Far East” is designed to pro- vide a text book for special Students of the subject and for those also who, outside this class, desire capable di- rection in their reading along any con- siderable line. To meet such purpose this book is a fully tested, carefully authenticated study by an author of | quite special equipment in both scholar- ship and te ing experience. The study is inclusive of all matters bear- ing vitally upon it. It is orderly in arrangement. It is sup) a bibliography designed to invite to fur- ther research and notes of expla- nation outside the text itself. China and Japan are the countries brought under scrutiny here. Both of these are first set out in their natural outlines and resources, as these up to a certain point, determine the course of advance for every land. Time and emphasis in the study of China are given to the basic institutions, religion and educa- tion, in the character of each, its in- fluence, its effect. the trade era that begins with the overland and over- sea competition of Western Europe for the products of China these funda- mentals of religion and education play, in the long run, an important and most significant part. For the mis- sionary as well as the trader took an early hand in the business of med- dling and interference. These, both, bred resentment and, finally, hatred to- ward the foreigner. From this period of disorder leading upon warfare the study moves on into the relatively re- cent years when peaceful accommo- dations were striven for under the machinations of modern diplomacy. The problems of this new era are succintly stated. These are problems that are yet in process of solution. In the study of Japan the author takes practically the same course, save that the situation itself differs from that of the older civilization of the Chinese. This historical outline in- cludes the dual government set up by Japan. It examines the early forei intercourse of this country and its st sequent exclusion of the foreigner with the effect of such a policy. After the reopening of Japan to trade by America the record moves out into & critical ex- amination of Japan after its re-egtry affairs. Its in gov- ernment are weighed in the balance of other contem; civilizations. Its Wars are cf in their results and its relations with China and Korea are rounded into their facts and their im- plications. Then, ha: brought both China and Jaj up to their definite relationshi with the world_status of 189: Dr. Treat to the United States as, for the first time, a world power by way of the Spanish-American War and its ral and, a mos! lem of this country. From this point on, through the Boxer uprising, the ipanese War in its causes and effects, the international rivairies in Manchuria and the rise of the Chi- nese Republic, it is, in the main, by way of American interests and influ- ences that the mmu and diplomacies of this part of Orient are surveyed. ‘There umnw and significant cha ter on United States and Slmcor ety uciemsive, o 1 blect mos suggestive, on ul of “Orientals in the United States” ac- companied with certain the acter of ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. tion to pass on to authoritative formation of the higi order., Sub- mit your queries to the stafl of experts hose services are put at your free dis- . There is no charge except 2 cents in coin or stamps for return post- age. Address The Evening Star Infor- mation Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, di- rector, Washington, D. C. % ann is Mother’s day this year? . P, A. ‘d“éh“;: di{ ;: obumrved on. the second Sun 3 year it will fall on lh’e mn." * Q. Please tell how the Japanese cherry trees happened to be planted in ‘Washington.—O. C. N. A. Mrs. Taft shortly after going into the White House ordered 80 Japanese cherry trees to be sent to Washington and Jhnted, She had seen and ad- mired these trees while traveling in the East. A Japanese resident of New York made her a gift of 2,000 of these trees. When they reached America they con- tained an insect that was injurious to American plants. For that reason they were thrown overboard. The city of Tokio then gave the United States 3,000 of these trees. The water side around the Speedway and the Tidal Basin have lshesle trees in blossom during the early pring. Q. What part of the population of Ireland is born in Ireland?—W. F. L. A. The population of Ireland is esti- mated to be 4,229,124, of which approxi- mately 96 per cent is Irish born. Q. What American universities re- gm}r.e wooune board examinations?— A. The following institutions require college board examinations for en- trance: Albertus Magnus, Bryn Mavwr, Mount Holyoke, *Radcliffe, - Smith, Swarthmore, Vassar, Wellesley, *Car- negle, Haverford, Yale, *Harvard, Mas- sachusetts - Institute of Technology, Princeton, *University of Pennsylvania, Wheaton. Those marked with an as- terisk excuse a certain proportion of candidates with high school standing. . What relation has the cat’s whiskers to its sense of smell>—R. E. 1. A. A cat’s whiskers have no relation to its sense of smell. Although a cat's eyesight is excellent, at night it is sup- plemented by the highly sensitive feel- ers, or long hairs, that project from the muzzle and above the eyes, each spr! ing from a follicle from which a spe- cial nerve communicates with the brain. With the use of these a cat is able to feel its way about in the dark without difficulty. Q. Did Shakespeare have all of his plays printed?—A. M. S. A. Historians say that several of Shakespeare’s tragedies were not print- ed until the publication of the author’s collected works after his death. Of Shakespeare's 37 plays 17 were printed without his co-operation. Q. What can be used to keep dogs away from evergreens, hedges and plants?—J. P. McC. A. Concerning the dog nuisance, it may:be stated that a solution of mfico- tine sulphate, one ounce to one gallon of water, sprayed along the hedge and on the evergreens, is reputed to be somewhat efficacious in dissuading dogs’ visits. Q. Did Kid Williams continue to box after he lost the title>—N. H. ° A. Kid Willlams lost the bantam- weight title in 1917 to Pete Herman. He continued boxing after losing the cham- pionship. Q. Who were the discdverers of the various planets?—R. M. A. All the planets except Uranus and Neptune have been known since early times. Uranus was the first planet to be discovered. William Herschel dis- covered Uranus, and was soon after- ward made royal astronomer by George III of England and knighted. The ec- centricity of the behavior of the new planet led to mathematical calculations deducing the presence of another planet. separately in quartos and, it appears, | | its Berlin itory first to see the planet known world as Neptune. - Q. Has anybody ever traveled through gnnwsmxlpuol rapids at Niagara?— A. On June 6, 1861, Joel Robinson and his two associates, MacIntyre and Jones, voyaged through the whirlpool rapids at Niagara in the Maid of Mist. The trip was safely made, al- though the smoestack was swept away. Q. When did the Egyptians first fl Negroes into their civilization?— A.“About 2300 B.C. the tians became acquainted with Negroes ugh conquest. Q. Is it true that college girls drink excessively?—M. M. i A. In an investigation recently made at seven of the colleges for women it was found that out of 8,300 students in the schools visited there have been fewer than 20 cases of g:nnung brought up in the last three Q. What does “Ships and shoes and sealing wax” mean?—W. E. 8. A. The expression, taken from “Alice in Wonderland,” refers to a conglomer- ation of unrelated things. Q. Of what value is salt in food?— E. 8. D. A. Some authorities - believe that while man might live without the ad- dition of salt to food he would soon experience a disinclination to eat many vegetables rich in food value, such as potatoes. The use of salt tends to en- able us to utilize a more varied selec- tion of foods. Q How much money has been put into drilling for oil which has resuited in dry holes?—A. B, A. It is estimated that during the past 18 years the percentage of dry holes for the whole country east of California has been 22.3. The average cost of a dfy hole is over $9,000, and over $1,000,000 has been spent for dry holes alone. Q. What was the name of the Val- kyrie's horse?—W. C. 8. A. The name of the Valkyrie’s fa- mous eight-legged horse was “Slefpnir.” Q. Are love-birds native ¢o this country?—E. W. A. The term “love-birds” i§ a name given by dealers to several species of small parrots or parrakeets that are na- tive to Africa and South America. The name “love-birds” has been given them on account of the popular belief that a pair shows remarkable affection for each &tvl;:r. They have been raised in cap- y. Q. How much moisture content should there be in commercially dry lumber?—S. B. A. Efforts are being made to define the percentage of moisture to be per- mitted in lumber. All lumber should be called “green lumber” which has an average moisture content in excess of 24 per cent. Commercially dry lumber should contain not more than 15 per cent of moisture, and shipping dry lum~ her from 15 to 24 per cent. Q. How long have toys been known? A. Scie: s claim that the custom of playing with dolls is as old as any conceivable family life. In delvin among the tombs of ancient Greece an Egypt, archeologists have made the surprising discovery that children played with jointed dolls more than 5,000 years ago. Moreover, other playthings have been unearthed such as furniture and cooking utensils. Q. Which is the crystal wedding an- niversary?—L. K. ‘The fifteenth year is so desig- nated. o Qs. Does lightning make a naise?— A. Lightning is an abrupt electric discharge of great magnitude through the air. It is not a sound of any kind. It produces thunder by suddenly heat- ing .the air along its path to a very high temperature and thereby causing it to expand in an explosive manner. Q. Did Richard Barthelmess really sing in “Weary River”?—S. W. A. Photoplay says that the singing was done by Frank Withers. Diplomatic liquor and the trouble it is causing official Washington lead the press into a discussion which reflects widely varying opinions, ranging belief at one hand that gerious inter- national complications may result from useless infringement upon diplomatic immunities to insistence at the other extreme that the foreign guests of the Government should not and will not expect their privileges to be stretched to cover persistent violation of the fundamental law of a country to which they are accredited. riginal intent of diplomatic in the judgment of the Columbus Evening Dispatch, “was to protect foreign representatives from suf- fering wrong, not to shelter them in committing wrong. It is accompanied by the corresponding international right of any country, at any time, to decide that any given foreign representative is ‘persona non grata’ and to demand his recall. * * * The idea that our rel tions with other countries may be seri ously imperiled by our objection to abuses of diplomatic immunity, such as injuring pedestrians by reckless driving, for example, is without foundation.” “While Mr. Hughes was Secretary of State,” recalls the Lexington Leader, “the apartments of a secretary of the Polish legation were raided. The Secre- tary apologized for the unwarranted in- trusion, but he called attention to the fact that the Government agents found an excessive quantity of liquors, and the Secretary was very promptly re- called to Warsaw and returned no more,” The Sioux Falls Daily Argus- Leader feels that “there is such a thing i 8s being too polite” in considering such matters as “too delicate for interven- tion,” and expresses the conviction that “this evil may be checked.” * koK % “To interfere with their plies in transit,” insists the St. Louls Globe-Democrat, however, “is plainly a violation of international law, and if not stopped. would occasion serious and Justified protests from other govern- ments, em| to our Government and hurtful to our interests. Such seizures cannot possibly help prohibition enforcement and can but add to its difficulties.” As to the method of transporting and the safeguards needed, the Fort Wayne News-Sentinel remarks: “The interna- tional provision which makes the United States Government responsible for the' safe conduct of foreign diplo- mats and their ons may be in- voked if hi-jackers prey on liquor trucks owned and also operated by foreign sub- Jects nm to our shores in the diplomal X “Such gargantuan thirsts as the diplomats apparently E:-eu simply do not exist,”” exclaims the Grand Rapids Press, enforcing its opinion with the record that “one intercepted truckload for an exotic little legation brings 1,440 bottles, or at the rate of 400 bottles for each member of the mission, this as one of the frequent and shipments. It d appear rsonal sup- the enthu- who are ever- ts it into molm Troublesome Problem Involved In Diplomatic Liquor Supply that the truck drivers have been using the password, ‘Diplomatic liquor,’ to run in private supplies.” “The carefully observed diplomatic immunity which. pretty much all per- sons connected with any of the lega- tions and embassies enjoy,” according to the Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch, “un- questionably offers tempting opportu- nities to men who are not always able to withstand temptation. In such cases, the ministers and ambassadors and their secretaries have no part whatever in the unlawful business carried on by their underlings. More than that, the liquor which the underlings dispense is frequently not legation liquor at all, but is ordinary American stuff of the kind purveyed by bootleggers every- where.” k. “The first-class powers are very cir- cumspect,” in the opinion of the Kan- sas City Journal-Post, “and their rep- resentatives are instructed not to do anything, even within their clear inter- national rights, which might be offen- sive to the Government or the people of the United States. This has not been the policy of all the persons attached to the minor embassies, however, ‘what- ever the instructions of their home governments. It is a common thing in Washington for bootleggers to boast that they are selling stuff procured at various embassies. Bootleggers may lie about this, of course, but there are com- petent judges who incline to the belief that they are occasionally telling the truth.” * ok ok X “If and when the City of Washington is drjed up—if and when Americans prominent in governmental. business and social circles at the Capital set the example—the members of the diplo- matic corps may reasonably be expected to waive their rights,” advises the Phil- adelphia Evening Bulletin, referring to the argument that “as a matter of cour- tesy, diplomatic representatives coming to these shores should be willing to forego the enjoyment of special privi- lege with regard to intoxicants and comply with the laws of the country in which they are guests.” But the Bul- letin adds, “The weakness of this argus ment is that when the diplomats look about them they do not notice any par- ticular aridity.” “This is a dry country,” says the Terre Haute Star, “but many of its sup- posedly great ones apparently are glad once in a while to seek the springs of the oases. They do not have to travel far in Washington to find them.” The Cleveland News thinks 'that “though loyal Americans should detect nothing comical in this case, perhaps the diplo- mats can get a compensatory laugh out el go on Grinking, byt decidedty fusey 'm go on g, but dec as to f:;w they get their drinks.” An emphatic opposition view comes from the Los Angeles Evening Express in the statement: “The people have mnever consented to exceptions to the ap- lication of the prohibition law. ve meant it to apply equally to al parts of the country and to all persons within the country. Such Ameri- can ideal and idea of law, It is the conception that all men are equal under mzhv.mithenwbemuwg_ = 251 that polat of view and :et;?onh'n w will be the best itatives of their own countries.” -