Evening Star Newspaper, November 27, 1927, Page 49

THE SUNDAY STAR. e * AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY | % TO CONVENE DECEMBER 5 Holds Record of Advancement Not Par- alleled in Any Other Business During Year. HE new air transportation in- dustry will assemble in Wash ington on December 3 for conference on expasion durin the coming year, with a record of advancement during the past year that has not heen paralleled in any other industry or in any other country. Fostered by the Government, but by | no means subsidized, as is the Luro- pean industry, the American indus. try the words of William MacCracken, jr.. Assis of Commerce for Aeronautics, ha scrapped its inferiority compl and i now bullding its future confidently and witn a measure of public inter est and support that could not even be imagined a year ago. Aireraft op. erations and activities in the United States are now on a broader scale and more diversified than in any other nation. Increase Shown. Air traffic operations in 1927 show an enormous increase both in number and volume of business. Regnular commercial service was inaugurated during the past year over routes totaling 9 miles. and air transport operators now serve 70 some cities of 8,000. under American Railw now are proviging air service on five routes with an te mileage of 4500 miles. airmail routes, including several will be established early in 1928, serve 66,000,000 people in the vario =ections of the country along the air- ways. y far the greatest volume of flying In America is done by fixed-base itinerant air operators. both individ- uals and firms, engaged in taxi ice, crop dusting, photography, instruction and a variety of other pur- suits, utilizing light commercial planes of both new and war surplus material Many enterprises are showing a profit | and are extending their business with the acquisition of new equipment and the use of better airport facilities. Production to Double. Tt is expected that the production of airplanes this year will at least double the 1926 output of 1,186 planes, and cven this may be too moderate an estimate, according to the aeronautics branch of the Department of Con werce, which reports that the indust is far behind on orders. although it | started out the year with a surplus stock. Tt is estimated that additional civii planes now are being placed in operation at a rate of more than 100 a month. A large number of unexpected pur- chasers at this still comparatively early stage of general flight are the corporations and individual business agsr The | of an planes for business travel. airplane clubs have been formed and | private fiving for sport and pleasur | developed rapidly in the past | months. Thousands of private owner | seon will fly for pleasure in up-to-date, modern, inherently stable aircraft at | 2 reasonable cost. It is difficult to an- ticipate the extent to which this class | of flving will xrow “It_might be said,” states Clarence | M. Young, director of aeronautics, that the present civil demand repre. sents but the initial production of a new industry. Civil aeronautics has n the main, been operating on war | surplus.. The demand for modern { planes, the diminution of war supply and the application of Federal inspec- tion combined with the widespread acceptance of the airplane in business | promise an increase of whi | timate must be but a gues: 1,000 Pilots Licensed. The number of pilots which have been licensed to date by the Depait- ment of Commerce now exceeds 1,000, Hundreds of applications are still pending and only half the total num- ber of airmen in the country have applied for license to operate plane in interstate travel. Government participation brought a very definite and compre hensive s e to the industry, as the safe and continued development classes of operations depends largely on_the airworthiness of the planes used. the competency of bilots, the establishment and maintenance of properly equipped ays, the en- forcement of standard air traffic rules and adequate dissemination of infor- mation concerning facilities on air- vays and at airports. ha approved by 1926, the dent Coolidge provided comprehensively promotion and regulation of air trans- portation. Air regulations were finall adopted and made effective on Decem- ber 31, 1 There was no precedent for such regulations and drafting them a_complicated problem. They provide in detail for the inspec- tion, registration and licensing of aireraft, the examination and licensing of pilots and mechanics, the identifica- tion of all aireraft not licensed, and they set up air traffic rules. Because of the pressure of work in examining and licensing aircraft and their personnel. the aeronautics branch of the Department of Com- merce has been unable to keep pace this vear with its work on the examination and ting of airports and landing faci 8. Maj. Young, the director of aeronautics, reports that the number of these has grown beyond any reasonable anticipation and that this phase of the Commerce Department’s inspection work must be given attention during the coming men, who have bought the most mod- year. PRACTICAL SYNTHETIC RUBBER FAR IN FUTURE, SLOSSON SAYS Pricg of Production Seen Blow to Claims of German Chemical Trust—Previous Reports Are Re BY DR. EDWIN E. SLOSSON, Director Science Service. Everybody in an automobile, or rides in one, is concerned by the two recent an- nouncements by the German Chemical Trust. First, that synthetic gasoline may be made at marketable prices from coal. Second, that synthetic rubber may be made at marketable prices, also presumably from coal. Since we consume more gasoline and rubber than any other people in the world, we are most interested in the reported discoveries. They belong to the news to be classified as “impor- tant if true.” In both cases the chemistry is cor- rect, but the practicality is question- able. It has been known for years that both processes are possible, but it has not yet been proved that they are profitable. I have here in Amer- jca seen and smelled samples of syn- 1hetic gasoline and synthetic rubber, but the cost of production was not =pecified, which is, of course, the cru- cial point. A famous professor of metallurgy used to make this point plain to his students of the school of mines in the first sentence of his lec- ture by defining his subject as “Metal- Jurgy is the art of getting money out of ores” instead of the conventional fashion of “the art of getting metals out of ores.” Change Seen Distant. In certain parts of our country petroleum gushes from the ground faster than it can be shipped and sold, and until our oil fields run dry some years hence we are not likely to take to making gasoline out of c shale or anything else. Rubber is now being grown on the British and Dutch plantations in the Middle ¥ast at less than 13 cents a pound. Now, it has hitherto been impossible to find any raw material and any factory process that would produce rubber at a lower price than this. One reason why American experts sare inclined to question this present statement of the German Chemical Trust that synthetic rubber would “soon appear on the world markets as a commercial commodity, cqual to natural rubber and cheaper in cost,” is because they remember that same claim was made by the same parties 15 years ago, and it did not turn out 10 be true. At the International Con- gress of Applied Chemi: in New York in 1912 Dr. Carl Duisberg ex- hibited with justifiable pride two auto- | mobile tires made of artificial rubber | and rashly boasted that nthetic rubber will certainly appear on the market in a very short time.” But “in a very short time” after that Germany was barricaded by the allied armies and rubber was wanted at any cost, vet the German army automo- biles had to run on bare wheels, Progress Since War. But since the war, very great prog- ress has been made in Germany, in the manufacture of organic compounds from coal. The Bergius process for making petroleum by combining hydro- gen with coal has shown sufficient promise of proving practical and profitable that the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey b invested in it. The Fischer process of making methanol aleohol from al has cut under our process of making it from wood Now the products of these processes for the liquefaction of include various compounds out of which rub- ber may be made: for instance acetic acid, acetone butadienc and isoprene. So it is quite likely that some catalyst has been found which will short-circuit the process of preparation of one of the various materials and so cheapen the passage from coal to caoutchouc. But after the chemist has done his work and produced a substance iden- tical in composition to the natural rub- ber, the task is still only half donc for the milk that exudes from the cut in the rubber tree is made up of mini- ature globules, which confine in an elastic membrane a network of minute rods and chains enmeshed in lighter liquid. America who owns | called. In this crystalline structure of the nat- ural rubber, revealed only recently by the X-ray. lies the secret of its useful its incomparable elasticity and | cy. Rubber is easy to stretch, Lut hard to break. Hitherto none of the artificial rul- bers have the peculiar cellular struc- ture of the natural and therefore none has_equaled its “stretchability.” The rubber made by the Germans during the war was found satisactory for hard rubber articles but not for soft. If now this difficulty has been over come as well as the high price of pro- duction, the future of synthetic rub- ber is assured. Compulsory Liability Insurance Aids Safety | (Continued _from First Page.) before hie bought it, that its condition would warrant its use with safet It is the belief of Bay State officials that the condition of any automobile— e make, as many sup- cellent ~indication of ver its owner may be. kes, inefficient steering, a sput- tering, futile power plant mean at least a slovenly, careless. if not always a reckless, driver, in the opinion of many safety advocates, and the inter- est of the majority is held to_ justify the elimination of both car and driver from the highwa, > Massachusetts is achieving this through her compulsory insurance law where every other State has failed through less far-reaching legislation, though with no less expense of time, study and energ: il “The great body of M: torists are learning that it definitely is up to them whether they shall pay more or r their compulsory au- tomobile liability insurance, and_in this ever-broadening knowledge safety proponents see an effect upon the acci- dent situation of tremendous moment. Upon their capacity to prove them- selves good or bad drivers depends the experience of the underwriters who provide them with insurance policies. If this experience is favorable, rates go down; otherwise they go up. The motorist definitely pays as he drives. Herein. Bay State officials, lies an aspect of safety in the statute that its opponents do not like to see brought into the light, so they try to hide 1t under 1ze of propaganda, which states that dents have in. creased because financial responsibil- ity has been transferred from the in- dividual to the insurance company. State May Fix Rates. How in the name of logic can re- omsibility be transferred”? they ask. The insurance company may pay the bill for the individual accident, but eventuaily it collects the loss trom the policyholder In the form of higher premiums if the accident total justifies achusetts mo- the 1 of co M es and pulsory achusetts, iplete confi- this regulation never will reach the stuge where private enter- prise is penalized. As the great body of motor car owners recognizes that the reckless and carcless are costing every one money, there will be a decidedly whole- some effect upon the whole safety situation, because the careful driver will be disposed to co-operate with thy agencies which are trying to end the reckless motorists’ reign of terror. in the main, is the perspective ialdom on the aspects of the compulsory in- E e I With facts and figures that are complete, up to date and open to any one who cares to study them, they challenge those who declare the law a menace to safety to prove their When the drops are stretched, the mets form a stiff lattice held in place by strong tension of the covering skin. allegations, even though safety was not a purpose of the law, » Many ory of Civilization.” to be published n nday. Dr. Durant will tell of Aeschy and the Greek drama ATHENS. Y the time the war homes and renewed the unev tenor of its busy life. Un | burdened with an_army and {equipped with a fleet of 300 vessels, she was now unchallenged mis tress of the Aegean, nd markets throbbed change of commodities and Commerce led to industry, indu wealth, wealth to leisure and le to art. As the very moderately life, there wi development of of the social scale and a class of im- poverished workers at the otk | Where liberty is greatest, equality is soon least; the natural differences of men in abili nd strength multip) with every vear and every opportun- ity into artificial inequalitics of po: e It is a develop- ted, in the past, progressive civili- with the ex ideas, ry to Athens the economic laws of with ich class at one end with comp! zations. The highest cl owning aristoc great mercl bought land to r society: next the shopkeepers, the tradesmen, and the lesser manufac- turers; then the skilled workers—m 0 carpente potters, weaver: jewelers, and then th sants, tiently tilling the arid the vine, and finally the unskilled la borers, slave or free. ok k¥ Out of a population of 300,000 in the city and its environs, 150.000 were free citizens, 50,000 were voteless for- eigners, 100,000 were slaves. me manufacturers, like Nicias and Mna- son, had more than a thousand indus- trial serfs, and lent them out at 3 cents a day. But the slaves and workers were well organized in unions or guilds and flourished the red flag as their emblem; they hardly differed, except in honest disfranchisement, from modern European proletaries, and in dress they were not distin- guishable from freemen and men of the master class. Th> rich. as in the days of the Sanculottes, did their best to quiet envy by assimilating their visible way of life to that of the people. As a wise man suggested, it might not be good policy to let the slaves realize their overwhelming majority. The merchants took great risks and suffered great losses or reaped great rewards. The s was peopled with pirates, and Winter storms made na’ igation perilous. But if the car reached its port the profits of the owner might reach 100 per cent. Borrowing was costly, interest rising from 10 to 12 per cent; but even so the returns were proportionate; and many manufacturers doubled their original investment every three vears. As the lver mines of Laurium poured their metal into Athens money increased in quantity and lost in value; prices were several times high- er than in Solon’s day, and a_hundred times lower than in ours. The vich man’s family spent 12 cents a day on food, and possessed, at most, $200 worth of furniture. A fortune of £10.000 was considered shamefully Jarge. The day laborer received from 6 to 10 cen! brain workers from 20 to 30 cents a day. ERE was still the land- below them the who zealously e their status in The homes of all classes would have seemed simple to us, for from the street they presented nothing but a solid wall of masonry or brick, and they were seldom more than a story high. Windows were infrequent; for the purpose of a house in Athens was not to admit but to exclude the sun; only in the coolness of dark interiors could the Summer be borne. The door was merely a passageway opening into an inner court where the life of the family, when the heat was not in- tense, was passed in the open ail There were no panes in the few win- dows, no chimney for the fire, no plumbing. no pipes, no drainage; refuse was emptied into the fields, BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven d: ended Novem- ber 26: . The British Empire.—The Labor party was rather remarkably suc- cessful in the recent municipal elec- tion throughout Britain. But it is by no means a safe inference that, were general elections to be held to- morrow, Labor would be correspond- ingly victorious. The birth rate in Ingland and Wales continues to decline. For 1926 it was 17.8 per 100,000 population, as against the French 18.8. Now and then we get a note of reassurance. A slum investigator re- ports that the children of the Batter- sea district in London prefer Bee- thoven to Irving Berlin. Another finds the working men in a similar area keen on Plato. It may be so0, but concelvably our Informants al- lowed themselves to be quizzed. Had the original plans been nar- rowly followed, the British passenger girigible 1R-100, of approximately 5,000,000 cubic feet capacity, would ere this have been in commission. 3ut those plans were drastically modified in consequence of the les- sons taught by the disasters to the R-38 of England, the Shenandoah of ‘America and the Dixmude of France. In the designs of these craft the ~time Zeppelins had been too closely copled. Somewhat strangely it was not sufficiently noted that war conditions (necessity of flying beyond range of anti-aircraft guns) demand- ed iighter construction than other- wise would have commended itself. In modifying the design of the R-100 the British have gone in strong for structural stanchness. As modified the R-100 is designed to have a lift of 72 tons and to carry 100 persons; to have a maximum speed of 82 miles per hour, cruising speed of 75, a radius with full load of about 3,000 miles. Imperial Airways contemplates serv- ices with airships of the type of the R-100 and R-101, now nearing com- pletion, follows: England to Egypt, beating steamship service Iingland to Bombay, 5 days, saving of 10 da ngland Australia, i1 day aving ngland to South Africa, 6% saving 13% days; England Canada, days, saving 3% days; India to Canada via England, 9 days, saving 15 days; Australia to Canada, savings 32 days. Canada’s total electrical installation yields 4,556,000 horsepower. Projects are under way consummation of which will give 1,700,000 horsepower additional, and projects are under con- templation, realization of which would yield 1,000,000 horsepower. R France.—A French government de- cree became effective on Monday, No- vember 21, practically restoring to American imports into France the status they enjoyed prior to Septem- ber 6, when the devastating decree of August 30 became effective. The new decree is temporary, pending consum- mation of a Franco-American commer- cial treaty, and presupposes such con- summation within a fairly brief period; was over, Athens had already rebuilt its an’' her streets re interfered nothing to prevent the oil or tending | | Keeping with our old romantic concep- n WASHINGTON, Note—TIn the twelfth installment of his D. €., NOVEMBER The Story of Civilization Athenians at the time of Pericles. frequently into the streets; and slaves brought water in jars from the near- est well or spring. The jars them- selves might be beautifully painted and turned, and tha e furniture contrasted w the bare walls and the dirt or pebble floor. This description (which we have taken from Breasted) is hardly in tion of Greek life. But we must remem- ber that the Greeks hardly used their homes except dormitories; their time was spent for the most part in the market-place, on the road, or on the athletic field; always under the sky, and always garbed in the loose toga that could in a moment be cast aside for games. The philosophers complained that the Greeks gave so much of their time to athletics—to running, discus throwing, tling, boxing. and so forth; but it was just this lively com- bination of thought and play, of mind and body, that gave Athenian life its characteristic beauty and verve See these young men playing hockey. naked, in the British museum; of course, they are not live Englishmen, but sculptured Greeks. When, every four years, the cities of Greece sent their finest youths to contest in the ‘Olympic _games, it was a bond of union and amity among the states and a source of healthy rivalry; and when great poets like Pindar honored the victor with immortal song, it sym- bolized admirably the Greek tion to the sound body as b the sound mind. Socrates was strong at 70, and could drink without fear and without reproach; Plato was an athlete, and lived to 80 years; AEschy- Jus, the dramatist, wished to be re- membered as a warrior, and Sophocles was chosen as the finest of Greek youth to lead, unclad, the process- sion that welcomed the heroes of Salamis. * k ok K It was over this varied life that Pericles ruled, with occasional inter- ruptions, for more than 30 vears (460- 429 B. C). Democracy had gone so now that almost every office was filled by lot or rote, and ability had no more chance than incompetence to achieve political supremacy. But there was one position which the ireeks dared not leave to chance; it was the office of strategos—com- mander-in-chief of the army and navy, and (more important for Pericles’ pur- poses) controller of the treasury. Grad- because this place was the refuge ot ambition and leadership, its incum bents became the dominant figures in Athenian political life It is one of the remarkable phenomena in the history of government that Pericles persuaded the fickle Athenians to re- elect him, year aftec year, for nearly a generation, to this apex of respon- sibility and power. If we may believe Plutarch, it was philosophy that turned Pericles from a politician clever in keeping office but there is reason to fear that the presupposition errs on the side of optimism. Since September 6 the Ger- ns have made the most of the op- portunity offered, furiously bustling themselves to supplant us in the French_markets. The Left would like to eject Poin- care before the coming parliamentary clections (they must be held not later than next May), so as to be in control of the governmental machinery du g those elections. But those gentle- men are sagacious enough to fear that ejection of Poincare might be at once tollowed by a new debacle of the franc, and that, they are aware, would mean « debacle of the Left at the elections. So, much against the grain, they are curbing their wild horses. Poincare will wage the coming cam- paign on the argument that continu- ing welfare of the franc and the coun- try is dependent op return of a parlia- ment that may b&counted on tb sup- sort his policies. The Left orators will, of course, minimize the results achiev- ed by Poincar On October 25 France celebrated the one-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot, the chem- ist and statesman, one of the princes of science. That extraordinary man, Raymond Poincare, finds time to write memorial, which discloses in the memorialist 2 profound knowledge of chemistry. The French military authorities do not accept the German thesis that the Locarno accord furnished a com- plete, absolutely reliable, sempiternal guarantee of French security. They are constructing an elaborate new system of fortifications and fortified lines over against the German fron- tier, based on the experience of the Great War. To be sure, the treaty of Versailles provided for a “demil tarlzed” Rhineland zone, but very sensibly the French do not take that provision seriously. Parliament has destined 7.000,000,000 (paper) francs to the work, which is well in train; but one suspects that the total cost will considerably exceed that figure. The science of adaptation of defensive dispositions to the terraln was im- mensely developed in the struggle and the new system is the latest (not the last) word of the sclence. Still more notably developed in the Great War was the science of communications and elahorate pro- vision is made for strategic railways nd motor roads. telephone and tele- graph circuits, ete. * ok % ok Germany.—The Winter session of the Reichstag opened on Tuesday. It is widely thought that general elec- tions will be held not later than May or June next. Few would deny that the present Reichstag long since ceased to be genuinely representative of public opinion. There are several issu=s on which the Marx coalition government might come a eropper— such as the budget and clerical con- tral in the schools. Recent local elec- tions indicate a leftward tendency. In 1913, 39 per 100,000 of the Ger- man population emigrated; in 1926, 103 per 100,000 (65.000 in all). The highest year's emigration since the war (128,000) was that of 1923 dur- ing the height of inflation. The per capita consumption of beer X\ into a statesman destined to make his city and his time pre-eminent in the history of civilization. Born of aristocratic lineage about 490 B. C. he had had for teachers Zeno of whose subtle theses on the unre of motion have puzzled puzzle-loving philosophers for 20 centuries, and Anaxagoras, one of the founders of a rational theism among the Greeks. * K ok K Many years later, when Pericles was absorbed in affairs of state, he lost track of the old_philosopher who had taught him to love beauty and wis- dom, and while his pupil ruled an empire, Anaxagoras, having aban- doned an estate to follow philosophy without impediments, found him- self faced with the alternatives of charity or starvation. Choosing star- vation, he wrapped his toga over his head and awaited death. Pericles, hearing of it, hurried to him and (says Plutarch) “besought him to live, ia- menting not Anaxagoras' fate, but his own if he should lose so great a counselor.” Anaxagoras replied that those who wished to use a lamp must keep it supplied with oil. Pericles sup- plied the oil and Anaxagoras consent- ed to live. But Pericles found it dangerous for a_ public man_ to associate with philosophers. The people of Athens, though free from priests, were re- ligious to the point of bigotry and superstition; every art had to attach itseif to their mythology in order to find hearing and tolerance. The great outburst of architecture and culpture, painting and music, drama and poetry, sclence and philosophy, that made the century from Pericles to Alexander the greatest in human history, came from an intellectually emancipated minority, opposed and often persecuted by the simpler citi- zens of the state. So the political enemies of Pericles sought to embarrass him by indict- ing_Anaxagoras on a charge of im- plety. The philosopher had said, with moderation, that the sun was “a red-hot mass many times larger than the Peloponnesus.” The people, who worshiped the sun as a god, protested against this blasphemy, and Pericles had to prescribe travel for his friend. The leaders of the mob attacked him again for his intimacy with the Sophists, those itinerant skepties whose fearless teaching did! for Greece what the bright warriors of the Enlightenment did for France. Finally they assailed him most bit- terly for divorcing his wife and mar- rying the questionable Aspasia. * Kk & & Aspasia. The spots on the sun of Greck civilization were the slavery of the workers and the seclusion of women. From the time of Homer the status of women had risen no higher, and had perhaps sunk a little lower; in every rank the wives were domestic The Story the Week Has Told is almost double that in 1923, that of tobacco 20 per cent higher. There are 16,491 breweries in Germany and all are working full blast. P Rumania.—So death has again in- tervened dramatically in Rumanian affairs, On Thursday Ton Bratianu, prerftier, and in effect dictator of Ru- mania, died suddenly from blood in- fection ensuing upon a throat opera- i The cabinet having of course presented their resignations to the regency _council, the latter invited Vintila~ Bratianu, brother of Ion and finance minister in the late cabinet, to form a government. He at once did so, the new cabinet being the same as the old, except for a new finance minister and his own shift from the finance ministry to the pre- miership. Almost any sort of development from the new situation is imaginable. Jon Bratianu, who died at 63, was no doubt one of the most remarkable personalities of his time. ER China.—The Chinese situation has been a good deal simplified through the capture of Hankow by troops of the Nanking government, Apparently the Hankow, or Wuhan, government is now definitely of the past. On toe other hand, control of Canton once more by extremists of the Han. kow complexion is threatened. Ac- counts of the fighting north of the Yangtze leave us much to seek. The general indication, however, is of suc- cess of Chang Tso-Lin and his great allies against the northward drive from Nanking and against the in- effable hypocrite and betrayer, Feng Yu Hsiang, the “Christian general,” who is, presumably, allied for the nonce with Nanking. The rumor per sists that Chang Tso-Lin has resolved to mount the dragon throne and that his days and nights are being pleas- antly spent in rehearsal for the im- perial role. * kK % nited States of America.—The air- plane carrier Saratoga, which went into commission on November 16, is late | by a wide margin the greatest vessel of her type in the world. Her dis- placement is 33,000 tons, her maxi- mum_speed about 34.5 knots, her carry- ing capacity 82 planes of sundry types, her cost $40.000,000. She was built at the South Camden shipyards; her sister, the Lexington, is nearing com- pletion at Fore River. More than 860 airports of landing flelds of permanent character have been constructed in the United States, and 27 cities or towns are planning for municipal airports. The net earnings (available for divi- dends and surplus) of the General Mo- tors Corporation for the first nine months of 1927 totaled $193,758,302, a figure almost equal to that for the whole of last year, a record year. We are told that the deposits of the 24 leading New York banks in- creased from $3,902,880,000 to $7.772.- 527,000 in the 10 years, 1917-1926. At the end of 1916 the capital of these 24 banks totaled $165,000,000; at the end of 1926 it had reached $338,700, 000. The year 1927 promises to prove a record year. Mr. Longworth is quoted as con- sidering the most important problems 21, 1927—PART 2. BY WILL DURANT, Ph. D., Author of “The Story of Philosophy.” servants, or, at best, the superin- tendents of servants, and confined in every case to the narrow_circle of their prosaic homes. When Xanthippe reproached her husband, philosopher |and guide, but not her friend, be- cause he left her in dreary solitude every day and many nights and led | nis life in lofty independence of | her, she represented. however hum- | bly, the dissatisfaction which Greek women felt in their domestic in- carceration. The other aspects of this mational divorce were the hetairai and “Greek love.” A Greek could fall romantical- ly in love with a woman, as half the world had done with Helen. But in the normal routine of Athenian life such enthusiasm was exceptional; it was difficult to see a goddess in a cook, and the characteristic attitude of the | average citizen to women was one of secret distaste and scorn. More and more _the custom arose of channeling love into passionate friendship within each sex; half the poetry of love among the Greeks circled about this heretical attachment of man to man, and (as in the Lesbian Sappho) of woman to woman. The hetairai were a protest against this development. They were courte- sans, but neither such common women as walked the streets at the Piraeus (Athens’ port), nor such exalted ladies as in the temples of Corinth upheld the ancient trade in service and honor to the gods; they were women who had refused to accept the restricted life of the Greek housewife, and had combined with their promiscuity a certain redeeming devotion to letters and the arts. Some of them were women of great beauty, who lent their loveliness to Greek sculptors for the visualization of Aphrodite’s grace; others attached themselves to supreme writers like Sophocles and Demos- thenes, who spent thelr modest for- tunes on them; one of them became a student and teacher of philosophy and the second wife of Pericles. * x * How profound a thinker Aspasia was we cannot know; courtesy and cynicism conflict in assigning reasons for the frequency with which Socrates and other thinker: feet. But we m take it as a rea- sonable assumption that any woman for whom Pericles would brave the slings and arrows of popular hostility must have had charms for the mind as well as lures for the flesh. Story has it that when Pericles confessed to his wife that he loved Aspasta she con- sented readily to a separation, having had her eye upon a new romance her- self. So the dance of life changed partners, and writers told how the enamored statesman, despite his im- perial dignity, never left or returned to his home without kissing his philo- sophical wife. Here was an admfrable opening for political revenge. The oponents of Pericles discovered that Aspasia was not as pious as was the beautiful, and brought against her the charge that she denied the gods. Pericles himeelf conducted the case for Aspasia, and though he was known as never show- ing strong emotion publicly, he broke into passion and tears as he pleaded for the life of his mate. (For according to Athenian law—seldom used except for political purposes—refusal to accept the traditional religion was punish- able with death.) The trial was one of the great affairs of Athenian history: it stirred and stimulated the minds of thousands, and it made clearer than ever before the bitter division that had_ arisen between the emancipated intelligence of Athens and the obscu- rantism and conservatism of the mob. * K Kk The Gods of Greece. What was this religion that chal- lenged Anaxagoras, exiled Protagoras |and Aristotle, threatened Aspasia and poisoned Socrates? It had begun, I’ke most religions of the ancient world, in the worship of spirits in trees and stars and beasts and the plants of the field. Strange magic rites and charming myths had grown out of this simple | animism. So the earth made fertile by (Continued on Fourteenth Page.) to be faced by the n be as follows, in order reli railroad consolidation thorization of a naval program to make the American Navy equal to Britain’s and as 5 to 3 compared ¥ “It is our duty,” Mr. th is quoted as saying anent . “to build in accordance with our needs, and our needs, to a great extent, the power of other nations. A report submitted to the fifty-first convention of the Natiocnal Wholesa Druggists’ Association, recently held at Atlantic City, shows that there are on the market 2,500 varieties of perfume, 1,200 of face powder, 250 of *compacts,” 700 of talcum powder, 650 of rouge, 1,430 of toilet crean 164 of dental creams and 212 of hair tonics—and yet there are persons who deny “progress.” * ok kK Notes.—In a very interesting’ ar in Foreign Affairs, Prof. Leith of W consin points out the following facts The world has “exploited” more of its mineral resources within the last 20 years than in all preceding yea Three-fourths of the world’s output of iron comes from the United States, England, France, Sweden and Spain. Two-thirds of the world’s output of coal comes from the United States, England and Germany. Two-thirds of the world's output of copper comes from the United States and Chile. Over half of the world's output of gold comes from the Union of South Africa. The United States originates and controls about 40 per cent of the world’s mineral production, and the United States and Great Britain to- gether control at least 75 per cent. The United States alone is doing about 40 per cent of the world's (me- chanical) work, and its next nearest competitor, - Great Britain, about a quarter as much as the United States. The other day in a picturesque and remote district of Jugoslavia an Eng- lish lady was seated-at her easel paint- ing when a mob of peasant women fell upon her and cruelly beat her up. It seems that they regarded her paint- ing paraphernalia as instruments of black magic. Take the world at large, and the new superstitions are still falr- | ly matched by the old. Some interesting addresses were made at the world population confer- ence recently held in Geneva. An Eng- lish speaker asserted that under nor-: mal conditions the criminal class would | eventually disappear, study of the’ records of several thousand convicts having shown that the fertility of criminals as compared with that of the community in general is as 5 to 8. He declared that education should bs discouraged in countries desiring a high birth rate. For why? The more intelligent the parents, the fewer the children. A Danish and a Swedish company. in co-operation, are about to begin construction of two railway lines in Turkey. One is to run from famous Eregli (the ancient Heraclea) on the xt Congress to ated: Farm and au- sat_ humbly at her | must be measured byl [FRANCO-AMERICAN TARIFF BY REX COLLIER. HE Franco-American tariff con- troversy, precipitated into the open by the discriminatory French tariff measures of August 30, has resurrected some rather embarrassing issues for fair-minded but cautious Uncle Sam to_solve. . The latter arose with righteous in | dignation when France announced its drastic taviff rules for restraint of American trade, but our zealous Uncle soon found himself the target for a I recriminatory barrage that still has him doing some careful thinking. | France, it seems, had plenty of po- tent ammunition at hand when the American storm broke, and she was not the least bit bashful in turning it loose on whomever it might con- cern. Tariff Inspectors Involved. Developments showed that it con- cerned generally Secretary Kellogg and his State Department and Se retary Melion and his Treasury De- partment. More _specifically, ~how- ever, did it concern certain tariff in- spectors and Treasury agents who have a penchant for prying into the private affairs of French exporters These tariff commission representa- tives and Treasury Department i vestigators are doing only what they were empowered to do by the tariff act of 1922, but, power or no power, France doesn’t think this particular sort of ‘“‘snooping” clubby at all, and her exporters have said so. The tariff commission men have been operating under the authorit conferred upon them in section 3 of the tariff act. They confine their activities to ascertaining the differ- ences in costs of production “of arti- cles wholly or in part the growth or product of the United States and of like or similar articles wholly or in part the growth or product of com- peting foreign countries.” The Treasury operatives, who are customs representatives, obtain their authority from section 510 of the same act, which provides for inspection of foreign exporters’ “books, papers, records, accounts, documents or corre- spondence” for the purpose of judg- ing foreign market values and classi- fication of French and other foreign exports. One group of inspectors operates under the Tariff Commission, an inde- pendent agency. and looks into pro- duction costs. ‘The other group comes under the Treasury Department, and probes values and classifications. Both groups are seeking to protect the interests of American producers and_exporters. The activities of these American in- spectors, particularly the Treasury agents, have proved to be a serious boomerang in the present tariff nego- tiations. Cudgel in Tariff Act. Resentment over the invasion of private offices of French manufac- turers and producers of export goods by the customs representatives has The same sort of resentment also has besn manifested in other KEuropean countries, for the customs men are stationed also in London, Vienna, Ber- lin and Rome. A couple of years ago there was a movement in this country to make diplomats of these inspectors. It was thought that by clothing them in the diplomatic cloak of an embassy at- tache their access to desired records and their entree to export circles would be greatly facilitated. Of course, the exporters had the right, under any conditions, to refuse the inspectors or dijlomats or any other Americans permission to ex- amine their books, but the American tariff act contained a very telling cudgel for use in such rebellious cases. ‘The cudgel was a pertinent clause worded substantially as follow: It any person manufacturing, pro- ducing, selling, shipping or consign- ing merchandise exported to the United States fails, at the request of the Secretary of the Treasury, or an appraisers, or person acting as an ap- praiser, or a collector, or a general appraiser, or the board of general ap- praisers. as the case may be, to per- mit a duly accredited officer of the United States to inspect his books, papers, records, accounts, documents or correspondence pertaining to the market value or classification of such merchandise, then while such failure continues the Secretary of the Treas- (Continued from First Page.) | and ‘more extravagant over the army. navy and air services. The blend might, indeed, be better than either party; faults might cancel out. And since I am convinced that people like Sir Herbert Samuel and Mr. Mac- Donald are incurable, set upon their party follies, I am obliged—we are obliged—to cast about for other figures upon which we may concentrate our enthusiasm and to whom we may look for some sort of leadership be- yond mere party strategy in the ap- proaching struggle. * k¥ % One's mind turns to Lloyd George. He is a seasoned coalitionist and he is plainly disposed toward another coalition. He has made alluring gestures toward the Left, but an un- usual hesitation to return them is apparel Plainly, Labor, though it may w with him, will not put itself under him. And that applies not merely to the party-obsessed Labor people. We all like Mr. Lloyd George, but at times he veils his solid worth beneath an agility and_flexibility that leave us uneasy. I do not know if we can look to him to play a secondary role in a combination. Tt would essarily be a very conmsiderable role. And, after all, he is technically a Liberal, and the majority of the anti-government m: is Labor. The headship of any combination for the preservation of peace in the world should reside in the majority. The leader should be a Labor man. This also excludes Lord Cecil, with his traditional attitude toward church and land, from the formal leadership. So one turns to the Labor party and looks for a coali- tion just there. o 1 consider IHenderson, Thomas, Clynes, all surely ministers in a coali- tion, but none of them quite what we require as a figurchead. Then I come to Snowden and stop; there, I believe, is the man who can lead the British empire under a coalition government back to sanity, security and the serv- ice of peace. There is a certain qual- ity of greatness about Snowden which is not very widely distributed in our political world today. I suppose that among statesmen, politicians and pub- lic servants of all types and parties Philip Snowden is more generally re- spected and would he more willingly trusted than any other cotemporary. He is a man whose public character. Black Sea about 58 kilometers to a point near Angora. The other will run about 500 kilometers from Diabekir via Malatia and Marash to a point east of Adana on the Bagdad Railway. Both are to be completed within five years, { quite as much as his private char- acter, is without spot or blemish. He is a man of real capacity and great personal force. He is the man we want, and I do pot see why we, the growing multitudes of British people who want to get rid of this dangerous A been cropping up for many months.A 'ROW EMBARRASSING TO U. S. Concessions Pave Way for Better Feeling in Controversy—Agents Abroad Target of Attacks. , under regulations prescribed by him, shail prohibit the importation into the United States of merchandise manufactured, produced, sold, shipped or consigned by such per: 1f such rilure continues for a period of one vear from the date of such instruc- tions, the collector shall cause the merchandise, unless previously ex- ported, to be sold at public auction as in the case of forfeited merchandise.™ Object of Provisic The purpose of this provision was to ascertain the fair market value at the port of export of all dutiable merchandise, so that proper adjust- ment of the tariff could be made. The customs officers were somewhat re- luctant to take the appraisal of the foreign manufacturei themselves. The manufacturers considered this as boardering on impugning of their in- tegrity, so t ospeak, and, anyway, they didn’t think it was very hospitable of the inspectors in digging around in their private papers. _ It cannot be said that any of the six or eight cu€toms representatives en- gaged in this onerous task in France received a hearty welcome in any single instance. In fact, they found their work quite difficult. It was with a view to smoothing the road a little more that the pro- posal to elevate them to the realm of diplomatic “attaches” was advanced. It was felt that foreign manufactur- ers would feel just a bit more respect- ful to “Mr. Jones, United States Trea ury attache of the American em- than to just Mr. Jones, ican customs offices The tide of protest to this proposal was so spontaneous and so general and so vigorous, however, that the plan went by the board. The ill feeling over the activities of the customs investigators did not di minish. It grew by leaps and bounds, and the smoldering fires broke forth into flame during the recent tariff con- troversy. During these negotiations the French Government not only called attention to the objections made in France to the examination of private books and records of business inter- ests by the American Government, but joined with the exporters in a firm request that such investigations be stopped. To this request the State Depart- ment, it is understood, has replied that if France objects the investiga- tions cannot be conducted. The French Government also in- quired whether the United States Tariff Commission, in accordance with the procedure prescribed in section 315 of tne 1922 tariff law, will be pre- pared to consider requests submitted on behalf of French manufacturers and producers who are desirous of learning American production costs. “Turn about is fair play,” the French argued. Concessions Are Made. To this the American Government has replied that “such a procedure could be effected in accordance with the law.” In the course of the tariff discus- sions each government referred to cer- tain sanitary regulations and condi- tions of treaty enforced by the other with respect to which complaints had been received. As a result of the cor- respondence between the State Depart- ment and the French government, America and France now will under- take to examine, “in a most friendly spirit,” complaints which the other may forward in relation to these matters. These concessions by the American Government have been received with elation in France, it is said, and they have served to clear the way for broad treaty negotiations designed to effect a permanent tariff peace between the two nations. As a further result of the discus- sions, the French government a week ago issued a decree, effective last Mon- day, whereby the discriminations ob- Jected to by the United States were removed, in so far as they affect American commerce. With all of the sundry little tarift differences temporarily ' straightened out, officials of both governments are breathing easier as they go about the work of negotiating a treaty for fu- ture guidance. As for the tariff and customs inspec- tors involved in the dispute, the Treas- ury Department indicates that while they have not been recalled, their op- erations have been circumsecribed pend- ing the negotiations. Baldwinism a Danger to the World government of ours and who do not are a rap either way for the Liberal 'machine” or the Labor “machine. should not set about getting him now. Would he serve? Probably not at first. He might plead his allegiance v. but there are popular ations that have the force of commands. Would Mr. Lloyd Georze work with him? I do not know. Mr. Lloyd George has neither the narrow- mindedness of Sir Herbert Samuel nor the lonely vanity of Mr. MacDonald. He is quite capable of magnanimi and, for him also, a strong popular feeling, effectively expressed, might have imperative force. Many of the dissentient Liberals, on account of minor feuds and unforgettable sayings during those feuds. would, I Kknow, serve much more gladly under Snow. den leader than under Lloyd Georg But at the present stage of affairs I do not see why we should wait upon the tadpoles and tapers to fix up this arrangement for us. The growing multitude of people who see things in this way has the power to force this combination over the heads of the party managers. We can write, we can organize, we are not without a press. Why wait while the leaders negotiate? At the next election it will be com- paratively simple for us to disregard the differences between Liberal and Labor altogether. When we find our- selves in any constituency where a Liberal is trying to cut down a Labor majority, or where a Labor cand} date is trying to cut down a Liberai majority, we can vote solidly for thd legitimate claimant to the seat. whether he be Liberal or Labor. ‘When we hear the Liberal beginning to make his little points against La- bor or the Labor men chipping the Liberal, instead of getting on to the real business in hand, the proper comment is a woud “Bah!" repeated until the gentleman takes notice. Then we shall get the maximum number of Liberal and Labor men into the House of Commons, and when they are there they will have to shake down into a coalition whether theyv like it or not. The Labor party is surely not so foolish as to take office in a minority again, with the Liberals primly in possession of what Sir Herbert Samuel calls the “casting vote.” and equally will the Liberals refuse to shoulder responsibility alone. Everybody in Parliament knows that coalition waits at the end of the passage even if a second election intervenes. Why have the expense and delay of a second election? As practical people with an empire to save, let us get into that coalition now. (Copyright, 1027, b‘!“&ho New York Times