Evening Star Newspaper, August 12, 1926, Page 8

a THE e e e R e —— R e THE EVENING STAR|fairs does not seem to have profited b With Sunday Morning Edition. WABHINGTON, D. C. THURSDAY. THEODORE W. NOYES. . .. Editor The Evening Star Newspaper Company Business Oftice h St i Penneyivania Av ork Office: 110" East 42 Ohicago Offie Tower Building European Offie 14 Reeant St. Lo Englan. 11th St New st & Star with per month_ ( telephone Maim 5000 carrier at the end o Rate by Maii—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. aily and Sinday . 1y $800: 1 mo il only iy $6.00 1 mo A0 Bunday oniy 131 $300: 1 mo 28 All Other States and Canada. Pally Sunday .1 Daily iy U2 $ingas"Pits Member of the Associated Press. The Associated b 101 e e ay ed to v this paner published herein ©f special dispatehes he Debts and the World Court. 1l feelin America of European debtor a text by Senator Horah therence to the s that Jealy enntled £ nll news dis red toward on nations to attack American World Cou My if the United S to vote again o1 e (tes were ¢ ah ins lied upon e ratifving resolu tlon it would re tion, in view untry by Frenc men of promi mence It 1s possible that Senator Borah may be correct in his estimate of the Senate The unjust criticisms of this country by Europeans have had their reflex action in the United States Passions are quickly aroused. But the value of World Court as an instrument to international peace and justice, aml of American adher to such o court, has littie to do with temporary - it is to be hoped ngz between this coun- try and s European debtors. The independence of the United States and its firm determination not to become nvolved in the affairs of the League of Yations were properiv safeguarded in the reservations and amendments @dopted by the Senate when the pro tocol was before that body. The court has been an instrument of good and. with ail the great nations of the world adhering to it, should have an active and heneficial influence in the vears to come The success of Col. Frank L. Smith in the Tiiinois senatorial primaries, running as an opponent of American adherence to the court, over Senator Willlam B. McKinley, who voted for the court, has been hailed by oppo. nents of the court, including Senator Borah, as an indication that the peo- ple of the United States, and par- ticularly of Illinois, are at bottom op. posed to American participation in this court. Revelations of the Senate committee investigating the Illinois primary, however, have thrown new lght on the matter which Senator Borah and others would do well to note. It now appears that Samuel Insull, public utilities magnate, was “angel” of the Smith campaign to the tune of more than $125,000. Col. Smith hap- pened to be chairman of the State Public Utilities Commission. Mr. In- sull insists that it was his undying enmity to American adherence to the World Court and his personal friend- ship for Col. Smith which led him to put up this huge sum of money in the campaign. So much for the source of supplies and ummunition for this anti-World Court nght in Tllinois. Then there was William Hale Thomp- son, of Chicago, who disported himself daily and nightly on the platform, declaiming against the World Court and particularly King George. His passion against the court was astounding. Now it ap- Pears that Mr. Thompson had been promised another election as mayor of Chicago for these gigantic efforts— against the World Court. Rather sor- did, this campaign against the World Court, was it not? B former mayor Tt is not to be hoped that this typi- cal Frenchman, Clemenceau, will agree with Senator Borah on either international debt adjustment or pro- hibition. et Hall homicide case remains a in spite of the fact that a number of people pretend to 1l about it. ——— Sesqui Closed on Sunday. A court in Philadelphia has ruled that the opening of the squicenten- nial on Sunday is unlawful, under the State statutes which forbid the operation of anything not necessary on the Sabbath. for which mis- ston fee is charged, as a “worldly em- ployment This decision is believed to compel the closing of the exposi tion on Sunday it would entail a heavy to keep it open without charge, as not only would the man- agement lose the fees of the public, but would be under the expense of paid service in the buildings. A con- ference has nged by the heads of the 1 d\ The myste large know a an a been a o determine the co fullowed. Mis s prise from th beginning. ow cism of gome of those who were velied upon to furnish the funds for the prelim- fnary work. State and Feders was tardily and not generously g ed Delavs occurred in the planting and the execution of the work. When the date for the openinz came the ex- position was far completion Buildings were still in the stage « construction and exhibits were place. Bad weather interfered about Sunday opening was felt om and the propusal to open the gates on all seven days of the week wax \vigor ously opposed The attendance was affected by these conditions, and to date the show has failed to draw enough people 1o meet expenses. Now comes the decision that the gates must be closed- on Sunday or else thrown operi to all who wish to enter, without charge. ugust 12, 1926 | the managers of this important and significant exposition, in the matter of expedition in getting under way promptly. In respect to Sunday open- ing there was ample warning before the gates were opened that there would be u stff opposition, with ap- in case of an attempt {10 keep the show going continuously | throughout the week. Yet that point peal to court | of the Legislature covering the point {in anticipation of this difficulty Mavor Kendrick styles this decision fon the hardest {of |management has sustained of 1876 operated closing basis and was successful. It | now whether, if | the show is definitely completed soon, the attendance on week days will suf fice to § unday closing tha many blows The big | tair on a Sunday remains 1o be seen svide a murgin over the cost {ment to run to the end of the sched ule without further loss. ———— The “Temporary” Buildings. | When in 1415 the two large concrete buildings were erected on the north ern edge of Potomac Park for war 1t was explained carefuliy | that despite the character of the ma- terfal used they were only “semi Fpermanent.” They would be removed | When the eniergency had passed. But they were so much more substantial {'han the buildings definitely regarded as temporary that had thrown ! purposes been | a great hurry felt on the part of those who hoped to see the public reservations kept | freer of building operations. These | two buildings were right in line with | the approaches to the Lincoln Me- | moriel. Since the war ended they | have continued in use and have been occupied Ly a succession of offices. { They are now virtually the War-Navy umex, with the Shipping Board | housed there as well, and with some (other miscellaneous establishments They ave needed because the Govern i ment's building equipment | and inadequate. But it is quite cer tain that they will be the last of the temporary war-time structures to go when the permanent building program of the Government has been carried into effect It has just been disclosed, however, that these buildings, despite their durable materials, are not far out of the class of ihe frame and plaster houses thal were erected in a great rush In other parts in the war time. Most of those have deteriorated to the point where they are really unsafe for occupation, what with sinking floors and tilting walls and high*per- centage of fire risk. Owing to the hurry with which these concrete buildings were erected in Potomac Park adequate foundations were not obtained. The ground on which they stand is alluvial fill from the river. It offers but poor resistance to the weight of any heavy structure. Set- tlements have occurred, indeed have been going on ever since the build- ings were erected, and the floors are in places decidely uneven. Work is now in progress replacing these sunken floors with wooden surfaces laid upon new layers of concrete. Officials of the office of the superin- tendent of public buildings and pub- lic parks cannot estimate, it is stated, how long this process of keeping the floors at their original level will have to continue. A lay opinion on this subject would be of no value, but it is a fair as- sumption that the sinking will con- tinue just as long as the buildings stand, and that repairs will be neces- sary for the same length of time. The laying of new concrete merely adds to the welght. Perhaps the whole slab of flooring may possibly come to rest when it is sunk to the earth level, and there perhaps remain sta- tionary. This would not be so bad if the whole thing went down evenly, which it probably would not do. The point of this matter is that these buildings should be definitely and specifically classed as temporary structures, to be razed at the earliest possible moment when permanent housing for government offices has been provided elsewhere, not in the public parks. The fact that they are constructed of concrete should not cause them to be regarded as other | than makeshift emergency temporary buildings. They are in the way of the | proper development of the park. They do not offer adequate accommodation. They are not conveniently located. And finally they will deteriorate stead- ily and with increasing rapidity, ow- ing to the conditions in which they were erected and the locations on which they were placed. o Athletic trainers may be compelled to concede to Gertrude Ederle the ad- ditional distinction of introducing ple as a feature of diet deserving respect. | — e Cutting Off Foreign Liquor. While wets are roaring up and down the country proclaiming that | the cause of prohibition and prohibi- tion enforcement is on the toboggan, Gen. Lincoln C. Andrews, assistant | Qecretary of the Treasury in charge of prohibition enforcement, lands at New York greatly satisfied with agree- ts entered into in England for -utting oft the supply of imported bootleg liquor The Britlsh, lovers of law and order themselves, are going to co-operate hea with the officials of the United States Government in the en- | forcement of the American prohib- !jtory law, Gen. Andrews says. Such | co-operation, he feels. will go far to ! dry up the sources of imported liquor. When it becomes generallv known in | this country that imported stuff. the | real thing. can no longer be obtained the bootle; rs are in for a great slump in their trade. It has been estimuted that perhaps ten per cant of the illegal liquor sold me: is scant | | fortunate crittcism by some of the not settied in advance. There pportunity during the session of K25 to have secured a special act | t the exposition | | huge airplane built for the Army Air operation and enable the manage. | | time | | | in this country comes here now from | | abroad. But rchasers of bootleg | liquor arealways hopeful that they are | getting some of that ten per cent, and are alwavs told by the obliging boot- leggers they are getting-it. Make the ply is renatured industrial llcohol.] doctored by the bootlegger, and moon- shine made under deadly unsanitary | conditions, and the appetite for liquor | will flop. - Gen. Andrews, notwithstanding un- drys, has gone about the matter of | prohibition enforcement with great | energy and much practical common | sense. His ailm particularly has been to Ary up the great sources of supply, | 0 halt the flow of immense quantities of industrial alcohol into the bootleg | trade and to put down as far as pos- sible the importation of big cargoes of liquor from abroad. Much has been accomplished through the coast guard service to halt smuggling | of liquor and Gen. Andrews believes that much more will result from his recent trip abroad. The Mystery Bomber. Details of the “mystery bomber Service, were made public for the first vesterday when the ship was christened the Cyclops at Bristol, Pa. The largest single-engined plane in the world, the new sky cruiser ana fighter will earry four thousand pounds of bombs and five machine guns, will weigh, when fully loaded, sixteen thousand pounds, and will at- tain a speed of one hundred and ten miles an hour. It is driven by & sin &le motor of eight hundred and twen ty five horsépower. operating a pro- veller of fitteen and a half feet listence,” Lycoris Squamiguera, or Sauroma- tum Guttatum? ‘Which shall it be? Shall we order the “only true hardy amaryllis in ex- or. be content with the “Mon- arch of the East"? Looking over the favorite Fall bulb catalogue, just arrived. we see that nothing will do but order them both! of the guera. Surely bulbs with such names ought to be goud! We found these two ton gue-twisters on the sheet of pink paper placed in the printing. The sheet is headed “Treas ure Trove.” flere is what the catalogue says about Lycoris Squamiguera: “The only true hardy ama existence; produces in early Spring; attractive green foliage which later ears and after a short time the stalks spring up as if by magic ttatum, and one Squami- liis in of from 8 to 12 large magnificent Hly- like flowers of the tenderest vose suf- fused with azure blue. It can be plant- Cover the ing. iuttatum, “the ' it is a novelty, Sauromatum Monarch of the Bast to be sure: “Produces out of the dry bulb, without water or soil, a beautiful col- ored flower-spathe, 16 inches long. Place the large, flat bulb on a table or shelf in a warm room: soon the bulb begins to show a head and with geared down to half the engine speed. Except for the wing coverings, it is {up in the parks for war purposes in | ConStructed throughout of steel and that much doubt was | duraluminum. Secrecy has surrounded the con- struction of this ship, but details now available prove it to be a formidable fighting machine. Following its tests by the Army Ait Service, Uncle Sam will add it to his “fleet.”” If its per- formances measure up to specifica- tlons it will be a valuable addition, indeed, to the meager air force of the i United States. The primary elections reveal a num- ber of names, some new and some famillar, which will have to be reck- oned Wwith by the conservative presi- dential forecaster who modifies his calculations in accordance with the sporting axiom to the effect that there is always a chance for a long shot to come first under the wire. ——————— Henry Ford likes old-time fiddlers, but his nachines are headed nightly for the jazz cabarets. When a man gives a new idea or a new machine to the worid it soon ceases to become his own and he cannot be held re- sponsible for the uses to which it may be put. r———— Airship facilities for travel enable visitors to the Philadelphia Sesquicen- tennial Exhibition to run over to Washington in a little more than an hour. All roads, whether on terra firma or in the air, lead to the Dis- trict of Columbia. There {s always a war cloud in Europe. It is capable of revealing great quantities of thunder and light. ning, but nothing corresponding to the rain needed for prosperity for the plain agricultural toiler. —_— et An actress complains that, wher- ever she goes, the “gaping American public follows her.” This she can eas- ily remedy by getting herself a bad play. oy Ma Ferguson is inclined to regard her reported defeat in the primaries as & mere resignation rumor, e SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON. Progress. ““Once on a Time” in the fairy-tale hours Brought wonderful moments to view, For mortals had not yet developed, the pow'rs ‘Which cause us to wonder anew. There’s a ship in the air, and a motor on land. They go on their marvelous ways. Though “Once on a Time" gentle thought must command, ‘We look forward to “One of These Days.” How fine were the dreams of extrava- gant skill That magical fancy would bring! But Aladdins now build in a day when they will And the lightnings by radio sing. The truth is more strange than the dreamg that are gone. On the ffiture we're turning our gaze, ‘While “Once on a Time" is forgot in the dawn Of a glorious “One of These Days!" Results. ““Weren't you one of those who used to shout ‘Down with the trusts'!” “I was,” answered Senator Sor- ghum. “And we achleved results. We drove 'em so far down that they started life anew and all got in on the ground floor.” Annual Ilusion. Vacation! What a joyous thrill You bring into our lives, until We make the journey but to find The climate and the fish unkind. Vacation! What a dull pretense Affronting simple common sense, That bids us love the task we shirk And makes us long for Friends and Work! Jud Tunkins says many a girl gets a bunch of flowers when she’'d rather have a meal ticket. “War will be inevitable,” remarked Hi Ho, the Chinese philosopher, “so long as people can be induced to fight without knowing precisely what they are fighting about Feminine Inconsistency The horse race troubles Wifie's heart. She chides friend Hubby, vet Just now she thinks him rather smart Because he won a bet. “Alcohol allus was pizen"” said Uncle Eben, “but dis is & rapid age American liquor buyers and consum.|an’ dey’s gineter put sumpin’ in to Eaperience at vther internatiopsl ers realice that the only source of sup- ' speed it up.” in a few weeks a curiously formed flower, 16 to 18 inches long, develops Spotted dark red on - orangered ground.” * oK ox X Eagerly we turn the pages of the catalogue to see what other “trick flowers” we can find. One grows tired of zinnias and marigolds and petunias, garden favorites of the Summer. Now, as Autumn stands on the threshold, not so far away, our thoughts turn to those mysteries of plant life known as bulbs. We are fit for wonders, for the unusual, for even the best-known bulbs such as the tulips are queer things. . Ah, here we have it. “The Byzan- tine Wonder Lily his is another plant that feeds upon air “This name was given by us to this really wonderful blossom when we first in- troduced it years ago™ savs the cata- logue. Now this is something like! “This bulb is a native of Palestine and Asia, where it has been found decking_the surrounding country _in early Winter with its bright blos- soms. “Note carefully: These bulbs can only be furnished from end of August to end of November. It takes from two to three weeks to bring them out in fine flowers. “When you receive the bulbs place them in any shallow dish you may wish, or on a plate, in a wicker bas- ket, or even just on the surface of a table or windowsfll. They will bloom anywhere light and warmth is obtain- able. ““We have often been asked what is the exact color of the Byzntine Wonder Lily. Some customers have reported that one bulb flowered blush white, another rose, the next a lilac rose. The tints vary from blush to rose and rosy lilac as the flower ex- pands and shows a corolla of golden stamens. “The flowers open in succession, as a rule one to three first flowering, when they must be cut off close to the bulb; others will crowd up until as many as 10 to 20 and more flowers will come up, keeping the bulb in flower for @ period of three or four weeks. Every day 18 a new pleasure watching the flowering.” Well, we must have one of those. Put that down. Mark that down, then, a jumbo bulb | catalogue after | 2 to 3 feet high. crowned with umbels | Betore we go any further, let's look up that word “spathe,” which the Sauromatum Guttatum produces. With hope we go to Webster's, and find thi “'Spathe—The large sheathing bract or pair of bracts inclosing an inflores- {cence on the same axis.” | “How plain! Let us proceed: “The {true spathe is found only in plants | whose inflorescence is a spadix.” " hat's as clear as mud - you under | stand that the real one is found only | | in plants whose inflorescence is a spadix. “It then assumes various forms and is often highly colored as in the calla.” Well, we have seen a Calla Lily: that helps some. But hold—here is some more definition: A modified spathe is found in many monocotyle- donous plants, as the iris and allies.” of Shades of monoaceticacidester salfeylic acid! We must go on in our catalogue, | however. We pass Eucharis Amazon ica, Chlorogalum Pomeridiamum and Anemone Patens Pulsatilla. We pass Botanical Tulips. Rock Roses, Gladi. olus Tristris, the varlous races of Darwin, Cottage, Harly, Parrot, Bybloemens and Rizzares. We are on the hunt of the un usual--ah, here we have it: “The Lily of the Field—A beautiful flower ing bulb from Asia Minor. said to be the Lily 10 which our Lord referved in sermon. “The flowers range from cream to { primrose and pure golden yellow. | Planted in August, the bulbs produce within « few weeks large crocus-like flowers. They succeed outdoors best. planted in a sheltered spot, in deep rich soil. Protect in Winter with lit ter. They increase rapidly.” We will take three. * Kk kK How about some of these “Baby Gladioli,” dwarf early varieties for pot culture and for border planting south of Philadelphia? Yes, put us down for three of the peach blossom variety. Here is the Cuba Lily, Scilla Peru viana, “large spikes of pyramidal shaped bright blue flowers.” Let's have one of that. Now for lilies, “the garden's glory heir matchless beauty is unrivaled ny other flower, so say all the ex perienced ones. We believe them. We have seen them growing here and there in Washington, in old gardens, and we are not deterred by the advice that they are hard to raise. First we select Rubrum Vittatum, “large petals of clear white, through the centerof which passes a blood-red band.” It was that “blood-red band” that caught our fancy. Next, let us have L. Krameri—“a more graceful or charming lily is rarely met. The color varies from shell pink to rose pink, so rare in lilles; golden anthers. Partial shade suits it best, among low-growing shrubs.” Auratum, the great one, with “flow- ers 6 to 12 inches across, pearly white, spotty reddish brown with a golden band down the center of each petal.” We must also have a Speciosum. Take the Magnificum, “Same type as L. Roseum, the flowers are more massive, the stems stouter, the petals flushed ruby carmine, margined white.” As a final lily for our beginner's col- lection, we take Tenuifolium, the Coral Lily of Siberia, “the earliest to grace our gardens with its brilliant coral red flowers.” So, for considerably less than two tickets to a good musical show, we have 15 bulbs to provide interest and beauty for months and years, not just for a few hours. Cummins Called Real Leader And Valiant Fighter Always Senator Cummins of Towa, whose death came 8o soon after his defeat for renomination in the primaries, is lauded by the American people as a genuine leader from his earlier days of insurgency, through the later more conservative yvears of his ca- reer. That so vallant a fighter could have died because of a turn of political fortune is doubted by the ad- miring commentators on his great personal integrity and statesmanship, which they feel were a valuable con- tribution to the national life. “The senior Towa Senator,” in the judgment_of the New York Herald Tribune (Republican), “was a real fac- tor in legislation. He studied and He was a high-grade law- thought. ver and a_ convincing speaker. He had also lofty ideals of public service. He gave up everything else to devote himself to his official duties. He thought that a senatorship imposed exceptional obligations and was its own reward. He served the country with distinction and loyalty and pre- served Iowa's admirable tradition in the Senate.” The Albany Evening News (independent Republican) recog- nizes that “he had the qualities of leadership’’; the San Antonio Express (independent Democratic), that “in training, intellect, character, polse, vision and grasp of affairs, he was of genuine senatorial caliber; the Baltimo! sun (independent), that his career as that of an honest and able statesman and of a brave and gallant man’; and the Little Rock Arkansas Democrat (Democratic), that “Democrats and conservative Repub- licans alike knew that in the defeat of Senator Cummins the Nation lost the services of an outstanding Sena- tor.” The Arkansas Democrat also describes him as real statesmah, an asset to the Nation.” “Elected as a Progressive declares the Duluth Herald (independent), “he was a Progressive to his last breath. The change had not come to him, but to Iowa. He was still a Progressive, but what had happened was that a wave of radicalism had overwhelmed, for the moment, the fine type of hon- est, loyal liberalism that he typified. And that type is the type that has made America what it is and that is its safeguard alike against the dry rot of reaction and the blind, head- long speed of thoughtless radical- jsm.” The Flint Daily Journal (inde- pendent) adds its testimony that “his work for the Nation and for his party has been notable, his sincerity unques- tioned and his worth to the country, in one of its most responsible offices, tremendous. It was fitting,” con- tinues the Journal, “that he should relinquish his hold on his earthly re- sponsibilities with the beloved mantle of office still upon him.” * ok kK The career of Senator Cummins is likened by the Detroit News (inde- pendent) to “that of the elder La Fol- lette—a career of protest, of dissent from easy conservatism, of a_political skepticism which truly reflected a state of mind in Towa which has been characteristic of the State since his advent there and still flourishes.” The Providence Journal (Independent) affirms that ‘‘vears of experience in the Senate tempered his views of na- tional affairs, although there were times when some of the original pro. gressiveness in him flared up—for in stance, when he advocated the adop- tion of the Haugen farm relief leg turn of politics had nothing to do with ending so notable a career.” The Tribune also estimates the value of his career in the words: “Senator Cummins not only direct] in his legislative activities promoted a real Americanism, but by his life and ex- ample and influence powerfully rein- forced democracy in this world. Every boy born in humble surroundings with an ambition to rise 18 in a better place today because of the life and example of Albert Baird Cummins.” * Kok X “He leaves this world,” according to the Sioux City Tribune (independ- ent), “as a creditor of the people. They will pay their debt as best they can in tributes and honor to his mem- ory. In a material way he leaves only the memory of an honorable ca- reer, of high integrity in private and public life, of ability that made him a great leader, and a personal power that made him an outstanding figure in the Senate and statecraft and poli- ‘The Philadelphia Evening Bul- (independent Republican) re- marks that “his personality had en- deared him to those who came in con- tact with him,” and of his death that paper expresses the opinion that “he was a veteran of too many hard- fought political fields to fall victim to what s popularly known as a broken heart.” Of his more conservative views in later life the Seattle Daily Times (in- dependent Republican) says that ‘he learned the futility of railing at large corporations simply because they were large"”; that “the assoclation with men of calmer views undoubtedly affected his outlook on life. ‘The Harrisburg ‘felegmph (Republican) notes that he ‘'was beaten by the very forces that first sent him to the Senate,” and that paper finds a factor in “union antag- onism to the Esch-Cummins rail act.” The Dayton Daily News (independent Democratic) also is impressed by the fact that because of that legislation “upon the head of the distinguished Iowan fell the full force of organized labor's wrath.” The Richmond News- Leader (independent Democratic)draws the conclusion from his defeat that “his constituents had gone 'beyond him; the curve of his growing unpop- ularity registered the shift toward radicalism rather than failure on his part _or renunclation of liberalism.” The Lynchburg Advance (Democratic), however, belleves that “intimate and continuous service with his Republi- can colleagues gradually changed his point of view.” Nevertheless, accord- ing to the Topeka Daily Capital (Re publican), “there is no man in Iowe worthy to succeed him. Automobile Driver Commends Attitude To the Editor of The Star: The editorial ‘comment in The Star concerning the proposed activity of Maj. Hesse relative to cars driving over the center of the street will have the hearty approval of every safe and sane driver. The editorial is clearly e experience of a seasoned automo- bile driver who is uninfluenced by any desire to match wits with truck drivers, conspicuous among which | will be found cars bearing dealers’ | tags. It is refreshing to read so intelli- gent a_comment on a provoking situa- lation—but these flashes of the Cum- mins of a quarter of a century ago were infrequent of late.” “It will be gratitying to the State to know,” states the Des Moines Tribune (independent Republican), “that the tion. Maj. Hesse's analysis does not seem to be the result of experience. This comment is on behalf of some halt dozen drivers who are of one mind in the matter. . R. ROGERS. EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, THURSDAY, AUGUST 12, 19%6. THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. By Frank H. Simonds. ‘Were it not for the gravity of the actual situation, involving the last chance of French financial safety this side of the crash, the point at which the debt problem has finally stuck would seem ridiculous. France has, through her representatives, made a definite promise to pay a sum which averages $100,000,000 a year, and we have accepted the proposal with all its_modalities. The basis of our action, however, was affirmed to be the examination and estimate of the French capacity to pay. But the French capacity to pay patently depends upon the actual ‘atid prospective French income from all sources. Among these sources the returns from German reparations are certainly a considerable item. France is entitled to half, which in theory at least will amount to $600,100,000 an nually and in practice has already passed $200,000,000. France i< bound under the settle- ments with Britain and America. when these are ratified, to pay annually an average sum of §162.500,000 for 62 years. If German reparations con- tinue for the same period at an agere- gate of around $300,000,000, France. with a 53 per cent share, will just about receive from Germany what she pays the British and ourselves. Thus a considerable shrinkage from the the- oretical maximums would still leave France with no real case for reduction of her payments. e The British, appreciating the situ- ation, have agreed, in an exchange of letters between Churchill and Cail- laux, that in case the German repara- tions fall off sensibly, then the French may ask for a new review of the situ- ation, which, of course, means a fresh axamination of their capacity to pay This is precisely what the ¥'rench gov ernment now seeks to have our own concede. There is no agreement that hecause the German payments fall off France shall have better terms urless at that time the French condition is such that without German payments it is demonstrably less able to pay. Phe French position is simple. “We have,” they say, “borne the largest tax in blood of any allled nation. We have reconstructed our devastated re- gion with no help from Germany. We Will not now consent to bear the bur- den of the debts we contracted with our allies to fight the common enemy if the common enemy is able to wrangle out of paying us proportion- ately.” The position has been accepted by the public, it has captured the poli- ‘icians, and it appears by common consent that the position of Poincare himself would perhaps be fatally com- promised if he undertook to Jjam through the Mellon-Berenger treaty without some reservation such as was had from the British. * kK K Of course, in fact, if Germany de- faulted France would ask a reopening of the debt settlement, and she would, pending this concesslon, refuse to g0 on paying unless in the meantime her recovery had been so complete that she obviously could not plead poverty. No real money is involved, because what we are asked to grant would be taken in any case. But the French are unwilling to sign a contract they do not believe they could fulfill. We, on our part, for similarly strong po- litical reasons, are unwilling to grant something which in practice we should have to grant. The British, whose government is not so completely dominated by tem- porary political emotions of an unin- formed and prejudiced public, have quite wisely concluded to take that money they can get while they can get it and make a show of concession in giving away what they would have to give away in any case. The evil and danger of the Ameri- can attitude lie in the fact that Poin- care without American financial aid may be unable to save the French situation and that there may come the collapse the whole world of busi- ness and trade fears—a collapse which would have repercussions all over Europe and would greatly diminish our sales in many foreign markets. Both our Government and the French, Poincare and President Coolidge alike, are the captives of aroused public passion in their respective countries. We may thus lose money which we might get and the French may escape paying what they have agreed to pay or are willing to agree to pay, be- cause of the popular feeling. * K K X One of the determining factors in our position is the reluctance to join the question of debts and German reparations. But for the Germans these are already joined, since most of ‘what they pay will in any event be trans- ferred to the United States and their chances of getting any reduction diminish as we refuse to concede any reduction of French payments to keep with German. Thus we are coming again to have the attitude, so far as Europe sees us, of permitting the collapse of the whole European financial and economic situ- ation merely because we will not agree to our own principle, namely, pay- ments based upon the capacity of the debtor, once it is logically applied to the future capacity of that debtor. And we suffer the more because the British, who have given the French substantially the same money terms and thus can claim equal generosity, have in addition made this concession. At the moment, too, the French feel- ing 1S accentuated by the fact that we have steadily insisted that on certain conditions we were ready to help the French. The governments which pre- ceded Poincare's have fulfilled one condition by reducing military and naval expenses and by cutting down the army by a third. Poincare has followed and increased taxation and balanced the budget. Yet our only possible contribution is withheld be- cause the French refuse to promise to pay without regard to their capacity and irrespective of German payments. As it stands, if France escapes col- lapse it will be in spite of us; if she falls, we shall be bmed by all Fu- rope, and in either case our chances of debt payments will be worse than if we now followed Britain's example and agreed not to try to collect more than we can collect; if, in other words, we stuck to the principle of capacity, which must include all possible re. sources, reparations as much as any- thing else. (Conyright. 1026.) Marshall Family Bible Is Finally Uncovered To the Editor of The Star The family Bible of the Marshalls of Marshall Hall disappeared about the time of the outbreak of the Civil ‘War, and as some of the members of the family went North and some South, there was much of an admix- ture as to who was who. For over half a century T have been trying to find it, and at last the book has come to light. An old gentle- man died near Marshall Hall a few weeks ago and among his effects was |the Bible, which is now in the safe hands of the lawyer who has the settlement of the estate. The Marshall { family had its history from Joshua Marshall, who first settled at Dum- fries on the Potomac about 1630, com- ,ing from Aberdeen, Scotland. There yare several illustrious names connect- ed with them, including Mrs. U. S. Grant, who was & Miss Dent, her mother being a Marshall. JOSEPH 1. KEEFER. Q. In what State Is the most money paid out for wages and salaries?—C. B.E. A. According to United States Gov- ernment income tax records, the wages and salaries paid in 1923 were as follows: New York, $2.982,834,736; Pennsylvania, $1,415,338,901; Tilinois, $1,229.460,154. Q. Is it true that dynamite has a downward force and powder an up- ward force?G. E. A. All explosions tend to expand equally in all directions. The com- monly accepted theory is that the ex- plosion appears to have a downward force and the powder an upward force. However, when powder is placed on a surface it does not actually shatter the object it is in contact with, while dynamite goes off so rapidly that it does shatter the object it is in con- tact with, and the hole it makes in the earth is greater than that which the powder makes. Q. Who shod the first horse?—L. H. A. It is not récorded who shod the first horse. The practice of nailing iron plates or rim shoes to the hoofs of horses was introduced about the second century B.C. The practice was not commonly known, however, until the close of the fifth century A.D. Q. Name several men prominent in educational history in the last 200 years.—P. T. A. According to Dr. Charles W. El- fot, such & list would include Adam Smith, Michael Faraday, John Stuart Mill, Willlam Ellery Channing, Horace Mann, Herbert Spencer, Ernest Re- nan, Charles Darwin, Ralph Waldo Smerson and Louis Pasteur. g Q. When will Easter Sunday come next year?—N. C. A. Easter Sunday will occur on April 17, 1927, Q. What_proportion of deaf mutes are gainfully employed”—G. A. L. A..Of 17,176 deaf mutes 10 years of age or over, reporting on the subject, in 1920, 10,190 were gainfully occu- pled. Q. Was Willlam Wordsworth ever poet laureate of England?—D. R. E. A. He held this office from 1843 to 1850. The present poet laureate is Robert Bridges. Q. Is “dollar bird” a slang name for the American eagle?—B. C. A. While the term may be used in this sense in America, the dollar bird is an Australian roller, prevailing blue and back in plumage. It is so called in witnessed ) Behold the skies afire with meteors at midnight, Strange scenes are Washington these da and by day filled with swimming monsters greater than whales, which soar high above the Washington Monument, encircle the Capitol and the White House, and swoop down low over the New Willard Hotel, where is assembled a Pentecostal host peaking with tongues—or rather without tongues—Parthians and Medes and Elamites and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea and Cappadocia, in Pontus and Asia, Phrygin and Pamphylia in Egypt, and in the parts of Lybia Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak,—no, we do see them speak, without voice. But nobody accuses them of being filled with new wine, for these are Volsteadian days. As Peter said, there were “wonders in heaven above and signs in the earth beneath,” for the multitude speaks the N language, as wonderful indeed as the great airships afloat. 3 The modern lnl?n‘mtn‘:mn of ll’:; eography mentioned above wou a\llvf‘litsle the 48 States of the United States in place of Parthia et al., whence come the deaf mutes in national conference. There is the vision of hundreds of men and women, with every evidence of keen intelli- gence, conversing amongst themselves in pantomime, or listening—i.e., watch- ing—a volceless orator upon the platform sending up more eagles than ever did a Fourth of July vociferous spell-binder viewing with alarm or horror or indignation the o\'fl‘s he depicts, and arousing his—not ‘“‘audi- ence,” for the Latin refutes the idea that a deaf person can be an “audi- tor"—his spectators, who always ap- plaud spontaneously at just the right climax. All this is more impressive than the swimming whales near the olouds. The 500 or 600 deaf persons proved so utterly self-sufficlent and capable that they made a layman having ears feel that these side-head appendices ought to be cut off, lest the possessors be classified with quad- rupeds whose chief distinguishing features are his ears—useless ap- pendices now that man has learned the expressive superfority of the sign language. How much more rapid it is! How much more emotionally expressive than the mere gutturals of the larynx! Why do we continue to bray, instead of rising to the cultural heights of the universal sign lan- guage? * ok K K What a marvel has the last century and a quarter achieved in developing fhe powers and abilities of the deaf! ‘All through the centuries until the nineteenth civilization has looked upon deaf mutes as derelicts of crea- tion. In ancient Sparta the law required all defective children to be exposed until they died. No deaf child should be permitted to grow up to become a burden, though some authorities argue that it ‘would hardly be possible fo prove that a younz baby was deaf before he had grown past the age of infant exposure. At all events, the same laws were enforced also in Rome up to the days of Justinian. In Rome, ince ves had no recognized status in Roman law, we may reasonably conclude that a deaf mute slave might re worse than would a slave possessing all his facul ties,” and most jnhabitants of Rome were slaves. “In the early law of Rome the deaf. mute was considered incapable; he was classed with the madman and .the infant; he was un- able to perform, without assistance, any legal act in his own behalf.” Contrast that status with the fact that today there is no learned profes- sion nor skilled trade which is not practiced successfully by deaf mutes. At this conference there are archi tects, dentists, teachers, artists. chemists and many other professional men and women, not to mention the hundreds who are skilled in driving { their automobiles through the busiest traffic and who have so travel to Washington from distant States It is estimated that there are be- tween 50,000 and 60,000 deaf mutes in the United States—about one in every 2,500 inhabitants. Of this total about 16,000 are in special schools—more than a quarter-—supported either by endowment or by State or Federal ap- propriations, or by a combination of all such means of sustaining them. History tells us that until 1500 there ! had never been any effort on the part {of the public to recognize any obliga- tion to cducate the deaf. There was an effort by Philip Nelson in Rowley, Mass., to educate a deaf boy to speak as far back as 1679, but there is no record of any degree of success. * ok kX The first free school in the world for the deaf was established in Paris ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. BACKGROUND OF EVENTS BY PAUL V. COLLINS. from the large roundish epot of white on its wings shown in flight. Q. By what name is Alsace-Lor- raine now known?—R. B. B. A. The districts of Lower Alsace, Upper Alsace and Lorraine are now the French departments of Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin and Moselle. Q. Was there more than one po- litical party nicknamed the Know Nothing Party’>—F. B. G. A. There have been three political parties which have adopted or been nicknamed “the Know Nothing Party.” The first was also_called the American Party, Sons of '76, and Order of the Star Spangled Banner, heing organized 1852. The second party was formeds at Oberlin, Ohio, 1872, from the National Christian As- sociation. The third party was organized at a convention held in » Philadelphia, September, 1887. Q. Why does the temperature rise when snow_begins to fall” A A. It is by no means alw that the temperature rises with the beginning of snow. In the eastern United States most light snows, per- haps, are accompanied with a fall of temperature. Usually, however, the temperature does moderate with the early progress of a heavy snow. This is because long continued precipita- tion in this part of the country oc- curs with southerly to easterly winds, that is, winds coming from warmer regions. Q Has any glass been made whera. by one can see through wood?—W. R. S. ‘A. The Bureau of Standards says that you can obtain shadow pictures through wood by using X-rays. Q. Does the United States own the Panama Canal Zone or have a leasa on it?—V. B. T. 'A. The United States did not ac- quire title to the Panama Canal Zone, but merely received a perpetual right of occupatlon, use and control. Take advantage of this free serv- tee. If you are not one of the thou- sands who have patronized the du reau since its establishment we want you to start now. This is a service maintained for the benefit of the readers of The Evening Star, and we want you to get your share of benefit from it. Send your question to us. Inclose 2 cents in stamps for return postage. Address The Evening Stor Information Bureau, Frederio J. Has- kin, director, Twenty-first and O streets northwest, Washington, D. O by Abbe De IEpee in the middle of the eighteenth century, supported at first by his own private income. Then later the school was nationalized un- der Abbe Sicard and supported by the government. In Scotland a family named Braildwood started such school, and later one of the Braid- woods carne to Virginia to teach the deaf, but his school was not a success. Thomas Bolling of Chesterfleld County—an ancestor of Mrs. Wood row Wilson--had a deaf son, John, whom he sent tc the Scotland schoel of the Braidwoods in 1771, and he was the first American deaf mute to re- ceive skilled training. Col. Bolling aided Braidwood in financing his school near Richmond. In 1793 William Thornton, the archi- tect who drew the plans of the Na- tional Ctpitol, wrote the first paper published in America advocating the teaching of the deaf mutes, not that they migit talk vocally, but to make better use of faculties of expression apart from vocal. In 1815 Thomas Gallaudet, a preacher 28 years of age, went to Scotland to study methods of teach ing the deaf, in the Braldwood School in « Edinburgh, but was repulsed through jealousy of the founders, partly on behalf of their dissolute and incompetent relative already in Amer- ica. Then he went to Paris, where Abbe Sicard willingly aided him in acquiring the desired knowledge, and eventually he returned to America, accompanied by Laurent Clere, a deaf mute, who 1 been trained as a teacher. These men opened at Hart ford, Conn., the first American publi: school for the deaf, in April, 1817, and, a year later, they recelved con- gressional aid in the form of a grant of land in Virginia—23,000 acres— which was later sold for $300,000, forming the first instance of Govern ment endowment for the deaf. * % X K There are three distinct methods of communication by the deaf. The first is ordinary speech and lip reading. The second is spelling out words by the signs of fingers. The third, and most_useful, is sign language, which is quite different from finger spelling. In the sign language, or pantomime reduced to an exact science, it is amaz- ing how expressive may be the signs. For example, the abstract idea of truth is expressed by the tip of the forefinger placed on the speaker's lips, then carried straight forward; a lle is the same, except that instead of the fingers traveling forward, it swerves to_one side. To speak of a horse, put two fingers of each hand straight up above thew forehead like ears and flap them for- ward; a mule—the whole palms to rep- resent ears, flapping forward; if the fingers flap backward, that's a rabbit, of course. For a bear, the speaker hugs himself. Indians, too, use sign language, and express a day by laying the head against the patm, indicating one sleep. The deaf mute i clearer; he does not count his days by his sleeps. He uses one forearm as the horizon, the elbow of his other arm as the pivot and the fist of that arm as the sun, which rises on one side of the “horizon” and sets on the other. A year—one closed fisy is the earth, the other the sun arid the earth describes a circle around the sun. ) Oh, boy! Did you not call to your chum to go swimming with you by means of two upright wiggling fingers? That is sign language from the deaf-mute teaching. The two fingers held up—the bare legs of the diver as he descends in a great dive. Today every State gives free school- ing to its deaf mutes. All such State schools board the pupils. Then when the pupils finish such grammar school- ing, i ambitious, they may come to Gallaudet College in Washington, where nearly 200 such pupils take col- lege training, enabling them, if still ambitious, to go to. State universities and acquire higher specialized edu- cation, with university degrees, in spite of their handicaps. In Gallaudet College training quali- fley the graduates for teaching deaf pupils or to practice chemistry or ) to become librarians. Graduates of Gallaudet have won degrees of bach- elor of sclence in the universities of Utah and McGill, bachelor of art at Denver, master of art at George Washington, doctor of dental surgery at Pennsylvania and Michigan and have done special work in Johns Hop- kins University. When it is recalled that until less than three centuries ago there was no concept in the world that a deaf mute had a soul or brains or other attributes of a human, the progress that has been made today becomes the eighth wonder of the world. In no country except ours is higher educa- tion given to the deaf like that afford- ed through the federally sustained and endowed Gallaudet College of Washington. ) (Copyright. 1926, by Paul V. Collins.) |