Evening Star Newspaper, February 14, 1926, Page 41

TotToRiAL Pt EDITORIAL SECTION NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL FEATUPES - —————— he Part 2—20 Pages WASHINGTON LABOR TURNOVER BIGGEST Memmhers of Congress Soon Must Face WASTE IN GOVERNMENT » ‘ Primary Contests to Hold Their Seats Davis and Hughes Stress Need of Better Federal Pay to Attract Most Competent Men. Y oW UR . KENNEDY. constant labor turnover me of the entest wastes in the American Goverime: Not only admir ration ter ¢ mple justice involv- honor of the Nation. Congre must provide f nayment ¢ ilarie: to Government emploves that will L competent men into the serv nd permit them bring according o modern and American standards of living ] should he made a matier of tuninl pride. promoting triest love of coun try, Thi tion Lotled-down adin rninz ziven the best known, men tes, boil of have heen leaders of their purties in presidential campai honor and 1 rs. held overnment perience with Charles I Davis. Both porations as counsel T0 view the questic viewpoint well and humanitarian Thelr convictions were expressed in & public hearing before the judiciary committees of Senate and House in Joint session. While the hearing w- Specifically on o bill 1o increase the salaries of Federal judges (which 1as been favorably reported io the House) both Mr. Hughes and Mr. Davis broad ened their testimony to include if entire IPederal service and kuid down fundamental principles regarding the duty of the Government toward its workers. They made particulurly strong appeals for preserving the in- tegrity of the judiciary and makinz It an attractive life work Davis Sees Waste John W. Davis. former mer ongress. Solicitor General United States. who held the is the nd wi by two of he Unite " m Deciiy 1= wun snect | etional salted positions in o and lud ve Governme Husghes and Johin W. . have served lurge cor- ind o are whle 1 business sovernmen.® employes er of of the highest position in the foreign service of this | S aTtrs fas “Avalinasafior to. e Ubbit of St. Jumes, counseior of the Amer- ican Red Cross. president of the American Bar Association, and recent candidate for President, said he found it “both a duty and honor” “One of the greatest wastes. I am persuaded, in the American Govern- ment_is our constant labor turnover.” sald Mr. Davis. “I faucy that we are more prodigal of experience in office and less disposed to profit by ripened years than any self-governing people in the world “No man who is inadequately paid; no man who feels his wife and chil- dren tuzging at his gown, can be independent in thought. however clear he may be in conscience and in morals. unless he is furnished an adequate stipend for the support of | himself and those who are dependent | wpon his exertions “Every employer of labor. whether lie be a manufacturer or a farmer, or the Government of the United States, must, in fixing salaries, consider at least two factors: The first is, if he is an honest emplover and wishes to do justice for himself and those who serve him: ‘What ix the fair value of the services I seek to procure? Only a prodigal or philanthropist will pay more, onlv a dishonest man will pay less.’ And the second considera tion—and this is a selfish one on the part of any employer. and on the part of the Government peculiarly so—is: ‘What salary s necessary to attract competent men into service? Can’t Bid on Experts. Now, of course, the Government can never hope to bid, and should never seek to bid with private em- ployment, in expert services. It of- fers to those who serve it more than mere monetary compensation. It testify. | | justice. 1 think. of all putriotic hing e the hearts Zems, some that, and t nublic servive tion. But it is xing saluries. the rely upon these making opportunity for r day and gener: unfair that. in vernment should things to excuse it from just monetary com ) Is to this ines it you are fix & standard for’ the. whole countey. it mu in justice. 1 such o salary as will provide a iiving Vhere the costof living is lowest. Tt musi. in be a sadary which will prnisi living where the U cannot of the fes overpiy trndard s le corrvelary e one Lovon 1 an lex 13 fstant to the Attor s tigations. ( York for two nstice of the Su Court of Lnited received ton voles for ident in 1916, Secretary State. commissioner plenipotentiary for the United States (and chairman) in the International Conference on Limitation of Armaments nernor of terms. ussociate Reasons for Chaos. After stressing Federal salaries must with # consideration terests. involving the country, M Hughes said: “Our do mestic peace depends mot upon the forms of our administration. but upon the character and impar tiality of the persons who conduet it. We are. indeed. a Government of laws, and not of men; but I am in creasingly impressed with the im portance of the man in every depart- ment of the work of our Government. Given one sort of mwan. given a measure of igncrance and incompe tency in high places, and vou have confusion: you have, instead of or- derly procedure, a cf instead of the satisfaction and confi dence which gives the basic content ment upon which our prosperity de pends. vou have a consciousness of wrong, because of laws misapplied hecause of inability to appreciate exi zencies and deal with them expertl it is the man who coun law. subject to law but it is the man who counts, not the mechanism sim Dly “There is un honor. a distinciion and pride in public service which will always command men of character, hecause they love that work, and know of its jmportance to | the community. and who would will ingly sacrifice what thev could earn professionally to have the honor and distinction and the community Limit to that the subject of of the vital i honor of this Sacrifice? But there is a limit. That willinz ness to sacrifice should not be companied by a rankling sense of in- That service should not be rendered with a galling sense thal the American people make you iive hold your head up in self that when you are tryving to decide vour cases, vou are annoyed by em barrassments, privations and humilia- tions which you ought never to have. “You must not make it impossible for men to bring up families and live decently according to their station upon the compensation that is paid for the publlc service. of July orations about the greatness of the United States, and pride in America, when we do not show com tions by making it possible to get men who will devote their lives and experiness to the conduct of these institutions. That is wherg love of America should count; that is where pride in America should have some fers them honor and prestige—and. in display.” Brazilian Consul Refutes Claim of Coffee Monopoly BY J. C. MUNIZ, Acting Covsul General for Brazil My attention has been called to an article by Mr. Willis J. Ballinger pub- lished in vour paper on January 31, in which Brazil is severely criticized with regard to her coffee policies. As the views set forth in that article were sald to be inspired by Dr. Klein, director of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Comynerce. I must you to rectify some of the statements therein. Your interviewer must have mis- understood what Dr. Klein said. for it is difficult to believe that such a well informed man as the director of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce would say such things as these: *Coffee growers must sell to govern- ment warchouses located in the in- terfor. The government aims to pur- chase as cheaply as possible and sell s profitably as it can. In Sao Paulo the railroads are state owned. Hence at the ports like Santos the govern ment brings down. from its interior warehouses only so many bags of coffee each day as can be sold lucra- tiyely. In this way coffee is taken off the market by the government and stored unti) it can be sold at a hand- sqme profit. The money required to store the coffee is obtained by foreign Jonns.” The organization of the coffee distry in Brazil is of recent date. It was brought about by the necessity of malintaining a fair return o pro- ducers and stabilizing as much as pos- aible the price, not only for the sake of the growers but for the benefit of the consumers. The oscillution in the pHice of coffee, due to the irregularity the crops, was the object of com- Pl ts on the part of the producers ag well as the consuming markets. the Institute for the Defense of Coffee. which was planned as early 28 1922, was finally launched in the ter part of 1924." Its main purpose not to create a monopoly of coffee, stated by your writer. but to guar. adtee a fair return to producers, avoid- the markets being glutted or de- pleted at times Since its establishment the insti- ¥ute has done nothing except control the shipments of coffee from the in- terior to the ports, aiming td spread the crop over the vear according to the requirements of consumption. The institute aims to do no more than is being done by the marketing co- operatives in this country, assisting the growers to market their crops without being extorted by money tenders, and at the same time looking after the welfare of the coffee indus- o in- The need of such an organization is emphasized when one considers the importance of the coffee industry. In Sao Paulo alone there are about 60.- 000 coffee plantations, representing an aggregate capital investment figured at upward of $500,000,000. The idea of the institute represents a notable progress in the Brazillan, economic system. for it will make unnecessary the valorization operations such as were resorted to in the past. ‘The semi-official character of the in- stitute is due to conditions which are peculiar to a new country such as Bra- zil, which has not vet reached the devel- opment of the United States, where the industries are organized by themselves without direct assistance of the Gov- ernment. In Brazil a great industry like the growing of coffee was left to its own fate in the past, and only ex- tended protection by the government when conditions were extremely pre- carfous and the industry was threat. ened with complete collapse. Cotton, sugar, fruit, tobacco, wool and many other agricultural groups in the United States are fully organized and have been able to maintain a remunerative price to their producers. This is what the institute is seeking to do in Brazil. The present high price of coffee shows only the response of price to the law of supply and demand. Coffee production in latter years has been be- low the requirements of consumption. The cost of producing coffee is also much higher than it was before the war. ‘The coffee plantations in Sao Paulo have experienced great difficul- ties in securing labor, and only by paying very high wages have the growers been able to take care of their plantations. The institute is not buying is coffee and storing it, as is stated by your| writer. The regulatory warehouses were created for the purpose of con- trolling the amount of coffee shipped to the ports, and also to enable the growers to obtain credit from the banks on the basis of the warehouse receipts arising from the coffee stored. To speak of a monopoly of coffee by Brazil is to ignore the facts. The po- tentialities for competition in the cof- fee production are so great that they more than offset any possible tendency of Brazil to create an abusive monop- oly of coffee. The railroads of § exception of one sy bana, are all privately owned. Coffee is shipped to the port of Santos by the Sao Paulo Rallway Co., a British- owned raflway. The financial aid that the institute sought in this \country, and finally obtained in London, will be applied in financing the coffee grow- atreasanable o0 Paulo, with the -s Lerms. D. C, SUNDAY MORNI Sundy St NG, FEBRUARY 14, 1926. EUROPE SHOWS COOLNESS TOWARD ARMS PARLEY Simonds Finds No Issue on Disarmament “I' do nor care for all these Fourth | mon sense in protecting our institu- | compelling than | Hugiies wis one time spe- | v General | be approached ! uply | otic procedure: | under : the best | tisfaction of serving | ac! in such a way that you cap hardly | respect; | BY G. GOULD LINCOLN. HES primary son With It comes the Senators, member ernors of State: e ! and elect governors is about to open season’ of the House, i and other State offi ty-three States nominate 0 tar as President and Vice President are concerned. however. the mnning does not bezin for another two years “The first of the primary elertions at which barty nominees will be designated o make the race for election nest November will be held Maveh in Sonth Dakota, Senator Peter Norbeck. Republican, is o candidate to ced himself, and in the preprimary party pmvention several w. was the choid the party by about 3 to 1. Ggorge Dan forth. it is expectad, will be his snent asan i dependent or minority the nomi tion. The Democrs t about 25 per cent of the vote in the Stateso the Republican nomina tion should virtually an election. Nomina tions will be 1 ernor. members of the mnd other St < provideS the second of the prim for L and there is on between Senator William B, MeKinley s ank Smith, who his been chairman of the State central commitiee. for the Republican nomination. The World Court. for which Sen ator MeKinley voted in the Senate. has been made an issue. S Of the antivourt Sena tors are expected Invade the effort to defeat the nomination of S Kinley. them Senator Borah of has the advan tie has camp months, He has contingent of supporters of the will back him. His chances ave be more than even for vietory. notwithstand claims of his oppouents. 11 will he reca that Senator Deneen, hix colleague tor the World Court. The Democrats so far have not put forward u candidate for the senatorial nomination. F ier Senator James Hamilton Lewis has b approached, but does not want it. it is said Sprague, who made the race Senator Deneen, slso is said not to wish to enter the lists. Indeed, the Democrats ave believed 1o have little chance 10 win . Senatc linoi= at the coming election. Hlinois does not : governor this vear Three States, Indimna. Pennsylvania and O zon. will hold their primaries in May. The It diana primaries are first. on May 4. Pennsyivanis second. on May 18, and Oregon third, on M: 2 Owing to the death of Senator Derio crat, two Senators are 1o be elected in Indiana this vear. Senator Robinson. who was apnoint w fill tem v the Raiston w be a candidate for nomination (0 st self. and Senator “Jim” Watson will be & can didate for the long term. So far it does not ap pear that elther will have serious o for the Republican nomination. Ward Hiner. inter ested in motor bus lines, has announced that he will run against Senator Robinsor rmer s ator Albert J. Beveridge, who might have been a candidate had Senator Watson voted for the World Court. is not going to enter the lists. it is now reported. The_nominatic must be filed & bert Stump. open for ies. zht to it o Idahio conrt who believed to also voed en ainst Iston 18 for_ the primary in Indiana tween March 4 and April 4. Al Indianapolis lawver and con sidered a_ goo iker, will probably annonn for the short term against Robinson. and former Representative Lincoln Dixon tioned probable Watse Meredith ichol as also b ked of possible candidate De iLic ation for Senator. No governor is to be elected in_Indiana. Up in Pennsylvania, where Senator Georse Wharton Pepper, Republican, is a candidate 1o succeed himself, there is still confusion as to the probable contestants. Pinchot, h: been edicted, will vk the Republican nomination. There been talk of wet™” candidate be ng put forward with the hacking of Representa tive Vare. The Republican nomination is tanta mount to an election in that rockribbed Republi can State. A governor is to be elected also. Un dfr the State constitution. Gov. Pinchot canno be a candidate 1o succeed himself. Secretary of Labor Davis has been mentioned as a probal andidate, and the success of his efforts toward settling the anthracite strike may make him formidable candidate. n In Oregon half zen_candidates “for Republican nomination for Senator huve e announced themselves, or are expected to do so. Senator Stanfield is a candidate to succeed him elf. Others are Frederick Steiwer, Alfred 12 Clark, James J. Crossley, A. L. Shumway and Gus €. Moser, The multiplicity of candidates is believed to be an aid to Senator Stanfield in th contest. 0 far no formal announcement has been made by a Democrat for the senatorial nomina tion. Bert E. Haney, United States Shipping Board commissioner, has been prominently men tioned as ible candidate and his decision in the is being awaited by other Demo crats. Walter M. Pierce may make the ' or he may seek to succeed himself as gov ernov. Republicans who may seek the guberna torial nomination are 1. L. Patterson and Jay H. Upton, even States will hold thewr primaries in June secording to law. They are North Carolina. June S low June 7: Florida. e %: New Jersey. June Maine, June 21: Minnesota, June North_Dakota, June 30. ' In North Carolina, Senator Overman is a andidate to su d himself. and he is expected do so. No governor is elected * % ¥ ¥ Senator Cumming is a candidate 1o suceeed himsel? in [owa, and notwithstanding some op position, he probably will do so. Not a little de pends upon the final settlement by the Senate of the Brookhart-Steck contest for the seat now cupied by Senator Brookhart, insurgent Re publican. Should the Senate seut Steck, a Demo crat, Senator Brookha it is said, will seek the cpublican non ition against Senator Cum mins, with a good chance of defeating Cum mins. Candidates for governor also must be nominated in lowa Fiorida's democrucy is expected (o r i reelect Senatc Dunca L ernor is 1o be elecied in id In New Jersey, Maine and Mint e no senatorial contests this e delegations to the House must be ted, Matne and Minnesota, nominate Fletcher. No ota, there but full nominated both elect r 3 Nve ry ntee to fi the death of Senator in North Dakota. He Nop-Partisan League serving as a tem the vacancy caused by Ladd. is the storm center had the support of the convention. held lust week, for nomination the short term which expires March 3 next. and for the long t thereafter. He will make the race for the publican nomination therefor with the support of the Non-Iartisan League. e will be opposed by one or more “regular Republican candi dates, probably hy former Gov. Han The Texas primaries are the on slated for July. No Senator is t the L tay State this yvear, but a full dele zation in the House and governor. “Ma" Fer the incumbent, may give way 1o her hus 1d and former governor. to wake the race or the n race * see prim West hy be chosen in August States, They ust 3 3 Vi Tennessee T Nebrask: elections Vitginia. Au Missouri. August 3. Okla cinia. August 3. Montana August 5 Kentueky. Au Augusi 102 Alabama, August Arkansas. August 10; Ohio, August 10; Mis sissippi. August 17 Wyoming, August 17 Ca fornia, August 31: South Caroljna, August In nine of these States Senators are to be ¢hosen this vear. snd in seven there no senatorial elections. Ten of these States will elect zovernors. Seven of them both Senators and governors. They are Oklahoma Alabama, Arkansas, Ohio, ( nia and South Carolina. Senators are to be elected in Missouri nd Kentucky, but no governor. The other Riates where governors are to be elected. but Senators are Tennessee, Ne d Wyoming. It is pretty well conceded by Republicans and Democrats alike that Senator Curtis, Republi | leader of the Senate, will be re-elected. So ir no one has announced to run against him in he primaries, and while it may be expected thit some one will file, Senator Curt sure to be renominated, all ts from Kansas indicate Ben Paulen. Republican governor. is to be a candidate to succeed himself, and this office the Democrats will seek to win, but it is not likely they will be successful * % ¥ x Missouri there will Senator Williams, ing In place of the late Senator candidate for the nomination. W. T. Atkinson has file inst him. but is not considered a trong opponent. If Mayor Victor Miller of uis should get into the race, it wonld qit ent matter. On the Democratic side. Repre sentative Harry B. Hawes, Ewing Cockrell, son of the late Senator, and H. M. Meredith. are candidates for the senatorial nomination, with the chances favoring Hawes. Senator Williams’ vote against the World Court will help in Mis souri, it is believed. Senator Willis will elected in Ohio. unless all the cards go awry. While he has been criticized by Klansmen in the State fér his vote against the court, the Klarf is “dry” and so is Senator Willis, and the letters arriving at Senator Willis™ office are much more friendly in spirit. Walter Brown is friendiy to his candidacy and will aid him in northern Ohio. On the Democratic side, Repre in 186 st 3 Kansas, n be 4 contest Republican for the now sery pener. is u st be renominated and re sentative Brooks Fletcher of Marion, the home of the late President Harding; Representative Martin Davey, and possibly former Senator Pomerene are mentioned as candidates. Senau tor Pomerene, it is believed, however, will not prefer to muake the race. Two Democratic Senators, Senator Caraway of Arkunsss and Senator Smith of South Carolina counted upon o be surely returned to the Senate. Senator Underwoud of Alabama has voluntarily withdrawn and will not be a candi date to succeed himself. A half dozen candidates already have announced their intention of run ning for his seat. enator Ernst of Kentucky and Harreld of Oklahoma, both Republicans, are to have real fights on thefr hands for reelection, though both will probably be renominated. The Demo. crals are counting on winning these seats. * ok Ok 4 Twelve more States hold their priny September. They are: Nevada, Septer New Hampshire. September 7: Wisconsin, Sep tember T: Arizona, September 7: Massachusetts eptember 7: Maryland, from September 8 to Colorudo, September 14: Louisiana, Septem ber 14; Michigan, Septemb 14, Vermont, Sep tembe; Washington, Septemper 14: New York, September 4. In only one off these States Michigan, no Senator is (o be elected, id in only 1wo of them. no governor is to be elected. Louisiana and Washington, e Willidn M. Butler, chairman of the publi ional committee und manager of the successful campaign, is to be opposed by Senator David I. Walsh Democrat, it is predicted, the theory being that both of them will be nominated. Senator Butler has the itepublican organization back of him and Senator Walsh is very popular in the State and is widely known, having been elected both nd Senator in the past. Senator But nees are said to be improving right along, however Other Senators in this group whose cam paigns will be watched with great interest are Senator Wadsworth of New York, Senator Len root of Wisconsin and Senator Moses of New Hampshire. Senator Wadsworth is the out standing figure in Republican politics in the wpive State today. and his friends look for ward to the day when he will be the party's candidate for President. Senator Lenroot, the single “stalwart” In Wi nsin. who has sur vived so far the assaults of the La Follette organization. has a difficult task ahead. He will be opposed, it is expected, by Gov. Blaine. The governor is not without enemies, even among the Progressives. and Senator Lenroot has proved a strong campaigner in the past. The Progressives insist, however, that he will be defeated. In New Hampshire. Senator Moses will be opposed by & mer Bull Moos Rob ert P. Bass, but he is expected to win the nomi nation and election * Democrats are counting on picking up the seats now held by Republicans from Ne vadu, Arizona. Maryiand and Colorado, in this group of States. No Democrat has vet an nounced for the Senate in Maryland, though # number have been mentioned. Gov. Ritchie, it is expected will have a powerful influence in naming the candidate. In Louisiana, Senator rd is expected 1o succeed himself. There \een rumblings against Senator Dale, who represents the more progressive wing of the Republican party in Vermont. but administra tion leaders insist they are not putting up any ne against him “now.” although Assistant Sec retary of Labor Husband is said to be a po tential candidate. Senator Wesley L. Jones. Re publican, will surely be returned from Wash ington Georgia has vet to set its primary day. which is not fixed by law. Senator George will make the race to succeed himself and probably will ul. Georgia also elects a governor The slect their candidates by the con vention site instead of by primafy elections “Ther are Idaho, whose convention is to be heid August 24, and Connecticut, Delaware, New Mexico, thode Island and Utah. Of these States three elect Senators, Idaho, Connecticut a Utah, and fo t governors. Idaho, Connecti cut. New Me nd Ithode Island. The Demo crats are planning to make a Strong fight against Senator Gooding of Idaho, but both Senator Bingham of Connecticnt and Senator Smoot of Utah are believed to be sure of eiec- tion. The present political complexion of the Sen ate is o6 Republicans: 39 Democrats, and 1 Farmer-Libor. The Democrats must win from the Republicans 10 seats to control the Senate. If they increased their ranks to 48, by winning 4 seats, they still would be able to control if the Farmer-Labor Senator would vote with them. If he sided with the Republicans, then the controlling vote would be in the hunds of the Republican Vice President, who is entitled to vote in case of a tie {or stem, the Soroca- | ROUGH SPOTS IN BY HENRY H. CURRAN, Commissioner of Immigtation. New York. When a country, or even a given part of the world, overturns in three years a custom of 300 years, the revo- lution is likely to be a little rough in pots. The immigration act of just such an overturn. For three centuries America’s shores had been open to the immigration of the world. Then, suddenly and sharply— and very wisely, I think—we capped our arch of gradual restriction of im- mieration by placing new and lower limits upon the numbers of those who might come, after 1924, from Europe. Fewer from Europe—that was the heft the bill—and. particularly from Eastern Burope. Our is closed, for good, to those alien streams that threatened (o swamp us. It is high time. But in closing the door so quickly we pinched a few toes and noses here and there. We had no wish to do that. We can see now, looking back, that this was the one rough spot in a revo- lution that was right. We want to smooth out that rough spot if we can. The Wadsworth-Periman bill. which Senator Wadsworth has introduced in the Senate and Mr. Periman in the House, remedies the roughness. 1 hope it may pass. It adds only a few to our immigrant stream, but to those few we cannot say “No." For instance, there are veterans of {our American Army in the World | War, who fought for us in France, but who cannot re-enter this land of | their adoption unless the Wadsworth- Periman bill goes through. 1 know of one soldier who tried, but was de- barred and_deported under the law. He was an Italian. He came to Amer- fca before the war, joined our colors when it became our war, went to the front as an American soldier and was wounded in our ranks. Then he was invalided to Italy to visit his old father and mother. Presently he came again {to America. But here he was shut out, and deported back to Italy. He cannot understand. And, the more 1 think of |it. neither can I. The Wadsworth-Perl- man bill will let him in, if he be still alive and tries again. Then there are wives and children and old fathers and mothers of fmmi- grant men who came here just before 1924, pioneering and alone, to pave the way for the little families to follow after. But, just when the job was safe and the new home ready, the law stepped in and said “No" to the wives and children and the fathers and mothers; just because the numbers al- lotted to some European countries were so suddenly and greatly reduced. The quota for Italy, for Instance, Southern and door ACT CAN NOW BE MADE SMOOTH IMMIGRATION dropped at once from 40,000 a vear to | 4.000. The only way that such an Italian family can come soon—unless the Wadsworth-Perlman bill passes— is through acquisition of citizenship by their ploneering husband and father. That is a matter of vears, and some- times it never happens at all. These families shonld be reunited. on our side of the ocean, and without further delay, for good moral reasons. The pioneer who has come 1924 needs no relief. He knew what the new guota was when he came. If he came alone, he took his chances. And the Wadsworth-Perlman bill does not help him. We draw the line right there. But the poor fellow who cani® before 1924 was caught in a trap. Whether he be Russian, Italian, Scotch or Dutch he wants and needs and should have his loved ones—over here! There are not many of them. But their equity commands, and every one of them must pass every mental, mqral and physical test of the general law Let us hew to the line of a limited and picked immigration, for all time, But let us salvage this one chip of unintended injustice—to soldiers and women and children—by prompt passing the Wadsworth-Perlman bill. since Scarcity in Galoshes Hits Russ Populace In Soviet Russia this Winter the galosh crisis has been close to the pockets of the plain people. Every- body, who can afford them—and this vear ‘most Russians can—wears rub- bers. Entrances of hotels, restau- rants, offices and banks are lined with pigeonholes where attendants check the rubbers of visitors. This year the state rubber factories badly under- calculated the demand. Queues a block long formed in front of the state stores. 1t was suspected that many of those in line were buying for speculators and at a certain hour one day the stores announced that only men’s rub- bers would be sold for the remainder of the day. Not a woman dropped out of line. The state stores charged $1.75 and private dealers resold for $4 or $5. Only persons having 'union cards could buy at the state stores, but, this proving not to be a sufficient restriction, notes from shop or office committees, saying that the bearers | tic prosperity b: BIG INDUSTRIAL MERGERS HELD RESULT OF ECONOMIC EVOLUTION BY EDWARD A. FILENE, Noted Merchant and Publicist The business and industrial mergers which are taking place are an Inevit- able and necessary development of our time, and represent an evolution in our methods of production and distri- bution which is fundarental to the material and social progress of this country. Business and industry are going through a period of readjustment and change as a result of the war and world conditions since the war. We are facing a world competition which will increasingly threaten our domes- limiting our ability to find an outlet for our surplus pro- duction in foreign markets. In order to export our surplus and avoid a ituation of super-competition in pur home market, we must, therefore, adapt our business and industrial ma- chinery to the most efficient system of production and distribution—a sys- tem which will not only increase pro- duction and reduce its Costs to the filtimate consumer, including the costs of distribution, but which will main- tain, if not increase, our present high standards of living. It is clear that the most efficient wystem is that of mass production and mass distribution and that the eco- nomic development of our time is defi- nitely along that line. This means “Big Business.” It means "fordizing"” business, that is, the application of the same rnethods which Ford has de- veloped so successfully and which have enabled him to produce one of the most useful products of our pres- ent civilization at a lower cost than any competing manufacturer in the world, while at the same time paying higher wages, and earn for himself one of the greatest fortunes in history. If we are to succeed and prosper as a great industrial nation, we must ex- tend the ‘‘Fordizing" process, as far as practicable, to all other branches of business and industry. We must ex- tend it especially to the production and distribution of the material neces- sities of life—to food, clothing and shelter. Objection ‘will be made that mass production and mass distribution, and the merging of properties which makes these possible, will result in monopolies and, therefore, abuses— such as the forcing of higher prices, and the forcing of lower wages. Such objections are based on a misconcep- tion of the true nature of mass pro- duction and mass distribution—and of needed rubbers, were required. Final- ly rubbers were distributed and sold direct to workers in the factories as under military communism. the underlying forces of the modern business-industrial _system. ‘While the concentration of economic power may give rise to abuses and to policies that are anti-social, and while “Big Business” may at times be lawless and shortsighted, it is certain, I believe, that these effects will only be tempo- rary and sporadic, because the pres- sure of competition, as well as that of self-interest, combined with an en- lhightened public opinion, will compel the development of big business as an instrument of public service. Finally, there is o question but what the pub- lic can effectively control in its own interest any system of business that utilizes its power of organization to the detriment of that interest. The political power—the power of taxation and legislation—lies with the masses of voters and can be directed, if neces- sary, to the control and correction of abuses. Whatever the objections, however, big business, and mass production and mass distribution, through which it works, must inevitably be accepted be- cause it meets our economic require- | ments more efficiently and effectively than any other system of production and distribution. It is far better to adopt and support a system that can satisfy our needs, that can assure to all of us an increasingly adequate sup- ply of the necessities of life, together with a minimum of luxuries—even if that system is more difficult to control against misuse—than to continue under a system which cannot satisfy our legitimate needs, even if it is easier to control. The result of the consolidation and merging of business and industry will be an increasingly higher standard of living for the masses, through the maintenance of high wages and through increasingly lower prices for the bulk of the necessitles which they must purchase, Mass consumption is the concomitant of mass production and it is only through the production of consumers, that is, through big weges and lower prices, that mass production can succeed. Big business, therefore, which this represents, should be supported in the public interest, for it means, in the last analysis, greater economic free- dom for all of us, the assurance of an adequate supply of the necessities of life for everybody, together with a minimum of luxuries, and more oppor- tunity for education and for enjoying the finer things of life. High real wages and lower prices upon which our economic progress and prosperity depend can only come finally from “big business.” B . Thirty, thousand_dollars a year is the income of the Duke of York, sec- ond son of King George and heir pre- sumptive to the British throne, | many K BY FRANK H. § Correspondence of The Star. LONDON—Discussion public and private which has followed the de- cision to postpone any limitation of arms conference serves to make dou- bly clear the fact that there is pro found misapprehension in Washing- ton of the actual European state of mind as to armaments. London, to say the least, is very clearly opinion that there is at present disarmament question in Fu prospect of anvthing mater could be achieved by holding such a conference. So far no no N Eritish themselves are con d, they have nothing to reduce, They will not consent to {any new reduction of cruiser or other strength of their navy. Their army | s down to the level of pre-war times, | probably below it. Certainly the Brit lish would not be averse to seeing | arms taken from some of the smaller nations. but they are perfectly are { that_they have nothing themselves to offer in the way of reduction and nothing in the way of guarantees to give to any other country | suade it to reduce From the very outsel of discus- sions on a conference the British have {been frankly skeptical and unim- pressed. They were by no means keen either to have a conference or {to have the United States invited | because they did not see { result could be achieved. {insist that America should | be asked until it was very clear that | we wanted to come. The initiative did { not come from London, but when Washington showed that it wanted | to come, Paris insisted upon our |ing asked and London agreed the They did New Standard of Measurement. | But as England clearly perceived {disarmament conference now could not get even within a mile of the real | question of the reduction of armed (strength. What France, for example, i wants to talk about, it appears, is the introduction of a totally new stand- jard of measurement of militar strength What to examined |is not a question. of reduting arn jor navies, but estimating how mar more troops an agricultural nation {should have than an industrial, wha relative value should be assigned | machine power and military {how factories, which may be trans- | formed for war, are to be balanced { against regiments for a country with {lower factory strensth. | All of which is only another way of aying that the British perceive that fan armament conference would at lonce become a rew place for the | digcussion of the problems of se- curity, while no possible reduction of {vital armed strength even | ceivable at the pre: t hour do the British r 1 as at the moment an essential detail lof European readjustment. For the i present, for five vears. perhaps for | ten, there is no danger that any army | which exists will become a menace ' to world peace Some day, in a future latively distant, Germany will he able to raise | effectively the question as to whether | she is to rearm up to the level of | France and the allies may have at the moment, or whether a ternative France will reduce |§rensth to the German level But | ¥his issue cannot be raised until Ger- {many escapes from the present posi- {tion of helplesness which results {from her relative disarmament and is be Nor her | the presence of allied troops upon her | soil. The economic pressure, too, |may in dusycourse of time operate in some meaXure to affect the ques- tion, but that will be outside the fleld {of any arms conference Await German Entr the French and | their continental ociates do not {want an arms conference until Ger s joined the league. There are ues, but this is the At the moment other pending iss | most important. But if and when the | conference does assemble its main pre-occupations—if it is a serious con- ference—will not be disarmament, but security. All of which means that it will be a political conference, that {the real fssues will be political and have to do with commitments respon- sibilities far more than with the limi- tation of military strength, There does not exst any agreement between European powers on the pro- gram or even upon the vague outline of any arms conference, which is an- other compelling reason for postpone. ment. In London no one believes that a conference could go bevond the whol- Iv academic limits of declaring against | gassing upon cities, the restriction of the use of certain lethal weapons—in reality it is appreciated that this would be an empty gesture, for when war came nations would fight in the ways which seemed to them most likely to procure victory and prevent defeat. The idea that Locarno supplied ad mirable preparation for a new forward step. that there is a logical sequence between the Dawes plan, which brought economic adjustment: the Lo- carno pacts, which brought politleal pacification, and a third step, which would be a disarmament conference, an idea that was most prevalent in the United States at the moment I sailed, has not, the .\lx‘\.\}lo‘.‘( British support in any fficial, informed quar- ters. Won't Reduce Armies. 1f any American delegation comes to Europe to attend the armament conference which can be held this year with the notion that it will find Europe ready to co-operate in a ma terial reduction of standing armies, it will stand precisely on as false a basis as did Mr. Wilson and his asso- clates when they came to the Paris conference believing _eternal peace could be insured and that all the peo- ples of Europe were only awaiting American leadership to abandon tra- ditional rivalries and secular aspira tions. “We shall find, we Americans, on the contrary, that all Europe will be mainly interested to discover to what degree American sentiment is chang- ed; how far we are now willing to assume Furopean international re- sponsibilities; what effectively, con cretely, we are prepared to do. This does not mean that any one is inier- ested in our Army, our Navy, any reduction in either. In all cases, what interests Europe about us is either political or financial—what promises of aid we will give. what better terms in the matter of debts, what new pro- posals in the case of loans. If it had not been for the Wash- ington decision in favor of a new arms conference, the whole matter would have gone over indefinitely, be- cause no one can see the smallest posgibility of achievement. Even our, of ‘the | to per- | that any | not even | power, | disarmament | an al- | { | | | no: | | | | | i | apart. | position of Wilson " Abroad and Sees No Hope of Great Achievement. coming could not prevent posipone ment, be 188 no one can see what could be done, or what on earth to do it with. If investigation discloses that we are not willing to make con siderable contributions, there will ha new formal postponements, or the conference will turn out to be greatls protracted and # multiplicity of ob stacles in the way of principles wi turn up. No Disarmament Issue. proportion as there is belief that we are now ready to come for ward and take responsibilities and assume commitments, our attendance will be taken seriously, and the con ference may assume 2 new aspect, On the other hand. if all we mean to do is to join in academic discussior disclose our approval of the various steps toward reducing Europear rmies, Europe wiil be speedily dis ed. and the whole proposition apse, beciuse without us it ality in present in can have no r circumstances Rurope s not concerned with dis armament; there no armament issue. The nations which would have to azree are at the moment miles No one feels the issue as to make it worth while actual disputes’ and diver 1o Tive results whici have no present importanc The League of Nations and friends of the league in Europe are perceiving how ‘large a gain in prestige for i would be a successful conference, how much American presence would count and they will make desperate efforts ¢ to force the conference. and did actually endeavor to prevent its post ponem 3ut unless the league people our presence will pressing to risk can prove | serve the purposes of the great pow | ers concerned. unless they can prove either ‘that we are coming back re solved to participate in Europe, ame European responsibilities. that we can be gently led to that position count . If Mr. Coolidge and his administra tion can get themselves politically so involved that they will be in the who had toleave 1e of Nations for home poiit nd, therefore, had to ropean concessfons and as ropean commitments. then hasis for just the sort of ver which Europe un 80 step by step this will no: sume there politic derstands Hard to Believe. Europeans—the British ticular—feel pretty shy about ing in caleulations based upon can positive action. They find to believe afi the League of Nations experience that it i< safe to reckon America’s inuing force, or upon any pledges which have Senate sanction. Ther, there hesitation in t 3 ington gesture very seriously ing much pr ote our tion When we announced that we would e. German entrance into the league as mot certain: it was patent tha f the conference was held hefore Ger many entered, the exigencies of Ger man internal politics would compel the German representatives at the conference to raise all sorts of cor troversial questions, including insist ence that treaty of Versailles bound all countries, F nce in particn lar, to disarm d. n to the German level—this meant pandemonium at once Also there existed semblance of w program or under ing between the several coun- tries as to what was to be done. The whole affair had been up to that point little more than an academicdiscussion “or these two reasons London in par ticular welcomed the postponement it 1id not directly ask for. Now an effort will be made to arrive at a program which means in reality an agreement between France and Britain in ad vance. But what is the maximum possibility s held here to be the for mulation of a few principles to be adopted by the conference to become the basis of a later conference next Autumn or a vear hence. View on Naval Conference. That there will be any great diver gence between France and Britain. even that Germany will cause trouble is not really believed in informed cir- cles here. We are, at least, as Ikely to find Furope solidly agreed as broken up into factions. But speaking broadly with the official world in mind the fact is that neither Britain nor the rest of Europe takes the arma ment question very seriously, or sees much hope for present achievement by the conference route. The limitation armaments is coming, and will con tinue to come as a consequence of economic pressure and psychological improvement. To force the pace, to seek to accomplish much by solemn ant, seems not only futile, but possibly & bit dangerous, As for an American naval confer ence, following the Geneva arms dis- cussion, that is from the London point of view well nigh impossible, because of the frank realization that many continental countries will not com The fear lest America might seek to press such a conference may well add a mew reason for postponing or pro tracting the proposed preliminary con ference. In a word, Europe is not thinking of an arms conference in any fashion comparable with the United States. That is the long and the short of it. But in par indule Ame it hard or do participa not the smaliest is Famed Red “Killer” Really Quite Tame Kollontai, famous Communis leader, is, according to her friends, a much misjudged woman. During the hectic years of the Russian revolution Kollontai w: id by ber enemies to have killed a batch of aristocrats every morning before breakfast, as a kind of “10 minutes’ daily drill.” In 1921 She had a violent quarrel with the chief Communist leaders. She was too powerful and popular for them to shoot, so they kicked her upstairs by making her minister to Norway. Six months ago she was reported as disgraced and recalled. Not a bit of it! She, fs now back in Oslo, where she has’ just effected the passage of the important Norwegian - Russian trade agreement. 1€sponsible Nor wegian state officials dssert that Kol lontai is quite different from what she is pictured. She has been all the time on the side of moderation and good government. The tales about her love of slaughter are rubbish. Even her worst enemies acknowledge her high intellectual qualities. She speaks Mme, with ease at least five modern Eurcpean Janguages,