Evening Star Newspaper, December 20, 1925, Page 63

WEAK LAW ENFORCEMENT SCORED BY JUDGE PAYNE Red Cross Head, Retired Jurist, Says Criminal Code Will Stop Crime Wave if Properly Applied. BY WILLIS J. BALLINGER. HE guns of the murderer: a law suit is tried an enemy of the | law is usually made because some one popping. | has to lose. and losers look at the law The whole Nation is talking | With jaundiced eyes. Way back in about the rising tide of crime, | Grecian history we find one of the [ went. therefore, (o talk of | Seven Sages remarking. ‘“laws the matter with a man who, as a|like spider webs. wherein judge. had dealt with the stern prob- |are caught and great ones break | ems of justice and who now. as head | through.” Shakespeare says in one of the American Red Cross, is dealing ) place, “now let us hang the lawyers | with the gentler art of mercy. That |and then we will have justice.” Criti man is Judge John Barton Payne. cism of the law does not alarm me. While everybody is talking about|T am only concerned when such criti- our national crime orgy few realize | cism is merited. Then we should turn how serious it really is. Here are|our attention to reform. Usuall some facts about the problem I |however, reform takes the course of brought to Judge Payne. more laws. We have now too many In the last 17 vears 136.000 people | Q. Why is it that we have more ave Leen murdered in the United | crime than any nation in the civilized States: in the last 40 over 224,000 have | worla? similarly perished. Our own Civil War.| * A" If this be true it is because the the titan struggle of the nineteenth|laws are not enforced. Our theor century, took only 182,433 lives {that all men are innocent until clear- In the last year 11 people have been | v proven zuilty is worked to such burned st the stake in the greatest|an extreme by weak, sympathetic or democracy of the world: 84 people in|incompetent judges and juries that| the same vear lynched, 78 colored and | the chances of conviction have grown & white men 4 relatively small. The criminal feels From 1885 to 1923 S5 women and|that his chances of getting off are so girls have been Iynched in America, | great that he is willing to take the the land of the free and the home of | Chance. the brave. Of this number 17 were| . Do white women and girls. tences as a means of checking more In Chicago. the world's effectively our crime plagu A. It is not the length of the sen- crime hatchery, gunmen have one life a day for the current | tence that shows that justice has been |done, nor is a long sentence a bar Last vear's record. howev tolanly a0 mtiidsuel zainst further crime. Lxtreme sen tences provoke public sympathy and From 1911-1921 murders in United Sattes for every 100.000 peo- tion. Public sympathy in turn the judge who popularly ple have been nine times greater than | elected. Judges in consequence go to hose of gland, 36 time greater than the model republic of SWitzer | tpe other extreme of beinz too soft- and, and twice as great as those of|ye,rtaq and criminality is encouraged. Jtaly, the home of the vendetta and|pyq assential thing in criminal justice feud is not in the length of the sentence, but that the criminal shall be speedily |tried and certainly punished. No | sentence should ever be imposed that {does not carry on its face the marks | of considerate justice. Too Sentimental. Q. Are we too sentimental criminal justice today? are is vou believe in severe sen greate taken vean amoun the affects is No One Safe One eminent criminologist recentiy remarked with justification: “A point has been reached in our national life when no one is safe anvwhere and at any time.” g The president of the American Bar| Association, Chester Long, sayvs that | criminai justice 1x miscarried and de d g ; laved because our criminal code is in| A. Yes. decidedly. Our need of reform {ity is not only def is definitely encou If we could ev in our entimental. ating justice, but aging the criminal. ¢ reach the potnt | where the law were enforced 1lnll]‘ | justice done, crime would be material Iy reduced. Today our sentimentalit toward the criminal a serious menace Q. Does not tnal law too technica the criminal because of its technic 1ies? Is it too ineflicient to cope with the murderer and assassn?’ I v thinking of the many cases in the past | two years where murderers have \'I\s i a at the last moment from the| t Caped A e Iwas thinking. also. of | toward the crimi the many respectable persons 1 had |prison. as well as heard soundly criticize our cri nal { Thanksgiving day courts the law for these last min- [ San Quentin Prison ute delays in justic one big festivity—a fine dinner, an| Sudge Payne. Secretary of the In-lathletic meet with gold medals for terior under Woodrow Wilson. had | the winners eating contests and been a criminal judse in Chicago. T what was talking to a man who was emi A Yes. our p : Nent s a lawyer and who had studied | sentimentality for the criminal. Flow. e criminal both as a defense counsel | ever. in our handling of the criminal, e Ga judge. 1 found him plain s |both in the sentence imposed and in | i old shoe. But an ocratic | the treatment accorded him in prison, | Airemsih of character was evident in|we must distinguish between crim- | Lic every move. He had taken away | inals. The vouth who = be start- vith him from the bench a d inz on cer of crime must be ] and an_authority of treated with firmness and considera combined with a tion. He must be given opportunity homely way of meet to reform his life. Another class are was his answer those who commit crimes under the fluence of passion. They should not be handled confirmed criminals. They, too. must feel that there is vet for @ useful future. the professional imina constitute n class constantly at entimentality al extend to the to the courtroom? for the convicts at California, was this i s, sons are affected by heaving manner pleasingiy ovward and people. liere Upholds Present Law. not e of deal asically it is A. No. our criminal oui ¢ it is quite cap: ing with the criminal. sound. There are, of course. minor | co s d here und there. But the | with socie The cases where such whole our present sysiem of criminal | persons veformed are o rare as| W i< the only one that the American | to be negligible. They should accord- | ople in my opinion will stand for. |inzly be treated as criminals and not | We have too many laws, but those |as pampered guests of the state. If} dealing with fundamental crimes of | the hand of the law could fall heavily | the kind that provol is discussion [on them a great deal of our crime are fully adequate, and are essentially | would be nipped at its most fertile the same in all the States source. Q. But why is it that i seern slipthrough th with_impunity difference ~De w enforcement. Oun laws are all right. What we need enforcement. We need commanding personalities on the bench and com petent juries in the box jnent of the law is largely a rsons. There is less crime in land and more law enforcement ca s a rule I3 a sivonzer personalities, and’ crimin; of war | eots on es Soviet-Made Machines ’ Draw Sharp Criticism | S0 many (Copyr to the Taw much of There is tween law and is Severe criticism on the guality of| farm machinery turned out by thej Krasnaya Zveyda (Red Star) factory | at Zinovievsk, formerly Elizavetgrad, ! re | midway I sa and Kiev, is} 15 [ made hy an of the Com- | handled with dispateh and With unist party. The villagers of | icienc If our judzes were able. | Kutehi, in the Moscow district, club- | \rless, intelligent as well as just and | hod tozether and bought a thrashing | nsiderate, th he ver ttle | machine. The day of its arrival was | cussion of ¢ the If]a fote day for peasants and workmen. | v criminal law is to be criticized it | The thrasher was decorated with flow- | on ground of lack of expedition of |ers and hailed with shouts of “A ma- | Is he shorter the time between | chine! A machine! A Soviet ma- | ion of @ crime. the detec: | chin 1t was escorted to a waiting | nd the trial and | field a J put to work. In four hours | the effec 1 Jever broke. The viliage black- | niith. by working all night. fixed that and the wheels began revolving again | at sunup. Soon one of the teeth chip- | ped off a The harvesters 100k another rest while a village tinker fix- |ed that. The machine rumbled for an- ling of crimina who stand thelr | other hour before two more teeth fell | technical i which wiil sneedily | off. Then the villagers gave up in in- convinee them that it would be better | Gignation. ‘They sent a delegation to | o tell the truth. Prolonged trials give | the government’s selling company to sl ina the return of their money, he law - that they would buy no more cople 1o believe that ihere but would thrash by hand. | thing wronz with the law heatedly demands why work. | fact, the fault is with those 10 better sense of their re- | minister the lun v laws he « on of ssing the ciiminal A judge lity” can put t istice on @ higher v oif long-winded 4in a reputatiol more ed hinery He can cut peeches. He will for the efficient han w is some when who a bad itation req Pravda ers have Judges Make Juries Q. You I have read speals of competent juries. of not less than ""h")ll"loll: S cases myself within the last vear vhere judges have had rebuke uries for failure to o their man duty AT know of no men can be made over. My experi ence, however, is that if the judge is the master of the situation in the unk on Ship To Be Sought by Divers { | vecipe by which divers, who have for the lost British s I.. may be retained in Eng-| lind after their present work is done. courtroom. and commands respect and | The Peninsular and Oriental lines confidence. juries will do their duty.|have arranzed to hire them to recover not only willingly but even zealously. | the gold from the liner Fgypt, sunk When I w a Judze 1 used to convene | off Ushant in 360 feet of water in May, every jury, as impaneled. and talk to |19 pt carried in her bullion hem of their duties and explain to | room. consigned from London to Bom- them the simple principles of the law buy. £675.000 in zold bars, £165.000 in and impress upon them the necessity | gold coin and £215,000 in silver bars— for doing their auty and the solemnity total value of 1,055,000 (about $5 of their responsibility. A court should he conducted with sl dizni For ihe judze to engage in cheap sallies with court officers or permit law German searching marine M been Until the Keil firm of Neufeldt & | Kunne devised its new diving suits | this depth of 360 feet made salvage small flies | cour lits predecessor) | itably served as finance minister. | of much dislike and some distrust of { sumably) loan of 10,000,000,000 francs | coal in interstate commerce, { by a group of northern manufactur-|tion and publicity are provided for, | visionally. THE SUNDAY STAR, DECEMBER MY RELIGION WASHINGTON, b. ©, ARTICLE ViII BY H. DE VERE STACPOOLE Novelist, Playwright and Poet. “rvightful hymn which includes the lines Oh, what eternal hbrrors hang Around that second death! A not arguing against church-going for adults. 1 am only saying in the course of these remarks, and saying with convietion, that _he English church service is not adapted for hildren, and that the taking of a child to church as a matter of conventlon, Sunday after Sunday, is not the surest way to induce in its mind the love of God-—but, perhaps, the surest way to induce the fear of Him, as a rigid ds- ‘iplinarian, a person before whom it is wicked to shuffle one's feet or to smile and who may act to us not at all in a fatherly fashion. The terrible threat of hell, the threat that it T did not do cert things T would be burned on a gridiron forever would have haunted my childhood only for the fact that I refused to consider it fully. I had other things to consider, including lessons and mar bies and mackerel fishing in Dublin Bay. Als and at the bottom of my mind, I had the feel ing that the threat of eternzl punishment for finite sins was a put up to frighten me, not by God, but by my elders and betters. In the course of many vears I have not altered this opinion. substituting for elders and betters the heads of the churches of the past, for in the course of these years I have seen the church make a half turn from the position it adopted toward the sinner when 1 was a child. Hell is not preached today as it was in those days, and, in consequence, perhaps the church of convention has partly lost its hold upon the public, while at the same time the religion of fear has departed for many of us, and given place 10 a new religion which teaches us that, though a God surely exists, we can L means visualize Him. 1t was the attempt to depict God as a per day 1. a superior sort of clergyman with th attribute of a magistrate and a schoolmaster nging judge and a loving father, that 1 am sure has been accountable for a great deal of the growth of disbelief and the birth of the age of reason ameng ordinary men. Dis belief in the ventional creed of fore NE morning a great many vears ago the congregation of the Mariners’ Church, which is in Kingstown, Ire land, had settled inta their pews for sermon. 1t was before I was born, but 1 see them, in imagination, those Irish Protestant Victorians, the light streaming upon them through the tall, narrow windows.. the silence broken by an occasional cough or the snap of a vinaigrette, the parson above them proceeding with his discourse, the children nudged to make them behave. Suddenly a whisper ran through the church, passing from pew to pew, heads turned, and a man stood up, and the rising. stampeded, leaving the his dis- course literally in the air. News bad come that the queen’s yacht was in sight (it was Queen Victoria’s second visit to Ireland). and these good people did not, 1 am sure, cast religion to the winds in their eagerness to satisfy a consuming curiosity, but just convention. The same convention that ook me as an unwilling child through the Sundays of many a long year and the same church, to sit bored through many a long ser- mon, unable to cut it short because no Queen’s vacht was in sight. Convention, 1 imagine, people to church, but of it takes all, or nearly - ing to God the can congregation, parson and vlication to never set fr ! March the Rt. craft, esq unfortunate offences, month takes & good many this T am sure, that all, children, for T can not imagine a normal child washing itself and dressing itself in its best. and proceeding of its own free will to sit for two hours or Stff pew, listening to a it partly undersiand, a se among other things, to pr saved from the sin of covetir wife, of murder and of adultery I am just talking out of ence. As a child the words “God.” church,” “Sunday,” “clergrman.” all became related, and each expressive of something | did not care for, something to do with “form’ and Stiff collars, something 1 could not under nd, something mirthless, limb stiffening and at all times terrifying, as when they sang that the “crime" so in a Two of a n service it can only that enjoins it that it may be its neighbor's i ent, has come tc Perhaps | am assu a no . i my own experi religion clemen and oppre cqual rights e our Y HENRY HE W. BUNN. brief sum important for 1l December !tween the opposing ms of the | Socialists and the People’s Party (the Iparty of the great industrialists) | Matters will probably be left as they are until the Reichstaz reconvenes fon January 12, the cabinet re maining on the job. It is expected ion, mass rape. the old |that ‘after the Relchstag has ¥) upon Christians north of the sembled Dr. Luther will be asked sels line. To the intene disgust form a new cabinet of the old sort. #nd indiznation of the Tur some 2.000 manazed to get the line to British protection, Obviously, to zive Mosul to Turkev would be con signing death, or worse, many thou sands of those pacific people (of the Jacobit Syrian, Catholic Nestorian and « Idean « ches). Now what will Angora do—Angora, which with super-Turkish ostentation of insolence has repeatedly announced that it would not accept an award by the council even though it should fu vor Turkey's claims? The council has authorized publica tion of the report of Gen. Laidoner (the famous Esthonian soldier), its spe ial commissioner to Mosul, the which report more than bears out the Brit ish charges of Turkish atrocities (de following mary of the most news of the worl seven days ended i old America. —The x revision bill United States of sc has passed the t 390 to 23, almost presented by the ways and means committee, the amendments being insignificant. The Senate has passed a bill, offered Senator Bingham. providing for en gement and regulation by the Government of the use of aircraft in commerce. in line with the recommen dations of the aircraft board The fight in the Senaie over the queation whether we in the World Court began briskly on Decem ber 1 Gov. Pinchot has suminoaed th Turkish-Irak economic treaty. Pennsylvania Legislature to meet on | (<=0 econo ereaty. January 18 in special session, chiefly | Should, however, Irak be admitted it S D rite woal siiue. | to the league before 1953 the Britisit o deal with the anthracite coal situs | handate would <hereumn lapet. The A iesuit! oftudien council makes the “Brussels line” the during the past five years under the | Permanent boundary between Irak direction of engineer officers of the |and Turkey—i. e.. the line which the Army. @ magnificent plan has been | council drew at the famous Brussels evolved for hydro-electric develop on at which it first considered ment in the Tennessee Valle: the Mosul question, to be the A hundred-power dam would be con- | boundary, pending its award. structed along the Tennessee; upward | Probably, all considerations (racial, of 4,000,000 horsepower would be leconomic, strategic, etc.) weighed. it developed above Muscle Shoals: navi- | is the fairest line that could be drawn It has the great recommendation of gation for vessels of 9-foot draft from Knoxville to the Ohio would be made |being a good defensive line for weak 1 B P 1t STRUGGLE. IN COAL T REVOLVES AROUND PU Mosul. the Le O 1 Nations 3 the coun. rendered |its arbitral, concerning Mosul | It awards all Mosul to Irak. on con dition that Britain shall renew for | vears her treaty with Irak. which ex | pires in 1925, retaining the mandate over Irak during the renewed life of that treaty, and that Irak shall offer and HBritain shall guarantee a fair b * % % % China.—On December 12 the Japa- nese government announced though the Japanese military strength in Manchuria was only half the maxi- mum allowed by treaty, it was con sidered sufficient to protect Japanese lives and property even should defeat- ed Chinese troops turn bandits. “Ja ran” said an official communique, ‘has nothing to gain b¥ Supporting either Chang Tso Lin or Kuo Sung Lien. Whichever of the two is finally successful must respect Japan's treaty rights, and this has been made clear DUSTRY BLICITY and surveys | ida is illustrated by the fact that horde estimated at 600,000 ave living in_tents there. The most probuble subjects of leg islation by the Sixty-ninth Congress (including much unfinished work of are Taxation, pro- hibition enforcement, the foreign debt settlements, signed but not vet rati- fied: reclamation. the Army and Navy (in particular. the air branches), the merchant marine, conservation (in rticular, the nationai forest re Muscle Shoals. agricultural f. amendment of the transporta tion aet (looking especially 1o promo tion railroad consolidation), the Turkish treaty, adhesion 1o the Worli Court. national banking. the Senate rules of procedure, the Creek field leases, reorgani of Government departments * No Solution Until Congress Backs Up Report of Federal Commission for Perma- nent Fact-Finding. Economist Se itant price increases” during labor troubles. They show “‘a rising flood of costs.” not remedied as the Nation hoped it would be when a few years ago a Federal statute compelled the separation of the anthracite railroads | and the anthracite mines. The purpose of permanent publicity. the commission says, is that the pub- lic may always know “whether the in | vestment on which a return is claimed fairly estimated or inflated, what profits are made by owner, operator |and dealer, and what“are the earnings |and working conditions of the min- ers BY WILLIAM ENGLISH WALLI The Natior been poweriess 1o deal with the coal problem because Congress has failed to act. A new Congress is in session. As the Presi- dent says, it must bring forward and reconsider and act upon the recom mendations of the Iederal Coal Com- mission. The comn! has the M migis France. —The proposals of Loucheur, the French finance ter, for a sinking fund and fo tional taxation wherein to feed it, been turned down by the chamber finance commission. On December M. Loucheur resigne He is suc Senator Doumer, a fine ‘old man who twice already has very cred sion’s recommuiendations for dealing with emergencies should | not be allowed to get into the fore- ground. Emergency measures are | being pushed just now solely with the design of side-trackin permanent | remedies. ubli From Owners. There is bitter opposition to such | publicity from the owners’ camp. But | the coal commission, feeling it has the support both of miners and public denies that in an industry so affected o) ion ty as the Remedy e The basic recommendation |coal commission is publicity commission_itself has already estab- lished the principal facts. Tt wants permanent fact-finding to keep its in- | with a public use there is any “private vestigation up to date. With the facts | right to secrecy,” established and known to the public |and working and living conditions or it will be comparatively easy to de-|as to profits and costs. termine just what sort and degree | The coal commission was non-par- of “supervision and regulation” should | tisan, it was representative of the Na- be intrusted to the proposed ‘‘coal |tion and it was efficient. It had ample division” of the Interstate Commerce | means (§600.000) and the authority of tries with a view to a co-operative of- | Commission and just what are “the | the Government behind it. Its recom- fer of industrial assets of a total value | reasonable conditions” that should be | mendations need not be taken as the of 100.000,000,000 francs as security attached to the proposed Federal | last word on this great question: they for a foreign (mostly American, pre-|licenses for those who ship or sell | may be reconsidered, but there is no {reason why, in order to please the (approximately the equivalent of | So the whole fight revolves around great coal interests, they should be $400,000,000), the proceeds Lo be turned | publicity. The enemies of regulation | ignored. over to the government. If this proj- | know that if the facts already estab- | These are “our” recommendations, ect, which reflects great credit on its|lished by the commission once reach | worked out by “our” commission. We promoters (it was oviginally suggested the public and if further investiga-|must stand by them—at least pro- The burden of proof is on M. Loucheur of not so muy proposals the The, Apparently Salt Creek ke of his was sent ) because ax becaus the that versally better. The officials of the General Confed- eration of Manufacturers of France are about to summon a conference representative of all French indus- proposer. There ix good hope M. Doumer. who is almost uni- liked and esteemed, will fare 20, fathers, belief on lines more r derstandable. Belief in good and evil of the rights of man. Bible, but in some extraordinary ticles till recent ycars, and then sed. I suspect, not Ly the congregations, the deadening clutch of fori The result has been alimost 7, 1818 Hon. William Farrow and Johr sheriff, all pillars of th state, murdered scarce worthy imprisonment. In October, dered, by hanging. a past so terrible that the mind red. despite “emptying of our churches,” meated than v and justice, by th ssion, events among the masses, But we have still a long wa W | Kwanty | tinues | Hsiang (inc | the Ching Ling. 1925—PART 2. 1 WHAT IT MEANS TO ME tional and un belief that in cling- as far as in us lies is the best i DEMOCRACY OF SPANISH IS BEHIND MANY CHANGES Next Step After Civil Directorate Prob- lematical, But Good Will Will Point the Way in End. Rivera, who Ked /v;rmrl Jiix government back to the control greatest Spanish paper in America. indicates Spauish dictator. Primo de in Americo ras vecently wisely in the eternal zame of evolu- tion. He knew Spain, knew what th¢ nation wished, felt its command, was strategically situated at the psycholog form of worship of the spirit of good; and in avolding ev means of fighting the spir I think very likely we who hold this simple faith are limited, even purblind; that there are men so much power to come into touch with the Great Spirit ! just speak for m like me, and when I call it a simple faith do not mean that it is easy of observance, for it implies in its recognition of good, not only good in its personal application, but in its ap il, as far as in us lies, the best of evil. above us that they have the elf and 1 am sure many 1 others—the recogrition, in fact, This teaching is in the way it was | ee from the churches and conven | it was re- | sons, but the H cducation from lism aud creed. unthinkable: on t the Lincolnshire Lent Assizes Sir Vicary Gibbs, the Hon. Charles Lucas Cal church and | in cold hood by hanging 12 men, guilty of petty theft or smail of a 10 shilling fine or redeemed by \ 1830, in Sedford Gaol boy, almost of putting a light illion facts that peint contrasted is led to ) the world le has. T was mur child, for | a hayrick | to a recent with the pres. arely Christ a to gain do not know, | world upposed it of thi of England to irreligion and the is now more per has been by the spirit of » hatred of crueity the determination, at all that t shall be it ever w and ere for all men to go. to both. Both h; Il respect the lives, property rights of all foreigners in Manchuria.” But on the 15th 3.500 Japanese rein forcements were ordered pa Manchuria. 2500 from from Korea, and on the troops occupied Mukden, clearing o the remn ed that they Jupan. 1,000 it nt of Chang’s garrison, the Japanese governor general (of the ng leased ritor and the Manchuri Iway zone) in Chang if defeated he not take refu in Mukden, and niy admonishing both Chang and Kuo that there must be no fighti in Mukden « anywhere within railway zone A Tokio dispatci indry westerr the Japanes Reports Chang are minting te th ming, s states the consuls i requested Mukde of wers 0 take indicate that Kuo ficreely engaged at Hsin g, west of Mukden, and that s definte decision in their strug should be reached very soon. The struggle in Chili Province con between forces of Feng Yu uding those of his hottest supporter, the Tuchun of Honan) on one part. and forces of Gen. Li vernor of Chili. on the a rumor that the of Shansi has decided to Li Ching Ling. snd Feng's forces at Kalgan (north ilil. This is that same Yen Hsi Shan. who has made of Shansia “mod el provine and who has the b reputation of all men in Chinese pub lic life. 1f the rumor s true, the de- velopment is obviously an important one. It is, however, only one of many rumors, the total effect of which entirely cc Apparently Ching Ling ud success: “'l;ul precisely is he fighting for? of Chang Lin (¢ that Chang's son and other. The Governor help attac west ¢ t Tso rumor has it with a remnant of Chang’s once mighty army, is fighting by his sider. Or what's the ide Tt 100} though there might be some sort of loose all; simultaneous action against Feng Yu Hsiang. of sundry elements which cannot stomach his extremist attitude. Again, one asks:. What is Wu I'u doing” What does he intend? Since more than a week there been no train service hetween and Tientsin On the 16tk ment announced indefinite postpone- ment of the cdnference on toriality scheduled to open at Pek on December 18, giving as reason (and surely a sufficient one) the gen- eral turmoil. The conference on Chinese customs languishes, nothing doing. 1we or a has Peking the Chinese govern- The League of Nations.—The league council has approved the report of its commission on the Greco-Bulgarian sh of some weeks ngo, and has | taken order to give effect to the rec- | | ommendations thereor. The governments States, Germany of and the Ru United sia have either as to wages been invited to appoint representa-| tives to participate in a commi which is to prepare the way for a dis armament conference under league auspices. The commission will start | work in Geneva on Februar The league council is also institut- ing a commission which is to prepare the way for an international economic conference under league auspices. One hears that the members of thi commission will not be appointed by governments, but will be chosen for individual qualifications, and that 'l_hl’él: Americans have been invited to | Join it on ] }and what will be the next step? thaste to ! th Japanese | the | is about to | Li| but | he the friend of Wu Pei Fu or | agreement on | Pei | | ical, moment. He acted and the na tion rejoiced. Windjammers, poli ticians and their subsidized press made a lot of noise while 22,000,000 people kept quiet and went about their work. Subsidies were withdrawn from thé and there was great mortality mong the newspapers. Govern ment clerks were made to work and thelr pay was cut in half. Business boomed, automobiles filled the city streets, huge motor omnibuses began to ply their way across the mour tain passes, connecting villages and hamlet o An autocrat of the type of Weyleh is a rare thing in Spaln. It is an' excrescence, an abscess, that the p ple will not tolerate; they run for a doctor or jab it themselves when thex see it; Primo de Rivera retired him at the first opportunity. Primo de Rivera knows Spain well; he neve: acted as an autocrat: he assumed power not as an individual, but as directorate composed of eight generals and one admiral. (ke torces behind 1hix dramatic ehange BY JOSE CAMPRUBI, Publisher of “La Prensa.” PAIN is second to no mnation in the world in democratic ideals. Pablo Iglesias, the veteran So- cialist leader, dies, and the most select, cultural and social organizations immediately prepare to march in his funeral. Almost every city in Spain has had a republic club for miany vears, which usually dis plays jts name in large letters over its "balconies. Why, then, step out of constitu tional government? why a monarchy? why a directorate of generals? Why should this same military directorate, after accomplishing its task for the people, revert to a civil directorate, After the Napoleonic war, which was perhaps the most potent factor in the dismemberment of the Spanish Empire, the nation struck bottcm, in poverty, mental depression and loss of initiative. became intensel conscious of the contrast between its past greatness and the depth to which it had fallen as a world power. Spirit Slumbered. The indomitable spirit of its hardy | people remained in a state of appar ent slumber till the last shred of its olonial empire was lost in the Span- | ish-American War of 1898, Spain, neverthele had heen progressing some 20 years. and has continued progress faster nd faster ever since. The productive elements of the na- tion started on their forward path neglecting to pay due attention to po litical aind governmental matters 1l group, from cabinet minis- to county bosses, that made a sfession of politics, agitated them selves in a world of their own en tirely disconnected from the real life of the great mass of the nation. The press, subsidized by the politi- cal groups, filled its pages with gos sip. intrigue, fanciful triumphs and equally fanciful disasters of this all impc ant little group, and to the reader Spain one day was gallantly saved, and another day was on the brink of disaster. This jabbering, dramatic little group always took themselves very seriously, and could ill conceive that the steady, plodding, energetic 22,000,000 people were work- ing out their salvation in spite of the undignified spectacle that this small parasitic group was giving to the world. Gen. F no de Rivera was the pawn of the Almighty. pushed forward ever- Morocco Big Burden. Morocco was the nation. Primo de Rivera left the go ernment in the hands of Admiral Magaz. put on his workingz clothes and left Spatn for Morocco. For yea Spain had been keeping the Moors toe busy 1o trouble ¥rance Why should, Spain take the full burden of a prob. lem that affected France than Spain? He withdrew thousands of soldfers from interior posts and established a. shorter strategic line. The Moors poured Cown toward Fez and France came to Spain for help. The co-opera” tion of the countries bids fair to clean up the Moroccan question, or at leas to divide the burden. Primo de Rivera knows the temper the Spanish peopl does the Neither desired a military dis rectorate one day longzer than necesa sary, but having stepped of con stitutional procedure, how to step into* 1S the question. The first the dissolution of the mil cctorate and the appointmer fans. What will be the next I doubt if anvbody from the Kinz down knows. Spain wants te get hack to constitutional governmenig but nobody in Spain wants to turn the country back to “intellectual theo rists” and “dilettante dabblers in every pursuit of mankind.” What is the next step? Time and evolution alone. will tell . It should not he forced or hurried. Good wili and cf | virtue will point the way at the proper* | ttme. burden of the of | Kin t Consricht. 1075 [Close of 1925 Sees Europe on Way To a Long Era of Peace and Unity- and my when Napoleon went and at Vienna national point of view. Yet there |recognized peace, rests in been a striking return to the old |tion that we have in these ttitude with respect to the elements |seen spread out before us or which represent civilization. There great and almost culable trans- has been a renaissance of the old |tormations in human sentiment, feel. | admiration of the achievement in lines | ing, even thought. Peace before thi¥ | which represent peculiar national ge- | vear seemed precarious or in fact uirs e attainable because there seemed lack inz human capacity or willingnes: |aceept it | Older men than myself will doubt less recall something of the same ap¢ peasement which prese; owed (Continued_from First Page.) Helena Paris, convic monthd of thes Barriers Collapse. What T am trying to say, with evi dent difficulty and vagueness, is that in the year now ending there has been a sudden 1d very far-going collapse the explosion of the Civil War ,'IYH* of those artificial and harmful bar. |the continuing bitterness of the firs riers which the war and its conse- | Years of reconstruction Neither the” GEricoal rect | bebueer Ticople’ ba therner nor the Southerner riers which while ostensibly seeking | Changed his mind as to the rights and, to exclude the dangerous things com. | WTONES of the still recent struggle ing from thg enemy country, actually | NOthing changed on the surface and excluded précisely those things which | Vet below the surface there came firsts alone make international relations | recognition of the necessity for cou, Mble. tinued existence within a union now A very great. a strikingly, profound | bevond challenge and then a certa appeasem, has been taKing piace |Mmeasure of appreciation of the qu: elnttvely and unnoted. | The |ities which were peculiar to eithe psychology of war has at last broke section down and the stranger in a recently Fear Simply Faded Away. hostile country is no longer exposed 10 | There came a time {all the fatal consequence of fear and |pno jonger possible to o distrust. The tide of travel is flowing | rouse passion by refe again. If the entente between states- | \War issues. the North to men of vari untries is still little | jjeve seriously in a new rebellion. advanced. although progress has been | south to cherish the comiction that j made, that between scholars and the | \cas permanently to be persecuted for artists, and quite as much between the | 1< pact action. 3o one veally o workers, well nigh restored. ceded anything, vet, presently. nothing The intensity of fears. hatreds, which had been at issue was now of" picions has burned itself out to an as-| the same surpassing importan The tonishing extent in the last 12 months. | inteliectual. moral. polnical blockade Almost every one. looking backward | broke down like the physical, and pres | Introspectively, must be conscious of | ently it became almost impossible to” the modification within himself, so far | recall the very depth and extent of |as his view and beliefs are concerned, | emotion which had once been Stirred {1n the matter of questions which have | by questions which now seemed absorbed so much of our attention in | pote. ‘lh;"_l’?“:"::ni;l o permitted to cite a | gL, FoUd N0t for a moment sugges ather amusing illustration in the | cog hoe Ssues which divide Europe | French TForeizn Leigion now fighting | ke the comploimme i Lhything in Morocco. the minimum punishment | {he settlement of the great debate be- inflicted for tho offenss of calling 2 | tween the North and the South or that* {German a “boche” is 60 days of what | there is any resemblance hetween the {our doughboys would call Kitchen | extent of common understanding bea Dolice e e e sontbnental | tween men of the North and Seuth or romantic abou s regula . and between G 3 Frenc many Germans, serve in the 1egion |any exact or even approximate anahe nd_existence would be impossible if | ouy © Yet this is te. that whaty | vacial rivalries were permitted Scomed (b the wericration whish Hved State of Mind Most Vital. in 1861-65 most Intensely to be heyond There is a tendency in this country | 4n¥ dfepmmodation became in les to look greements like those made | (07 ) 7 living ca jat Locarno constructions _which | Gt - { will clear the way for the making of {peace. But in this respect the Euro !pean sees much more clearly. He | Andin the same sense we have see [recognizes that the documents of |in the current yvear something of ¢ Locarno are of little alue construc- | same enormous change. Nations are tively, he understands that they, like | decorating tenderly the monuments all treaties, derive their importance as | they raise to their dead of the wa) | they disclose a current state of mind. | but less and less do the speeches made | He appreciates that peace is now as-|on such occasions breathe the spirit'* | sured for a long time to come. not be- | of a new war. There is hardly a fleld ause of what was done at Locarno, |of conceivable international contaci i but because Europe was in a state of | where it is not possible to note sonie I mind that made Locarno possible. thing of the change in attitude In America we talk. about the | point of view, which, if set in sudden treaties of Locarno, in Europe they and unseen when it wa&" pture vot ence 1 ceased o Civi | D Whole Attitude Differs. and should be carried through. it | regulation will foilow—as the day fol- | those who attack them—and we have work fmpossible. But now diving to & might well save the situation: easing | depth of 300 feet being possible, a|the traffic tension, restoring coni | contract has been let for work on the | dence, making unnecessary the imme- BEgypt's carcass next Spring. The | to be disrespectiul. weakens the s sense of responibility. Ntrong udges make strong juries. {lows the night. Hence the “fight | | against the printing of the coal com- a right to ask in every instance what is the motive behind the attack. If the public will insist that Con gress, within reason. back up the coal Q. Why is the criminal law under German diving suits weigh half a ton snch unusually heavy five today? Of ,_,fi'r'se the toll in crine is the para- €ach and look ifke enormous ateel man o monsters, i mount cause, but 1 have heard a great | deal of unreasonable criticism _— A. There is one aspect of our crim inal law which is often lost sight of by those who are quickest to cast a slur on it. Under our system of law « man is presumed innocent until proven beyond a reasonable doubt to ie guilty. \We give the accused mOTe | 4nj peasants’ red army is reduced | ihan a fair break with the law. Con- | gne half by a new decree applying to Vietion is in consequence sometimes |ihose with a certain grade of civilian very dificult. On the Continent the | education. | Imrden of establishing one's innocence | The exemption applies specifically i< on the accused. This makes it far | to graduates of high schools, work- sier for the state. Consequently |men's faculties, technical schools and here are more convictions and less | second-grade schools. These pemne[ \equittals. 1 am not advoc lare considered eligible for command | ontinental system, but I am pointing | ranks and their compulsory service ‘ot that those who criticize our crim. | will be in officers’ training or special ‘nal law fail to take into account the | military schools. They will not be leat advantage accorded the ac-|detailed to territorial detachments, the the Service in Red Army Reduced by One-Half | Military service in the workmen's | diate huge increase of taxation con- templated by other schemes for sav ing the franc on the very verge of descent to avernus. nission report—delayed for two whole years and published only last month. hed by the | commission this question will be set- coal | tled. and it will be settled right. The facts already establ commission as to anthracite We shall get nowhere if we are show an intimate relation between the 6-Cent Yearly Rental Paid for Vienna Home | Pity the poor Austrian house own fer! His pay no rent—that i talk about the “spirit of Locarno” and the distinction I am trying to indicate | is all in this difference of definition. | The European believes in peace now olent conjunction with the point of view of no more than three years ago would show an amazing contrast” In sum, then, 1925 stands out as thes vear of appeasement, of adjustment,. and for a long time to comp because | The war ended in this year because he is aware within himself and about | millions of men and women. tha ves ! him of the complete change in the ple, the siatesmen and tne lesmntures* ‘easy’ neas. | tenants are not required to pay more {but the doctor declined. M. Steeg, the new French resident zeneral in Morocco, is in cheerful and | comfident mood. He claims that b agents have almost completed the work of bringing back to allegiance to the Sultan the tribesmen who had fallen away therefrom. Paris pedestrians have organized a pedestrians’ _ protective _association. aimed to end the “tyranny of 60,000 chauffeurs and taxi drivers over 3,000,000 free citizens of Paris.” Germany. — President Hindenburs invited ¥x-Chancellor Fehrenbach. the Centrist leader, to form a great coalition cabinet, to embrace the Soclalists. the Centrists, the Democrats and the People’s Party. The Pres least | “perennial conflict” between capital | satisfied with a few emergency and labor and the “permanent level |ures and let this opportunity pass. »{ high prices” and temporary ‘‘ex 5 Cave Men of Nile Will Be Studied By American Expedition to Egypt {than an infinitesimal fraction of the | prewar rent. strian crowns have ‘deureclaled to the vanishing point, ‘Aufilrluu shillings have been intro- | duced as the new currency—one shil- 5Iing for 10,000 old paper crowns. Rents are payable in paper crowns or in shillings based on the ratio. Re. cently Chancellor Ramek suggested in Parliament that tenants might some day be called upon to pay real rent. This aroused the ire of the ten- | ants, but did {ownpers. A few days ago the house | owners met in Saint Poelten, where as | little rent is paid as in Vienna, and | : | Ancient secrets of the Nile flood | of the region. while a seologist. will e g xpedi- | work out the historic sequences of the | Plain are to be sousht by an expedl-| Tl UL ¥ deposits of the Nile plain. | tion sent out by the Oriental Insti-| ™. "y, 569 H. Breasted. director of tute of the University of Chicago. | the institute. announces that the ex- | The General Education Board of New | pedition hopes to correlate the early | once more voiced a frantic but use- York has donated $200,000 to defray | human, history of Egypt and Europe |less protest. With a dramatic gesture | exvenses of intensive excavations and | and to rocover significant facts of one of the landlords threw a couple | surveys. human origins, with a view o map-|of two-groschen pieces before the | This is the first advance of archeol- | ping out a history of mankind on acrowd and shouted, “That is my not satisfy the house effort to A (political police), the navy, es- pen ervice or any non-active, admin- !istrative or civilian branches. The regular period of service is two vears for infantry, four vears for the avy and between two and four years for other hranches, Condemnation Usual. However, condem riminal or otherwise occurrence. It has sl will contigie 10 exist. ion of law. s of perennial sted in all ages Every time dent then turned to Dr. Erich Koch, | ogists into the Nile country for sys- head of the Democratic party and|tematic search of links belween the one time minister of the interior, and | stone-age man and the early civilized Dr. Koch made a brave effort. He | Egyptlans. A paleontologist of the was, however, unable to effect the|party will search for bones of prehis- necessary working compromise be- ! toric man in caves and river deposits. large scale. ‘When this party sets out the insti- tute will have three expeditions in Egypt—the Coffin expedition at Cairo, the Luxor epigraphic workers and the new survey of the Nile plain. | year's rental from a house!” There followed a storm of applause. Four groschen. the small units of the new Austrian currency, one-family | spirit, in the atmosphere. He has| | come to appreciate the fact, if he is a | | Frenchman, that his German neighbor desires peace and v versa. What is {now taking place is a great and perhaps a futile effort to insure that | the fact of peace shall survive even if | the spirit_in which it has now been | made shall presently be changed. | Action Is Changed. TUnconsciously all_international ac- | |tion has changed from a desperate | prevent immediats recur- rence of conflict to the discovery of some method of preserving a state of | peace now universally recognized to exist. And along with this has come | the growing absorption of all peoples | in their own parochial difficulties and | problems. This too is indicative of the | degree to which apprehension of eternal menace has passed away. | The reason 1 believe that 1925 | marks ‘the end of one era and the beginning of a new, a point where | within the Arctic Circle to of nations suddenly accepted the fact~ that it was done. It ended, bavond ailg else, because we were able at last to think of it as over and to think of’ tomorrow without any fear of coms flict. And it fs to a brief summary of. the immediate outlook of that tomor, . row that I shall devote my nexi article. T Birds Great Travelers. From the London Discovery The journeys undertaken birds are really marvelous, The tinyy golderest—the smallest ~ Buropea bird—weighing but a dram, and some other avian Liliputians cross the waters of the North Sea on dark No vember nights, while some species of, sandpipers migrate from islands well New Zed-' land and Cape Horn. These wondeye ful aerial feats are undertaken Iys birds barely three months old. The, Arctic_tern, a common sea swallow, ® by somer equal 400 paper crowns, or a little less | history changes cars, If you please, a | flles almost from pole to pole twice a* than 6 cent break as complete as that which came vear. B