Evening Star Newspaper, December 8, 1925, Page 6

8 T HE_EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON. D. C., TUESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1925. M ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition WASHINGTON, D. C. TUESDAY.....December 8, 1925 THECDORE W. NOYES. . .. Editer _The Evening Star Newspaper Company Business Office 11th St. anl Pepnsy! New York Offue: 110 Chicago Omic I' Star, with the Sunday mom e clty at 60 cents per month: daily only. cents per month: Sunday 0“{"1' ln "\\"“‘-“ Or G0 ol tion 1s made by nd and Virginia. 1yr. $0.00. 1 mo.. 1yr. 8000 1 mo.. 131 83000 1 mo. Daily and Daily only .. Sunday only All Other States and Canada. Datly and Sunday..1 yr.$12.00: 1 mo. 81 00 3 130, $800: 1 mo. 1310 Si.0011mo. A:sociated Press. -. exclusivels on the ure for rep patches credited to it or 1 F | young man whose tr today. will be re sound and is expressed ed States do of govern: 1tion ns basically A wi des throughout that the Unit not abandon the principle nent under which this grown to happiness and prosperity. The independence of the American people, as the President sees it, rests largely upon their willingness to ac- cept the resulting responsibilities. “Local self-government is one of ur most precious possessions. It the greatest contributing factor to the stability, strength, liberty and progress of the the President ne. The program of legislation recom- mended by the President contains no radical proposals. There is nothing in the situation now confronting the that calls for radical treat- The anthracite strike and the trike in the bituminous coal tields, the largest cloud In the sk esent, the President treats ing for authority for the o deal with such dance with the tates Coal Com- on subinitted to the last Con- The President suggests also that the industry could serve the peo- s== vetter if regional consolidations andt more freedom in the formation of marketing associations, under the uperv of the Department of (‘ommerce, were permitted. Such a plan would brinz with it more effec- tive methods of control for the indus- and also would give the Govern- regulation that might ion ment hreat of a sanely. I'ederal Government cmergencles in accor 1eport of the United ion ment a degree « prove benes The President's World Court treatment of the must stand forth particularly in discu of his message. 1le leaves mo slightest doubt as to his bellef that the United States should join in the court as it now is constituted, and that no effort <hould be made fo overthrow the structure already erected, so as to build a court patterned after Ameri- ideas alone. An internatlonal court of justice must reflect the ideas of all the nations, and at the same time abiding by the principles of in- ternational justice. In the Presi- dent's opinion the World Court today independent, is non-political and worthy of support by the United States. He sees this country yvielding 1o jot of its independence of action 1y adhering to the World Court. The veservations proposed by him make it entirely clear that in entering the court the United States does not in- tend to enter or to hecome involved the affairs of the League of Na- tions . Tax reducilon and the prompt pay- nent of the public debt, policies to which the administration has firmly iihered, are reiterated by the Presi- ient. The folly of extending the pub- debt over a pertod of sixty-two , instead of secking its liquida- tion within a quarter of a century, is made by the President, who points out the excess billions of dol- which the taxpayers would be pelled to pay in interest over the r period. Paying money on bor- wed money, when that Interest vuns {nto t illions and billions over a long period of years, is not as cconomical as paying off the principal of a debt, providing the payments can be made without crippling the debtor. ons can clear ton r ———. Gradually President Coclidge 18 ac- customing himself to demanding the raditional allotment of publication space for his messages and speeches. tivery Sphinx comes at last to the sreaking poing. e 0ld love letters, sceated with laven- ler, moistened with tear: How old fashioned they were! No one ever thought of reading them to a jur: ————— Too Much Mercy. So far as it is disclosed the career of the young man who was arrested the other day at Rochester for the <hooting of a taxicab driver, and who has confessed to & long array of crimes, including several in Washing- ton, s proof of the fallacy of moderate punishment and paroa fov affenders. This man has been a laworeaker from toyhood. As a youth he was sent to the Michigar State Reformatory for thett. He was paroled from that in- stitutsaa six vears ago and since that <ime he has been in several prisons, from some of which he escaped. He s & dangerous criminal. He shoots when molested in his thievery. Ac- tive im his movements and clever in nfs stratagems for avoiding arrest, he has had a wide range of criminality. IHe is now “wanted" in several States. Michigan wants him returned for vio- Jation of his parole. Florida wants him for jumping a five-year term {here. Kansas wants him as a fugitive from prison. California wants him as one who fled from jail in that State. Recently & grand jury in New York City recommended the repeal of the State parole law on the ground that (e release of convicis on good be- millions of | has| is| havior had worked out badly and had proved an encouragement to crime rather than a deterrent. This case of { Reynolds s further proof of that fact. True, in most cases he has escaped from prison, but his criminal career has been prolonged by his violation of { parole granted in Michigan. Had there | been an effective system of interstate police information with fingerprint records this man could not have rang- ed far in his lawbreaking. He | would. on first arrest after his pavole {in Mich have been remanded to {the reformatory in that State upon { recognition of his identity. The tendency toward mercy has {ried this country to an extreme of laxity in law administration that is ndoubtedly one of the main causes of the prevalence of crime here. The criminal's chances of escape from pun- ishment are altogether too great for the public security. The lawbreaker is getting too much the benefit of doubt and the law-abiding citizen is paying the penalty. s0 n, False Values and Sport. There is something fundamentally wrong in economic valuations when a qualifications are limited to a remarkable sidll in foot tall playing s now making money at the rate of hundreds of thousands of dollars and is fair to be- come a millionaire within a twelve month. Having guined a wide reputa- tion and fame as perhaps the most | skillful player of the zame in college ranks, he decided to turn “profes- sional,” and, capitalizing hi nary advertising, he has been getting enormous fees for shares of gate money from games played on the pro- fessional basis. After a New York en- gagement, which netted aim almost half of the salary of the President of the United States for a whole year, he was besieged with solicitations for indorsement of trade articles, and it is stated that he cleaned up $40.000 from that source alone in a few hours. He then signed a contract for a sin- gle motion picture for $300,000. With the picture contract his earnings since leaving the amateur ranks have been estimated at close upon $500,000, and so the million mark is well withia sight. No one is disposed to cast any re- flection upon this fortunate young man for his choice of “profession” or his good fortune in getting money for brief exhibitions of his skill, for the use of his name and for a motion pic- ture appearance. He is to e congratu- lated. But there is sometiing wrong | with the public valuation of things when brawn is quoted at so high a figure. The mischief of the matt that this phenomenal financial su | is calculated to tempt many other | young Americans to essay the same | career. This sudden rich inflow of | funds to “Red” Grange certainly does | not put a premium upon s larship or training for business profes. sional work. The college or unive student who is alming at a “caree in law or medicine, in sclence or literature, or in commerce, with the possibility of fortune at best remote, 1s apt to be discouraged by so lavish a bestowal of riches by an undiscrim ‘nating public upon one to whom uni vorsity work proved to be merely a means of securing profitalle publicity as a foot ball player. Nor does this mean that this young man had hie! mind set upon such a chance as that | which has now come to him. e played the best game he could and for- tune smiled, and he, a struggling youth secking an education by dint of personal sacrifice and labor, is sud denly enriched bevond any eariv dream of his. Without begrudging “Red” ( his fortune, which it is sinc be hoped he will conserve, it may be | suggested that more real good would | have been done, more service rendered to the youth of America, if this money could have heen placed in trust as an | endowment fund for some school now | urgently in need of financial support. in a way extraordi- or ty ——ors Teaching a jay-walker how to cross the street is a grave responsibility. If | he were capable of benefiting by intel i ligent instruction, he would probul not have been a jay-walker in the first place. ——— 1 Learn to burn bituminous coal, which has become the fuel of the im- mediate future. It is being demon- srated that anthracite, after all, was largely a habit. R The Army’s Neck Now Free. The Adam’'s apples of the Army will henceforward have free play. The high-standing collar described as “the curse of military life” was abol- ished last week by Secretary of War Davis, and officers and men alike are said to be correspondingly delighted. It was a long, tedious fight. Our British cousins, often considered by Americans as conservative to the point of being reactionary, saw the light long ago, and for its army’s fleld service garb, for the garrison uniform of its officers, and, in fact, for all dress except full dress and mess dress, both temporarily discontinued in the torces of the United States, gave it a roll-collar coat comparable In comfort to that worn by civilians. The United States Navy saw the light some time since, but the Army not until the other day, despite strong representations by many officers of all ranks. The men who entered Mexico in 1846 with Gen. Winfleld Scott and Gen. Zachary Taylor marched and j for many years to come. { A trown wHich brings all kinds of climbed and fought, often in parching heat, clad in coats that bore collars three inches high, stiffened with Suckram and heavy with broadcloth and often with gold lace. During the Civil War and later the stricture around the throat was a bit relaxed, but a “stand-and-fall” collar still ob- tained which made the wearer far more uncomfortable than necessary. Off to the strenuous World War marched millions of Americans in col- lars no man would have stood on a camping trip or during a round of golf. The Air Service got the roll collar first, and were the envied of all be- holders. Their jaunty comfort gave impetus to the campaign to rehabili- tate all branches. The new pattern forms. But it is believed that many, tempted by ease and by the desire to be In style, will let older tunics go by the Loard and that soon, except on the vetired personnel, a choker collar will be as extinct as the towering leather stocx of the olddlme marine, which gave him the still persistent nickname of “Leatherneck.” The Army still hears talk of turning its men back into blue uniforms. That would be a step popular with the vast majority of service men and with a still vaster majority of those outside the service. In the meantime, however, the colonel and corporal can both con- sole themselves with the chance to at- tend a sad or sentimental moving pic- ture without the probabllity that a lump in a manly throat will cause them @ double portion of torture. 5 S s The Water Supply System. Completion of the project for in- creased water supply for Washington is predicted in the latter part of 1927 in a report just made public by Maj. Gen. Harry Taylor, chlef of Engineers, ". S. A. Besides an unexpended bal- ance now avaflable of $1,855,455, Gen. Taylor estimates that an appropria- tion of $1,043.900 will be needed to complete th: modern plant. Constructlon operations are going ahead rapidly. Water will soon be turned into the new concrete conduit at Great Falls for storage in the Dale- carlia. Reservoir, which will permit necessary repairs to be made on the old aqueduct. No other local project recent vears ranks in importance with this work. During the last decade Wash- ington has been tempting fate in de- pending solely on fts sixty-year-old aqueduct. This anclent tube has stood up bravely under the strain and has rendered great service. It has long since, however, reached the retirement age. When the huge volume of water used daily in the Natlonal Capital is taken into consideration, it is apparent that if any breakage had ccurred in the old aqueduct citizens would have | faced a serious water famine. This | danger still exists, and will exist untfl the water is sent coursing through the new system, which will be large | enough to take care of local needs | in For this reason there should be no unwarranted delay in completion of the project. Congress should make the appropriations with promptness, and operations should be carried steadily forward so that Washington an be speedily removed from a pre- arious situation. Costing nearly $10,000,000, the new water-supply system will be a model of its kind. With all but approximate- Iy $2,000,000 already appropriated prospects are now bright for Washing- ton to take fts place with other com parable cities in modern and progres sive development. A theatrical audience now listens to language impossible to repeat, which fact perhups provides a desirable check ou the afterdinner speaker prone to quote from dramatic litera ture. . vaort A few dramatists want to affiliate with the American Federation of La- bor and form n union. A genulnely good dramatist needs no union. He is a monopoly unto himself. o Times have changed, and nobody is expected to fall into patriotic convul sions at sight of a Christmas toy marked “Made in Germany.” ———— Trotsky is still a powerful figure in! Soviet Russia, as the man behind the typewriter. e Mitchell has invented a few perilous | aviation feats distinctively his own. s SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOHNSO; tage Business, “The wor stage,” says Shake, says he, We're trying to appear to be What we are not. The man of gentle heart assumes i i { glooms Unto the spot. The man who has a baleful mind Affects a manner very kind To hide his rage. And so, we “practice to deceive.” The Poet's word we must believe. The world's a stage. | Restraint. “I suppose limitation of Gebate will leave you with your hands tied.” “Worse than that,” answered Sena- tor Sorghum. “I'll be tongue-tied.” Tmperishable Myth. 0Old Santa Claus is not alive. He's but a Myth. We're Blood and Bone. Yet Santa will through ages strive ‘While we lie silent and alone. Civic Dignity. “Dance the Charleston?’ “Never tried {t.” “‘Where are you from?” “’Charleston.” Jud Tunkins says a mince ple prop- erly made tastes like a collaboration by a cook and a bootlegger. Desirable Accommodations. | gentleman who stood there. : nal Hughes-Harding proposal for THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. Now that the great open furnace season is in full blast, perhaps a few hints at random may not come amiss from one who believes that the small things of life are quite as important as the large. There are some who refuse-to talk about their furnace. The furnace, they seem to hold, is either a sub: Ject of shame or &n utterly unworthy topic. Perhaps the ancient bellef that only a menial bothered with the heat- ing plant is responsible for their warped viewpoint. As for the rest of us, who rather pride ourselves upon taking a more normal view of house heating in gen- eral, with particular stress on the iron monster itself, we are always glad to burst into prose, written or oral, upon this perpetual subject. All Summer long we talked about the necessity for getting one's coal in, as the dealers besought, and after we had complied we fondly patted ourselves upon the back for having been foresighted. Now that gray skies of Winter are upon us, probably with increasing severity as the days go by, it does not seem that there is a much more urgent subject than the furnace. Espccially is this true when one thinks of the rank amateurs who throughout Washington are attempt. ing to run furnaces, men who know :;0 more about them than a rabbit 0 You think this is exaggerated? Just walt a few lines, then, and we will proceed to tell you of some authen- tic cases that , have come to our knowledge. Before reaching that stage, we want to assure the reader here and now that some of the “big- gest,” most intellectual men In the Natfonal Capital indulge in the in- door sport of running a furnace. You may meet them in high silk hat, attending to the affairs of the world, but before breakfast they went down into the basement and shook the furnace. And this evening, after the weighty cares of the day are over, they will descend the cellar steps again, to do a bit more shaking and taking out ashes, throwing in coal, with many a reluctant look at the shrinking bin. * ok x ¥ Yes, running a furnace is almost an intellectual occupation! one must know whether his plant is steam, hot water or_hot air. Recently a householder living in a neighborhood where every home has a hot-water plant, became very much concerned at steam pouring out the overflow pipe on the roof of a neigh- bor across the alley. As this went on day by day, it be- came more than the householder could stand. He walked across the alley, rapped on the kitchen door. Are you folks having any trouble with vour fur * he inquired. “I should say are,” growled the “I have steam up all the time, but we never have any heat in our radiators.” sood Lord, man'” cried the other. “You've got & hot water plant. Let's see.” He found the boiler rocking, the thermometer showing spirits trying to jump out the top of the tube. The man had been letting in water daily, under the impression he was making steam, which had boiled away. Upstairs he found the radiators filled with air, which cushion pre vented any heat from geiting in. Ap- and we plication of the little key to the valves resulted in a tremendous outflow, last- ing for minutes. The probability in this case was that the successful and intelligent man who had mistaken a hot-water heating sys- tem for a steam plant had been ashamed to ask his neighbors, and so| had risked ‘blowing his house up. This is a very good instance, it seems to me, of why we should not be afraid to talk about our furnaces. * % ok X A well known local builder is au- thority for the following: He recefved a complaint from a pur- chaser of one of his houses that the heating plant “was no good.” He investigated personally. “It won't give any heat at all,” de clared the wrathful owner. “I keep shoveling in coal, but we are about froze all day long.” “Let me see,” said the builder, open- ing the ash-pit door. The pit was filled solid with ashes from top to bottom. “Don't you ever take the ashes out?" “Take the ashes out”” replled the householder. *“Ara you supposed to take the ashes out?" It developed that he had not the slightest conception of how to run a furnace. He merely piled in coal, thinking it would all burn up, and shook it because some one had told him to, but never took out the ashes. Another mun, evidently with some- | what the same temperament, had never even shaken his grate, but had simply kept piling coal into the fire- box, thinking that it should be con- sumed entirely. If these examples seem extreme to the man who does know how to run a furnace, he can duplicate them by | talking to any contractor and builder. * * k *x " “Burning ashes” is the latest diver- slon, introduced by an enterprising owner of a detached home. He says that last year he only burned § tons of coal. His system simply involves the wetting down of the ashes, and, when he has a good hot firebed, the throwing of the wet ashes on top thereof. Thus he “reburns” his ashes, time and time again, he declares, keeping themy golng through untl he prac- tically never has an.- ashes to give to the ash man. This sounds interesting—if true. The writer of this column, not believing it ordinarily possible to get something for nothing, and also not believing in perpetual motion, refuses to try this scheme, but offers [t here for what it is worth. A neighbor has tried it, with the result that the next day his furnace was so crammed with ashes that his fire nearly went out. He s still hope- ful, however, and insists he will try it again wh he gets a roaring fire. Those who have hard coal in their bins may be interested in the follow- ing ways to save coal: 1. Don't burn it 2. Keep the firebed low Just as the best way to save money 13 not to spend it, the best way to save coal is not to burn it. Undoubtedly most of us keep cur homes and flces too hot. In the average home furnace, the best way not to burn it is to keep the firebed low. This is con trary to all the advice of furnace ex perts, undoubtedly. but they write fo normal seasons, not for Winters of strikes The householder who will keep his firebed low will find that he can havi a nice warm house and at the same time burn considerably less coal. This rule will not apply in real cold weather. Borah World Court Attack Subjecttof Speculation American opinion on the World Court, expressed as Congress is as- sembling, is representative largely of varying views as to the strategic power of Senator Borah, chlef oppo- nent of the court. His committee po- !'sition is recognized as giving him cer- There are differences the outcome of the feel that he opposes | tain ad ntages. of opinion on fight, but many t the desires of the people. | Republican leaders who have “prop- erly =ensed the atiitude of the Nation in re to the entrance into the World Court by the United States™ © described by the Charlotte Observer (Democratie) as “trying to convert Senator Borah to the view that ‘no reservations are needed for the origi- ad- herence to the court.’ " The Observer, however, suggests: “The trouble fs that Mr. Borah, thus made to feel the power of his position, might instst on a little more begging. and then some more. They may find that he is not responsive to the soft-soaping treat- ment, and that the only way in which he may be conquered is by the steam roller proc Tt would have come to a strange pass in Congress it one in- dividual Senator should be able to de- feat the will of the whole people.” * ok % x The position of Senator Borah fs as- safled by the Philadelphia Public Led- ger (independent) with the charge that “it is quite evident that what the Sen- ator from Idaho is suffering from is a lack of ruins. According to his philos- ophy of life,” continues the Ledger, “if he can be said to have any, no perfect thing can be built save on ruins. Borah would accept the World Court only i it lav in ruins. Then a perfect’ tribunal could be erected. What the Washington administration is striving to assure in adhering to the World Court is that it may be separated from the league so far as the United States is concerned. The proposed reserva- tions are designed not to wreck the court; if anything, they will strengthen it. Senator Borah and the irrecon- cilables have no right to ask more than full protection for the United States. But what they demand is ruins.” More favorable conditions for Amer- ica to co-operate are seen by the Elk- hart Truth (independent) as a result of the Locarno agreements, “fully ratified in London,” with the “accompanying evidence of good will.” The St. Louls Post Dispatch (Independent) declares that the public’s “patience {s exhaust- ed” as a result of inaction by the Sen- ate, and it says further in criticism of | faflure to act: “The plain people of this country and every country know what war is—better than any one else the handsome new jail com- answered Cactus Joe. got a waiting list.” Betting. The race track leaves us at a loss. Success excuses sin. It's wrong to bet upon a. hoss— Excepting when you win. Great Performer. “Orpheus moved sticks and stones with a lyre.” “I've heard about it,” answered the modern musician. “If he could do that with a lyre what could he have done with a saxo- phone!” “De man dat thinks he's better dan other people,” sald Uncle Eben, “is they know what it is. They are fed up on war. And the plain people of the United States will be fed up on Senators who fail to do everything in their power to banish war from the experience of humanity. * X k * “A careful canvass of the Senate has revealed that the proposition for the United States to join the World Court would probably carry by more than the_ required two-thirds vote,” says the Davenport Democrat (Demo- cratic), while the situation in the opin- fon of the Rutland Herald (Repub! can) is one in which every citizen is interested, and ‘‘every member in Congress, regardless of his political relationship, should give this measure fa support.” The Camden Courier (independent), while admitting that “Senator Borah is expected to do his stormy petrel stuff again at this Winter's session,” suggests that ‘“perhaps Borah, as chairman of foreign affairs, will sur- prise those who so confidently look to will make its appearance gradually in | gineter prove hisself a mighty useful | him for bitter opposition.” order to allow officers to get the maxi- mum wear out of their present uni- citizen, dat Is providin’ he can get busy and malke good.” The Senator's position is *‘consist- ently inconsistent,” as viewed by the Atlanta Journal (Democratic), which remarks: “Senator Borah's objections to America’s joining the World Court are like the wolf's charges against the lamb which he had made up his appe- tite to devour. No sooner is one of the Senatc criticisms disposed of than he devises another; and the likeli- hood is that if the court were con- formed precisely to his present thories of what it should and should not_be, he would conclude to slay it vhow.” Te this the Miami Dally Ne (Dew seratic) adds that “ordi- narily thars Is a Borah in every legis- lative session” and that “in some cases they are controlied and man- aged by patronage,” but that “Borah enjoys incorrigibility so much that he comes to belleve in his cause so greatly that his quality stimulates sin- cerit and “all that may be done with him is to keep him as sweet as possible."” * ok % “Mr. Borah would esteem it a tri- umph of statesmanship if he could tie the whole matter up, as he and others dld the Isle of Pines treaty asserts the Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch (independent Democratic), while the position of Borah and his “Senate bloc” Is cited by the Pasadena Star- News (independent) as indicating they will fight bitterly and “the result will not be known definitely until the last roll-call of the Senate is made on this momentous issue.” One point of at- tack, however, is suggested by the Watertown Times (independent), when it states: “There is no hope of defeat- ing the ratification if it comes before the Senate in its present form. The opponents hope to defeat it by loading it with amendments and reservations which will so weaken it that it will t“tl to get the necessary two-thirds vote.” Signs Without End From the Danville Bee. All of the countless signs and sign- boards encountered along the motor highways detract from the beauty of the scenery, but not all of them are without advantage to even the tourist sightseer. Here is a valuable message as well as homely wit {n the following specimens from the officlal signboards of our highway: “This is a good road, It will cost you money to burn it up.” our city. Drive “Slow down. Look before you weep " “Don’t covet your neighbor's side of the road.” “Stop—Look—and Live “Don’t speed. It is ‘Good Morning, Judge,’ here as hereafter.” Unfortunately, these signs are for those motorists, who habitually drive too fast to read them or to be annoyed by the more unsightly advertising posters board. To the careful driver these enumerated signs are as the “word to the wise” and protection agalnst accident and speed cops.’ Highway advertising signs have be- come a problem. They mar the nat- ural beauty of the roadside, obstruct the vision of drivers and detract at- tention from the roadway. Index boards or direction signs are invalu- able, but generally absent when most needed. Speed signs and “drive cau- tiously” warnings are not hard to find. But the unsightly and vision-obstruct- ing advertising poster boards are ubiquitous. State and Federal highway depart- ments, public officials and automobile assoclations are to be commended for steps they have taken recently toward the provision of more and better direc- tion, mileage and warning signs and the curtailing and regulation of road- side advertising signboards. Limiting the size and distance from the high- ;vn odf these latter signs was a step orward. NEW BOOKS AT RANDOM 1.G M. CONGRESS, THE CONSTITUTION, ND THE SUPREME COURT. rles Warren. Little, Brown & Co. Within the body of the United States Government itself there have | from time to time arisen situations {that demand a prompt and definite restatement of the principles under- Iylug our form of government, prin- ciples to whose steadfast adherence are due hoth the soundness and the | security of this country. A specified case pointing directly upon such recurrent situations Is embodied in the now familiar attacks {upon the Supreme Court of the United States. In effect, these take the form of actual challenge to the right of this court to declare invalid any statute whatsocver that the Congress may enact. Such attacks {are sourced, sometimes, in personal dissatisfactions and disappointments More often, however, do they rise out of a peculiar temperament, which, under the pleasing name of Pprogress, projects the radical, the impracticable theorist, the experimenter, the insub- stantfal agitator, the self-seeker, the political rebel. Whether sourced in the malcontents of the Congress or in the selfappointed trouble makers out- slde of this body, the rebellion s an juninformed one—therefore, serious and even dangerous as only active gnorance can be the deepest menace |to a general well being. This assump. tion of ignorance and misinformation covers, no doubt, some cases of delib- terate evil intent against the Govern- ment. 5 x % x % Tt s at this point of certain risk and possible danger that Charles Warren, for a fresh reminder to the American people, resets the funda- mental political 'framework of our Republic by way of “Congress, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court.” The purpose here is to retrace the relations of both the Congress and the Supreme Court to the Constitu- tion ftself, upon which both depend for existence and wherein the func- tions and powers and limitations of each ure defined in precision and completeness. The method used to meet this purpose s so thoroughly objective in its use of case and deci- slon and cumulative precedent as to jproduce the effect of a moving line of historic circumstance brought up into the present for concrete demonstra- tlon and proof. Much more than any mere citation of corroborative cases this. For the author—waywise to the law itself and waywise zlso in the jart of words—reanimates this proces- sion of events with the men und the ‘r‘l’ka- and e background of time ang place that went into th |of our national life SieAbesinn En * ¥ ok Under this leadershi we ¢ e firs uPon the Constitution. . And here eue | prises meet us. To be sure, ever | American knows the Constitution of the United States. The public |schools look out for that. Many o {one could say it word for word | should occasion arise. An odd way | education . though, of missing the really v points hout every thing. Such idi becomes the origin of our surpr at this {point. For it turns out that the Con- stitution of the United States was not, 11 1 pure and irted experi ie long and the various i | State constitutions ¥ | successtul operation. suring thought that it was not, in the some. ’\\'hul flamboy: speech of Mr. G 1 stone, “the most wonderful work ever | | struck off, at a given time, by the| brain and’ purpose of man.” A de velopment connotes so much more of | {security and perpetuity than does a | { miracle. | Once completed, there emerged-—- | out of the work of those hot Summer {months of 1787 in Philadelphia-a | Constitution creating a Federal Re public with limited national powers | | not omripotent, you see, but circum- | | scribed instead.” Clearly ‘some agency | { must be created for the sake, firs?, | { of protecting the Federal Republic in | the exercise of its legitimate pow- jers and, next, to prevent its over- | reaching beyond the barriers set for | {it by the Constitution. And so, the ! | Supreme Court of the United States me into existence, to meet this | double need of protection and pre- vention. The Congress became the law-making body, and its legislative | powers confined to those specifically | conferred upon it by the Constitution. It is easily demonstrable ‘that, with. | in the law-making body, political zeal | and personal ambition and the ef- facing effects of the time create a tendency toward the exercise of ! | greater power, toward an overreach- ing beyond the specific grants of the Constitution to this branch of the Government. To meet this drift to- ward usurpation the Supreme Court { assumes its proper function of inter- | pretation and deciston. * ok kX “An American citizen"—the author | talking—"will never understand the {form of government under which he is living unless he understands why we have a Supreme Court. And he | will never understand why we must {have a Supreme Court until he under- stands the form of government under which he is living. He must thor- oughly grasp the fact that the exist- ence of the American form of govern. ment—a Federal republic with limited natlonal powers—implies and requires for its preservation the existence of a Supreme Court. It is because Amer- ican citizens have not realized that at- tacks upon the Supreme Court are at- tacks upon the very form of govern- ment of the United States that these attacks have hitherto been regarded with so little attention by the average man. It is because 5o many American cltizens seem to have the belief that Congress has the power to do any- thing which it is not expressly forbid- den to do by the Constitution. that they are inclined to be resentfui when- ever the court fails to uphold Con- gress in the exercise of some particu- lar power which these citizens may think desirable. They entirely over- look the fact that, under the Consti- tution, Congress possesses only those limited powers granted to it by that instrument, all other powers being re- served to the States; and that if it is desirable that Congress should possess any other powers, they must be vested, and can be vested, in that body only by action of the peoples of three- fourths of the States in adopting a constitutional amendment.” * X % % Moving into the present, Mr. War- ren discusses the revolutionary and dangerous “Proposal to Make Congress the Supreme and Final Judge of Its Own Powers” and the ‘Proposal to Vest in u Minority of the Court the Power to Control Its Declsions.” Be- yond this, he takes into consideration “Labor and the Supreme Court” and 11s such | mandate now five years old, Q. To what tunes did the Pilgrims sing hymns?—R. B. B. A. “The History of American Mu- sic” says that the Pllgrims used but five tunes for their psalmody. What | those tunes were has not been proved. “Ol1 Hundred" and “York" were two of them; “Hackney,” sometimes called A “Windsor” and *‘Mur- were probably the other three. Q. Who discovered anthracite coal in the United States?—L. K. A. James Tilghman of Phila- delphia discovered coal in the Wyom- ing Valley in 1766. He sent a little chunk of it to Willlam Penn in Lon- don, with the suggestion that it be examined and its utiilty determined. tyra mean solar time and local time?— ‘A." Mean solar time and local time are the same. The local time of ce tain meridians has been odopted as the standard time. Q. T have a pair of black gloves trimmed ‘with whit> kid. How can the white part be cliared?—E. W. A. Rubbing with art gum will keep the white kid looking rresh. Q. How much does the hog weigh?—T. F. H. A. The Bureau of Animal Industry says the largest pig of which it has any authentic record weighed be tween 1,250 and 1.300 pounds heaviest Q. How many ships are tied up at Tompkins Cove, N. Y., and what arc they worth?—R. As M. A. There are about 100 chips tied up at Tomkins Cove, N. Y. The ton nage and value of the fleet varies constantly on account of the dispoei- tion and replacement of various types. Q. How does one become a Navy dtver?—J. E. K. A. Mavv divers are enlisted men in the Navy, but arc not enlisted for dlving alone. They generally have a petty officer's rating en the pay is that of the rating which they hold which is governed by their length of service. Diving is only duties and not the most important. They receive $1.20 per hour for the time served under water In addition to the regular pay. Q. Can a blue spruce grown from seed?—H. K. A. The blue spruce may be grown from seed, but a large proportion of trees so grown are green. If the trees are grafted from a blue spruce the blue is practically always main- tained. Q. tree be How long does it take to get A. The Patent Office says that an average of three months as com- pared with five months for the precs ing fiscal year. Q. Where did the Round Table of Q. What is the difference between | action on a patent applied for?—P. N., patents are now passed upon within | BY FREDERIC J. HASKI! King Arthur come from?—C. D. D. A. The Round Table of Arthu. Court was, according to one legend, furnished by the Magician Merlin. It was a part of the dowry of Queen Gulnivere, daughter of ~Leodogran. The table was supposed to seat 40 knights. The seat Perilous was pro vided by Merlin for a knight who was entirely pure. Sir Galahad was the only one of Arthur's knights who could occupy the seat ‘The Round Table is supposed now to be in the Cathedral of Winchester, £ngland. | Q. Has the whole art collection of Lord Leverbulme been sent to the Anderson Galleries?—E. A. K. A. The material to be sold by the Anderson Galleries for the account of the estate of the late Lord Leve hulme is his art collection, which wa removed from his residence, The Hill Hempstead Heath, London. The col lection bequeathed by the late Lord Leverhulme to the Leverhulme A:r Mureum in Port Sunl t is intac and will not be dismantled. Q. What is the technical name of a “whereas” clause”—A. E. G. A. Paragraphs introduced by the word “‘whereas" are called preambles Q. Which co warm or cold —E. O. M. A. The Weather Bureau says tha {the amount of water vapor that can exist as an invisible gas in a giver «pace increases with temperature up to the boiling point. Hence warm air can contain more moistwe than can cold air. As a rule, more moisture in the mer time than during any son. During the Winter, however the air, though having less mois than during Summer, has more near Iy all it can contain. Its relative hu midity, as it is called, or ratio of molsture present to all that would be necessary to produce saturation, large, although its absolute humidity —ectual amount of water vapor per unit volume—is small. Q. Wil it Sulen leaves R H L. A. Decayed Jeaves furnish humus to the sofl and may well be left on the lawn through the Winter. s more moisture lawn to leave all Winter?- help a on ft (Our Washington Information Bu- reau is looking for a job—that of an- swering the questions about which | you are in doubt. It has a most active | and intelligent staff of researchers and correspondents, and plenty of work is the thing that most pleases them | The bureau will furnish you with ex- | act and definite information om any question you may submit. It is able to offer to Star readers free service of unprecedented scope and value. Send in your inquiry today and inclose * cents in_stamps for return postage Address The Star Information Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, director, Twenty |first and C strects northwest, Wash lington, D. C.) BY MANLEY 0. HUDSON. Temis Professor of International Law. Harvard Law School. Senator Borah's statement of No- vember 30, 1925, again declares his de- termination to do everything possibi to divorce the World Court from the League of Nations. This expression 4 quotable one, and it been repeated so often, that it ma mislead some people; and the pr sal which it involves calls for a close examination. There are now three ways in which the court and the league are related: (1) the judges are elected by the council and the assembly of the sue; (2) the budget of the court forms a part of the budget of the league: &nd (3) the court may give advisory opinions on the request of the coun-il or assembly. I shall as- sume that the divorcement to which Senator Borah pledged himself would involve the breaking up of each of these three connections. Apart from his sworn opposition to the league which Fe derives from an alleged it may be useful to inquire why the divorce- ment is to be attempted, whether it is possibie, and what i would mean. (1) Elestion of the Judges.—The deadlock of a whole generation of effort wes broken in 1920 when Mr. Root proposed that the difficulties of reeing on a method of electing the judges be escaped by utllizing the Council and assembly of the League of Naticns for this purpose. His proposal was adopted and incorpo- rated Into the status of the court which 45 states now have signed. Two elections have been held, one in 1921 and one in 1923, and both went off successfully. Al the other na- tions are satisfied with this method. President Harding and President Coolldge and Secretary Hughes pro- posed that the United States accept it, and have the privilege of sending an_American to vote with those two bodies in the election. Holds Change Impracticable. But Senator Borah is so excited by the thought of an American going to Geneva that he proposes that we ask the other 48 nations to find some new method of choosing the judges. In other words, he wants us to throw the fat back into the fire where it was from 1899 to 1920. Now if Sena- tor Borah were in touch with opinion in other countries I think he would see that this would be wholly unac- ceptable to them. No practical reason can be offered to them why such a radical thing should be proposed, whereas every practical reason is against o renewal of the old struggle between the political dogma of state equality and the political fact of the hegemony of the great POWers. In this respect Senator Borah's pro- posal is impracticable, unnecessary, most undesirable and calculated to up- set the great gain already made in the establishment of the court. If the United States were to adopt it, it would quite certainly be rejected by other nations. (2) Budget of the court.—The money necessary to pay the bills of the World Court is now collected from 55 na- tlons, all members of the League of Nations. These nations maintain the court. They do not have a separate machinery at The Hague for appor- tioning the expeénse and getting in the contributions. Both of those are delicate and difficult tasks. As a sat- isfactory 'machinery for apportion- ment and collection existed at Geneva, in the financial section of the League of Natlons, it seemed the sensible and economical thing to utilize this ma- “The Independence of the Court.” A chapter is given over to cases wherein the court has held certain acts of Con- gress to be \ln:fl:sli!\l:lonfll. Quite apart from the experience that gives substance and authority to this study, apart from the historic sense that so completely identifies the pres- ent aspects of the subject with their origins in the past, apart from the rich store of concrete material to point and illuminate a definite present by an equally definite past, apart from the fact that this is a study calculated to meet the needs of the mature political student—quite apart from all this is the supreme fact that this is & book exactly fitted to the needs of" multitudinous average American man, who, in theory at least and in an Increasing reality. Government of the United Siates! that | who.‘voted 7, is, after all,, the | chinery for the court. It has now been working very smoothly for four years. President Harding and_President Coolidge and Secretary Hughes pro- pose that we acquiesce in this ar- rangement and that we agree to con- tribute our share to the court’s ex- penses. But two things are notable. Our own Congress is to say how much we shall contribute; and if we de- sire our check can be sent directly to the court's registrar at The Hague without even passing through the league’s agencles at Geneva. Doubts Explanation Possiblé. This 14 what Scplttor Borah nnlg: that & “small of irr g in 1920 have ‘determined we cannot do. But what exp) ion will he offer to the other 48% countries? They like the Hudson Declares Borah’ Court Plan Impracticable mical. When them, “Dup! ¢ will nat “We do not see why." optnions.—The cove nant provides that the court foreses | by rticle 14 !op | m Y ¢ of Y The, court statute incor- | porates this provision by reference to jarticle 14. In four years the council 'has requested 19 advizory opinions: one request was withdrawn, because the imminence of action by the court enabled the parties to settle the dis pute outside. One request was denied by the court. Seventeen opinions have been given, each rel to the legal phases of an existing dispute. In giv- ing such opinions the court follow procedure not essentially from that followed in ar six judgments it has given in these four vears, ie., it acts only after no tice, full opportunity for hearing, care ful deliberation and immediate public announcement. These opinions have a clearer rela tion to the problems of war and peace than the judgments of the court. Sen- ator Borah has said much about out lawing war. Yet he opposes the onl: | direct contribution which the court i- likely to make to preventing war. Fo nations do not fight over legal solo cisms—they fight over political differ ences. To the extent that the latter {involve legal questions which can be |isolated from their political back ground, the court can give direct aid {in_ maintaining peace. Forty-eight other countrles are anxious to_avail themselves of this aid. Sepator Borah prefers to eschew it, and talk abou. outlawing war. Role Clearly Shown. The court’s most recent opinion shows its role quite clearly; in han- dling the Mosul dispute the council reached a deadlock over a preliminary legal question, and this has now been settled by an opinion of the court so that the councii may proceed. Sena tor Borah refers to this by saving that had the United States “been a member of the.court we would have lately been advising and consulting with the league over the Mosul oil reservations.” The fact.is that the court, of which an American indl- vidual is a judge, merely gave an opinion, after public hearing, on the meaning of a clause in the treaty of Lausanne. If the United States had been a member of the court, no offi- cial or agent of our Government would have taken any part whatever in this proceeding. The situation then would be precisely the same as it is today, except that the United States would be helping to pay the court's expenses when it was meeting. Senator Borah says it is not a judi- clal function to give advisory opin- ions, but the judicial committee of the privy council in England, the Supreme Court of Canada and the Supreme Courts of seven Canadlan provinces and eight American States have long given such opinions. In four years they have formed a large part of the work of the World Court. Other na- tions have found them most useful in their efforts to maintain peace, and there is every probabllity. that if the United States should propose to abol ish the court’s power to give these opinions they would refuse to agree. For present indications are that fully half of the court’s usefulness lies in this advisory function. Senator Borah has leveled his attack against one of the court’s best features. He makes a proposal which other countries will almost surely reject, and he attempts to justify this by referring to thefact that Lord Balfour succeeded in get- ting a change made in the court's statute before it was finally agreed upon. “Divorcing the court from the league” {s a wholly impracticable, al- together undesirable, thoroughly re- actionary program. It is wholly un- necessary to America’s remaining out- side the league. To propose it to other countries would mean not simply that America remains out of the league, but also that she opposes other coun- tries’ going on with the league, as it has been launched. It seems gquite certain that other countries would re- ject such & proposal, and if its ac- ‘ceptance were made 2 condition prece- dent of American support, then we should bave no part in any court. In fact, in professing to support the ‘World Court “divorced m the league,” Senitor Rorah {s standing | peesene arrangement; they find it sim- ! for cur deing ncthing.