Evening Star Newspaper, September 21, 1925, Page 5

AIR POLICY DEFENDED BY DAVIS; PANIC UNFOUNDED, HE TESTIFIES Ketmg Secretary Would Draw Close Line for Mis- sions of Both Flying Services—Says U. S. Help for Factories Needed. Tn his testimony before the Presi- @ent's Alr Board today Acting Secre- tary of War Davis assured the Ameri- can people that there is ‘“‘no reason to be panicky about the condition. of the Army Air Service.” Testifying as the first witness, Mr. Pavis broadly outlined the policy of the Army air arm and pointed to the successful world filght by Army planes as one achievement which has “proved its right to public confl- dence.” “The amount of equipment is inade- quate,” but this is ‘“controlled by funds available,” he said, while fits personnel “although somewhat limit- ed, is unexcelled by any alr service in the world.” Mr. Davis, who first urged appoint- ment of the board, pledged the full co- operation of the War Department in the inquiry, and said that if during the investigation charges were made against its administration he would welcome an opportunity to reappear and answer them. Inquiry Welcomed. “The War Department,” Mr. Davis #ald, welcomes this inquiry into the air defenses of the country by this board of disinterested citizens. Na- tional defense is a sacred trust of all the people. They have the right to know whether appropriations are be- ing wisely and economically expended and whether.the defenses of the coun- try are planned, organized and equipped in the most effective man- ner. “In eonsideration of this vitally im- vortant subject honest differences of opinion paturaly arise. They exist within the War Department itself, as you will undoubtedly hear today, and he proper expression of honest con- victions is to be encouraged. . The ‘War Department impugns the motives of no critics; it has the right to de- mand the same fair dealing for itself. It seeks ot keep an open mind on all debatable questions, to adopt any con- structive suggestions which it can ap- prove, to improve the service Wherever its means will permit “In carrying out its serious respon- sibility for the national defense, it is * morally bound to insist that mere as- sertions must be backed up by hard facts, that due consideration must be glven to the costly experience of the past _in welghing speculations as to the future, that change for the sake of change alone is unjustiflable. We here are all actuated by the same fun- damental motive, the patriotic desire to safeguard our common heritage; we may honestly differ as to the ways and means of accomplishment. In such a discussion there is no place for passlon, personalities or prejudice. Tn that spirit, we welcome this in- quiry. Offers All Data. “On behalf of the War Department, I am glad to offer the board of avia- tion Inquiry every assistance in our power. 1 believe that the board wants sensa not sensation, facts not fancies, arguments not mere assertions. All studies, records and reports, whether public, confidential or secret, are at vour disposal. Officers, enlisted men and employes will appear before you it and when desired and will testify fully, freely and frankly. There has not been, is not now, and will not be any ‘muzzling’ of Army officers in the expression of their individual opin fons. In your constructive program the War Department will cordially co-operate. 1 personally have long felt that such an inquiry is essentlal, tn order that public opinion may rest assured that the national defense is ing wisely safeguarded and is in the hands of officers of ability, loyalty and vision, and not of mere bureau crats. “At this hearing I will confine my- self to general statements of policy, Jeaving the details to be elaborated by the military and technical experts. ““This follows the broad policy of the War Department of leaving adminis- tration and operation of the technical services to technical experts, under general policies laid down by higher authority. Ordnance experts direct the ordnance service, medical men direct the medical service, fiyers di- rect the Air Serv And, that there may be no misunderstanding, let me add that the War Départment clearly vealizes the vital importance of avi- atlon in the natlonal defense. “Now to answer your questions briefly: “The present organization of the Air Service, (a) personnel, (b) equip- ment, (¢) training, (d) appropriations. “The chiet of the Air Service will present the detailed information de- sired.” “In general, T believe that our per- sonnel is at least equal in skill, hardi- hood and bravery to that of any other nation. The equipment is in- adequate In numbers, ard part of it, built, during the war, unsatisfactory in condition, a sftuation which is gradually improving. This condition cess of the round-the-world flight, a triumph of organization as well as of flying skill. Training is entirely in the hands of the fiying service itself, under broad general policies, and the chief of the Air Service will discuss this subject later. A detailed state- ment of the current appropriations will also be given by him. Due to the broad considerations of ‘public policy affecting the whole Govern- ment, appropriations are insufficient to carry out the approved War De- partment program, but that situation exists in the other services as well. Within the department, the Air Serv- ice appropriation in recent years has been consistently favored, sometimes at the expense of other services. To sum up, after a fairly intimate asso- clation with them for three vears, 1 do not hesitate to assert that our Air Service officers and men are com- petent, efficient, loyal and patriotic. “In peace the primary mission of the Alr Service as of all the other services is to carry out the injunc- tion of our first commander-in-chief, George Washington: ‘In time of peace, prepare for war.’ This is accom- plished by: (1) Developing its personnel and material to the highest efficlency and assisting in the development of the Air Service branches of the National Guard and the organized reserves. (2)* Preparing plans of actlon for the mobilization of personnel and procurement of material {n accord- ance with mobilization and war plans of the War Department. Mission in Peace. ““The secondary mission (in peace) Is to promote in every passible way the welfare, progress and prosperity of our country. “In war the mission of the Air Service is: (1) As a fighting arm, in com- bination with the other fighting arms, to win the victory, and bring about peace as quickly, as effec- tively and as cheaply in lives and money as s humanly possible. (2) ~ As a supply branch, to de- velop and procure the equipment and supplies pertaining exclusively to the Air Service In such quanti- tles as may be required for its operations: “In considering these missions I be- lieve one thought should always be kept In mind, that the war mission must be the predominant considera- tion. A policy might be adopted in any service which would enhance its development and prestige largely in peace. but which would greatly lessen its effectiveness as a member of the ar team. The war mission must al- ways govern.” “Relations of the Air Service, (a) to the Army, (b to commercial avia- tion, () to airplane manufacture. Turning to a decision of the rela- tion of the Air Service of the War Pepartment and to the Army general staff, Mr. Davis said he would leave an explanation of the latter phase to the chief of staff, adding: Commercial Aviation Vital. “The natfonal defense act controls the relations of the Air Service to the other parts of the War Depart- ment. The Secretary of War Is the responsible head of the department. The Assistant Secretary of War Is charged with the supervision of the procurement of all military supplies. This supervision is of a business, not a technical nature, the actual pro- curement being carried out by the supply branches. Whether this busi- ness supervision of procurement has been helpful or harmful to the best Interests of the Air Service can best be shotn by the testimony of the chief of Air Service. * * * “Under Section 5 of the national de- fense act the duties of the chief of staff and of the War Department gen- eral staff are set out in the following language: ‘The chief of staff shall cause to be made, by the War Depart- ment general staff, the necessary plans for recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, mobilizing. tralning and de. mobilizing the Army of the United States and for the use of the military forces for national defense. ** ‘The duties of the War Department general staff shall be to prepare plans for national defense and the use of the military forces for that purpose, both separately and in conjunction with the naval forces, and for the mobilization of the manhood of the Nation and its material resources in an emergency; to investigate and report upon all questions affecting the efficlency of the Army of the United States and its state of preparation for mliitary op- erations, and to render professional ald and assistance to the Secretary of War and the chief of stafl.’ The chief THE EVENING KTAR, WASHINGTON, T. transportation facilities of a Nation are a vital element in its defense or- ganization. Hence the creation of an extensive alr transportation system forms an integral part of any na- tional defense policy. Turthermore, the development of & self-supporting aeronautical industry offers far-reach- ing advantages. Because of its essen- tially moblile character, it is more directly adaptable to military pur- poses than most industries. It will provide a reserve of both flying and ground personnel for rapid develop- ment, in an emergency, of the neces- sary military aviation. As commer- cial aviation develops into a. self-sup- porting Industry, it will simplity the problem of defense.’” “The success of commercial aviation depends primarily upon four factors: “Provision of technical equipment and methods sultable for profitable commercial operation. Provision of necessary ground facilities. Public interest and support. Enactment of uniform and helpful legislation. “The Alr Service, within its appro- priations and authority, has done, and is doing, all that it properly can do under each of the four factors out- lined above. . “It has developed aircraft, naviga- tion instruments, airway maps and other technical alds of great value to commerctal aviation operators, and it has made important contributions to the solution of technical problems arising in the operation of the Post Office Air Mail Service, notably in connection with the development of night flying. “It has promoted the creation of municipal flelds, published bulletins listing existing landing flelds, created airdromes for commercial use and en- couraged the creation of a national airw: ystem throughout the United States. “It has unceasingly availed itself of every proper means to enlist public interest in and support of commer- cial aviation, by exhibits, addresses, articles, races and otherwise. “It has urged the enactment of help: ful legislation and has co-operated with other government departments and with Congress in preparing such legislation.” Aid for Aviation. “I believe,” he continued, “that there are two fundamental principles for a national policy which will most effectively promote the early estab- lishment of a self-supporting aero- nautical industry: *“(1) Indirect Government ald to commercial aviation by the de- velopment of technical equipment and methods suitable for a com- mercial air transportation by the establishment of the necessary ground facllities along the princi- pal traffic lanes of the country, and by contracting for the carriage of air mail, will prove more econom- ical and permanently effective than any form of direct subsidy. (2) The placing of the adminis- tration of purely civil aviation un- der @ military department is an economically unsound practice and is basically unwise. Military and civil aviation should _co-operate closely but should be administered separately. “These principles have been deter- mined by an intenstve study of the ac- cumulated experience in the develop- ment and administration of civil avi- atlon in all the important countries of the world. “In the relation to airnlane manu- facture, the War Department is con- vinced that a strong airplane indus- try is vital to the national defense. The industry has been starving to death since the war, due to the fact that it has been dependept solely on military orders. but I belleve that a much brighter prospect exists at present. The War Department has done and will do everything in fits power to assist the aircraft industry. Should Pay Profit. “We must have a sufficient num- ber of qualified manufacturers of air- craft to design and build planes of the latest tvpe in sufficient quantities in case we are forced into war. Due to rapid developments, aircraft can- not yet be standardized and the unit cost is necessarily high. The Gov- ernment should pay a price which will enable manufacturers to make a fair and reasonable profit. Until the industry is established, I believe that the restrictions governing the method of governmental purchasing might well be relaxed temporarily, under proper safeguards. As Assistant Secretary of War, charged with the supervision of pro- curement, I have conferred frequently with the chief of air service and with representatives of manufacturers, and the following general policies for as- sisting the aviation industry have been adopted by the War Department: 1. The Government shall encourage and promote the design and manufac- ture, by other than Government agencles, of aircraft, aircraft engines and equipment. The Government shall not engage in such work in competi- tion with the aeronautical industry. 2. The Government shall recognize and sustain the principle of proprie- tary design rights applied to all aero- nautical material. 3. “The Government will not pur- chase or acquire the design rights for of staff is present and will discuss this phase of your question. ““As regards commercial aviation, it is everywhere recognized that the is due solely to lack of money, and can be remedied only by money. That our technical and research work s satisfactory is evidenced by the fact that the Army Air Service holds an extraordinarily large percentage of world records in aviation. “The efficiency of the whole serv- fce was strikingly shown by the suc- & CIVIL WAR VETERAN, 81, DIES OF HEART DISEASE Edward H. Smith, Former Wash- ington Business Man, to Be Buried in Arlington. Edward H. Smith, 81 years old, of 2415 Pennsylvania avenue, a Civil War veteran, died while visiting his niece, Mrs. J. Babbington, in the Plaza Apartments Saturday. He has been in failing health for several years. Death was due to heart di- se. SeMr. Smith had been a resident of Washington for many years. He was smarried in this city and celebrated his fifty-second wedding anniversary last July. P He was formerly a dealer in electri- cal supplies here, retiring about 20 rears ago. Y e is survived by his wife, Mrs. ¥lizabeth Emith; three nieces, Mrs. ‘Babbington, Mrs. William Clabaugh of ‘Washington, and Miss C. A. Krey of New York City, and a nephew, Al bert L. Krey of Washington. Funperal services will be conducted at Gawler's Chapel, 1732 Pennsylvania avenue, tomorrow afternoon at 2 o'clock. Interment will be in Arling- ton_Cemetery. IGE NONE BETTER A. G. HERRMANN 750 Tenth St. SE._ Bacillus Acidophilus Milk For intestinal disorders Ask your physician abeut i§ . Prepared by the NATIONAL VACCINE AND ANTITOXIN INSTITUTE 1615 U St. N.W. alrcraft, aircraft engines or acces- sorles when those are the products of established manufacturers. 4. The Government will not pu: telling of new things is a hobby with us! 9 “Curvette Shoulders —go one better the recent style of the broader shoul- der and the narrower hips. —CURVETTE — produces the wider effect at the shoulders and yet a minimum of padding is used in tailoring. Kuppenheimer Artists—have designed it espe- cially for us—it's something en- tirely new—and you'll like the idea. 1325 F STREET msnerg House of Kuppenheimer Good Clothes chase afrcraft, aireraft engines or ac- cessories of new designs until after the actual articles have been present- ed for test, nor until said articles have demonstrated their superiority over existing and accepted standard types, unless the design project is of such magnitude as to demand Government assistance in {ts development. 5. The Government shall avail it- self as much as practicable of the fa- cilitles of the industry for all major overhauling and reconstruction. 6. The Government shall co-operate with the industry toward the continu- ance of successful operation of its units and wherever necessary recog- nize the principle of subcontracting within the industry itself. 7. The Government will continue the policy of conferring, from time to time, with the accredited representa- tives of the industry in the considera- tion of their mutual problems. 8. The Government shall, as far as possible, standardize aeronautical ac- cessorles, materfals and hardware and otherwise assist in the procurement of non-standard materials and supplies. (&) In carrying out these policies it has been the practice In many cases to place orders for aircraft without advertising, but in each case the costs have been carefully checked and the prices fixed so as to make certain that no undue profits could be made by the manufacturer. (b) These manufacturers have al- ways been willing to submit their ac- counts to the scrutiny of Goverhment auditors in order that the facts may thus be ascertained. () Inall cases there has been every effort to co-operate with the Navy in connection with the adoption of the policy outlined above and In its ap- plication. There has been constant consultation with the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy concerning the placing of orders for aircraft, en gines and other equipment and fre- quently the actual purchasing of these materials has been done for both the Army and Navy under a single con- tract let by one or the other of these services. e “It has been thoroughly understood that there would be necessary a great enlargement of manufacturing facilitles which now exist. Surveys of all existing factories either have been made or are in progress and in some cases the manufacturers have made definite approved plans for such expansion. “The requirements of the Air Serv- ice in time of war have been com. puted as carefully as possible and have been reduced to terms of raw materfal. This has been a task of great difficulty, due among other things to the rapldly changing types of alrcraft, but it is proposed to keep this study up to date and actually to allocate to the different factories the war-time work which they must do and to make provision for secur- ing for them the necessary supplies of raw materials. This is what we call industrial war planning and the | Alr Service phase of it fs very com- ple: Lighter Than Air Craft. Mr. Davis pointed out that the Army and Navy Joint Board had turned over the development of rigid dirigibles to the Navy, but stated that the “approved plan for the organiza- tion of the air service provides for a certaln amount of lighter-than-air craft, which, it is belleved, will be of value in military operations.” Specific recommendations for better- ments and economies in the air serv- ice, Mr. Davis sald, presented “a broad subject” which he would request the privilege of discussing more fully at | a later time. The department’s policy for the organization and development of the air service, he said, was set forth in the Lassiter Board report, a copy of which would be furnished the board. The acting secretary, however, had these broad recommendations (o lay before the hoard at this time “The research and development of advanced types of aircraft which, as shown by the flying records, has been wisely, ‘efficiently and economically conducted by the air service, should be continued, and, when funds permit, expanded. “Additional personnel and material should be made available for the Alr Service when Government financ- Reserve of Flyers. “A larger reserve of flyers should be built up when funds permit. “Any duplication of Army and Navy Service Installation, if any still xists, should be eliminated. “An additional brigadier general should be authoried by Congress to head the supply section of the Alr Service and to develop the industrial preparedness plans. “Restrictions on the method of Gov- ernme: purchases of alirplanes should temporarily be relaxed, under proper sateguards. “A clear delineation of the mis- sions of the Army and Navy in coast defense should be adopted. “The permanent housing bill in- troduced by the War Department in the last Congress should be passed, in order that the intolerable living conditions now existing in many posts may be improved. “A bureau of civil air navigation should be established under the De- partment of Commerce.” Recalls Weeks' Testimony. Regarding organization Mr. Davis said: “The policies of the War Depart- ment are determined by the Secretary of War. The Secretary, Mr. John W. ‘Weeks, unfortunately cannot be here today because of illness. In testifying before a committee of Congress he made the following statements which express, therefore, the policy of the War Department on the organization of the Alr Service: “I have alreudy expressed my po- sition as to the establishment of a department of aeronautics. No Gov- ernment department has ever been or- ganized to develop and operate any single machine or other article of commerce or war. We have not or- ganized a railroad department, a radio ldepartment, nor an automotive depart- ment; yet all those activities are very important to national defense. In my opinion, no organization should be set up under which it will be necessary for any department to apply to an- other department for tools required to_conduct its operations. ‘I belleve the present organiza- tion under the national defense act providing for an alr service as an integral part of the Army is sound and should not be altered. Out combat forces must be organized in the most efficient manner for war and not for peace-time administration and opera- tion. All combatant forces employed in a theater of operations must be un- der a single command; consequently, proper co-ordination of effort and unity of command require that air forces be Included in the Army and Navy. It is the unanimous opinion of officers who have successfully di- rected the combined operations of all arms during the World War that the Army cannot operate efficiently with- out an air service, and, further, that there is no mission for a separate air service which cannot be executed by the Army Alr Service. “‘In laying our plans for the de- velopment and encouragement of this comparatively new element of na- tional defense it is essential to keep In mind its primary objective—that is, to augment our defense forces. Consequently an organization having in view the promotion of its rapid development and efficient operation in time of peace should be basad primarily upon its efficent function- ing in war. *‘In warfare “unity of command” is essential. Lack of such “unity of command” has probably been the cause of more defeats and disasters in military history than any other one contributing cause. It nearly caused the defeat in, and undoubtedly prolonged, the two greatest wars in our history—the Civil War and the World War. After such experience it is unthinkable that any nation could deliberately prepare its forces for national defense so as to insure divided responsibilities and divided command in every possible theater of operations. Yet that is just what is proposed in the bill under con- sideration. ““The Army and the Navy have long been established as separate and in- dependent arms of the national de- fense, each with its definite function C., MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1925. es permit, but nqt at the expense of other vital needs of the department. and its own particular sphere of action. Thair duties and functions do not confilct or overlap, except along the coast line. A system for co-ordinating the operations of the Army and Navy along our seacoast has been evolved after long experi- ence. This system, though not ideal, serves to avoid, as far as possible, duplication of responsibilities, as well ‘unity of command” in this restricted area : ‘However, while the operations of the Army and Navy -overlap only along a single line, and in the areas immediately adjacent thereto, the field of operations of the air force, pro- posed in this bill, will overlap every- Where the sphere of action of one or the other—either the Army or the Navy. ““‘If, then, there has been some dif- ficulty in the past in co-ordinating the . actinos of the Army and the Navy along our coasts, imagine what difficulties would exist in the future | with an independent air force con- | tinually operating in the zones of | action” of either the Army or the | Ndvy: while all three independent agencies—Army, Navy and air force— would have to be co-ordinated along the coast. Buch a condition of af- fairs could end only in disaster in time of war, and should not be toler- ated in time of peace. s Recognizes Aviation's Importance. *“‘On the other hand, do not think from the above remarks that the War Department does not recognize the value of “aviation as a combatant brunch of the Army in national de- fense. The experiences of the World War demonstratad conclusively the combat value of aviation. Such de- veloffnents In aviation as have been made since the World War have not heen necessary to establish this con- clusion. While certain developments have increased efficiency in operation, they have in no way introduced any mission not already recognized by owr World War experiences. the necessity for aviation as a com- batant branch of the Army, and therefore cannot acquiesce the Army Alr Service anything other than a permanent and integral part of the Army, the same as in the Field Artillery, Infantry, Coast Artillery and other combatant arms. ‘It is a fundamental principle of military organization that arms which are habitually to function together in battle must, so far as practicable, train and live together, absorbing the same tactical doctrines, and learning each others powers and limitations. It is only in this way that team-play and co-operation, 8o essential to suc- cess in the complications of modern warfare, can be developed. “ ‘Aside from the inherent value of each of the various arms in combat, their relative fmportance in war will always depend upon the situation, and it i only through the medium of a supreme commander that they each be utilized most effectivel order to meet the Varying situation. ** ‘Summarizing the above remarks, I consider as the fundamental defects of H. R. 10147: 4 “ ‘First, the proposed organization creates a trinity of command for our defense forces, with divided control in every possible theater of operation instead of that “unity of command which i3 the foundation of success in warfare. *‘Second. it proposes an alr service for the Army which is not a perma- nent and integral part of the Army, thus violating the second great prin- clple of military organization> that arms which are habitually to function together in battle must form perma- nent parts of the same organization.’ T have endeavored to outline brief- 1v the broad policies of the War De- partment along the lines fndicated by your questions. Detailed information and a discussion of the subjects from their own point of view will be pre- sented by the chief of staff, Maj. Gen. J. L. Hines; the assistant chief of staff, for operations and training. Brig. Gen. Hugh A. Drum, and the chief of Alr Service, Maj. Gen. Mason RAIL MERGER DATA ! as to overcome the Inherent lack of |- Tthe more radical of Mexico's two large ‘With this, a in mind the War Department reanzes?'e’-‘“““ of Peruvian and Chilean labor in ardfy proposal which contemplates makingqp=——————— COMPLETED BY I. C. C.| Nickel Plate Plans to Be Studied Now From Stagdpoint of Public Interest. After two weeks spent in surveying accounting and engineering factors in the Nickel Plate merger project. par- tleipants in the proceeding before the | Interstate Commerce Commission gave notice today of their intention to re- turn to matters of broader public in- tereat. " 0. P. Van Sweringen of Cleveland, the principal promoter of the merger, will be recalled for cross-examination Monday. Although he has repeatedly appeared to explain its ramifications, counsel for dissenting minority stock holders of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad asserted they had more to ask of him. The hearing continued today with R. S. Marshall, assistant to the presi- dent of the Chesapeake and Ohlo, as a witness. He was cross-examined as to the accounting systems and reports [of his railroad. LS T MEXICANS [N TACNA MOVE ‘Radical Labor Organization Takes Steps to Avert Chilean War. MEXICO CITY, September 21 (®).— The general confederation of labor, labor organizations, is organizing a | mass meeting, to be held October 4, in protest against the possible outbreak of war between Chile and Peru over the Tacna-Arica dispute. This action has been taken at the! lorganizations, which are seeking in- ternational support in a campaign to avert tions their personal views will differ. Particularly on the question of organi- zation, the best military minds of all nations differ. do not care to know in advance, what they are going to say to you. With the hope that the board will give the War Department an opportunity later to answer any criticisms that may be developed in the course of vour in quiry, T leave the further discussion today in their hands. . “In conclusion, may I briefly sum up the condition of the Army Air Service as I see it. Its personnel, although somewhat limited in numbers, is un excelled by any air service in the |world. From the technical standpoint, | the remarkable development of the equipment is evidenced by the many world records held. The amount of equipment is inadequate, but this is controlled by the funds available. The Afr Service is under the leadership of an able flving officer, Gen. Patrick The outstanding aeronautical achieve- ment of all time is the round-the- world fiight. The organization which carried this epochal flight to success thereby proved its right to public con- fidence. I can see no reason to be panicky about the condition of the Army Air Service.” First Mortgage Bonds Call or write for ‘Booklet N¥, 1 "H.Smith Co- (1] 1;‘;: nl.:mg. ‘813 Fifteenth Street NY INVESTOR IN 92 YEARS \ BRIGHTEN THE HOME UP aper and paint. The cost Maybe a window shade You'll find I do not know, and 1| * D. J Kaufman 1005-7 Pa. Ave. 1724 Pa. Ave. “Home" of For Young Men For Collegiates needsattention or Tenewing. that hy so doing it will brighten the homa up—No worry [or inconvenience attached 10 it. M. Patrick. While they will discuss the War Department policies, it is probable that on some of the ques. CORNELL WALL PAPER CO. 714 13th St. N.W. Main 5373-5374 € i 0 Name.....-- Your proud when everybody a it. It's yours for JOIN TODAY And when Xmas comes you can proudly show your friends a flashing Diamond or a beautiful Watch. Pick out your Diamond TODAY. Here's a real beauty. 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