Evening Star Newspaper, September 6, 1925, Page 25

ASSERTS NEGRO PROBLEM NOW IS NA TIONAL ISSUE Julius Rosenwald, Founder of Colored School Fund, Sees Race as Factor in Industrial Life. BY JULL ROSENWALD. Philanthropist, Founder of Rosenwald Fund for Negro Schools. 0 problem was to the South before the great w Now it is a national problem. Prior to 1914 the negro usu- ally was an agricultural worker. To- day he is a big factor in America's industrial }fe. d War virtually put a stop immigration to the United Hundreds of thousands of iropeans living in this country were lled to the colors. Under the stim- ulus of war conditions industries in the North expanded greatly. These three factors caused a labor shortage that forced the Northern in- 1 lists to scour the country for able workers. The greatest sup- ply of such labor was found among the negroes of the South, and this was "WN UPon to a great extent. he result was the beginning of the migration v of America is still in progress. Migration Markel by Two Phases. The migration has been marked by {wo phases, that of 1916-1920 and that ymmencing anew in an in 1915, reached its max ' in 1917 and continued at a slower pace up to 1920, when the eco- nuic depression brought it to a halt. of business prosperity brought on a new exodus from South. Thousands of negroes who remained North during the pe- Of depression wrote “to North, and in ma. them money for the he 1920 census pulation of the million, “or tal population. The on in the North was shown to be more than one and one-half million. Northward Movement Cited. The essentially induspria) implica- tlons of the Northward moVement in the last vears is revealed by the fact that more than one million Northern negroes, or 73 per cent, live 10 industrial centers, follows, und figures distri Toledo district, Youngstown district, City district, 65,40 v “olumb St. Louis distrivt. 102,600; -600; Philadelphia York district, confined large! a migration that riod Journey. ported the negro Nation to be about 10 per cent of the 47,500 Detroit- 00; Cleveland 58.800; Kansas of the these centers has projected the so-c lem in the North, but not only lled negro prob- has presented hty per cent of in the South live in rumal communities The present status and future of the negro, therefore, are pri- marily linked with industry in the North and with agriculture in the South Negro Acquires Industrial Skill. The present selective passed by a Republican ad- ration and will probably remain in force for another four years. Even should the law be repealed, thousands of negroes have acquired skill in me- | hanical occupations that puts them eyond the likelihood of replacement foreign labor. In short, Northern of negroes in the| their | and relatives, urging them to | negro popula- | negro in| immigration | industrialists have come to look to the negro for the labor supply in their factories and workshops. For some of these tasks men and women who have had training at Hampton and Tuske- gee are well fitted. These industrialists are now care- | fully selecting their negro workers. Some have made special efforts to em- ploy only married men and then to provide such housing and working conditions as will keep them satisfied. One large iron foundry, which pursued this policy, reported that the turn over among only 10 per cent. Apparently the settling of the negro in the north is permanent. Many of | the factors that brought him North | operate ‘to keep him there. There is good ground for belleving that the migration of the negro will | have u beneficial effect on the Nation. | It will be a good thing for the South, because the colored population will be | more evenly distributed over the en- | tire country and will lessen the South- ern fear, real or alleged, of race domi nation, and will thus remove an out- | standing factor that has hampered that seetion’s development. Seuthern White Man Quoted. In this connection it might be well to quote the authority of a Southern white man, President Jacobs of Ogle- | thorpe University, Atlanta, Ga., who has declared: “The very finest effect of this exo- dus of negro laborers is its political effect. As long as there is a negro problem in America the South is in political slavery, unable to vote her mind about matters of national and international importance. When the time comes that the negro problem is no longer a sectional problem, but, in S0 far as it is a problem at all, a na- | tional problem, then, indeed, will the Southern country be free. “And it should be added that, from the political standpoint of the negro | also, the change will be most highly advantageous. It is difficult for white man to realize how it feels to be a ‘problem,’ and the negro will never be satisfled, nor will the tension between the races be over, until he ceases to be on The negro's rise in the scale of oc- cupations has given him a greater purchasing power and 2 higher stand- ard of Hving. To his credit it should | be said that, for the most part, he tries sincerely to live up to his op- | portunities in the North. He is usual- 1y a law.abiding citizen, buys his own home when possible and gives his children the best schooling his income will permit. Regarded as Hopeful Sign. One of the most hopeful signs for the future of the negro in the North is that the opportunities there are at- tracting young colored men and wom- en trained in such schools as Hamp- ton and Tuskegee. These two schools, |and others of their type, not only give cupations, but their whole system of education’ tends to turn out young |men and women who will be com- munity teachers and leaders. Those trained in what has become known as the *“Hampton-Tuskegee™ method strive to bring about co-opera- tion between the white and colored races and to reduce int ial fri~. tion. Leaders of this type are bound to have a salutary influence on the | negro communities everywhere. Leprosy in the Philippine Islands Held Menace to Health of Americans BY KATHERINE MAYO. A few days ago the newspapers re- ported, as but just discovered among the puptl body of one of our public fchools, two. children afficted with eprosy. What does this incident signify? Should we thrust it from our minds @s morbid and alarmist in tendency, or should we take it as pointing to a | common danger? In the current North Amer an Review G. Heiser, the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation and the world’s first authority on leprosy, lays down certain facts that answer the above gquestions. Among these facts are the follow- ing “This disease never appears in a new place until some victim of the ease goes there. dne of the disquieting features of having been in contact with lepers is the long period which may elapse before the disease manifests itself. The shortest known time is about two vears. In some cases it has r 20 years.” during the ion, number Dr. of the Victor whole period of s’ the same distinguished wuthority has elsewhere affirmed, the victim, while showing no outward ptom of the malady, may be car- rving it around as an active con- on, transmitting to those with iom he comes in contact the most horrible form of living death. Now, to apply these points to our own national case: Amy within the last centu acquired extensive terri- 3 titudes. Many West a as Hawaii now our » nd we are con- hing out, both by private e and by Government meas- increase our dealings and ontacts with the Spanish Main. All these regions are chronically licted with leprosy, while in the 1 disease prevails to a if at all, in few other parts of the earth. Science has de- termined that not only the character «nd habits of the Filipino, but also ect responsibil stantly T i director for the East of | quarter- | the nature of his country and climate, particularly favor the spread of this special contagion. | These facts, and the greater num- !bers “of " the Filipinos _domiciled | vants or what not, point to the We shall do well, therefore, to fa the truth. From such_infiltrations, history records, have other countries reaped harvests of woe. Again to quote Dr. Heiser: . "It is well to bear in mind that it is not so very long ago that France had 2,000 leper hospitals and England had them by hundreds. Only this past year, after a comparative ab- sence of nearly a century, the dis- ease has again reappeared in Holland and an old leper hospital has had to be reopened. Thus it is apparent that vigilance is at least highly desirable.” What shall we do? Set up a pas: sive defense? Try, ostrich-like, to bury our wits and our consclence in our own sand? Or shall we attack {and carry the war into the enemy’s trenches? From the year 1906, when Dr. | Heiser, as America's commissioner of public health, took up his anti- leprosy work in the Philippines, up to 1914, when the de-Americanization of “the insular government began, wonderful progress was attained toward controlling and stamping out the disease at this most flagrant of sources. Shall that work now be forcefully resumed and pursued? The Philippines, with the largest leper colony in the world, still pre. sent the world's greatest opportunity scientifically to study the disease and to devise methods for its control and cure. And our flag still flies over these islands. Are they to remain umder the curse, a terror to us, to themselves and to all nations, or i anunspeakable blessing for = them- selves, for us and for the whole world to be wrought in them, under our care? The decision is ours to make. No | middle course remains—and, as the | tragic story of the New Jersey school makes. clear, no more time for waiting. (Copyright, 1825.) ’Science Hits Hard-Hearted Trainers Who Rule Candy From Athletes’ Diet | Scientists have upset the dope of hard arted trainers who rule ndy off the diet of athletes. Dr. Burgess »rdon and several other physicians of Boston have found as a result of cxperiments that marathon runners who have lived on a generous carbo- lydrate diet during the training sea- son and who eat candy before and during the race not only come out n?‘ml but are also in much better pdysical condition than those who run unsweetened. The experimenters got the hint that sugar had something to do with the I condition of runners when a of blood tests made a _year ago the American marathon race there revealed that those who were most exhausted showed very low blood sugar and others, less exhausted, howed a somewhat higher sugar per. centage. Some extreme cases even presented an appearance similar to that of shock produced in_diabetic patients by an ovegdose of insulin, a substance neces- sary to the proper disposal of sugar in the blood and which diabetics lack. e vear's marathon, have just been made publie. Runners were placed on high carbohydrate diets before the race, Results of blood tests made accord- | using sugar rations during this | | besides being given large doses | hours before and supplied with cand and oversweetened tea at wayside sta- tions. The blood tests after the race showed normal blood sugars in all cases in contrast to previous results. There was striking improvement in general physical condition and run- ning time was faster in many cases. Cafe Atop Church. On the roof of the Cathedral of Milan is a little buffet where one may take luncheon or tea—a unique case, perhaps, of a restaurant on the roof of a church. It is a recent innova- tion. In the past there was only a small kiosk, where_fruit and light drinks were obtainable. Lately a more ambitious undertaking was de- veloped. There are now all varieties of foodstuffs. It is the custom of the Milanese who cannot afford to leave the city for their Suminer vacations and flylng buttresses. From height of about 300 feet one can enjoy a view of the city, the Lombard Plain and the Alps from Mount Viso to the Ortler. its negro workers was | a; a thorough tralning in mechanical oc- | among us, whether as students, ser- | Philippines as the chief menace today. | to climb the Duomo for lunch and ' eat in the forest of marble vlnl‘mcl:![ the | THE SUNDAY STAR; WASHINGTO BY HENRY W. BUNN, HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended Septem- ber b: B: United States of America—The an- thracite coal miners of Pennsylvania struck at midnight August 31. John Hays Hammond, chairman of the Federal Coal Commission, which two vears ago investigated the coal- mining Industry, has advised the President to urge on Congress enact- |ment of legislation embodying the | recommendations of that commission. |The President went some distance in that sense 7o his last message to Con- gress At 5:30 am., Thursday, while sail- ing over Caldwell, Ohio (35 miles north Marietta), en route from Lakehurst, J.. to St. Louls, the Navy dirigible Shenandoah was split in three. sec- tions by a “line squall,” and of the 43 men on board 14 (5 officers, Includ- ing the ship's commander, Lieut. Comdr. Zachary Lansdowne, and § en- listed men) were killed and 2 (enlisted men) seriously injured. | A vertical air current carried the | ship from an altitude of 2,500 to one of 4,500 feet, where she righted, but soon another current carried her up |to an altitude of 7,000 feet, where al- I most on end, reeling and twisting, she | buckled. - The control cabin gondola from its fastening prior to the ling and dropped plumb, all its inmates being killed. The three sections were coolly and _skillfully handled as free balloons and brought to earth with only four casualties, two losing precarious holds and drop- ping to death, two injured in landing. Value of Helium Proved. | The value of helium gas was strik- ingly demonstrated, there being no fire, as in the disasters to the Roma and the ZR ‘The Navy plans for test of the value for war purposes of the Zeppelin type are hard hit, since jt is doubtful whether the Los Angefes may, under {the conditions of her award to our Government, properly be used for such tests, and lmmediate congres- sional appropriation for new construc- tion in that kind is doubtful. The Shenandoah was the first American- built rigid-dirigible. An attempt of two naval seaplanes, the PN-9, No. 1, and the PN-9, No. 3, to make ¢ rancisco to Honolulu ended dismally in the case of the PN-9, No. 3, and |disastrously in the case of PN-9, No. 1. | Guardships equipped with radio had been stationed at intervals of about 200 miles between San Francisco and | Honolulu to mark«the route and give help. if necess: | The two planes took off from San | Pablo Bay, an arm of San Francisco about 3 p.m. August 31. The | PN-§, No. 3, was compelled by engine | trout¥e to descend about 200 miles out from San Francisco, and was tow- ed back to port saved. The PN9 No. 1, owing to head winds, exhausted its gasoline supply |and made a forced landing 250 miles, | more or less (probably less), west of | Honolulu. About 1 p.m. September 1, the plane passed over the guardship Farragut, 430 miles from Honolulu. | At 2 p.m. she radioed that she was | short of gas, repeating that message | several times. At 2:50 she radioed Getting interesting, J little gas |left.” "At 4 she radioed, “It is raining | here.” At 4:09 p.m. she radioed “What is the weather?” At the Aroostook | (guardship 230 miles from Honolulu) radioed the plane asking her course. Receiving no ply and the plane non-stop flight from San | capsizing en route, but | not appearing the Aroostook radioed the Farragut and the Tanager (guard- ship, 130 miles from Honolulu, and all three vessels steamed in search. Other naval craft from the Islands soon join- ed in the search, playing their search- lights all night, and the next day air- craft took up the hunt, which is still being vigorously continued. The sea was rough when the plane descend- ed, her motors were out of action, presumably she soon went down with her crew of five, commanded by Comdr. John Rodgers. But hope per- sists, + Walter P. Cooke, a distinguished lawyer of Buffalo (he has been presi- dent of the National Bar Association), has been appointed president of .the tribunal of interpretation, which is to decide disputes which may arise be- tween the reparations commission and the Germans concerning the Dawes plan or German legislation en- acted pursuant thereto. The treaty of London of August 9, 1924, which gave effect to the Dawes plan, pro- vided for the tribunal and prescribed that it consist of five members; one to be appointed by the reparations commission, one by the German gov- ernment and three by joint agree- ment of the commission and the Ger- man government, one of the three jointly chosen to be an American and president of the tribunal. Young Backed Cooke. It is understood that Owen D. Young recommended Mr. Cooke's ap- pointment, which is for five years, Mr. Cooke has large financial ex- perience. A French debt commission, head- ed by M. Caillaux, is to arrive in Washington September 23. M. Cail- laux brings with him a_group of im- portant senators and deputfes. An Itallan debt commission, head- ed by Count Volpi, Itallan finance | minister, is expected in Washington about_October 15. A Rumanian debt commission is expected in Washington early g Oc- | tober. A Chechoslovak debt commission also is expected in October. | Edward R. Stettinius, member of | the house of J. P. Morgan, is dead. He was purchasing_agent for the |allies in the United States from 1915 until we entered the war, and in that capacity spent $3,000,000,000. He was one of the ablest business men in the | world. One of the wise ones recently as- sembled at Willlamstown told us that within 30 years New York City will contain only very rich or very poor residents; the middle class squeezed | out and be hanged to 'em. Another | pundit declared that by agricuitural | methods equal to those of Germany the United States could support 574.- 000,000 persons on a vegetarian diet, |as against_only 350,000,000 by agri- cultural methods now in use. We are, it seems, destined te be vegetarians. The British Empire.—The concerted outlaw (le. not approved by the unions) strike of considerable num. | bers of marine firemen on British vessels in harbors of Britain, Aus- tralia and South Africa, which began |on August 22, seemed a week ago to be fizzling out in Britain, though continuing formidably in Australia and South Africa. It flared up again in several Brit- ish harbors (notably Southampton) on | August 30 and spread to other classes | of shipworkers, a serlous situation | resulting. It appears to have spread |in Australia and South Africa and | thence to India and New Zealand. The strikers repudlate an agreement be- | tween the employers and the unions |on a wage reduction. The latest is | by the treaty on the Chinese tariff, ‘D. ¢, SEPTEMBER' 6 that the strike is fizzling out again in Britain. At last, after a long delay, due, one hears, to unwlllingness of suitable men to serve as commissioners, the royal commission for investigating the coal-mining industry, has been con- stituted. Sir Herbert Louls Samuel is_chairman. The cost of the government subsidy to the British coal-mining industry for August (first month of the subsidy) was £860,000. The coal output fell off during Au- gust. The number of registered unem ployed in Britain increased by 45,000 during the week ended August 29. The total number of registered unem- ployed is now about 1,300,000, * k¥ % Franece.—Our information concern- Ing Moroccan developments of the past week is meager. A somewhat foggy communique issued by the French government bids us discredit all press reports of recent weeks con- cerning events in Syrla: It vouchsafes no positive information, except that a column of Druses and Bedouins ad- vancing to assault Damascus was routed on August 24, Nevertheless, it is proper to notice a dispatch of Sep- tember 3, from the Jerusalem corre- spondent of _the London Evening News which quotes an unofficial re- port that the Hauran Drusesscaptured | the citadel of Suweda, Syria, and mas- sacred the French garrison thereof and that thereafter French airplanes destroyed the town of ' Suweda by bombing. * % x China.—Our State Department has made public the text of the identic notes presented on Friday to the Pe- king government by the nine powers of the Washington conference, in re- | ply to identic notes presented to those governments by the Peking govern- ment on June 24, urging drastic re vision of the treaties between China and the powers. “The United States,” says our note, | “is prepared to consider the Chinese | government’s proposal for the modi- | fication of existing treaties in meas- ure as the Chinese authorities demon- strate thelr willingness and ability to fulfill their obligations and to as- sume the protection of foreign rights | and interests now safeguarded by the | exceptional provisions of those trea- ties.” ‘The note expresses profound sym- | pathy with Chinese aspirations for fiscal autonomy, and abolition of ex- | traterritoriality 'in China, but de-| clares that the best approach to solu- | tions to these problems would be by way of strict adherence to the pro-| cedure laid down by the Washington | conference; i, e., institution of and ac- tion by the “special conference on | Chinese tariff matters” provided for and the commission to investigate the administration of justice in China | provided for by resolution 5 of the Washington conference. The Chinese boycott is increasingly disastrous to Lancashire. * x % The Security Pact.—A committee of legal experts representing the British, French, German, Italian and Belgian governments met in London on Sep- tember 1, to draft a security pact, or, | perhaps, ‘rather to try to reach a com. mon understanding on certain delicate matters with which the pact must deal, before the meeting of the big- wigs (to Include the foreign ministers and perhaps even the premiers of the | several governments) to clear the ground. The Germans demand certain im- | | executive. |of Au: {of 925—PART 2.- The Story the Week Has Told portant things which may or may not be found, on discussion, to traverse the Versailles treaty. The treaty must not be traversed; but the interpreta- tion's the thing. All difficulties and inconsistencies may be removed or neatly evaded by suitable interpreta- tion it there’s a common will thereto. The committee ended its labors on Friday, with what accomplishment has not been disclosed to the public. The sessions were very close; out- siders could only judge how things were going by the expression and demeanor of the delegates as they emerged. ¢ The British looked confident, Germans and French depressed. It the legal experts got nowhere, the meeting of the big-wigs hoped for in the near future, may be long de- layed. The last-minute decision of Mussolini to have an Italian repre- sentative on the jurists’ committee is of reassuring significance. * % % % The League of Nations.—The thir- ty-fifth session of the League of tions Council opened at Geneva on September 2. M. Briand, foreign minister France, and Austen of Chumberlain, British foreign minis- the | ter, are in attendance. The most important question con- fronting the council northern frontier of Irak (the Mosul question). Tewfik Bey, the Turkish foreign minister, is pleading his coun- try's case before the council, while Lieut. Col. Amery, the British co- lonial minister, represents Irak and Britain. The British government has con- sented to continuance for 25 years of its mandate over Irak, should Mosul be awarded to the latter. The sixth assembly of the League of Nations opens tomorrow. * ok Xk ¥ Miscellaneous.—On_ August 31 the fourteenth Zionist World Congress ended its stormy proceedings at V. enna.” The conservative element lly won out and Dr. Weizmann continued as president of the The bellicose element was for quick mass immigration of Jews into Palestine to submerge the Arabs, for expropriation of all Palestinian land held by Arabs and for a strong Zionist ;. They were violent! critical of British mandatory policy. When they had sufficlently effer: vesced, same and practical measures were discussed. The conservative and predominantly agricultural policy is to be maintained. The recent grand rally at Vienna, attended by a big German delegation, headed by the Nocialist president of the Reichstag, of advocates of union ria with the German Reich was of greater or smaller significance according to-this or that interpreta tion. The Reichstag president's a sertion that entrance of Germany into the league would facilitate such union produced uncordial reactions in France, Italy and the succession States. A Polish Lithuanian conference is in process in the neutral atmosphere Copenhagen. Genuine amity be- tween Poland and Lithuania would be a tremendous boon to eastern Europe. Diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Mexico are to be resumed. The Bolivian Congress has an nulled the election of Senor Villa- nueva as President of Bolivia. This action was responsive to pressure from Senor Saavedra, whose term President expired on August 5, and who is said to have military backing. 30,000,000 MILES WORLD RECORD . IN CARRYING C | OMMERCE BY AIR |Report of U. S. Department and American Engineer- ing Council, Made Jointly, Shows Progress—Trips | Made Under Widely Differing Conditions. | About 30,000,000 miles have been {flown in regular commercial air serv- |ice throughout the world, according |to a progress report of the survey now being made jointly by the United | | States Department of Commerce and the American Engineering Council. This distance has been covered un der widely varying conditions, over land and water, forests and moun- tains, by day and night, it was said by Prof. Joseph W. Roe, director of the field staff of the joint committee on civil aviation r 1d head of the de- partment of industrial engineering in New York University, by whom the report was authorized. “This_ acéumulated experience,” added Prof. Roe, “affords data for comparing the development and pres- ent status of civil aviation in this country and in Europe, as to growth and character of service, safety, reli- ability, financial aspects, government relations, etc. “It also gives information on the conditions covering air transport, air- ways and the industrial use of air- planes as in agriculture, forestry and surveying.” Favors Federal Air Law. Prof. Roe favors a Federal air law providing for Government supervision of air transport and indirect aid to commerecial aviation, not necessarily in the form of subsidies. “The Department of Commerce and the American Engineering Council are making a study of civil aviation and gathering data which will be of value as a basis for constructive legislation and for guiding invest- ment in this field,” his report con- tinued. “Information, supplied by foreign attaches, aviation officers, engineers and operators is being brought to- gether covering all the regular air services throughout the world. The study deals with the commercial operation of aircraft, as distinguished from manufacture, and will not touch on_military or naval flying. “The report will cover also the world experience in governmental re. lations with civil aviation. Every for- eign air line is heavily subsdiized. This does not necessarily mean that Amer- fcan air lines should have subsidies. ““Conditions here are more favorable for commercial aviation than abroad, but it cannot even hope to succeed ! have been extended to land and water | transportation throughout our-entire history. Few Realize Aid Given. “Few realize the extent of such aid, which amounts to about $200,000,000 for the current fiscal year 1925-26, and covers such items as coast and hy- drographic surveys, lighthouse serv- ice, Weather Bureau, river and har- bor improvements and rural post roads. “The establishment of alds, such as alrways, beacons, airports, meteoro- logical and radio services, is only ap- plylng to air transport, transportation, and without which they could not operate. A second phase is air legislation. We have as yet no Federal air laws and no supervision of air transport. ‘Any inexperienced pilot, with any second-hand plane, who can induce a passenger to go into the air with him is free to do so, a condition unthink- able at sea. x “There should be a Federal air law placing - air transport under such proper Government supervision &s | here without those indirect aids which | the policy | long followed with the older forms of | | will insure safety. It should be gen- | eral in character and flexible enough to allow adjustment to the changing conditions of a rapidly developing sit- uation. “It should conform as far as possi- ble to the international convention for air navigation, which is the basis of the air laws of all countries. In Can- ada such a law has been in operation for five years and is giving general satisfaction. “The survey in hand is gathering the experience of other countries with their air laws to aid in the formula- “tion of similar legislation in this coun- try” Complete Report Soon Ready. A complete report on the survey, the first of the kind, it is said, to be attempted either in this country or abroad, will, it was announced, be presented to the administrative board of the American Engineering Council at a meeting fixed for October 29 and |30, at Columbus, Ohio. The chairman of the committee on civil aviation is J. Walter Drake, As- |sistant Secretary of Commerce; Dr. W. | ¥. Durand, president of the American |Soclety of Mechanical Engineers; Prof. E. P. Warner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; L. K. Bell, Washing- |ton, former traffic manager of air mail, and C. T. Ludington, Philadelphia, general aircraft operator. Working in the field with Prof. Roe are J. Parker Van Zandt, United States Air Service, who has recently made an extensive study of civil avia- tion abroad, and Prof. Alexander Klemin, head of the aeronautical engi- neering course in New York Uni- versity. | marks another step toward the re-| BELGIAN DEBT SE'ITLEMEI\T AIDS ECONOMIC NORMALCY PotenZal Success of Coming Parleys Shows World Returning to Natural Conditions in Realm of Finance, Banker Believes. BY FRANCIS H. SISSON, Vice President, Guaranty Trust Co. of New York. The successful conclusion of the| negotiations for the funding of the| Belgian debt to the United States! sumption of the world's normal economic life. Not only is the Bel- glan government enabled to conduct its financial affairs with a new de- gree of assurance, but the other debtor nations of BEurope will un- doubtedly be encouraged by Bel- glum'’s example. Although the Amer- fcan Debt Commission has expressly stated that the conditions of the agreement are not to be regarded as a precedent, the liberality of the terms appears to have created a| favorable impression abroad. It is definitely announced that France | will send a delegation to this coun- try In September, while similar ac- tion on the part of Italy is probable in the near future. The United States Government now will receive a minimum of $12,- 310,413,285 in the next 62 years from the war debt settlements so far negotiated with the six nations that have arranged payments. Interest Rates Campared. A comparison of the interest rates provided in the Belgi: agreement with the rates stipulated’in the orig- inal loans and the rates now current for Government flotations makes it evident that the terms constitute, in effect, though not in principle, a (Continued from First Page.) tinguish a six or seven-billion-dollar debt by an annual payment of around $130,000,000, even for the relatively | long stretch of 62 years, is a solution i not to be dismissed hastily. If France could establish in principle her con- tention that even this payment should be conditional upon German payments, then she would win clear of foreign debt complications. That she can do | this in principle seems unlikely, but in ! practice it is totally unlikely that she {can be kept to payment if Germany defaults and escapes. Those who remember the events at Paris during the great peace confer- ence of 1919 will perceive in the pres- ent British terms to France a close parallel with the British policy then in the matter of French security. At that time Britain offered to join with the United States in guaranteeing France against any new German aggression. But the British guarantee was condi- tional upon the American, and when our Senate refused to ratify the treaty of Versailles and the Anglo-American- French security treaty also went, by the board the British were automat- ically released from their responsibil- ity, while the blame for the desertion of France was placed upon American shoulders. One more angle of the British opera- tion deserves note. We have steadily insisted that there was not only mo relation between the debts to us and reparations, but that there was an equally complete separation between Germany’s Payfients Disappointing, Allies Seek to Shift Burden to U. S. what our debtors owed us and owed others. Now the proposed French set- tlement with Britain mixes up Ameri- can and British debt claims upon France inextricably. The British say, quite rationally, that France can pay only a certaln amount to her foreign debtors, which are the United States and Britain. The more of this fixed sum which goes to America the less will remain for Britain. Therefore, the adjustment must, in fact, be tri angular, and Britain and America must in practice agree to an identical rate of ent. Aecordingly, when M. Caillaux comes to Washington he will first make the offer which embodies the terms made with Britain. Then, if we insist upon getting more, he will have to reopen conversations with London, and two negotiations will be going on at once, with the British in reality sitting in on our discussions with France. More- over, since the British are paying us largely and are getting nothing from France, and can get nothing until the American settlement with France is made, they will have a wholly legiti- mate ground for urging us to be rea- sonable with France and not block | payments to them as well as to our- Relvoa: (Covyrght. 1925.) None the Less Alluring. From the Los Angeles Times. A vacation is a good deal like a lottery. it than they get out of it. cancellaion of an appreciable portion of the debt. This, together with the long term provided for payment, may be interpreted as more than a recog- nition of the question of “ability to and of the moral obligation to a former ally. The small amounts of the annual payments represent a safeguard against the dangers inher- ent in all the huge international obli- gations growing out of the war. No additional taxes will be levied in Belgium to fulfill its engagements under this agreement, it is officially stated; and, if the Dawes plan func- tions normally, Belgium's war debt is practically canceled. Quotes Belgian Minister. And there is great significance to the remark of the Belgian finance minister, M. Janssen: “Above all, we are glad that we are finished with the great unknown in our finances. Now we know exactly where we stand and the sword of Damocles no longer hangs over our head. We can lay out a financial program that we can execute.” The necessity for removing that menacing factor of debt uncertainty from their finances, as a prerequisite of full recovery and stability, is equally true of other nations in Eu- rope. Only very recently, in fact, M. Painleve, the French premier, cor- rectly declared: “In the same way as our country has not full political liberty so long as the problem of the floating debt is not solved, it cannot have liberty, at least full liberty. in its forelgn policy so long as the mat- Eleven other debtor nations, cluding Russia and Austria, have yet to fund their debts to the. United States Government, which aggregate now, principal and interest, $5,635, 577,000. France and Italy, owing, re- spectively, $4,210,556,948 and $2,138,- 543,852, are the chief debtors. Other Discussions to Follow. The discussions with France and Italy which are to follow will be of unusual import in another direction. {teis desired to have them disposed of fore the time comes for open dis- cussion of such subjects as a World Court, the proposed arms limitation conference, the eodification of inter- national laws and the various ques- tions relating to Russia and China that are awaiting determination. Many matters of policy and of in- direct negotiation with various Euro- pean governments are still open. Conclusion of the debt settlement and elimination of its irritating influence is a recognized essential in carrying all these matters to a final settle- ment. And, finally, perhaps the insistence on payment of these debts will do more in preventing or tending to pre- vent future wars than s now realized. (Copyright, 1925.) Water Scarce in Berlin. Berlin, a modern city of science and technique, is so poorly equipped with water that each Summer's hot spell brings almost a water famine. Re- cently the Charlottenburg quarter has ! suffered particularly, and visitors there were treated to the spectacle of long lines of servants with pails and earth- the public fountains, is that of the! Monument to Gen. BY HENRY L. SWEINHART. LMOST within the shadow of the Capitol of the United States there is being erected and will soon be ready for un- veiling a statue to the first national hero of a foreign country to be placed in this city. It is an eques- trian figure of San Martin, the George Washington of Argentina, the soldier and statesman to whom Chile and public Spain. This artistic and significant monu- ment of granite and bronze, a gift of the people of Argentina to the people of the United States in recognition of the Washington statue donated by citizens of this country to the south- owe their independence from Alres several years ago, will stand in | the center of spac Judiciary Square, only a few blocks from the Nation's legislative hall All Material From Argentina. The statue will be entirely com- | pleted by the end of the present month, it is expected. The concrete foundation has been finished and the polished granite “blocks which will form the pedestal are being put in place. Everything connected with the monument came from Argentina, even the gand used in the foundation, which was taken from the battlefield of San Lorenzo, where in 1813 San Martin won an important victory for the fu ture independence of Argentina. The beautiful biuish granite which form the pedestal was quarried in the Province of Cordoba near the birth- | place of the famous liberator. | The San Martin statue will com- | memorate h victories against Spanish royalist forces, not only in inning the freedom of Argentina but | also in helping Chile throw off the voke of the foreign | dictator. Carved in the granite on |the four sides of the pedestal, there- { fore, will be the names San Lorenzo, Chacabuco, Maipu and Lima. Above these will be bronze bas-reliefs depict- ing historic scenes in connection with se battles. Placed inside of the granite pedestal will be a highly polished onyx stone, also from Ar- gentina, in which will be deposited and Peru to | copies of the act providing for the | |&ift and the act passed by the Con |gress of the United States and ap- 924, authorizing its acceptance. “ By Famous Sculptor. { A replica of the famous statue by | Dumont’ which stands in the plaza in Buenos Aires named in honor of Gen. |San Martin, the one which has been sent here from the sister republic in | South America will be a notable addi tion to those already dotting this city. While there are other foreign heroes honored by statues in Washington, they are all, with the exception of the French Jeanne d’Are, officers who participated in the American War of the Revolution, including Lafayette, | Rochambeau, 'Von Steuben, Kos- ciuszko and Pulaski. the San Martin statue, others now in |course of erection |Gen. Meade of Get |another to John Eric !the Monitor, first | ship, and one to tysburg fame; . inventor of ironclad battle- the herces of the Titanic, donated by the Women's | Titanic’ Memorial Association Of Gen. Jose de San Martin it has {been said: “He did more than any | other man for the cause of independ | ence in the Argentine, Chile and Peru. Peru as well as the River Plate re-. ern republic and unveiled in Buenos | will | proved by President Coolidge on June | In_addition to | here are one to | He was not only an able soldier; in | 27 ARGENTINE HERO’S STATUE NEARS COMPLETION HERE San Martin, Gift of Southern Republic, Will Stand in Judiciary Square. the clearness with which he realized that the independence of each state could only be secured by the co-opera- tion of all, and in the perseverance with which he carried his views into execution, he showed himself a far- seeing and honest statesman.” Trained in Spanish Army. Himself the son of a_captain in the Spanish army, young San Martin was taken to Madrid and educated for a military career. His early military experiences were in the Moorish wars, and then he joloned the Napoleonic struggle, winning considerable name for himself thereby and the rank of lieutenant colonel for his distinguished conduct at the battle of Baylen Young San Martin, then a littie over 30 years of age, offered his services to the government of Buenos Aires in 1812, He trained the citizen soldiers of the junta there, and in the follow ing year struck an important blow for the independence of the future state of Argentina when at the head of his grenadiers he defeated u small royalist force at San Lorenzo. Placed in command of the frontier province of Cuyo in 1814, he prepared to carry out his design to organize an army with which to attack the royalsts upon the Pacific coast. While San Martin was training the “army of the Andes” at Mendoza for an attack upon the royalists who had | subjugated the Chilean patriots, there was adopted, on July 9, 1816, by | congress of ' delegates from provinces.of the former vice roy La Plata who had assembled at Tucu man, a declaration of independence |from Spain. The state thus brought {into existence was often styled the | United Provinces of La Plata Won Chile Independence. | __Early in the following vear Martin's army made a_heroic march over the Andes into Chile by moun- tain passes which were thousands of feet higher than the Pass of St. Ber- nard by which Napoleon crossed the Alps. The soldiers of San Martin de feated the royalists at Chacabuco on February 1817, and a year later independence of Chile was pro claimed in Santiago. After adminis tering another defeat to the Spaniards at Maipu, he returned to Buenos Aires to perfect arrangements for an attack upon the ts in Peru. This novement was carried out succes Iy, and the Spanish viceroy La rna evacuated Lima, the independ- ence of Peru being proclaimed by the . on Jul the war for independence to Gen. Simon Bolivar, who had moved south at but the same time. The in dependence of Peru vas finall - complished at the battle of Ayacucho, the last battle against the Spaniards in America, which took place on De. cember 1824, The remains of San Martin lie in the cathedral in Buenos Aires, where v were brought from Boulogne, France, in which he spent ars of his life. In 1909 a monument to him was erected Boulogne, the Argentine grenadiers, wearing uniforms j like those which t diers had wo | since the Martin, par ticipating i of hi among Amer in the Pan-American Union Building here, ant reminder of his serv | 1use of independence in | the Western Hemisphere. (Copyright. 1825.) A musical mouse is the astonishing animal described by Dr. Edwin B. Powers of the University of Nebraska in the forthcoming number of the Journal of Mammalogy. According to Dr. Powers’ story, Dr. H. A. Morgan, a friend of his bothered for three or four night | spring ¥ singing noise, which f while was attributed to a le: tor valve. Curiosity finally. getting the better of Dr. Morgan, he began a search for the source of the noise, and found that it was not coming from the adiator, but from a_different part of the room. To his dismay, he found that the noise was coming from a waste-paper basket. Upon shaking the basket, a mouse ran out and Dr. Mor- gan gave chase. was last Musical Mouse Regarded Rare Find By Nebraska University Professor | The mouse ran into a small room from which there was no escape. As soon as the chase was stopped the mouse would sit up on its haunches and sing, the singing approximating the noise made by the ecricket, but much more continuous. For 10 or 15 minutes before the mouse was cap. tured it was in open space and under | constant observation, and every time | it came to rest this singing wouid take | place, even under the excitement of | the chase. The mouse was finally cap- | tured, but was fatally injured during | the capture and died the next day, in spite of effort to keep it alive for fur- ther observation. It was turned over to a naturalist, who identified it as the common variety of house mouse. That the lowly ant is as sensitive to heat and to cold as human beings, and that the ant prefers his tempera ture not toe hot and not too cold, is shown by a report from D. F. Miller {and M. Gans of Ohio State Universi to appear in the next issue of th Journal of Comparative Psychology A group of ants in going to and from their nest were found to traverse a certain path on the face of a stone. On one side of this path a covered electric light bulb was placed to serve as a source of controlled heat. On the i other side was placed a brine coil inclosed in an iron can, from which a draught of cold air could be made to Lowly Ant, Like Humans, Is Declared Sensitive to Hot and Cold Weather cross the path. The closer the source of heat was placed to the path, the more the ants | deviated in passing this spot. With | the heat turned off and the cold draught operating, the ants again de- | Viated in passing the spot which was old. The hot ra | from the sun were | found to be as effective as the artifi- | cial heat. At noon, when the sun's | rays beat directly down upon the path | of the ants, they sought to avoid the heat by deviating, but, finding it im- possible to dodge the heat in this man- ¢ speeded up their travel and an away from the heat. |““Gun-Toting™ Growing Fast in Buenos Aires “Gun-toting” has grown to such an extent in Buenos Aires and other large cities in Argentina that the newspa- pers are demanding the passage of ordinances to curb the evil in the in- terest of safety of lawabiding citizens. Gun-toting is not confined to the crim- inal classes, but is indulged in by sen- ators, deputies, lawyers and profes- sonal men. Many waiters in hotels and restaurants carry guns, just as do lawyers and prominent political lead- ers. They give one excuse—"for self- defense’—explaining that one never | save his life. rientes the home of a provincial sena- tor when searched by the police was found to be a small arsenal. The po- lice took from it 4,000 cartridge belts, 657 swords and nearly 800 gun cases, besides other war material. Just what a senator was doing with so much dan- gerous property is being investigated by the federal government. Since the war there have been dumped into Buenos Aires thousands of automatic pistols and revolvers from the surplus war stocks of Italy and Germany, and all priced so low that the poorest citi- zen could purchase them. . 'Germans Read Ford. Henry Ford's book, translated into German, has been widely read in Ger- many and has had a deep effect. Many ¢ German industrialists are convinced that only through the introduction of the Ford systeni of specialization and People put a lot more into|enware vessels standing in line before | credit can German business return to its former flourishing condition. knows when he will have to ““draw” to | A few days ago in the city of Cor-| Population of Turkey Showp to Have Declined _Turkey has had no real census since 1884 and that one hardly ex- tended beyond Constantinople, then the capital. A demand for a new census is being made, but the difficulty is to find enough capable workers to enum- erate the entire population in two or three days. In 1906 the figures of 1884 were revised without a canvass. | All other tables have been based on police returns—admittedly inaccurate. In 1884 the population of Constanti- [nople was recorded #s 761,665. In 11906 the estimate based on these fig- ures fixed the number at 977,762, in- | cluding foreigner: A similar esti- mate in 1919 gave the city 1,120,665. The last estimate for 1922 was as fol- lows: Moslem, 37 Greeks, 158,- 219; Armenians, 87,919; Jews, 40,018; others, 51,006; total, 710,286. Deduct- ing the number who have emigrated since then would reduce the figure to 600,000, which Turkey considers much too small for its leading city. How- ever, there is no doubt that the popu- lation has diminished in the last six years. Is Hermine Queen? Concerning the title of the second wife of former Emperor William | Hohenzollern there is considerable |discussion in Germany. Princess Her- | mine is said to sign hesself “Hermine |Empress WilheIm"—a curious anoma- ly. But her “official” letters all end with the signature “Hermine I. R.” (imperatrix regina). Republican |Germans are wondering just when a queen empress is not a queen em- press.