Evening Star Newspaper, September 6, 1925, Page 23

EDITO NATIONAL PROBLE SPECIAL FEAT RIAL PAGE URES Part 2—8 Pages NEW PROGRAM PROPOSED TO BUILD UP U. S. FLEET i Shipping Interests Will Ask Congress for an Entire Revision of Mérchant Marine BY FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE. ONGRESS will be asked next Winter by the united ship- ping interests of the United States to enact comprehen- sive new legislation for the creation of an American merchant marine. It contemplates the gradual abolition of the Shipping Board and Emergency Fleet Corporation and the eventual transfer of the entire shipping industry from Government |Operation. ownetship to private enterprise. As perhaps the most sweeping proposal of *all, Congress is urged to create # new cabinet office, to be known us the department of the marine. It would be headed by “secretary of marine,” who would have jurisdic- tion over all the activities of the Government in connection with ship- ping matters The project, which is the most ex- Yensive merchant marine scheme upon which rival interests have ever been able to agree, is offi 1ly spon- sored by the American Steamship Owners' Association, c American Steamship Ass the Shipowners' Association of the Pacific. It is the outcome of several | weeks of conferéence at in April and May of this year, which more than 100 of the foremos ship owners and shipping authorities of the country participated. Winthrop L. Marvin, general ‘ma ger of the American Steamship Owners’ Asso- ciation, and Capt. Robert Dollar president of the Shipowners’ Asso ciation of the Pacific, were, prime movers in the conference's deliberu- | tions. | 3 Agreed on Recommendations. resulted - in the preparation of of 48 “recomendations embodying every phase of the Amer- ican shipping problem. The “recom- | mendations” have just been sub- mitted for scrutiny and approval to the leadin mmercial organizations of the United States. Eventually! they will be laid before the Presi- dent, the cabinet and members of Congress. By December, when the Sixty-ninth Congress has assembled, it is hoped that national sentiment may have crystallized sufficiently to pave the way for legislative action. The project to create a privately owned, but Government-fostered, merchant marine is hased broadly | and bo' 'y on the contention that Governr it att. mpts to conduct 3 shipping Lusiness have proved a d mal and costly failure. It is the.opin- fon of the ship owners that “the Gov- ernment should be-liquidated out of the shipping business as rapidly as possible.’ To that end it is pro- posed that liquidating _duties and authority should be vested in thel Fleet ation, under control of | .the of Commerce, or a newly constituted department of ma- rine. ! Organization Is Urged. The shipowners’ associations be- lieve that the time has come to re- organize the whole Shipping Board divorce the Emergency rporation from it altogether. “Regulatory powers”’ should be the only function of the Shipping Board, the shippers think, while “liquidating | hould be the sole occupa. tion of the Fleet Corporation. With reduced authority, it is proposed that the Shipping Board be curtailed in size and henceforward consist of only three members. These should be ap. pointed by the President without re- | gard to political or geographical con siderations, but with special regard to their business qualifications, One, it is required, should have had “com mercial shipping experience.” The diminished Shipping Board's duty | should consist of the regulatory pow- | ers ‘necessary to the promotion of | an American merchant marine.” | The shipping leaders of the country assail the Government's experiment of the past five vears in vigorous terms. The preamble to their recom- mendations “With the ception of a few serv- ked progress has been | the goal of a perma- | nent merchant marine in foreign trade, notwithstanding the expendi- | ture of millions of dollars from the public treasury. The associations be- it is conservative to say that | urther efforts along the lines follow ed in the past will not only fail to place American shipping on a su cessful and permanent basis, so as to fulfill the object of a merchant marine, but, instead, hope of ever| | Genetal, subje | American Control. merchant ships which the Govern- ment now owns will age and de- teriorate and the Government will add to the hundreds of millions of dollars already spent.” Soft Pedal on Subsidies. Mistakes of the past, the shipown- ers declare, can only be remedied by private ownership of shipping under wise and generous Government co- No subsidies, as such, are advocated, except for carriage of the United States malls. Thesp so-called “direct aids” are to be paid to ship- ping _companies by the .Postmaster to appropriations by Congress. United States mails will be carried, under the proposed scheme, by ships engaged in “‘the maintenance of essential services.” Governmental agencies would be especially chirged with the duty of determining which are ‘“essential services'—on what lines combination passenger and cargo ships are to be operated, and on what lines cargo vessels only should be maintained. ‘Direct aids” should be given only so long as necessary to insure the contintiance of the re- spective services in the face of for- gn competition. But if the Govern- ment should sell any trade route wnd the ships operated therein, the mail contracts should be included in the assets of the route. Indirect aids” at the Government's hands should Inciude, it is argued, important changes in the seamen’s lact and in the navigation and im repeal of duties on foreign ship repairs; - reduction in Panama Canal tolls; extension of coastwise laws to the Philippines and other island possessions of the United elimination of Government competition by co-ordination -of Gov- ernment departments, and by ap- propriate legislation on other matters. Great stress Is lald on repealing that provision of the seamen's act which requires that a sailor must be paid on demand at each port one-half-of the balance of his wages then earned and remaining unpaid. Since pro- hibition was enacted in America, it has become the general practice of seamen to demand their wages im- mediately an American vessel reaches a forelgn port where liquor can be purchased. Disastrous conditions migration laws: | aboard ship are said to ensue. Proposals of Shipowners. Pending the - enactment of such legislation as will provide assurance that American ships can be operated | in foreign trade with commercial suc- cess, the shipowners propose the fol- lowing: 1. operating any service -which does not promise to become self-sustaining, un- less the Navy considers its mainte- nance necessary to national defense. 2. That the operation of all other services, deemed necessary to defense and trade, be placed in the hands of American citizens—"preferably those who have had the courage to invest their money in the shipping business.” 3. That the Government's laid-up ships, which have no present or pros- pective value as successful vessels, be sold for scrapping either at home or abroad; that ships with a promise of value be laid up for sale as soon as possible to Amerlcan citizens. 4. That the ‘“construction loan fund” be transferred to the control of the Secretary- of Commerce, and be continued available, at a rate of in- terest not exceeding 3 per cent, for future construction by American’ citi- zens of approved types of ships in shipyards, this new con- struction being necessary to replace existing ships as they become de- modernized. 5. That American shipowners con- tinue their investigations into -the factors which operate against Ameri- can ships in foreign trade. The interests that conferred in New York and drafted the ‘“recommenda- tions” herein summarized will shortly | form a special committee to draft legislation for submission to Con- gress. Thé theory on which the shipowners have proceeded is that they—Amer- ica’s experienced authorities in the navigation fleld—are qualified to evolve such a plan. It will mean, they assert, “the attain- ment of the high aspirations so well expressed in the preamble Merchant Marine Act of 1920.” Con- versely, if the suggested aids are not granted, the shippers. “are firmly. of the bellef that in due course the United States will not have.a mer- having a privately owned merchant marine, adequate for national require- | ments, will be destroved, while the chant marine of any marked im- portance in forelgn trade.” (Copyright, 1925.) SHELLS SHOW INDIANS LIVED ON PACIFIC 3,500 YEARS AGO the same place, Living in exactly customs, for with exactly the sam three and a half thousand vears, the Tndians of the San Francisco Bay re- glon in California take the palm for conservatism. This long and un- changing record has been exposed by excavations of partly submerged pre- *historic shell mounds around the which ow that the region wa - habited 3,500 vears ago by Indians who then lived as their descendants live today, it is announced by Dr. A. L. Kroeber of the University of California through the Smithsonian, Institution here. “\Vhen Troy was besieged and Sol-| omon was buflding his temple, at a period when even Greek civilistation had not yet taken on the traits that we regard as characteristic, when only a few scattering foundations of spe- cific modern culture were being laid and our own northern arkestors dwelled in unmitigated garbarism,” déclares Dr. Kroeber, ‘the native nian already lived in_all es: als like his descendant of today. e few parts of the world, even those inhabited by dark-skinned savages, where such a condition can be regarded as established. The per- manence of California_culture, there- fore, is of far more than local Inter- est. It Is a fact of significance in the history of civilization. “If it be objected that the period dealt with is, after all, conjectural rather ihan established, the import of our infcrence may be diminished; but it is nct destroyed. Cut the estimate of 3,500 years in half, or even to one- third, we are still back to the time of Chariemagne. The elapsed millen- nium has witnessed momentous alter- atlons in Burope, in India, in Japan; ven- the Mohammedan ' countries, &hm.. Central Asia and Malaysia, have changed deeply in civilization, while this part of Amerlca has stood il . Lr. Kroeber bases his Inferences upon the fact that all classes.of ob- jects found in these shell mounds were unearthed with practically the same frequency from the top, middle and bottom of the heap and show that the prehistoric_people ate the same food, in nearly the same proportions, pre: pared in the same manner, and sewed skins, rush mats and coiled baskets similarly to their recent descendants. “Even their religion was conserva- tive, since the identical charms seem to have been regarded as potent. In a word, ‘the basis of culture remained identical during the whole of the shell mound perod,” he declares. The age of the mounds is estimated by the time necessary for the shells to | have accumulated, supposing that they represent the debrls of a large hamlet of 100 people and allowing 50 mussels a day for every man, woman and child. - Experiments show that 5,000 mussel shells crush down to a quarter as_many cubic Inches. The population may have averaged more than 100, Dr. Kroeber admits, but this would be a rather high figure for a native California village. It may also have been augmented seasonally by visitors from the interior, but, to compensate, its own inhabitants are likely to have spent five or six months of each vear away from their mus- sels. “However the question is ap- proached,” he maintains, “3,500 years seem a conservative estimate.” Fleets in Tilt. When the British war fleet was sail- ing up the Baltic recently to visit the Baltic capitals it met Soviet warships off Libau. The British raised the old czar colors and fired a five-gun salute. The reds were insulted and did not re- ply. According to the bolshevik ve son of the incident the British raised the Dutch flag, which is similar to the old Russlan sea banner. That the Shipping Board cease | legitimately | of _the | Note—This is the first of two in- terviews on divorce. The next, with a New York justice who has tried hundreds of divorce cases and who has strong views on the subject, will de published next Sunday. BY E. MELFORD. HOMAS W. CHURCHILL, jus- tice of the New York State Su- preme Court and former pres- ident of the New York City Board of Education, with 1, 000,000 children under his care. sat back ‘in_his chair in his chambers, a bit tired. He had just heard 18 di- vorce cases and was not in pleasant frame of mind. Bound by his oath, and knowing that perjury had been committed in several cases, he was nevertheless, forced to render deci- sions, which, while conforming to the law, were contrary to morals, Justice Churchill has a kindly- face. But there is that in the s-uare chin which denotes strength of purpose and determination. 1 broached the ques- tion of divorce and he only readily and gladly, but appeared to be anxlous to free his mind of i flood of id So I asked Q. To what do you ascribe the con- stant increase in the number of di- vorces? . A. There are so many interlocking causes that it Is impossible to answer that question in just one sentence. The main cause, as 1 see it, is'the utter lack of spiritualify from which this Nation is suffering. As a material people we are a huge success; from a spiritual viewpoint we are an ab ject failure. The spiritual side of life is being neglected. to such an extent that the American home sufferin; tand God knows what future gener tions will be like if there be not an awakening. We cannot teach spiri- tuality in the school. We cannot { teach it in the colleges. But we can and must teach it in the homes. God Left Out. How has lack of spirituality an increase in divoices? people look upon mar: ntract, just as the does. A man and a woman go to the city clerk or the justice of the peace and are married. There is no solemnity; no feeling sanctity- nothin; It is on a par with signin, a lease—a contract which can be void- ed or broken or even forgotten. And yet, in the eyes of the law, ma riage is such a contract—two human beings agreeing to live together as man and wife. But behind that con- Q caused A. Tox as a civil answered not | Court, says: = pledge in the sight of God. home. to the level of the men. tract is something much more binding —an pledge in the eyes of God. It is this lack of a spiritual pledge which brings about marital discord and di- vorce. Q. What other causes are there, in your opinion? A Kk of acquaintance. A young man and a girl rush into mayriage, knowing nothing of each other’s pasts, each other's foibles, digpositions, likes and dislikes and, mosl important of all, each other's characters. They forget to look twice before they leap into magrimony. Q. Are there still other causes? A. Yes: permitting religious views and creeds to interfere. We have too much religion—too many creeds—and not enough real godliness. Creeds do not mix well matrimonially; there is discord from the start. Mixed mar- riages of this type usually result in divorces. If the spiritual training had been right, creed would play no part; ‘l:ul, as I.said, the spiritual has been | sacrificed for the material. | Curse of Cheap Lawyers. | @ Are not lawyers responsible for a great many divorces A. are the curse of modern marriage and its many ramifications. We have not the right caliber of lawyers. They are greedy for fees. Many a ma disagreement could be settled amicably and the angry parties brought together again if the lawyer were not so anxious to get his | fee.” Let a hysterical woman, with an SUNDAY MORN A DIVORCE JUDGE ON DIVORCE Thomas W. Churchill, justice of the New York State Supreme Lack of spiritual teaching in the home is one of the main causes for the increase in divorces. We have become commercial and material to such an extent that the marriage ceremony has become a mere contract, not a Unscrupulous lawyers, out for money, are also responsible for a large number of divorces, which should be avoided. Uniformity of divorcé laws throughout the Union would not help so long as the divorce evil is not attacked at its root—the The new equality of sexes has not helped matters, either in the home, in politics, nor in any way. Women have not helped men to a higher level; they have permitted themselves to be dragged down imaginary grievance against band, go to some cheap law: a hundred dollar bill and cause for divorce will whether it exists or not. Q. How could this be prevented? A. The Domestic Relations Courts have done much to help; but I be- lieve that every judge presiding in divorce cases should deem it his sol- emn duty to investigate and try to bring the conflicting parties together —If that be possible. Q. How would you bring about re. form in the divorce situation? A. I don’t know! Every State has its own divorce laws; there is no uni formity. And when all is suid done, I don't know whether a national, uniform law would help. Bach State has its sovereign rights which must be respected. New York State can not say to Colorado what it shall do. But I believe that the time will come when matters will be in such serious shape that there will have to come united action by all the States, Not a Cure for Evil. Q. WIll that cure the divorce evil? A. Far from it. Education patience alone will ameliorate it; can never be eradicated so long human pature is human nature. Of course, there can be no course in ap- plied matrimony in either schools or colleges. But there can be in the home. Q. How? A. By teaching that marriage is a er hus- er with dequate be found. it and | and | The Sunday Star WASHINGTON, D. C, G, SEPTEMBER 6, 1925. Godless Homes Cause of Divorce holy thing—a sacrament—as well as a legal contract. Our youth is frrev- erent. They look upon marriage in the light of a joke. We of the older generation know the contrary. But then, the older generation was brought up differently. Now, disrespect of the law—the prohibition law, as well as other laws—is common. Disrespect of elders—disrespect of the word of God —this is an age of levity. I am not a fundamentalist and do not believe as they believe in Dayton, Tenn. But 1 have a firm bellef that when all is said and done, we should develop our spiritual side more. A Job for Parents. Q. Upon whom would you place the responsibility for that develop- ment? A. Upon the mothers and fathers of the young. Let the home be the spiritual school. Our laws do not permit the teaching of religion in school. Let religion—be the creed what it will—be taught in the home. The churches could reduce the num- ber of divorces if they would stop for a time the discussion of dogmas and creeds. I favor in a way the attitude of the Roman Catholic Church and some of the higher Episcopal churches. Many a disrupted family | has been saved from disaster by the | knowledge that the husband and wife are bound for life and not for a time only. Perhaps, if we made divorce harder—and also marriage—the total number of divorces would be reduced perceptibly. Women as Home Saviors. Q. Then you see no immediate remedy? A. Only | the judges constant watchfulness » more consclence on the part of the lawyers—forbearance on the part of married people, and—a reawakening of the spiritual side of our natures. Women can help ma- terinlly in the latter. They are the mothers of the ra y that their childrer right, act right and live right. | women, with their | dom, should and mu | saviors of the home. | do, the Amert | a thing jazz as y mes | They divor | marryin | quarreling: by | times before | mates. | (Copyright act as the For, unless they an home will become unknown. There 1 can give to lone can reduce the number of —by thinking twice before is no fina thinking thousand separating from their 1925.) WEAPCON FOR International Resolution t BY Former HAMILTON HOL Editor of+ the ‘Independent At the present moment two peace groups in the United States who have caught the ear of the public. The one—and by far the larger— would have the United States join the World Court and the League of Na- tions. The other—smaller, bit ably |led, especially in the Senate—would | have the nations declare that war is |a crime and that “all.seizures, annex {ations or exactions, by force, duress or {fraud are null and void.” |" The aim of both of these schools is |the outlawry of war. The chief dif- | ference between them is measured I { the sanctions they would us | tain international law. | The socalled “outlawry of war” school, of which Senator Borah is the I most conspicuous leader. would have {international law_upheld by public |'opinion alone. The League of Na { tions—World Court school. of which | former Supreme Court Justice Clarke | and former Attorney General Wicker- { sham_are the champions, would em- ploy every known sanction—diplo- | matic, moral, economic and.military. World's Difficult Problem. Undoubtedly the question of what sanctions are requisite to maintain in- | ternational ‘law is the most difficult | problem now confronting world state: { manship. One thing, howev | tain. No sanction can have the effect | desired unless it is strong enough to | deter those who are tempted to dis- regard it. Can any or all of these do this? I leave out of account diplo- matic pressure, because " diplomatic pressure, essential and often effective in the early stages of a controversy, has never been accounted sufficient when a real crisis arlses. Can public opinfon compel obedi- ence to international law? While it is an axiom of political sclence that no law can be enforced contrary to pub- lic opinion, the converse is, of course not true. Public opinion can no more prevent a great nation from violating the canons of international law, as has been amply demonstrated In the Great War, than can public opinion within a nation apprehend a criminal or put down a riot. Public opinion must sustain_international law and | approve its enforcement. Public opin- {1on as a substitute for force is a pure chimera. Never Actually Enforced. I Wil pressure be sufficient to maintain in- ternational law? Iconomic pressure is already a part of the law of the league of nations. But though the threat of its use has been made sev- eral times, especially in the Albania and Jugoslavia boundary dispute, it has never been actually resorted to. While economic pressure would un- doubtedly in many instances—perhaps in most—be sufficient to bring about a recourse to a peaceful settlement, ithere are severz! reasons to think it would not.always work. Two of the most important are as follows: First: Economic pressure can never be as great as physical pressure, both byethe very nature of the case, and because as President Laowell of Har- vard has well pointed out, “The re- sistance of the interests affected will be at least as great against an eco- nomic boycott as against war, and they will be constrantly striving to break it down, whereas war once de- clared silences opposition”—a fact which any "nation that thought of breaking international law would not fail to notice." Proposal Meets Obstacles. Second: Thé proposal to resert to non-intercourse will have to meet a practical difficulty. When " such a measure is to be employed how can the coercing nations equitably appor- tion the pressure among themselve: In undertaking to employ military force this is difficult enough—witness the near defeat of the allies- before they ‘would unify their armies under Foch—but when economic pressure is there are| non-intercourse or economic | FORCE IS VIEWED AS ULTIMATE OUTLAWING WAR o Bring Peace Held as Lit- tle More Than Pious Aspiration Unless U. S. Is Willing to Support Pact With Sanctions. |virtually the entire cost of the undor- Nevertheless, until the nations yme plan—and the League ations is working hard at it—by which the nation that suffers the most from the loss of trade is compensated by the others, this objection might be {almost insuperable. | 1f public opinion and economic pressure will not always suffice to compel a recourse to peaceful settle- ment, we fall back on force as the ultimate sanction We are now living in a world in | which there are laws and covenants to prevent war, but no force to com- pel resort to them. It would be an exact parallel if within the State there were elaborate laws governing the conduct of persons engaged In riots, murder and violence and no po- lice to enforce them. Former Senator Root Quoted. | 'This aspect of the case has thus | been summarized by Elihu Root: “Many States have grown so great t there is no power capable of im- punishment on them except the power of collective civilization outside that State * * * and the only possibility of establishing real restraint by law seems to remain to give effect to the undoubted will of the vast majority of mankin i In other words, Mr. Root proposes i to establish an international criminal |law with sanctions. This naturally aises the question, What is an ade- { quate force to maintain international law, if diplomatic pressure, public opinion and non-intercourse should fail? The answer would seem to be that the forces of righteousness, as Mr. Root implies, should always keep a force adequate to cope with any ordi- n v outbreak by the forces of un- r.ghteousness. If the force is insuffi- cient for this task, it may actually invite war. When the Boston police struck a few years ago the hoodlums took the town that very night. Held as “Pious Aspiration.” If the foregoing argument is sound, it is evident that in the present state of civilization every available sanc- tion may be needed to enthrone inter- national law and outlaw war. If the United States is unwilling to co-op- erate with other nations to set up {1ese sanctions and use them when necessary, then our signature to an international resolution for the “out- lawry of war,” backed only by public opinion, can hardly be more than a | pious aspiration. (Copyright. 1825.) th posing |and so thoroughly does the wi ARMOR OF WAX GUARDS GERM THAT PRODUCES TUBERCULOSIS Rod-Like Parasite Also Protects Self by Causing Tis- sues to Build Up Encircling Wall—Many As- saults Made on Deadly Bacillus. BY DR. PHILIP P. JACOBS. There is an oid saying that a cat has nine lives and that no self-respecting feline is really dead until she has passed through these several stages of mortality. Be that as it may, there is 4 germ that seems to have even more than the proverbial nine lives. I refer to that member of the germ tribe known as the “tubercle bacillus,” the little rod-like parasite that causes tu- berculosis. Before we discuss some of the many lives of this little animal or vegetable (we do not know which it is), let us make very sure that we all agree that you cannot have tuberculosis without the germ. There are some folks who have a notion that consumption or tu- berculosis is a sort of constitutional disease, and that you can have it with- out the germ, but these folk are merely fooling themselves. 3 Armored with Wax. The tuberculosis germ, unlike most of the other germs, has, in addition to his ordinary vitality, or rather extraor- dinary vitality, an armor coat of wax. Nearly half of the germ is wax, x pro. tect this little rod-like creature that it is almost impossible to kill it. Direct sunlight seems to be the quickest way to dry him up, and I have often wondered whether it is not because the sunlight melted his armor. In addition to having this wax coat, however, the tuberculosis germ has another way of protecting him- self. When he gets into the body he has a way of getting the cell tissues to react by bullding a wall about him. In other words, he gets his host to cover him up and protect him. This covering, because it is round and hard, and shaped like a pea, is called from the Latin word tubercle.’ Most adult persons have tubercle, particularly those who live in cities or where there are crowds of people constantly assoclating together. But the tubercle is perfectly harmless and need not cause any one alarm. It is only when the original tubercle breaks down, because of lowered re- sistance, that trouble begins and disease, or, as we call it, tuberculosis, takes hold of the victim. Many Assaults on Germs. There have been many attempts to kill the wily tuberculosis germ within the body, but, as one can readily see, unless a liquid, a gas or a poison of some sort is used that will penetrate the tubercle and the wax coat of the Held Not new thing. was observed by Prof. Elisworth Faris Punishment probably began slaves and wives adopted out of stranger tribes, and it is only in civil- ized groups that the punishing custom has spread to children. Punishment, says Prof. Faris, is a compromise between revenge and for- When juvenile courts and modern |takes. educators advise against punishment |forebearance is found in the attitude jof children they are advocating nolof revenge which primitive groups In 10 years’ observation|take toward enemy tribes, whom they of the native Bantus of Central Africa |regard as scarcely -human and seek not one case of a child being punished |to annihilate outright. Advice Against Child Punishment a “New Thing Under the Sun”| In primitive groups it is only out- |of the University of Chicago, who has|siders who are punished. Children are made an investigation of the extent|trained by means of myths and folk- and probable origin of punishment.|tales containing the moral and social And in North America, from the Eski- |code of the tribe. These are told to mos on the north to the Pueblos on the children in the family circle by the south, punishment of children was the elders of the tribe or by men espe- unknown before the white man came, |cially appointed. Should disobedience and adults were punished -only infre-[occur it is stopped by gentle ridicule quently and for very serious offenses.|and sometimes by fasting gnd other with | religious ceremonies. Peers in Distress. giveness and probably occurred first| There are in Korea 69 peers, most when outsiders were brought into an|of whom are miserably impoverished. otherwise homogeneous group. ‘The | The governon general of Korea has lindividual born into a primitive group | memorialized the Tokio - government is unified with the group almost.as|for relief measures. It is proposed to closely as the hand s with the body. | sell for $2,000,000 the land owned by This unity causes submission to prohibits punishment, since the group to be employed it is conceivable that |cannot punish itself, just as one does a single ’nn.llon'mly‘ ‘have ‘to* bear 'not punish His ::ln hand for*its mis- the | the former royal family Yi, and dis- dictates of group customs and also|tribute the proceeds, to of a of the state land to help the Pt - to institute a Km-p,e-n of the Peers’ Club in Toklo, ° vlindrical | The opposite_extreme ‘to this | Ferms _one might as well not try. All sorts of chemicals have been use from precious metals down to ordi- nary egrth, and every conceivable gas that could be inhaled or taken with- out danger h been tried, but with- out success. There are things that | one could take that would kill the | tuberculosists germ within the body, but they would kill the man before they killed the germ. Recently a Danish ~ savant, widely heralded through the newspapers—Moellgaard | by name—announced that a solution | of gold salts, known as * nocrysin,” { would do what others had tried to do | for years. But Moellgaard's own re- ports indicated that most of the peo- | ple on whom he tried sanocrysin® | died before the germs were killed. { Experiments in this country have not | borne out the flattering cabled reports | from ahroad In an effort to find out more about | the possibilities of killing the tubercu- losis germ within the body and to in- crease our knowledge generally about what happens when the germ gets into the body, the National Tuberculosis s jatioh, through its medical re- h committee, is now engaged in a :, organized hunt. One after another of the various layers of the tuberculosis germ are being peeled off and this tiny little micro-organism is being broken up into its many chemi- 1 and other constituents. By and by |we will know what it is in the tuber- |culosis germ that really causes tuber- culosis. We do not know it now. By tuberculosis germ that makes tubercle. We do not know that now. Some day we are going to know how to take the hide off the germ without killing the person who has the germ. This is all the work of the medical researchers. | The more we learn about the tubercu- losis germ the more we can do to dis- cover the cause of its many lives, and |the sooner will we be able to get rid {of this pes 300 Bibles to Be Used When the Malolo—the largest and fastest high-powered steamship ever built in the United States—sets forth on her first run between San Fran- cisco and Honolulu in the Spring of 1927 she will be better equipped with Bibles and hymn books than any ves- sel ever built in this country. There will be a Bible in each of the 274 staterooms, and the remainder of the 300 Bibles which the ship will carry will be placed in the public rooms and in the quarters of the offi- | cers and crew. There will be 400 hym- nals, so that no one will lack an op- | portunity to join in the religious serv- ces on board. N The Malolo is now being constructed for the Matson Navigation Co., at Cramps’ Shipyard on the Delaware River. She will make the round trip between San Francisco and Honolulu in eight days, cutting four days from the time made by the swiftest passen- ger steamers now on the run. Argentine Illiteracy High. Educational circles in Argentina have been rudely jolted by the pub- lication of records showing an increase in illiteracy. ©f the 20,000 conscripts called this year, one-third were unable to read or write and another one-third were semidiliterate. The standard of education of the others was low rather than high.: In some regiments 50 per cent of the recruits cotid neither read nor write, while in others the per- centage was not below 30. The great percentage of army recruits come from the poorer classes in the citles and from the rural districts. Low wages and excessive living costs cause parents to send their children to work at a pitifully low age and the educa- tional regulations are too lax to keep ' check on them. The | new-found free- | of the old-fashioned past, when | nd dance clubs and such were ! our people. | thinking thrice before | and by we will know what it is in the ! | By New U. S. Steamship | German Payments BY FRANK H. SIMONDS HE recent Anglo-French tenta- tive debt agreement, following closely upon the more defin tive American-Belgian adjust- ment, has once more turned interallied debts. The double certainty that the French are now to seek an American hearing, and that the recent Anglo-French adjustment will stand or disappear as the Franco-American discussions turn out, serves also give present and future importance to these negotlations themselv Of course, in their discussions with the French the British have again done an immensely clever thing. They had come to a deadlock, France would consent only to pay so much, the British only to take %o much, and the gap between w more than $10,000,- 000. Caillaux was going home, having obviously made his last | Then Churchill came forward with an | offer which only bound the British to be as generous as the United States, if the United States were at all gen. erous, and i.isured for Britain just as good terms as America could get. Stood to Lose Little. The PBritish gesture was the nat ural extension of the famous Balfour note of three years ago. Then the British said that they were prepared | to cancel all that was owed them.pro- vided the United Staes would forgive all they were owed by Britain. It was a handsome gesture, but not expen- sive, because, had the offer been taken on’ nearly e hi while they would have forgiven $8,000,000,000 on which no one i paying and for a part least no one ever will Had the United States agreed to the alfour note principle, it would have abandoned its $5,000,000,000 upon Bfitain and got absolutely noth. 5,000,000,000 which they will. But, as we refused, we have had to bear the responsibility for all un- pleasant debt affairs since. And spe- cifically we have had to stand respon- | sible because the British, having be. | #un to pay us, have also begun to asi their allies* for payment oreover, ‘slnr'e we inconvenient!. in: upon being paid by Britain's debtors our- selves, we are doubly unpopular. In the London negotiations Win- ston Churchill led M. Caillaux to the extreme limit of French concession. { Then he said, with an eye upon his ¢ well, we will take what you offer provided you can persuade the United States to accept settlement on similar terms. But you pay the United States any larger percentage than this agreement would call for, you must incre your pay ment to us pari passu.” Thus"pari passu remains the fundamental prin- ciple and the United States remains the villain in the piece. Treat All Alike. We have taken the very definite | stand, embodied in both the British {and the Belgian settlements, that pay- ment to us shall be for the full amount {borrowed and on the basis of annual | installments amounting to 3% per cent land 3 per cent for debt extinction | Britain and Belgium, after | temporary’ allowances, are going to {pay us 4 per cent on their borrowings | | for 62 years {expect Jju We have said that we the same scale to prevail |in the case of France and Italy. Now the British come along and agree with the French that they will accept from nce not 4 per cent but | per cent a ar for 62 ye: pro- | vided France persuade us to be equally obliging. France is to pay | Britain around $60,000,000 annually on |a debt slightly smaller than she owes | us. But if France dares to consent to | pay us at a higher rate, then the whole | Anglo-French agreement is off, and | France suffers accordingl. | M. Caillaux now has his thesis for | American discussion. Assuming that { his cabinet will accept the British pro- | posal, which is likely, he will come to | Washington and offer to pay 2 per cent on the French debt, or just half | what we expect. -In round figure: | he will offer §70,000,000 a_year where we demand $140,000,000. But this has to be his maximum, for if he offers more he unsetties the whole prior | adjustment. Want Germany to Pay. If France pays $70,000,000 to us and to Britain $60,000,000 a vear, her ag- gregate payments will be $130,000,000 against $184,000,000 for Britain, dimin- ished by the $60,000,000 Paris will pay |London. The sums will be then in | reality about equal, although both { France and Britain will benefit by payments which may be made to them | by other creditors, as well as by Ger- man reparation payments. Now, the chief objective of both France and British financial states- manship is to avoid any payment of foreign debt out of domestic funds. The British have definitely adopted the principle that the sum of all amounts paid to Britain on account of German reparations and interallied debts must be equal to the sum of the payments which they make annually to -America. France, with much smaller claims upon her allies and much larger claims upon Germany, has taken the stand that in any case her payments abroad must not exceed her receipts from Germany. Thus, if France should contract to pay $130,- 000,000 annually to Britain and the United States, she would stipulate that such payment should be reduced if Germany failed to pay reparations. On'the other hand, the British have successfully established the principle that France shall pay in sterling, not in gold marks, and that there shall be an entire separation between repara- tions and debt paying. What remains problematical is whether Britain will consent to any reduction in French payments if Germany fails to come up to scratch. As the French share of reparations is 52 per cent, however, and the French payments to Britain and the Unitel States would not ex- ceed $130,000,000 annually, this is not a burning issue at the moment; for Germany, if she pays anything, may be expected to pay $250,000,000 for a period of years at least. Impasse Is Likely. Now consider the American situa- tion with respeet to France, which, through M. Caillaux, must come to ‘Washington shortly.” We siiall_pro- duce our British settlement, the Bald- win-Mellon treaty, which obligates Britain to pay us, with certain tem- porary mitigations, 4 per cent on their debt for 62 years. The French will meet this with some repetition of the Churchill-Caillaux tentative agreement which would represent 2 per cent in- stead of 4 per cent. If we reject the offer, the French will either hdve to world attention toward the question of | to| proposal. | up, they would have escaped payment | ing in/return, save problematical good | it | certain | HIT BY REPARATION SLUMP, FRANCE SHIRKS BURDEN Dfsappointng—(lail- lanx Maneuvers Into Stand on Debt That May Put U. S. in Bad Light. scrap this settlement with the British or decline to yield to our insistence. The other way out of the impasse would be to inquire of the British whether they would consent to a Franco-American agreement even if it gave the United States better terms than Britain had obtalned from France. The answer to this would be an inevitable negative, for the British public is resolved that it shall not fare worse than the United States. A deadlock would necessarily ensue and But rance | Caillaux would have to go home. | his situation—the situation of ~would be <fmproved, since France woull be in the position not only of offering to pay her debts up to her capacity for payment, but also of { offering to pay the United States on a | basi which had been recognized by Britain as fa It requires no profound H insight to | discover how intensely unpopular the | American attitude would then become. | The British, who are paying us, would | indict us not alc for delaying settle ment and preventing French payments to Britain, but also for seeking to get better terms from France than Britain | had obtained, while the French would | resent our course, since it not alone demanded larger payments than they felt able to make us, but also by ndi rection destroyed what would other wise be a favorable settlement with Britain. Alternative Dangerous. There is, of courd, a further possi bility. Our Government might seek to combine the financial with the political questions, and ask that France, in re. turn for generous terms in the matter of the debt, should consent to attend a and to make material concessions there {o the American point of view. But this is an excessively dange maneuver, and might e dangerous cons quences, for the French are not likely to regard an American acceptance of the British scal f settlement as rep resenting a concession on our part so much as a sacrifice on theirs, since they are to pay the costs. Our debt commission is, however, put in a very diffic situation, for is expressly forbidden by law to accept more un. favorable terms than were granted to the British. It is true it has trans- | gressed this statute in the Belgian e, but the Belgian debt was small and the circumstances extraordinary | Actually, British diplomacy has put |everybody in an uncomfortable posi- | tion ‘while providing an answer to any | conceivable criticism It has agreed | to reductions which go far bevond the expectation of the British public, hut }onl_\' if it be demonstrated that Amer- {ica can get no better terms. If we ccept the same basis, then it will be | regarded in London as proof that this {is in reality the maximum of possi- bility. The man in the street may grumble, but he will-lave no case. M. Caillaux has succeeded in obtain- ing very great concessions from the British, but only at the price of going and obtaining the same conc ions from the Americans. And if we de- {cline, our refusal will wipe out the h vielding d put all the re- bility upon us. We shall then | be in the charming situation of pre- venting the British from being gener- |ous. On the other hand, if M. Cail- his concession from us, then i h will have the credit abroad ving obtained Amer N conces- | sions for France, and presumably for | Italy, and at the sume time will begin to profit by payments just as soon as we do ourselves. Germ As for diploma {the unhappy responsibility debt payment, since the British are basing all their demands upon their | debtors solely upon our demand upon them. Now, having prevented the British from letting their debtors go scot-free, we m: either cut our own claims in half or sume responsibility |for preventing the British from mak- |ing this same reduction | About the only thing which the Brit- s move leaves us free to do is |give France better terms than ave Britain without arousing Bri protest. In the premises, if we only France to pay at the rate she is | pay Britain, there is no room left for British protest against unequal treat- ment. But this is in reality only per- mission to take less than we hoped to get, less than most of us expected con- fidently to get, for the debt expecta- tions have been extraordinary in this country. Meantime, Italy, still in the back- ground, expects to get better terms than France, both from Britain and from the United States, and is prett- sure to be successful in London. If we agree to reduce the French pay- ments to 2 per cent instead of 4 per cent, the Italians are fairly certain to propose to pay the British not more than 1 per cent, if they go that far. and if the British accqpt these terms it will be again on thesame condition that we do likewise. One circumstance which has greatly influenced the British action is cer- tainly the declining value placed upon German reparatio In theory the Germans are to pay anything up to $600,000,000 annually. If they paid this sum, the British share would be $132,000,000, and a French payment of $60,000,000 ‘would cover British pay ments to the United States, even If Italy paid nothing. But the British are satisfied that the Germans will not pay $600,000,000 annually, and that probably they will not pay half this sum. The current figure now, in ex- pert estimates, is around $250,000,000, and this would give the British but $55,000,000 & vear, against $184,000,000 which they have to pay to us. The French share would be $130,000,000, which would just about cover a 2 per cent payment to Britain and the United States and leave them nothing to help pay a $6,000,000,000 debt in- curred in rebuilding their own ruins. Ttaly Hard Hit. It the Germans should pay only $250,000,000 annually, then we should in practice get it all, either directly or indirectly. The Italian percentage in reparations is so small, moreover, that were German payments to fall to®this figure, Italy would get no more than $25,000,000, while even on a 2 per cent Dbasis her payments to the United States and Great Britain would aggre- gate $100,000,000. And in this situa- tion, while Britain was getting the larger share of her debt payment from Germany, France and Italy, and France was getting hers from Ger- many, Italy, the weakest nation finan- clally, would be called upon to make the largest payment out of her own pocket. Beyond much doubt, the Caillaux- Churchill agreement represents a good bargain for France if it sticks. To ex- (Continued on Third Page) n Payments Small. the U British d it with for any