Evening Star Newspaper, September 3, 1923, Page 4

DISASTER FREQUENT IN JAPAN'S GAPITAL Tokio Familiar With Flames, ' Floods and Many Earth- quakes. Tokin and Yokohama are but eight. een miles apart, the one the capital and largest city of the empire, the other the chief treaty port Tokfo means “eastern capital” It received that name in 1868, when the mikado took up his residence there. This wealthiest city of Japan is no siranger to earthquakes. In 1872 a large part of the city was destroyed ¢ fire. In 1911-a flood destroyed much property and 1,000 lives. The capital city is situated in the castern part of Japan, at the northern extremity of the Bay of Yedo or ‘Pokio, in the middle district of Hon- shu. The city proper is separated from the suburbs by the Sumida river. Population of 3,000,000, The city has a population of about 000,000 persons. The greatest dis ter has been felt in the Nihonbashi district, the leading business district, nd the Kanda districts, and the other the “Latin quarter” of the city. These are addoining wards on the bank of the river. The commercial city stands on low ground. reclaimed from the sea and marshes, There are twelve great parks in the city, which is a mixture of old wooden buildings and modern fireproof structures. The municipally-owned tramways have a couple of hundred miles of track, and carry a million passengers dailv. " Tokio is the chief railroad center of the empire. The Nihonbashi ward was the most Aensely populated in the city. having #bout 150,000 inhabitants in an area of about one and a half square miles. The bridge across the Sumida in this district rded as the center of the ward and of the city. The street whi leads from the bridge is pop- ularly called “Broadway.” and is one of the leading streets of the capital. ‘This district has been much enced in recent years by, western building methods and e Great banks, th exchange mercial graph oftic s The mperial and other terest are destroyed ing fir and other important com- ts, ncluding the tele- re located here. Buildingx Dextroyed. im museum, brary cture belicved by the ol of historic In to have quake and result- ! nee is held to date 0. When it was captured by . who became Shogun in 1603, it his capi he ciimate of 3y s moist and con- =idered unhealthful but cool and pleasant froin June Yokahama Toki. does iness for the n not get wi klo. The harbor tacted b an_entrar wide and deep enough for vessels of the largest tonnage. Its population is more than a half million people, with a large foreign nopulation. 1t."too, has suffered great disasters. In 1866 a great fire ravaged it, and in 1870 earthquakes did much damage. Thousands were kiled as a resuit of a cholera epidemic in 1886, Great Trade Port. More than half of the trade of the empire is conducted through its port. I js a great silk center. The district facing the harbor is known as Kwan- swal. A district known as “the bluff’ is occupied by Americans and Euro- veans. The_ wealthy Ailly Nog CANADIAN LINER GAUGHT IN QUAKE Was Tied to’ Tokio Dock, But Escaped With Slight Damage. e mo. chteen miles of the foreign bus- pital. as large ships hin_six miles of To- of Yokahama is pro- two great breakwaters, with Japanese live in the ama district. By the Associated I SAN FRANCISCO, September 3.-- The Canadian Pacific liner Empress of Australia was caught in the fury of the tidal wave and earthquake while tied to a dock at Toklo, a mes- sage received said, although she came through the catastrophe undamaged. except for a broken propeller caused by fouling another ship. The vessel is unable to proceed on her journey to Vancouver until divers are found to repair the damage. No indication was given in the message as to the whereabouts of the passen- gers and crew of the ship, which In- cluded many Americans, at the time of the disaster. The vessel carried three Americans on her passenger list. They were Miss Mary Elleree of San Francisco and E. C. Allen and O. Taylor of Shangha —_———— SAYS DISASTERS MAKE JAPANESE FATALISTIC “It Can’'t Be Helped,” Common Comemnt of Average Nipponese. By the Assoclated Press. BERKELEY, Calif, September 3.— Frequent disasters have affected the psychology of the Japanese people and_made them fatalistic, according to Dr. Clay MacCauley, D. D. who spent thirty-five vears in Tokio as Tepresentative of the American Uni- tarian Association, and vice president of the International Press Assocla- tion of Japan . ‘“Japan, I believe, has been sub- jected to more disasters than per- haps any other nation,” said Dr. MacCauley. “They have come in the shape of earthquakes,” tidal waves, volcanic eruptions, famines and pes- tilences. The people have become fa- talistic. Their attitude toward these catastrophies is shown by the popular expression ‘Shikata ga nai,’ which means ‘It can't be helped.’ WORST QUAKE RECORDED IN MAN_ILA IN 30 YEARS By the Assoclated Pres MANILA, September 3.—New earth- quake shocks of moderate intensity were recorded on the Manila observa- tory seismograph at 8§ a.m. and 10 am. here yesterday, according to Father Serra, chief of the observa- tory. . The big_terrestial , disturbance of Saturday, Father Serra said, was the greatest shock he has seen’ recorded in_his thirty years experience, He recalled the memorable thquake of 1891. when Tokio and Yokohama were burned. The disturbance, he said, lasted five hours, and was about 4,000 kilometers from here. —_——— NEW UAKE BECORDED. Dy the Associated Press. LONDON. September 3.—Another great earthquake was recorded at the West Bromwich observatory at 4 o'clock * yesterday morning. - Its origln is estimated to have been about-5.800 miles distant and slightly t..af; the scene of. Saturday's upheaval in Japan. b - | influ- | truction. | stock exchange, rice | many great temples | United been | September to | from | o between them 800 feetithe foreign ! FEAR FELT FOR U. S. AMBASSADOR CLINSHINGT, CYRUS B. U. . PARTY FEARED WOOD:! Deputy Marshal in China Had Gone With Friends to Meet Bride. ociated P SHANGHAIL September 3.—Fears entertained here for the safety of Lobingier of the States court for Ch his | wife, United States District Attorney Leonard Husar, his wife and United States Marshal Thurston Porter, all of whom are believed to be in Yoko- hama. They left for Yokohama re- cently after a term of court at Har- | bin Porter went to Yokohama to greet his fiance, Miss Louise McCoubrey They were planning marry in Japan At Ito. on the Tdzu Pen than 500 houses were washed away by tidal waves. The British light cruiser, Despatch, ar vessel at Shanghai, sailed at 4 o'clock yesterday morn- ing for Yokohama, expecting to ar- rive in eighteen hour: BIG HOTEL DESIGNED T0 STAND SHOCKS Building Reported Wrecked .Tokio Planned by Chi- cago Architects. to in By the Associated Press. CHICAGO. September 3.—The Im- perial Hotel, center of wealth and fashion, one of the principal struc- tures of Tokio, reported destroyed in the earthquake and fire, was de- signed and built under the direction of Chicago men, along lines intended } j to withstand earth disturbances and i { other elemental forces. The $3.000,000 structure required three years to build and was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, Chicago architect, and Paul Mueller, Chicago censtruction engineer. superintended the work. for the first time in the history engincering the great structure raised on a crust of earth in such manner that it was hoped in case of an earthquake the building might slip or move with the earth without crushing or wrenching it apart. Two thousand concrete piles were sunk into the earth, which at 200 to feet below the surface was so plastic as to leave the earth above merely crust. Mammoth stones were taken from’ Japanese with great difficu The hotel was called the Imperial part of the stock to the site. id to have beem because a large in the enterpri was held by members of the royal | family. DECLARES DEAD BODIES SCATTERED EVERYWHERE By the Associated Press. OSAKA, September 3.—An officer of the steamer London Maru, who landed at Yokohama, reports the bodies of dead scattered everywhere, and says that tens of thousands of refugees are huddled in the public park. Odawara, on the Bay of Odawara, 40 miles southwest of Tokio, has been | swept away by a tidal wave. SOLDIERS USE BOMBS IN EFFORT TO STOP GREAT TOKIO BLAZE (Continued from First Page.) have been tryins to catch the carp | in the pond in Hiblya Park. It is estimated that at least 1,000 tons of rice are needed In Toklo alone. The quantity actually avail- able cannot be determined, as the.| fire has destroyed considerablie stocks. The authorities are making great efforts to collect supplies to ship to Toklo. Meanwhile the price of rice is advancing. So extensive is the damage to Tokio that it is possible the national capi- tal may be transferred temporarily to Kyoto or to this city. Forelgn Section Hard Hit, The prince regent is taking a lead- ing hand in the relief work and has refused to rest. He has given orders that the imperial palaces be thrown open for the refugees, Reports from Yokohama say that the damage to buildings in the for- eign settlement has been particularly serious. The Specie Bank and_ the Grand Hotel in that city have been demolished. While the capital of the empire burned, the new premier, Yamamoto, hastened the work of forming his cabinet, and various reports state that the new government was officially in- stalled last evening. After the final meeting of the min- isters yesterday Acting Premier Uchi- da decided upon the promulgation of martial law, the emergency com- mandeering act and the establishment of a rellef bureau. It is reported that martial law has been extended to Yo- i markets throughout Japan b B markets throughout Japan -have been closed. 1y LOST AT YOKOHAMA THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., MONDAY. SEPTEMBER 3. 1923. NOTABLE BUILDINGS WRECKED BY SHOCK News of Japanese Disaster by Airplane From Tokio Relayed by Cable. BY JUNIUS B. WOOD. By Cable fo The Star and Chicago Daily News. Copyright, 1923. HARBIN, Manchuria, September 3.— A brief government cable, relayed from Osaka, whither it had been sent from Tokio by airplane, estimates the num- ber of dead and injured In the Japanese | earthquake area at 100,000. | This is the only advice that Consul | General Yamanouchi, here, has been able to give the hundreds of Japanese and foreigners, who are besieging the | consulate for Information about rela- tives in the stricken zone. No Report From Central Japan, The Japanese government telegraph advises the consul that it has been un- able to communicate with central Japan since the earthquake. The telegraph lines have been destroyed and bridges jand tunnels wrecked. | _The government from Tokio said that while the stricken area extended from Tokio far south on the Izu pe- ninsula, the most appalling losses !were suffered in the densely populat- ied district between Toklo and Yoko- | hama, Among the notable buildings in | Tokio reported destroved are the Im- verial Theater, Imperial Hotel. sev- {eral sections of the Imperial palace, {the metropolitan police headquarter {the newly occupled Marunouchi sky- ! craper of reinforced steel. which | {faces the central railroad station, and | {the Mutzokoski department stor World's Thinnest Earth The disaster recalls Dr. Mil cent investigation of the vol Ithe mcuth of Tokio bay, wh brought him to the conclusion t the earth’s crust under the bay was | thinner than at any other spot in the | world. Thi summer the eolcano showed signs of activity, crowned by d a cloud of steam and glowing by night. arthquakes invariably precede nic eruption and cease when the no becomes active. TROOPS GUARD TOKIO | | re. at | ch no al a i It was said that probably : 300 | quarries and moved | RUINS WITH BULLETS {Six Koreans Reported Executed | ! in Making Military Con- trol Effective. i ¥ the Asso SAN FR. i ! i ed Press. CISCO, September 3.—Six | making martial law effective in the dev- | |astated area of Toklo, according to! oclock this morning from Tamioka by | ‘lhl Radio Corporation of America. { The same message sald the work of | relief was already under wa: nd pro- visions were being supplied to the refugees from the Tokio central station, which was undamaged. FIRES STILL RAGE IN TOKIO | {WITH 100,000 DEAD; NEW| SHOCKS ADD TO DISASTER| (Continued from First Page.) {Products Company, was badly dam-| aged by earthquake and held twenty- | two feet of water in the forward hold when rescue ships arrived from Yoko- hama. The Selma City is a 5000-ton craft, with New York as her port of registry. ssage also said the buildings occupied by the French embassy and the Ttalian legation were destroyed by the fire which was started by the jearth shocks. Other principal buildings reported {destroyed were: The Peers School. official residence of the minister of the imperial house- hold. The Melji College of Law. The double bridge of the Im:perial Palace. The Imperi : e military preparatory school. Residence of Marquis Nabeshima. Kacho Muslin Company. Nippon Printing Company. Europeans Board Ships. Many injured and homeless Europeans iwere taken aboard the passenger steamer Dongola at Yokohoma today, a message to the Radlo Corporation of America from the Tamioka wireles { station said. | The Dongola, of Glasgow registry, owned by a London firm. The message said the crew of the ship escaped un- {injured, aithough in the path of the| {tidal wave and earthquake. The Korea Maru also wirelessed ithrough Tamioka that it was held at Yokohoma and would be unable to clear port for several days. The message did | ot include whether the Korea Maru {was damaged or unable to clear be- | cause of catastrophic conditions. All Lizhthouxes Gone. | NAGASAKL September 3.—Tokio is still burning, according to advices received here today. ‘ The offices of the Bank of Japan lare reported to have been demols {iehed yesterday. Wireless messages recelved here through the steamer Korea Maru state that all lighthouses in the bay' jof Tokio have been rendered useless {and that navigation is consequently | dangerous during the hours of darkness. A wircless message from Sasebo re- ports that the minister of home af- jfairs is ordering the immediate! { transportation of lumber and other {building materials to the capital. Flee Quake, Die in Tidal Wave. BERLIN, September 3.—A message | recelved by the Japanese newspaper Linden from Yokosuka, the Japanese inaval port near Yokohama, says many buildings there were demol- ished by the earthquake, and that | there are many dead. The Linden’s dispatches sa- the i soldiers have been unable to control i the fires in Tokio, which have spread over the entire city with the excep- tion of Shiba ward, Many of the refugees who fled in ships from Yokohama after the earthquake were drowned a few hours later in the tidal wave which swept the coast, it is declared. e COUNTRY IS RUSHING FOOD TO STRICKEN CITY By the Assoctated Press. OSAKA, September 3.—Lfeut. Ak- tano arrived here by airplane with & mesage from the war minister to {the commander of the Osaka division, reporting on conditlon® at Tokio and requesting immediate rellef, includ- ing 4,000 bags of rice. ‘The minister of marine is broad- casting wireless Instructions, order- Inl’knll ‘warships to engage in relief work. ‘The municipalities of Osaka and Kobe respectively have voted 200,- 000 and 100,000 yen for rellef and are rushing rice and other supplies to Tokio. A report has reached the Nagova division from the Tokorozawa air- drome that the foreign office and the departments of finance and education in_Tokio have been burned. The Asahi Shimbun and the Maini- chi- Shimbun are sending reporters to Tokio by airplane. i | i 1 List of Great Earthquakes Since 1906 By the Associated Press, NEW YORK, September 3.—A list of great earthquake disasters since 1906, with casualties and property loss, follows: April 18, 1906, San Francisco, Calif. —EBarthquake, followed by fire; 452 killed, 1,500 injured, property damage $350,000,000. August 16, 1906, Valparaiso, Chile— 1,500 killed, 3,000 injured (both esti- mated), property damage $100,000,000. January 14, 1907, Kingston, Jamaica —1,000 killed, 2,000 injured (estimat- ed), property damage $25,000,000. December 28, 1908, Sicily and Cala- brin—76,483 killed, 95,470 injured, property damage bevond calculation. Towns of Messina, Faro, Santa Teresa, Scalleta, Reggio, Gallico, San Giovan- ni, Pellaro and Palmi wholly or rartly destroyed. April 18 to May 5, 1910, Cartage and adjoining towns, Costa Rica— 1,500 killed, 5,000 injured (estimated). Town wrecked, property damage $7,000,000. August 9. 1912, Minor—3,000 kille Thrace and Asia 30,000 injured, S Showing Losse fifty villages wrecked, three swallow- ed 31» in e‘lrlh. Tfi timate of prop- erty damage possible. June 14, 1913, Tirnova, Bulgafia— 250 killed, 377 injured, town de- stroyed. " August, 1913, Falcon and Hope Is- land, Tongo Group. swallowed up by sea, 500 or more dead. November 10, 1913, Challhuanca, Peru—260 dead, 1,000 Injured, town destroyed. December 19, 1913, Ambrim Island— New Hebrides—partly submerged; 500 dead. January 19, 1914, Sakura, Japan— Earthquake and volcanic eruptio 250 killed, 7000!n)urefl. property damage, $2,000,000. March_ 15, 1914, Island of Hondo, Japan—360 killed, 200 injured (most of killed were miners )emnmbed in collapse of copper mine). May 3 1914, Catania. Sicily—200 killed, 500 or more injured, many nearby villages destroyed. October 3, 1914, Northern Asia Minor—2,500 killed, over 5.000 injured. 300 square miles of territory waste. June From mad 6,000 homele: 1923, Northwest Persia— to 20,000 kiled, 250,000 Obscure Radio Operator Sent First Tidings the Associated Press. FRANCISCO, Scptember 3.— Through T. Yoremura, an obscure Japanese radio operator and the only human link between Japan and the st of the world, after Saturday's devastating earthq the first and subscquent the astrophe that had the nd empire. nemura is opera on the Japanese west coast, 144 miles 6,000 SPINNERS DIE IN MILL COLLAPSE Easier to Count Living Than Dead in Japanese Moun- tain Resort. s came news of struck r at Tomtoka, By the Associated Pres NAGASAKI, September 3.—It is feared that the casualties in Tokio will exceed even those of the great disaster of 1856, when more than 100,- 000 were killed in Yeddo alone. It is reported that the Fuji spin- ula, more | Koreans were shot to death by soldiers | Ning mills near Mount Fuji collapsed and that 5,000 of the operators per- ished At Hakone, a famous mountain re- wireless messages received here at 3 [sort, it is said to be easier to count | the living than the dead. Prince Saionji, former premier, who was staying at Gotemba, made his escape safely to a nearby bamboo grove. A number of volcanoes are reported to be active. Several more earth shocks were felt at Yokohama at 1 co'clock Sunday afternoon. Toklo is still burning and explo- sions there are frequent. No persons are permitted to enter the city unless they have sufficient food for their in- dividual needs. Y. M. C. A. WILL RAISE JAPAN RELIEF FUNDS: Subscriptions Asked to Aid Home- less Thousands of Tokio. By the Associated Press, 1OS ANGELES, Calif., September 3 —The Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation has opened a subscription for | relief work in the districts in Japan devastated by earthquake and fire. It was announced that all funds re- ceived would be relaved to _the stricken areas through the New York offices of the assoclation. FEARS FELT HERE FOR U. S. COLONIES (Continued from First Page.) sionary district of Tokio, Bishop Mc- Kim has frequently filled Washington pulpits and is known to a large num- ber of Washingtonians. There are junderstood to be about thirty Ameri- can workers under Bishop McKim. The Methodist Episcopal Church is represented 1 ely In the Japanese disaster district, the Woman's For- eign Missionary Society having sev- eral missionaries in Tokio and in Yokohama. These missionaries, and the American branches of the society from which they went to Japan. were reported today by Mrs. E. L. Harvey of 1626 Monroe street northwest to | be as follows: In Tokio—Miss Alberta B. Philadelphia; Miss Mary Cincinnati; Miss Alice ClI Moines, Iowa: Miss Barbara Topek: Miss Ruth Weiss, Moines;, Abby L. Sturdevant, Minne- apclis; ‘Miss Myrtle Z. Pider, Topeka; AMiss Twila Lytton, New York; Miss Leonora M. Feeds, Cincinnati; Miss Esther V. Thurston, Boston. Miss Anna P. Atkinson, New York, general treasurer for Japan, at Su- kuoka, near Tokio. In Yokohama—Miss Louise Bangs, Chicago; Miss _Georglanna Baucus, Boston: Miss Emma E. Dickinson, Philadelphia, at Hakodate. Methodists in Japan. Bishop William F. McDowell of the Methodist Episcopal Church today made public a list of the Methodist prowles, {misstonaries in Japan who, he said, may be in the danger zone. Bishop McDowell had telegraphed the board of foreign missions in New York, he said, offering his services in_trans- mitting officially to the States Depart- ment or the Japanese embassy any word received by the board from its missionaries in Japan. By noon he had received no reply. The Methodist work in Japan, Bish- op McDowell said, is in charge of Bishop Herbert Welch, who also has charge of the work and makes his home in Korea, but-who spends much of his time in Japan. Other Methodist missionaries in Japan, Bishop McDowell said, were: The Rev. and Mrs. Gideon F. Draper,; at Yokohama: the Rev. and Mrs. Charles W. Iglehart, at Sendai. north of Tokio; the Rev. and Mrs. Francis M. Scott, at Nagasaki, some distance from the disaster zone; and these at Tokfo, Rev. Arthur D. Berry, presi- dent of the theological school; the and Mrs. Charles Bishop, the Frederick W. Heckel- man, the Rev. and Mrs. Walter W. Krider, R, S. Shacklock and the Rev. Dr. and Mrs. David S. Spencer, at Fukuoka. Dr._Spencer is a brother of John O. Spencer, president of Morgan Coliege for the Colored &t Baltimore. Bishop McDowell, who was travel- ing in Japan about ten years ago, said that he was impressed at the time with the beauty, but the fire hazard of the oriental city. “Fire under ordinary _clrcum- stance said Bishop McDowell, “would have been dreadful, but a fire with earthquake which would break the water mains, I thought at the time, would be nothing short of a catastrophe. Only a few buildings at that time were fireproof, the most of the city being built of fiimsy ma- terial” | capital, of Catastrophe of Tokio. By some strange this station. whose sending t towers 660 feet into the air, as spared by the quake which de- yed all other means of communi- catior | morth freak ¥ es pouring Yonemura of of Tokio and Yokohama, and communicated to the Radio Corporation sco, detalls of ricken refu past_his post appr the fatc Yonemura world, through th probably the history. IS RECORDED ERE |“Balance” to Japanese Quake Noted Over Pacific by Scientist Here. ‘ The after-adjustment of the Japa- inese earthquake occurred just before 7 o'clock last night, and since then no |tremors have been recorded on the ;powerful seismograph at Georgetown { University, according to Father Torn- | dorft, director of the observatory, who {for many vears has been first to an- {nounce in Washington the occurrence iof earthquakes all over the world. Father Torndorft estimates that this “adjustment” occurred in the Pacific ocean | Several severe tremors which began at 10:04 Saturday night and which ontinued for more than two hours iwere shown on Father Torndorff's |seismograph. These _disturbances jended “at 42:30 a.m. Sunday, after |reaching a maximum quaver at 10:42 p.m. Father Torndorft explained that this placed the center of disturbance 3,600 miles from Washington, and he called it a “balanced quake.” Father Torndorff announces that {last night his seismograph showed an- other “disturbande in approximately the same area, between 5:48 and 6:50 pm. which was much less violent than the disturbance Saturday night. He explained that hoth shocks oc- curred probably in the bed of the Pa- cific ocean and represent an “adjust- ment” in the earth’s crust as a result of the Japanese quake. ENTIRE ASIATIC FLEET OF U. S. OFFERED JAPAN (Continued from First Page.) i\'oknh;\ma and Tokio had been dev- iastated by earthquake, typhoon, fire and tidal wave. Six of the destroyers which are i being sent to Japanese waters on {orders from Washington will reach | Yokohama Wednesday. The seventh was sent to Nagasaki and will reach there tomorrow. The six destroyers sent to Yoko hama are the Stewart: Smith Thomp- | son. Barker, Tracy, John D. Edwards and Whipple. Capt. G. T. Pettengill, in command_of the squadron, is on board the Stewart. The destroyer Bori was selected to go to Nagasaki. Admiral Tells Plans. Admiral Anderson reported that he was proceeding from Port Arthur to | Chefoo, China, on his flagship, the | cruiser Huron, accompanied by the idestroyer tender Blackhawk. | The message reached here after | several hours delay. It was timed at | Port Arthur at 9 a.m. yesterday. Although more than two full days have now elapsed since the earth- { quake spent its force on the Japanese not a word has reached the | State Department from the American | embassy. The Navy has received only a series of brief dispatches by wire- |léss from Admiral Anderson, detail- ing the relief measures he has under- taken and adding cryptically that ac- cording to_ reports reaching him Tokio and Yokohama have been de- vastated by ‘“earthquake, typhoon, fire and tidal wave.” Relief Plans Held Up. Because of the lack of information government officials here are begin- ning to delay steps which ordinarily would have been taken in quick time for extending aid to the distressed people. Under the circumstances, it is felt that the only move possible for the present is the dispatch of the American naval vessels in the Asiatic | squadron on relief missions. | “Acting Secretary Phillips said today | that several more comprehensive relief plans were being held in abeyance, for final decision as soon as this depart- ment was able to estimate the situa- tion. calls for the issuance by President Coolidge of. a proclamation asking for subscriptions to a national relief fund, Another contemplated the sending of Army, Navy and other government ves- sels (o Japanese waters with cargoes of food, clothing and other supplies, and for use as temporary hospitals. ‘These and other suggestions were discussed today between State Depart. ment, American Red Cross and White House officials. It was intimated that i unless word was received showing the extent of emergency needs, a decision would be made during the day without walting longer. As a preliminary to a more definite program of action, Presldent Coolidge today. directed that not only the Navy Department. but the War De- partment and Shipping Board _do what they could to help in relief work. It was indicated that some Ship- ping Board vessels might be diverted from their regular routes to carry supplies to the sufferers and to serve as receiving ships for refugees. The Army may be able to render as- sistance’ through the posts it _main- tains at various points in the Pacific and the far east. CONVEYS SYMPATHY. By_the Associated Press. ~"HONGKONG, . September 3.—Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs, governor of the colony of Hongkong, today con- veyed his personal sympathy and that of the British colony to the Japanest consul ‘general for the great disaster Japan has suffered. s i laid | ADJUSTING TREMOR One plan under consideration | i | | | Ocean Near Japan, Five Miles Deep, Caused Disaster, Is Scientist’s View. By the Associated Press. MARE ISLAND, Calif.,, September 3. —The great number of Japan's earth- quakes is attributed by Capt. T. J. J. observatory here and father of the ‘“sea leakage” theory of seismic dis- turbances, to the enormous depth of the ocean near the Island of Japan. “East of Japan there is what known as the ‘Tuscarora deep,’ great area where the ocean is 4,609 is as far as | the source of the greatest disturbances “I have shown that earthquakes are |age is proportionate to the depth. history goes. This deep sea is the fathoms, or about five miles In deptit. | the greatest abyss in the world and ) heretofore known,” said Prof. See. Lava Adjusting Itself. '(':luru:d by the leakage of the sea through the earth’s crust. The leak- “The earthquakes in Japan {dated back many centuries, cause of them. reported to have occupied six minutes itself from the sea toward the land. The great tidal wave that followed jthe earthquake shows also that the sca bottom was disturbed and the cables thereby broken, “In _geological time the whole main |island of Japan has been raised by | this process. Advives Better Houwes. “There is no relief for Japan ex- them secure against fire It is not necessary, he said, that there should be any definite crack in the ocean floor for water to get | through to the hot lava underneath, cause steam to make pressure and necessitate adjustment in the earth crust, observed by mankind as earth- auakes. He said that most of the océan floor was granite, permeable to water under the sures set up by great depths of that tluld. deeps near places earthquakes occur frequently. EARTH HAS GROWING PAINS. south of the Aleutians and Scientists Say Mountains Still De- veloping, Causing Shocks. Special Dispatch to The Star. —Philadelphia geologists and sci- entists who have followed'the reports of the Yokohama earthquake declare its disruptions and consequences alike to be among the most disastrous in history. Its damage is likened to that of Messina in 1908, but its immediate cause is generally regarded to be by no means the same. According to Dr. Malcolm H. Bis sell, professor of geology at Bryn Mawr College, earthquakes can be likened to the “growing pains” of mountains Coast Lines Are Young. “Geologically speaking, the Pacific coast line of North and South Amer- jica and of the eastern coast of Asia are comparatively young.” Dr. Bissell said last night. "“The mountains are still growing and the earthquakes are the growing pains. “We cannot give any definite an- making.” Dr. Bissell continued. “All Wwe know is that some force over a long period of years is slowly push- Ing two parts of the earth’s crust in |a contrary direction. The pressure is {parallel to the fracture line. “Before the San Francisco earth- quake, experts of the Geodetic Survey noticed a horizontal displacement of as much as twenty-one feet in the fifty years before the actual disrup- tion. ~ The remarkable thing about earthquakes is not the sudden dis- placement, but the push and grind of anything apparently happens. Earth Crust Instable, “We call earthquake regions places of crustal instability. The pressure of the earth in those places is mot in good adjustment. When two sides press together or great portions of jthe earth’s crust slip over one another jthe strain of the pressure is grad- is reached. Then a rupture occurs and the two sides spring back to an equilibrium of low strain. “‘The same thing is observed in rub- bing any two objects together. The eartaquake starts from the jar, which sends vibrations traveling through the outer crust of the earth. We see these vibrations in the sei mograph writing. The wave motion traverses the earth’s loose soil. and in some places it can be observed vi- brating as much as three-quarters of an inch. That in itself is enough to topple over cities. Major Shock Is Short. “The major shock of an earth- quake, which does most of the dam- age in the first two or three seconds, may be followed by numerous minor shocks, which add to the disruption of the first. They may last over a longer period. T have not had time to study the full story of the present carthquake, but it probably follows earthquakes which have preceded it.” Dr. Lewis M. Haupt, a civil en- gineer and an expert in beach re- clamation on alluvial coasts, is in- clined to ascribe the same general origin to earthquakes as to hot springs, such as are observable in Yellowstone Park in a lesser degree. “The earth’s crust exerts a tremen- dous pressure upon the steam and water which circwates under the surface of the earth,” Dr. Haupt said last night. “The steam is subjected to a super-heat that must find-some outlet. Along the west coast of the United States and the east coast of Asia the waters of the ocean are constantly seeping through the ground along the shore line. “The earth’s crust is comparatively thin in those areas and the steam and gases which are generated find a ready outlet. The steam escapes through cracks and fissures of the ground and where none are imme- diately available an earthquake may ensue. B METHODISTS BELIEVED SAFE IN QUAKE ZONE Most of Missionaries at Summer Resorts, Church Board Reports. By the Associated Prees. CHICAGO, September 3.—Most, if not all the missionaries of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church in Japan are believed to be safe, Dr. Frank Mason North of New York, secretary of the church forelgn board, declared here after receiving reports of the earth- quake there. 2 ““This is the time of year,” he ex- plained, “when the missionaries-of all denominations go to the summer re- sort, Karuizawa, about 100 miles north of Tokio, for denominational and_interdenominational conferences.” The Methodist book concern and the Ginza Church, the principal Metho- dist church, where union services of several denominations are held, are in the devasted area. according to Dr. North. He stated his board planned to make an appeal for help for Japan within twenty-four hours. —_— The bolshevists have abolished four of- the-—thirty-six- letters of the Ru sian alphabet. Gl €ept to build good houses and make | swer to ‘the mechanics of mountais | {wo segments years and years before | ually increased until a breaking point | the same general principles of the! |SHOCKS ARE LAD (S 10 DEPTH OF SEAS See, astronomer at the government!JAmming the streets and open spaces. | | 1 { Are ! workmen were killed or injured in the | This earthquake is|the Nihoklenkl electrlc plant. of time. which shows that the lava | th under the earth’s crust was adjusting | pla i | | | | i immense pres- : Among the instances he cited were |7 ew Zealand, in both of which|Two i | | i 1 | NO WORD REGEIVED bullding stands, PHILADELPHIA, Pa., September 3. | uhoing stands jthe Japanese wireless station shortly | saved ONG, HOT WIND PRECEDED SHOCK Water Supply Gave Out Just as Fire Started to Sweep City. By the Assoclated Press, OSAKA, September 3.—A descriptive message from the Reuter correspondent at Tokio says that from early Satur- day morning a strong wind had been blowing and the ather was cloudy and hot. At noon &n appalling earth- quake occurred, followed by more than ten other shocks, Dwellings were either completely or partly destroyed. The people fled from their houses, Intermittent shocks continued until sun- down. Fires broke out everywhere and the flames, fanned by the strong wind, spread in all directions. It was im- possible to control them, as the water supply failed at the critical moment. When the ‘correspondent left at 9 o'clock in the evening many of the | government offices had been burned, including the home department and the metropolitan_police station The correspondent estimatgs that 200, 000 houses were reduced to ashes and the fire was still burning in many places. Estimates of the casualties for the moment are uncertain, but they are belleved to ‘have been enormous. Troops and doctors were doing splen- | did work in rendering first ald. Many | government printing offices. Six hundred persons were killed at Amid the flames of the burning city | citizens of Tokio were seeking s of safety. OF U5 NEWS NN Foreign Correspondents May | Have Perished; Airman Saysi Yokohama Is Razed. ¢ to The Star. RANCISCO, September hundred thousand dead in the cities of Tokio and Yokohama. Tokio swept alternately by earth- quakes and fires until only a few tsolated bulldings remain. The great city of Yokohama razed by a succession of gigantic tidal| waves until not a single house or s, 3 This, in brief. based upon meager reports flashed by radio across 4,700 miles of the Pacific from the Japa- rese government radio station at Tomioka, would seem at 9 o'clock this morning to be an accurate sum- marization of the terrible toll in lives and property damage wrought | in Japan's great cataclism. Cable Lines Broken. The Tomioka wireless station is the only source of information. Cable | lines across the Pacific are out of | commission. Not a single foreign_correspondent of several American Press associa- | tions in Tokio and Yokohama has | yet been able to send a message tell- ing of the terrible destruction { wrought in the debacle that has en- compassed two great cities. The belief prevails here that they have perished along with the thousands of others. i From the Tomioka radio station come only intermittent and fre- quently garbled messages, most of | them partly in English and partly in Japanese. These messages are being Picked from the air here by the re- ceiving station of the Radio Corpora- tion of America and are being given out as rapidiy as they arrive. Reports Are Relayed. The Tomioka station iz 144 miles south of Tokio and the information recelved there is based upon such reports of the holocaust as have been obtainable at such a distance from the real scene of the catastrophe. The latest message received from after 7 o'clock this morning states that Premier Yamamoto has called the surviving members of his cab- inet together in the home of Forelgn Minister Goto and that organized at- tempts at bringing order out of ter- rible chaos are being made. The same message states that hun- dreds of foreigners in Yokohama sought refuge aboard ships in the harbor there and that many were in_ this way. Other rescue ships, rushed from Osaka and nearby Japanese coast cities, are standing off Yokohama and rendering all pos- sible aid. All Yokohama Razed. Word that the entire city of Yoko- hama has been razed by a succession of tidal waves is contained in a radio message received shortly before midnight Sunday from the Tomioka station. A Japanese avaitor fiying| over the stricken city reported that not a single house or building could‘ seen. e e "ame avaitor reported that scores of blg ehips driven ashore by the tldal waves had been left stranded high and dry. Grave fears are entertained here for the safety of a part of the American Asiatic fleet which was in Yokohama harbor at the time of the catastrophe. Naval Jireless stations in the ships at Honolulu and here have been in- structed to be on the lookout for any wireless messages from Amerlcan naval vessels in the far east. The same aviator who flew over Yokohama also made & flight over the city of Tokio, but reported the pall of smoke S0 dense that nothing could be seen. Tomioka messages re- | port that the only large buildings left | Standing there are the central post office and the Tokio railway station. The same message states that martial law has been_proclaimed in Tokio and that six Koreans already have been shot near the wrecked Ueno rail- way station for looting. GEORGIANS REPORTED IN EARTHQUAKE AREA Several Missionaries and Families Supposed to Be in Danger Zone. MACON, Ga., September 3.—Sev- rglans, most of them In the stonary “Reid " of Cthe . Southern Methodist Church, are in the stricken gection of Japan. They include: Miss Nellie Peacock, Methodist missionary to China, visiting at Per- ho. Japan. h;. Ruesell Kennedy, former Macon newspaper man, and family, in Yoko- hama. Rev. John C. Chapman and family, missionaries of the southern Baptist convention in Tokio. Miss Jean Callahan, the Rev. and Mrs. J. W. Methodist missionary. The Rev. and Mrs, Callahan are in San Francisco preparatory to re- turning to Japan, after visiting in this country. Miss Callahan remained Japan. mhfl:sp Frances Fulghum, daughter of daughter of Callahan, RED CROSS TO AID QUAKE SUFFERERS Fullest Measure of Efficient Help Planned When Needs Are Known. The American Red Cross headquar- ters here is preparing to give the fullest measure possible of prompt and efficlent relief to sufferers from the Japanese earthquake, just as goon as official advices make it possible to know how and where this relief can be given. Red Cross headquarters was in- structed today by a telegram from Judge John Barton Payne in Chicago, who is chairman of the Red Cross. be prepared to administer the ful measure of relief, acting throu State Department and the Japan embasey, just as soon as they cou find cut what was needed. Methods of Giving Afd. Officlals in charge of the relief work explained that there are three possibilities of relief, all of which may be employed: First, an appropriation of funds to be_distributed in the stricken area Second, the sending in of supplies {from some oriental port, and Third, the sending of nurses and relief orker: As no definite plans can he made until official advices are received the Red Cross officials on Saturday notl- fied the Japanese embassy here that they are prepared to give the utmost Yust as soon as the ssy notifies the Red Cross ofii- clals what is needed and where Radio Messazes of Iuquiry. The Red Cross authorit 150 ser a radio ge to Manila an Shanghai, where there are conside able stores, asking advices as to wha resources, supplies and nurses ar ready to meet the emergency need The officlals of the Red Cross a co-operating closely with th of the Japanese embassy State Department o as to pared to give practical relief pron ly, efficlently and in . the large measure that can be used. {CLOTHING AND FUNDS AMONG URGENT NEEDS IN THE QUAKE AREA Collection of clothing and funds for | sufferers in the Japanese disaster will be the first step in relief work by the Washington division of the Amerfcan Red Cross, comprising ten states, with approximately 45 per cent of the na- tional organization’s membership, ac- cording to plans of M Join Allen Dougherty, manager of this divisio who outlined preliminaries this morn- ing. In the absence of the staff of work- Mrs. Dougherty's efforts to start work were handicapped, but despite this fact, she called at the Japanese embassy and saw Ambassa- dor Hanihara this morning, to receive suggestions as to the requirements needed. Mrs. Dougherty, in mapping out the plans, said that, first of all, the dif- ference in wearing apparel betweon Japanese and Americans would mak donations_of clothing for Japan usel, The same holds good food, which. moreover, is to be sup- plied by the national organizatiow But the presence of thousands Americans, British, Spanish, German and French in the Japanese citics stricken by disaster makes necessary the obtainance of clothing as soon as | possible. WIIL Soliclt Clothing. Therefore while funds will sought throughout the Washington division—which includes the District of Columbia, New York, Pennsylvania Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia Kentucky and Indiana—clothing also will be asked for within a few days The initial operation, Mrs. Dough- erty said, would be the organization of a force for the collection of cloth- ing, and the sorting, packing and shipping of such materials to the Pacitic Coast en route to Japan. Work along this line will be started first thing tomorrow morning. Three vital factors already have presented themselves. The first is the collection of the clothing as men- tioned, the second is recelving sta- tions for them, and the third is trans- portation. It is expected that offers of warehouses suitable for the recep- tion and packing of the clothing will be flooking the Red Cross in the i mediate future, and that various rai roads ill co-operate by offering transportational facilities. Ample Shipping Facilities. Once in Seattle, Wash., or San Frs cisco, ample Japanese sh commodations can be found to tra port the clothing across the Pacifi “Of course.” Mrs. Dougherty said, ‘all things at this time are in th preliminary stage. Definite word rel tive to the extent of the dama even, is lacking. Funds will be need- ed for food and other supplies. “These should be sent to the nationa organization of the American Red Cross, plainly marked for the Japa nese Tellef. “Otherwise no one wi know what the money is for.” At the Japanese embassy headquar- ters at 1310 N street, Mrs. Dougherty learned from Ambassador Hanihara that there could be no sugges forwarded until more definite word to the toll of the disaster reached Washington. The ambas- sador thanked Mrs. Dougherty cerely for the interest she had m. ifested and assured her that upon r ception of definite news or upon sug- gestions presenting themselves she would be notified immediatel JAPAN’S RED CROSS IS EFFICIENT BODY Will Bear Principal Burden of Relief for Earthquake Sufferers. By the Associated I SAN FRANCISCO, September The Red Cross Society of Japan, on which it appears the major portion of the relief work Incident to last Saturday's earthquake and fire. will fall, is a well equipped and active organization. It was founded in 1877. During the FEuropean war the so- clety dispatched three relief corps each to England, Russia and France, this being the first time that Japan extended her philanthropic work to Europe. The sick and wounded who were recelved In headquarters at Viadivostok by the year end, 1919, totaled 97,909. The latest statfstics show that so- ciety supervises sixteen hospitals, has two hospital ships, 163 medical corps, 202 doctors and pharmacists and 3.844 nurses and helpers. The total mem- bership of the soclety was 2.003,238, including foreigners. The society ex- pended in 1920-1921, yen- 976,494, It has _ property assessed -at yen 38,935,477 The honorary president is his high- ness Marshal Prince Kanin. The chairman and vice chairman of the committee are Mr. N. Hirayama and . and Mrs. C. M. Fulghum of lngcon. at Fukoka, Japan, some 500 miles from Tokio. The Rev. and Mrs. W. E. Towson, Methodist missionaries, in Tokio. The Rev. R. S. Stewart of Savannah, Methodist missionaries, in Yokohama. Miss Annie Peavy of Byron, Ga., salled three weeks ago for Japan. ‘Miss Mamie Hansell of Thomas ville, visiting Rev. and Mrs, James Consar in Ogasaki, Japan. Mise Margaret Cook, Methodist missionary, attached to a girls' school at Hiroschima, Japan. v Marquis Kuninori Tokugawa, respec- tively. BRITISH SEND CRUISER. Warship Goes to Yokohama to Give Aid to Victims. LONDON, September 3.—A British cruiser has been despatched from Shanghal to Yokohama to render aid to “the. earthquake victims_ rays. & Central News dispatéh from Shanghal