Evening Star Newspaper, July 29, 1923, Page 31

COMMUNISTS OF GERMANY | MAY NULL ALLY PLANS Should Threatened Upheavals Event- | uate Reparations Issue Will Fall Before Greater Ones. by o 1 BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN, LL Germany's fate be writ- ten in the blogd of her own people? Will ehaotic social and economic conditions- wrought by fi- nancial dislocation bring about suc- | cessful communist upheavals and complete disruption of the present state? - Will maneuverings and application p ©Of theoretical political ~panaceas Prove as mere vaporings when weigh- ed against grim circumstances with- in Germany proper? England declares that the hour for reckoning is at hand in the Teutonlc realm. France asserts that chaotic condi- tlons are’ fictitious, mere Imagin- ings—all designed to frustrate all al- lied purposes in the matter of repara- tlons. = France today is strong enough to combat any trend in Germany. England, dependent in measure upon a going continent, wants equi- . librium restored and trade revived for the general weal. France today in larger measure than any other power dominates political thought of y thgcontinent. England in this sees menace to her domain, her presitge and future welfare. Here in brief are the real reasons for the tremendous hubub over set- tlement of the reparations question and abandonment of the French in- vasion of the Ruhr. itemen of European chancellories striving_to adjust the situation that nationalistic weal may be recon- ciled to world advance. it all depends upon Germany to- Germany tomorrow. Situation In Critieal. if advices to Washington are credited, Germany soon, un- ably, will answer the riddle in nediate settlements are Germany today is slip- ping in the quagmire o revolu- tion—=strife which shall swallow the ambitions and hopes of all those who have taken advantage of her di lemma, those rmans particularly who have exploited their native land and for selfish purpose prevented termany from meecting her obliga- tions, and consequently ushering in am_era of continental advance. July today, was set by the conuiun s as the time to initiate their movement in the Reich to over- throw the power of the national- soclalists and the government. “Only by blood shall we be free,”'is the slogan which has been heralded largely in Germany by the com- 1iunists as the real tocsin of confliict. Throughout the realm there have iwen organized large communist or- nizations, ever ready to strike at ven signal of leaders. They, it is lared. have but waited the psycho- logical time. With money valueless, hopes curbed by the increasing eco- nomic demands, with labor conditions growing more and more chaotic through disturbance of the monetary tem and the consequent inability the industrial elements of the na- tion to maintain their factories at high pitch. the psychological time appears at hand. Demonstrations at Hand, Throughout Germany today the eommunists were to hold great demon- strations. The socialists—from whose ranks there have been tens of thou- sands of deserters recently, deserters And. who have gone to the active com- munists—likewise were to demon- strate. The government in Berlin, fearful of the consequences, and be- lieving a serious outbreak In any one quarter might be the means of firing the whole discontented, seething mass of German humanity, instructed its police and military forces to be ever ready to strike, viciously and hard, | when the interests of the state are hazarded, Notwithstanding this, the com- have gone ahead with their nd expect to initate them at any hour, even though plans for to- have heen materially curtailed, according to latest dispatches. A communist Germany would be a difficult thing to handle. So would a monarchist regime. Either is possible with revolution. Most certainly either would null the 4 allied desire to collect reparations from Germany as payment for war time n-rhndx unless. ' And the UNLESS is the very thi: Britain fears— Vs Unless France spreads her well- organized military net over prac- tically the whole of western Ger- many and esconcing herself in the richest sections there to remain for- ever on the pretext that France must be paid at whatever hazard. England's political sun, thus would set. France would remain in the as- cendancy for a hundred years, This is an added reason for the caution which marks the nemotia. tions now proceeding between Faris and London as to proper methods of meeting the German situation and | indeed, the application of remedies designed to cure evils of present disorganiza- tion over the continent. ~ Premier Baldwin ten days ago dis- patched to Paris his idea of what the allles should stipulate in their reply to_the last Berlin reparations®note. From Paris and Brussels have gone forth replies to the British view- point. London today is striving to recon- cile them to the announced British licy of reparations. According to intimations that haverreached Washington this can- not be done. England will have td negotiate further with the possibility of re- nouncing her position of ~leniency to Germany and a fixed sum of repa- rations with reasonable payments within Germany's ability or England will have to sever her negotlations with France and deal with Germany individually. For, it is reported, Polncare with the backing of Theunis has not swerved from his demands of last January and of April in which he stated that the minimum sum of rep- arations should be 132,000,000,000 gold marks (approximately $33.000,- 000,000), a sum which England in- sists is Impossible of fulfillment. Furthermore, Poincare is declared to have communicated he will at- tempt no negotiations of whatsoever character until the rmans have ended their passive resistance and admitted defeat. Opposes Comminxion Plan. Furthermore, Poincare is opposed to a separate commission to fix Germany's abllity to pay, if that commission is te any wise détermine the total amount or'in any wise supercede the repara- tlons commissjon in fts findings. Furthermore, Premier Poincare is un- alterably opposed to modification . of the Ruhr occupation. He insists that there never shall be complete with- drawal until the reparations bills are paid by the Germans. The only ground of negotfations would be on the ques- tion of progressive withdrawals timed with German payments. In other words, though it has been announced that the French have agreed to some of the British proposals it may be stated that the French have not ai- tered their original premises, and, un- less they are altered materially, there can be no hope of reconciling the Brit- Ish and French viewpoints. The British claim that Germany can- not pay the sums stipulated in the London conference, because of the French position in the Rhur, It is folly to insist. they claim. Furthermore. they assert that a com- mission should be formed to weigh Germany's economic and financial sit- uation, set a sum with reasonably chance of fulfillment, give Germany a chance to restore her Industria! house and put her financlal system in order before attempting major payments, a thing not possible with occupation of the Ruhr and the Rhineland. FEngland declares further that the whole ques- tion should not be assoclated with the question of interallied debts, a thing greatiy desired by the French, who, it Is declared, believe that Eng- land eventually will surrender her credits to France for some degree of order within Germany. England would have the Germans end passive resis- tance. but on the other hand, she would have the French and the Belgians with- draw, at least make their occupation invistble.” Premiere Poincare has stated repeatedly, and even in his jat- est reply to England. ‘that this cannot be. ' From one source, it is declared jthat France will reject the withdrawal idea, even the nwxlle;i States fhould guarantee sup- ‘rance in times Rort o mes of danger from Business Wants Settlement As negotiations have rogres there have been Increasinxp dsmar!:l': though England and {00 the part of the business interests of England that Premier Baldwin stand firm on his enunciated. plats form of re-adjusting continental con- ditions thraugh the modification of Ruhr policies, They 1ikewise insist that if France ever delays Some con- crete plans of settlement. or shows a disposition to dodge early settle- ment with possible consequent dang- ers of a disorganized and.chaotic Ger- many, that England waste no time and negotlate with the Germans di rectly. It is not believed in Wash- ington that Premijer * Baldwin can resist the tremendous national tides flowing in favor of immediate set- tlements, much as the “die hards” or pro-French elements of English poli- tics insist that contrary courses be pursued. Should events in Germany eventu- ate as the British believe and as Washington_has been informed: should the Reich completely collapse through revolutionary activities of the communists or an era of pro- longed civil war be ushered in, pres- ent plans of Premiers Baldwin and Poincare will be futile. The com- Rlexlon of the whole situation will ave been 80 changed that the allies will be forced to act as a unit in re- adjusting the whole situation. The question of reparations indeed will be a puny one compared to the problem of steming communist tides from the east and co-operative effort of Russia and Germany to sway po- litical courses on the continent. ; Common Sense Is Held Best Aid In Seeking U. S. Foreign- Trade (Continued from First Page. land of South America carnivals are Teld annually preceding Lent. These are celebrated chiefly by parades, fancy dress dances and street bands. Some firms have made use of these bands for advertising special prod- uets, such as soap, perfumes, bev- erages, toys and the like. Further- more, songs are made up concerning the, various products and are sung by singers who acocmpany these stredt pands . A great deal of attentfon is attracted by these displays. Ilustrate Only One Type. This is an {llustration of only one type of advertising, which has a par- tleular local significanse, and it is mentioned meroly as showing one method by which the plert advertiser can take advantage of a local event 10 secure advertising for his product. There are other ways in which simi- lar results can be secured, and it would pay the exporter, therefore, to study with great care all such op- portunities. | A prominent newspaper in l‘tlnl America has recently taken a certain Amorican exporting manufacturer to iask on a point connected with his , forelgn advertising. One of the fea- tures of this manufacturers advertis- ing copy Is a out of several young men engaged in conversation.” Un- fortunately the men are all of an unmistakable Anglo-Saxon type, and us such utterly unsuited to set off copy Intended for Latin American use. As the newspaper critic points out, American readers would not take kindly to advertising cuts which pic- tured them as of Latin origin. American exporters in all cases should strive for “local color” in their export adverticing. but they should make sure that they are portraying Jocal conditions or customs with ab- solute accuracy, even on the most trivial points. An Advertising Hi Many valuable hints on particular markets and commodities are give: by federal experts. Here is an e ample: Kuropean motor-car advertisements wenerally emphasize horsepower rat- ing; some American manpfacturers, in their catalogues destined for French and English markets, have heen remiss in this respect. Remem- her; Low horsepower rating means v the European economy in opera- \ tion—which is essential, in view of the high price of, gasoline—and a lower vehlcle-tax assessment: high horsepower, on the other hand, is a sign of comfort and luxury to the man who can afford it, because it obviates frequent gear shifting and assures speed. The importance of the careful wording of letters and advertising matter sent to prospective purchas- ers of, or agents for, petroleum prod- ucts abroad cannot be emphasized too often. The blunt statement of sales requiréments hy the exporter should be avolded, especially in corre- spondence ~ with' Latin _American firms. Such statements as “This com- pany is not in a position to compete on a price basis." “Stocks carrled must be for the purchaser's account, as this company will not ship on consignment,” “The agent will have to purchase direct and for his own account,” “etc., often seem a little one sided to the prospective agent, and unless there is some really ad- vantageous feature connected with roducts offered to offset these requirements local dealers 'would show but little Interest Misdirected Advertising. Primarily it may be assumed that advertising is Intended to sell the Rgoods which are being given. pub- licity. Space taken to advertise ice kates in newspapers of Ceylon or raincoats in publications circulating in the nitrate fields of Chile may, therefore, be considered to-indicate poor judgment on.the part of the manufacturer—to say the least. Apparently, not a few companies place their forelgn advertising with- out very careful consideration of the markets in which they are best justi- fied in spending the money. If a certain lump sum is allocated by a manufacturer for forel dvert ing, it often appears as if he trl. to “plaster” a little of it onto every country in the world, regardless of whether or not a given country i promising fleld for produce: a &oods such as he There very little excuse for this situation. Sufficlent information can be secured from the bureau of for- eign and domestic commerce, in the case of even the most unusual com- modities, to enable. advertising cam- paigns to be worked out upon a basis that 'will bring real returns for the money expended. ]Cle et THE N BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is & brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended July 28: Germany.—On July 24 the paper mark was quoted at 606,000 to the dollar in Berlin; on the 26th it was quoted at 760,000. In the week ended July 14 the mark circulation was in- -creased by upward of five trillions, bringing the total to about twenty-five trillion mark: The output Is now about two trillions per day. The Relchsbank presses never rest and many vrivate presses are now given over to printing marks. Before the doors of the Refchsbank is a non-diminishing line of vehicles of every de- scription, from motor lorries to pushcarts, waliting for bales of the preclous stuff. The draft of a proposed joint allied reply to the Berlin reparations note of June 7 has been submitted by the British government to the governments of the other great allies and of the United ‘States, for inspection and re- mark. It has not been made public. On July 21 and 22. there were violent riots in Breslau. Some 200 food and dry goods stores were broken into and looted. and five persons were killed and fitteen wounded. It would seem \that conmtmunist leaders coolly “exploited” the desperation and wrath of the populace caused by the ever-soaring cost of 1iving. At ast com- mittees, organized by the soclal democrats. went to the aid of the police and, restored qulet. . On the 23d there was a mighty communist demonstration in Frankfort. The processioners, carrving red flags and miniature gallows, com- pleted a perfect day by storming the house of one Dr. Haas, state prosecuting attorney, dragging forth that unfortunate gentleman, and_clubbing and stoning him to death quite in the manner of our citizens of Herrin, 11l The red leaders have announced a pan-Ger- man_“anti-fascisti” demonstration for today. the 29th. The federal and state governments have made arrangements to meet the menace. Presumably it is of considerable significance that in recent elections for officials of the Metal Workers” Union the communist nomi- nees were successful throughout Germany. It is said, however, that the majority of the conservative workers reéfrained from voting, and that the Breslau and Frankfort episodes are likely to do the communists’ cause more harm than good. I belleve this to be so. Those gentlemen of the blood-red flag and the gal- lows have all the virtues excepting discretion. It is difficult to make the majority of mankind recognize the neccssary connection between murder and millennium. Yet. what with the middle class ruined, the working class hard-pinched, the little dimin- ished assets of the country gathered into a few hands, and this tragi-comic plece of the mark at or near its climax. surely some loud report from left or right ought not to cause surprise. The accelerated mark slump 18 throwing business Into desperate disorder. The food situation in Berlin is alarming, due large- 1y to a farmers’ boycott. The farmers want to be _paid In currency that has some value. By contrast with unoccupied Germany, the French minister of public works, completing a tour of the occupied area, reports extraordi- nary improvement in every respect. from the point of view of the occupying authorities: especially as regards transportation and the attitude of the people. * ok k% Ruxsta.—The American Relief Administra- tion completed its withdrawal from Russia in the course of the week ended July 21. In consequence. chiefly of the work of the medical section of the American Relief Ad- ministration, whereas in March, 1922, there were 277.800 cases of typhus in Russla, in March, 1923, there were only 6300 cases. The American Relief Administration supplied up- wards of 16,000 hospitals, dispensaries, etc.. at which an average of 1,000,000 persons re- ceived treatment daily. Thirty tons of quinine were used. The American Relief Administra- tion personne] numbered about 220, of whom only two were lost; one died of typhus, the other mysterlously disappeared. A total of SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, JULY 29, 1923—PART 2. ' The :Story' the 'Weel‘{/ Has Told‘ about $62,000,000 of American money was ex- pended. * %k k *x Turkey.—The Lausanne treaty was signed July 24, by representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Rumania and Turkey. The Jugoslav government refused signature, as not satisfled with the arrange- ments concerning apportioagment of the Otto- man debt. Besides the general treaty, there are several conventions, protocols, etc., as the straits convention, to which Russia and Bul- garia are, or are to be, signatories: a conven- tion “rectifylng” the Thracian frontier; com- mercial and amnesty sgreements, protocols on minorities and judicial safeguards, and what not. 5 The Greek patriarch left Constantinople on July 10, on a British steamshlp, bound for Mount Athos, where, presumably, he will re- tire to a monastery. The business Is important, but obscupe. It is sald that the patriarch Is personally objectionable to the Turkish au- thorities and that Venizelos, entertaining the notion that his supersession might improve Graeco-Turklish relations, urged him to r ; It seems, however, that he has not resigned, but is on leave of absence granted by the holy synod. The Information available Inclines me ‘to think that the patriarch would better serve the Interests of his compatriots, either by resigning. or by returning to Constanti- nople to face the music; that the course he is holding again pats in jeopardy those privi- leges the preservation of which was one of the few admirable accomplishments of the al- licd diplomats at Lausanne. It {s quite possible, however, that the attitude of the Turkish au- thorities justifies the action of the patriarch and that of the holy synod. * kK ok China.—Parliament has not dissolved nor prorogued, nor anything of that sort; but there are no sittings, for the very good reason that there is no quorum. One hears that Wellington Koo, passionately urged thereto by Wu Pei-Fu and Tsao Kun, has assumed the portfolio of foreign affairs. “Assumed” would seem to be the word, for there is no person or institution now doing business with the legal right to hand over any portfolio. One hears, too, that Gen. Feng Yu-Hslang, vclept the “Christian general” has been re- warded (by whom, in heaven's name?) for his expulsion of Li Yuan Hung from the presiden- tial office, by appointment as super-tuchun of Mongolia ‘and Sin-Kiang, together with an ap- propriate increase of his army. As the Mon- gZolians think they are independent, while in fact that cradle of the human race is a de- pendency of Moscow, the whole thing is a celestial bam. But it's something, after all, to be a super-tuchun. if only an absentes one. It should bring social kudos to Mrs. Feng and the Misges Feng. g * k ¥ X United States of Americea.—Despite the low price of wheat and the blood-curdling vatici- nations of Senator Magnus Johnson, and the fey possibility of no anthracite next winter, and the loss to Britons of the British golf champlonship and the-single-sculls, and the drubbings administered to our collegians and our fencers by Britons, and the increase of murder, and the far-flung frightful logo- machies between Darwinians and anti-Darwin- ians, pro-nordics and anti-nordics, despite in finite tumult and woe, more and more of our very best are devoting themselves to the game of bo-peep with the millennium, which is, in fact, displacing base ball as the national game, In view of the misfortunes of the wheat farmer, it {s comforting to be informed that “the wheat output forms only about 7 per cent of the annual value of farm production and live stock,” Wall street, shocked to its in- nermost puritan soul, is accusing the wheat farmers of gambling; that's the source of their woes. Infandum horrendum, as that old farmer Cincinnatus. would have said. The conference'at Atlantic City between representatives of anthracite operators and miners was broken off on Frida; ubject to the call of the secretary, at request of either side.” The conferees deadlocked on the all-im portant workers’ demands for complete recog- nition of the Union and acceptance of the ‘“check-off” by the operators. The workers' representatives say that they will not sign a contract to supersede the present one which does not embody flat acceptance of these de- mands. The present contract expires August 31. Gen. Patrick is asking for an appropriation of $25,000,000 for the Army .air service for the fiscal year 1924-25. He estimates that thereafter an annual appropriation of $150,- 000,000 for _personnel, upkeep and replace- ments will be needed 'if the service is to be adequate to the defensive role on an outbreak of war. The amounts named are really petty in view of the transcendent importance of that role. Most of the craft now in service date back to the great war, and are—to put it Boftly—obsolescent. This fact, no doubt, goes far to explain the large number of accldents during the past vear (300, with thirty-five deaths). We can better afford to be even ex- travagant than to lose so many of our most allant young men. In the month of May, 1923, 404,992 motor cars and trucks were produced in the United States, a gain of 6 per cent over the high- est previous month's record. The production in May of last year was 255,000. Before the, great war our trade with the orient was lesa than 6 per cent of our total foreign trade. Now It is 20 per cent. Our present foreign trade Is greater than what the tgend from 1908 to 1913 forecasted. The increase of our trade with Japan since 1913 has been about 50 per cent. Our exports to Europe in 1922 were only 92 per_cent of the 1913 exports, and imports only 75 per cent of the 1913 imports. Our exports to Latin-America, in 1922, were 20 per cent greater than those of 1913; the im- ports, however, were greater by oniy 8 per cent.'(All the above calculated on the basis of quantity.) The United States sells to the orient only flive-elghths as much as it buys there. This does not speak well for the enterprise of American business men. The Atlantic Transport Line is about to re- sume passenger service (suspended since the war) between New York and London, with new ships. The Minnewaska, a_21.000-ton ship, will be the first of the new “Minne” fleet to be commissioned, and will leave London for New York on her maiden voyage on August 4 The vegetation of Central Park, New York city, Is being destroyed. by noxious gases. Col Wilitam Boyce Thompson sald the other day: “If the deterioration continues for another ten years at the same rate as during the last ten years, Central Park will cease to be a park. It will be an eyesore.” Experts are investigating to determine the exact source or sources of the ruin, ®ome say sulphurous fumes from New Jersey are responsible. Others blame the vile exhalations from automobiles. Even Bronx Park is threatened, some say. St. Louls, in ltke manner, discovers that the industrial age {5 not an unmixed blessing. It has been decided to move the Missouri bo- tanical gardens outside of St. Louls’ polluted atmosphere. Col. Thompson has founded and endowed the Thompson Institute for Plant Research, which will ultimately become a public institution: he could not apply his fortune more beneficently. * Kk ok x ] Miscellaneous.—Df the population of Can- ada 4.900,000, or 55 per cent, are of British extraction (English, Scotch, Irish or Welsh), and 23 per cent, or 2,400,000, of French extrac- tion. A recent census shows the population of Montreal to be 758,000, an increase of more than 50 per cent since 1911. The population of the entire province of Quebec increased by more than 25 per cent during the same period. ©Oanada ranks second among the countries of the world in wheat production One notes with pleasure the formation of a fascista party in'Spain, but unfortunately there is no Spanish Mussolini in sight. They are ad- vertising for one. The air is full of rumors flying westward from the Balkan region—a coup d'etat immi- nent in Greece: revolution brewing in Croatlia, Montenegro and Serbian Macedonia, and heav- en knows what. ver Queen Marie of Rumania Plans To Place Husband on Polish Throne BY F. CUNLIFFE-OWEN, C. B. E. ty SR 5 quick to take an advantage te win UEEN MARIE or Rumania|her point and, unconsciously calls|nomic development. born at Eastwell Park, In|upon every man who approaches her PR conversation and in repartee. is have contributed so much to obstruct her political and, above all, her eco- - oldier, ex-conspirator against the |SOUTH AMERICA BEHIND - IN SANITARY MEASURES Dr. T. D. Long Brings Back Picture of Conditions in -Chile, Bolivia, 5 Peru and Ecuador. BY BEN McKELWAY, FIRST-HAND report of health and sanitary conditions in Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Ecua- dor, brought to Washington {by Dr. J. D. Long, assistant surgeon general of the United States public health wervice, indicates the problem which confronts those interested in raising standards of health In South America, and will undoubtdely cre- ate renewed Interest in the seventh pan-American sanitary conference, to be held in Havana, Cuba, next year. Dr. Long, who js director of the pan-American sanitary bureau, at- tended the fifth pan-American con- gress in Santiago this spring as a technical adviser to the United States delegation, and on his way back to this country visited the principal citles in Chile, Bollvia, Ecuador and Peru. inspecting conditions and in- terviewing governmen® health au- thorities. Everywhere, he reports, there was a desire and an interest for better sanitation and measures to safeguard the health of the inhabit- ants, but everywhere officlals were confronted with a lack of funds, with no immediate prospect of securing the necessary appropriations. Weary of Sickness. The people are “weary of constant sickness and numerous deaths.” Dr. Long states. “They are, however, desirous of working out their own problems, but would appreciate demonstrations in order that they may visualize the methods of im- proving their condition. They wel- come sanitary advice and assistance if it can be furnished in a manner that will assit them in expending | to the best advantage such limited funds as they possess and will In- struct them as to the best methods of setting forth their needs convinc- ingly to the end that additional ap- propriations may be obtained" Dr. Lorig found that in Bolivia no vital statistics were available, and much the same condition was true of Peru and Ecuador, aithough a divi- sion of statistics has recently been organized in Lima which is endeavor- ing to collect figures on mortality and morbidity. He reports an exceptional- ly high death rate among children in all the countries visited. Finds Chile Better. Conditions in Chile, he states, ap- pear to be better than in the three other countries he visited, but even zar and conveying the idea of an eighteenth century leader of condiet- tori, whom she has completely tamed, Kent, as a princess of Great Britain and Ireland, and who was the first member of her house to sacrifice her place in the line of suc- cession to the throne of her grand- mother. Queen Victoria, by marrying a Roman Catholic in the person of King Ferdinand, is, by general con- sent, a very clever woman with an extraordinary talent for what some people denounce as *‘political Intrigue,” and others praise as ‘“astute state- craft.”” She has quietly developed the little entente, upon which France has set so much store and to which Mar- shal Foch, who helped in its creation, attaches so much importance, into a Balkan League, by means of treaty alliances and dynastic ties of a matri- monial character with Greece and Serbia, the latter K embracing the former kingdoms of Croatla and Montenegro. And now she hag caused the name of her husband to be put fcrward as a likely candldate for the throne of Poland. The matter Is expected to form an important sub- ject of debate at the conference of the powers of the little entente, which meets tomorrow at Sinala, the coun- try palace of the King and Queen of Rumania. * % x % This project, for some time past the subject of quiet discussion in certain circles at Bucharest, has now been brought on the public tapis through her recent state visit, with King Fer- dinand, to Warsaw and Cracow, the capitals of the former kingdom of Poland. It was Queen Maria,who, by inviting the former dictator of Po- land, Marshal Pllsudski, to Bucharest, suggested the visit, and the ldea was strongly indorsed by Marshal Foch when the matter was put up to him during his stay in the Rumanian cap- ital a couple of months ago. He re- gards the little entente as a bulwark that is imperatively needed by the entente allies of the great war, first of all in order to prevent any bol- sheviki {rruption into western Eu- rope and also as an obstacle to any political, military and economic co- alition between Russia and Germany against the remainder of the western powers. Thanks to his foresight, the fine armles of Poland and of Rumania have been trained by. French officers and splendidly equipped by the French war department with artillery, small arms, airplanes, high expiosives, heavy ordnance and with all the sup- plies needed for a prolonged cam- paign. Serbla and -Czechoslovakia, that is to say, Greater Bohemia, have been aided by France in a similar fashion, and Marshal Foch was most enthusiastic about the results thus attained when called upon to inspect the mjlitary forces of both :nations during ‘his recent visits to Belgrade and to Prague. He, naturally. saw in a state visit of King Ferdinand and Queen Marie to Poland ‘a further strengthening of the little entente, now combined, through her tireless efforts in behalf of the land of her adoption, into a most powerful factor in the concert of nations by.its coali- tion with the Balkan League, ‘When Queen.Marie, who retains to a marvelous degree the great beauty of her youth, sets herself out {w charm, there are few who can fe- sist her fascimation. She is wonder- fully gifted, excels in the art of wit- to put forth his best Intellectual ef- fort to arouse her sympathetic in- terest and good will. She oaints, plays divinely on several fnstru- ments, composes plays—some of which' clutch the heartstrings. while others move to mirth and appeal to children—dresses exquisitely, is a superb horsewoman and, above all, is “invested, both in Rumanit and abroad, with a very bright halo of real herolsm, a halo modestly and simply worn. It was heroism dis- played while still crown princess, In nursing the wounded and the sick during the first two Balkan wars and their consequent terrible epidemics of cholera and typhus, and then, dur- ing the invasion of Rumania by the central powers in 1916 when, with her husband and children, she was driven out of her home at Bu- charest just in the same way that King Albert and Queen Elizabeth had been forced to abandon their home at Brussels to the mercy of the Ger- mans when the latter swept Imto Bel- gium in the summer of 1914. She was, indeed, the soul of the defense of Rumania—a defense which, at one moment, looked as If it were a forlorn hope—and if Rumanfa even- tually emerged from the conflict with a territory doubled in size and population and with all the glory of never having surrendered to the out- rageous demands of the cruel foe, it was due, in the maln, to the spirit with which she had imbued both her husband and his people. P— Chivalry plays a very great role in the character of the Poles, not alone among the aristocracy and af- fluent classes, but even among the masses. Indeed, the several Polish insurrections against Russia, espe- cially that of 1863, furnished abun- dant evidence of the extent to which this quality is developed In the real Polish peasantry. And when Queen Marle turned up at Warsaw the other day, with her husband, and put forth all her efforts to bewlitch the Poles, they went wild with enthusi- asm about her, especlally on the oc- casion of the military pageants or- ganized in her honor. For the first time since the overthrow of the Polish kingdom, in the elghteenth century, all of the old-time Polish court ceremonies, customs and forms of etiquette were revived, greatly to the taste of the Polish people. These ceremonles and regal pomp evoked in their minds, espectally in the minds of the nobles ‘and of the territorial magnates, memories of the glorious traditions of the old Polish kingdom, of those herolc Kings of Poland who _delivered Vienna from the besieging Turks and drove the barbarous Moslem hordes, Who were endeavoring :to overrun all Europe, back In ignominious de- feat to the shores of the Bosporus. And the Polish masses, who are al- ways keen for pagentry, brilliant spectacles and public rejolcings, were It may be recalled that, at the beginning of the war, Czar Nicholas II. with the object of winning the loyal support of his Polish lieges for the defense of his empire, pledged them a restoration of their national independence by way of a reward under some prince of thelr own se- lection. Later on, when the Germans had driven the Russlans out of Po- land, they similarly endeavored to win the sympathy and good will of the people there by assuring them of their future Independence "under a king chosen from one of the Teu- tonic or Austrian dynasties. The candidates put forward with this object in view were Prince Leopold of Bavaria, son-in-law of old Em- peror Francis Joseph, alho the Crown Prince of Saxony, in view of the fact that the rulers of Saxony owed their kingly title to the circumstance that they had, for a time, occupled, by means of election, the throne of Poland. Then there was a Hapsburg e in the person of Archduke Stephen, the sailor brother of Queen Christine of Spain, who makes his home in Galicin, and both of whose sons are now serving in the Polish army as officers. But none of them seemed to fill the bill. They failed to meet with the ap- proval of the people, and the peace conference at Versallles in 1919 may be said to have deferred to the views of President Woodrow Wilson in rec- ommending that the rebirth of the national independence of Poland should take the form of a republic rather than of a monarchy. It is no secret that President Wil- son and other members of the Con- gress had In view that the chief mag- istracy of the nation would be vested by the Polish people in the hands of their world-famed countryman, Ignaz Paderewski, who had won every- body's sympathy and admiration by the unseifish nature of his patriotism. But before he had been very leng in power in Warsaw he was overthrown by discreditable political intrigne: there, which finally culminated in a military dictatorship under Marsnal Pilsudskl. The marshal ruled, after a fashion, by means of constantly changing cabinets, conveying the im- pression, at home and abroad, of in- stablility of government, which was most damaging to the financial credit and best interests of the country. At one moment a peasant farmer, who had never worn a shirt collar. in his life, "and could talk no language but Pollsh, was prime minister, and the next day there was a professor in office. One of the premiers was as- sassinated and ' the other was obliged to flee for his life. * ok k% “Even ' the " last -political change, which involved the retirement of the Marshal Pllsudski from the dictator- ship and the election: of his particular rival and enemy, Dr. Wojclechowski, profoundly impressed by the fact|as president of the republic, served that the queen, standing and sitting between Marshal Pilsudski d his in the presidency, Dr: jccechowski, had apparently rec- onciled these two bit political an- tagonists and had drawn them into friendly and, seemingly, cordial, as well as amusing, conversation with each other. They saw that the pres- ence of a_ king and, above all, a beautiful queen, was enough 1o quench those violent political ani- mosities among the -leading states- men of the country which, ever since Poland recovered her Independence, of | hostile influel to continue the dissension, disturb- ances and even bloodshed, and to de- lay the decision which has, at length, been rendered. by the league of na- tions at Geneva in favor of Poland's rights In connection with the seaport of Dantsig, heretofore unjustly “con- trolled by Germany, and, consequently, 5. Queen Marie's visit to Warsaw and Cracow, where she distributed her favors equally between the new President Wojcleohowski and Mar- shal Pilsudski, a gruff and surly old .anything. te fear from served to bring about a truce of all these dissessions and, during that truce, the league of nations gave its decisfon in favor of Poland about Dantzig. So, the nobles and the great territorial magnates and the peasan- try are all more or less convinced of the benefits that would accrue to the nation through the transformation of the republic, a form of government for which the Poles are so little fit- ted, into a monarchy, not by right divine, but, as in the days of old Po- land, by election of the nobles and the-peasantry. * ok % x And in the event of the restora- tion of the monarchy which can con- tribute 80 much to free the country from that political unrest which is obstructing its development, there is no longer any doubt now as to who the candldate for the throne would be, namely, King Ferdinand of Ru- mania, thanks to his English-born consort. He is a king already. He has served his apprenticeship in the duties and obligations inherent to the occupancy of a throme. He knows his busiriess and, since it would be necessary anyhow to choose an alien prince for the purpose, since the elec- tion of a Polish noble would provoke the Jjealousy of all the others, it would be preferable to select King Ferdinand, since, not being of Ru- manian birth, there could never be any danger of his giving undue pref- erence to one country over the other. Moreover, Queen Marie's tact could be relied upon to cause him to hold an even balance between Poland and Ru- mania, two countries that have much in common, that are confronted by the same foreign perils and with whom economic co-operation is cal- culated to prove of inestimable bene- * ok % % The most curious thing about the whole matter is the fact that France, after having® been so largely instru- mental in overthrowing the Hohen- zollern dynasty in Germany, in the person of ex-Emperor Willlam and of his preclous son, the ex-Crown Prince, should now be lending her- self to the establishmeént of a Hohen- zollern on the throne of Poland. True, King Ferdinand belongs to an entirely different branch of the dynasty and it is necessary to go back many generations, nay, near two centuries or more, to_establish the relationshlp. King Ferdinand belongs to the old Sigmaringen or Roman Catholic_line and when, in 1916, Emperor Willlam demand: on the strength of this remote kinsmen- ship that Ferdinand should throw his own lot and that of Romania in With the central powers against the entente, under the threat of invasion of his kingdom, the 10ss of his crown and of confiscation of all his-ances- tral estates in Germany and Austria, he did not hestite and, under the ise and sagacious inspiration of his consort, replied that the interests of the Roumanian people who had chosen him as their ruler were su- perior to any personal consideration or sacrifice and that he would put up just as stubborn a resistance against teuton invasion of Roumania as King Albert had offered to the kalser's hordes in Belgium in 1914. Queen Marle may be said to have obliterated the trace of every vesti, of Hol zollern blood in his veins. And his record and her own, show conelul‘:valy'th;t nelther Frasice, nok any other of the entente allles, have the stigma of his Hohenzollern ancestry. 4 P B there the unsatisfactory conditions regarding infant mortality and mor- tality rates generally is appreciated by the health authorities and the population as a whole. The President | of Chile showed great interest in sanitary conditions. he reports, and | Dr. Long conferred with him and with other Chilean officials a number of times. Their principal desire was to learn héw to expend available \fund( to the best advantage and how ) to go about obtaining additional funds and the skilled personnel for carry- ing out needed improvements. Population Is Stationary. “The population of Chile eaid Dr. Long, “is probably substantlally sta- tionary—the birth rate and death rate being so close to each other that no great increase can be expected in the population except through fmmi- gration. Sanitary conditions and sani- tary knowledge, so far as could be determined, are substantially the same throughout the.republic; typhus fever being practically continuously present in the elevated or mountain- ous regions, smallpox being more or less constantly present and the high infant mortality rate being prevalent throughout the entire country.” Ig- norance on the part of mothers is biamed for the high infant mortality. The high death rate among chil- dren, estimated to be 40 per cent of | turn to | generally. the total deaths, with approximately one-third of all children dving b fore attaining their first birthday. an outstanding feature of prevalling poor, health conditions in South America. The greatest hope for im- proyement. Dr. Long states, lies in the'instaliation of public baths and lgundries for the free use of the rer classes, in order that they may earn the value of personal hygiene, and through instruction in the pub- lic schools, the children may in turn teach their parents the rudiments of simple sanitation. Installation of the public health nursing service is a: other great need, Dr. Long states. for through this service the mother is taught the proper care of her child and at the same time infant mortality rates are reduced; the idea of home hygiene Avill be inculcate thus improving the surroundings of the rest of the fymily as well. . May Establish School. In Santiago, serious consideration 18 now being given to the establish- ment of a superior school of hygliens in connection with the. University of Chile for the purpose of instruct: ing and preparing sanitary inspec- tors, visiting nurses and other per- sonnel for service throughout tne republic. In addition, Chile plans to send six young men to the United States to take courses in public health in order that they may re- Chile and devote all their time to teaching and improving the public_health. Dr. Long found the President of Bolivia greatly interested in puhli. health and sanitation, although ti did not seem to apply to the masse of the people, who, “on account of their isolation. have had no opportu nity to learn what hygiene and sani tation mean.” There is no hope of doing anything in Le Paz to fmprove conditions there, Dr. Long says, unti! more funds are available. About the lonly thing being contemplated there at present is the installation of « chlorine plant for the sterilization of city water and the establishment of a visiting nurse service. Predominating Fevers. Typhus fever and typhoid fever a the predominating causes for infan mortality in Bolivia, Dr. Long save. and tuberculosis is present. Sanitary conditions throughout Bolivia are as bad. if not worse, than in La P: In Arequipa, Peru, while there weré no statistics, infant mortality was re- ported as heing excessive. In Mol- lendo the water supply iv unsafe and Inadequate. with poor sewage dis- posdl facilities. Even in Lima, the capital of Peru, Dr. Long could find no statiw worth while concern ing morbldity. while mortality ral were wholly lacking. Tt was est mated. however. that the death rate {is about thirty-five per thousand, | with infant mortality excessive. In Lima. however, as in Santiago, Dr. Long said, there was a keen de- sire for improvement in sanitary con ditions, not only among health au thoritles, but among the population Dr. Long was informed in Lima that if the pan-American Sanitary bureau could furnish ad- vice and information it would b gratefully received and recommenda® tions would follow., as far as funds would permit to carry them out. Makes Recommendations, Dr. Long récommends. not only as regards Peru but other South Ameri- can countries as well, that “future efforts of the pan-American sanitary | bureau be directed along the lines of supplying. so far as may be possible, sistanee and information of the type desired.” In Ecuador Dr. Long found the health authorities handicapped by & lack of funds and prevented from at. tempting much in the way of sanita- tion. Their principal efforts, he sald, are being directed along the line of fighting vellow fever and suppressing the bubonic plague. Dr. Long stopped in Cuba on his way back to this country, but did not attempt to go into sanitary con- ditiony there. Indians in U. S. More, Numerous Than They Were 10 Years Ago (Continued from First Page.) The United States government is expending $5,000,000 annually for the education of Indians. There are 91,- 968 children of school age. 6279 of whom are ineligible for attendance and 20,746 not in school. The govern- ment boarding and day schools num- ber 251, and have an -enrollment of 24,222, THe eighty-one mission schools have 6,470 enrolled, and the state| public schools are educating 34,301 Indians. = The total enrollment is 64,943, There are 59,000 Indians affiliated with Catholie churches and 48,000 with the Protestant churches. There are 200 Catholfe missionarics and 100 Protestant missionaries working among the Indians. There are about 240,000 Indians still under the guardlanship of the government. The Supreme Court has held that citizenship is not Incon- sistent with wardship. All members of the Five Civilized Tribes of Okla- homa (101,000) and the Osage Nation (2,200) are citizens, as are children born of citizen parents and those who recelve patents in fee to land. A total of 38,000,000 acres of land has been allotted to Indlans, and there are still 125,000 Indlans who have not been allotted land. The un- allotted acreage of Indian land is 35,000,000. This government appropriated $370,- 000 to care for the health of the In- dlans in 1923. There are 78 hos- pitals and sanatoriums, with a bed capacity of 2,400. There are 150 phy sicians _in the Indlan service. §0 nurses, 70 field matrons and 7 travel- ing dentists. The number of Indlans treafed in 1922 was 20,000. The death rate among the Indians in 1913 was 32.24 per 1,000, and in 1920 the death rate was 22.33. In 1922 there were 28,940,934 barrels of ol produced on lands of the Osage Nation. There was $11,700 distributed per capita to the Osages in 1922 from royalties on oil and bonuses from leasing of oil land. The Osage tribe has received a total of $111,863,530 In royalties and bonuses from ofl lands. The production of oll and gas on land of the Five Civilized Tribes of Okl homa in 1922 was 8.200.000 Rarrels. There are 1.392,379 acres of irriga ble Indian land; actually irrigated 366,000 acres. The government has pended on Irrigation so far $26- 592.436. The irrigation projects now under construction involve 605,000 acres. The board feet of timber on Indian reservations is estimated at 35,000,000,000, with a value of $100,- 000,000. The amount of tribal funds held in trust on interest at 3 to 5 per cent by the government for the Indians is $25,000,000, and the funds of indi- vidual Indians held in trust is about $35,000,000. There are L3¢ employes in the In dian office in Washington and 5.34! in the field service. There are 2,000 Indians numbered among the em- ployes The Indians invested $25,000,000 in liberty bonds, A Pennsylvania Employes Attest \ Faith in Representation Plan Faith in the representation plan whereby employes of & corporation con- duct negotiations covering wages, work- ing rules and conditions and other mat- ters' pt mutual concern has just been given notable attestation by workers on the Pennsylvania railroad system, when & vast majority of them participated in the election of representatives. These elections were to fill the expir: ing terms of employe representative: among the shop crafts and clerks and miscellaneous forces of the eastern and central regions of the Altoona works. These two reglons and the Altoona works represent more than three- fourths of the total number of em- Dployes In_these classes on the entire System, It was the original elections in these classes which lr;edclesr:j-‘ and hop crafts’ unions protested against to the United States Rallroad Labor Board. In the shop crafts in the eastern re- glon 87.7.per cent of the total number wigible voted in the election of em- ploye representatives; in the shop crafts in the central region, 79.2 per cent; in the shop orafts in the Altoona works, 93.6 per ‘cent; in the clerical forces in the eastern region, 80.4 per cent; in the clerical forces in the central region, 74.2 per cent; in the clerical forces in the Altoona works, 96.7 per cent; in the miscellaneous forces in the east- ern region, 75.8 per cent, and in the. miscellaneous forces in works, 94.8 per cent, These elections were held undes rules jointly, formulated by repre. sentatives of the management and representatives of the employe: Candidates were nominated by peti- tion, the ballots were secret and teliers were selected by the manage- me»: and the employes. 75 Schools in Alaska For Natives’ Benefit Uncle Sam is conducting seventy-five schools in Alaska, in charge of 14% teachers, who are social workefs strive ing to benefit the natives, adults as well as children, mentally, morally and physically. 'Hospitals for the natives are also maintained at the expense of the federal government at Juneau in the southeastern district, at Nulato and Kanakanak in the central district, at Aklak in the western district and at Noorvik in the northwestern district. Seven physicians and seventeen nurses are employed in these hospitals. John J. Tigert, United States com- missioner of education, is now on a tour of inspection of these native schools an< hospitals. He expects to return - to Washington in September. 4 the Altoona -