Evening Star Newspaper, July 23, 1923, Page 3

PRESIDENT SAYS ADIEU TO ALASKA Concludes Two-Week Stay. Comes Home by Way of Panama Canal. B the Asociated Press, ON BOARD U. . 8. HENDERSON WITH PRESIDENT HARDING, July 23.—The Navy transport Henderson, bearing President and Mrs. Harding &nd the members of their party, ploughed southward today last visit to Alaskan ports Daid yesterday at Sitka, when fare- well and good wishes for the terri- tory's’ future development were said informally The next stop scheduled is at Van- couver Thursday morning. The ident had arranged today for the Henderson to stop tomorrow 80 e and his guests wishing to do so might enjoy a fishing excur- sion in the Henderson's small b e al concluded work on addresses to be delivered in coast states and Vancouver Marding annpunced she will the time resting during the south to prepare herself comple for continuance of the itinerar Panamu, Porto Rico and New York. Orders have been given the come « manding officer of the Hende Droceed with that vessel from York to the Philadelphia navy ard upen completing the Harding trip, thus showing conclusively that the fential party will return by through the canal on ship, o the contrary notwith- Pacific yeports stinding CONCLUDES VISIT. President’s Two Weeks in Alaska Gives Him New Vision. By the Associated Press, SITKA, Alaswi, July 23.—President Jarding concluded his visit to Alas- * Xit here yesterday, exactly two weeks from the day he first stepped on the £o the territo ] two weeks spent in given the President and his cabinet advisers accompanying him 2 unew vision of Alaska and, as he has sald. u new determination to do all in his power to bring this vast territory to its fullest degree of developme — ot he Alaska Lave the regret other members 1t leaving the territory have been welcomed so dinlly, such feeling obviously <hured to the fullest degree by ple of Alaska Whatever the government to wid Alaska in the future as a re- sult of the President’s visit. the peo- le of Alaska declare much already us been done. of Mr. of his where cor- was the “and may do Scex One-Third of Citizens, Gov. Scott Bone, who left the party here after having traveled with it throughout the territory, esti- mated that one-third of the popula- tion of the territory had greeted the Chief Exccutive and Mrs. Harding. The President was welcomed on landing here by the entire population of the town gathered on the old pa- Tade grounds near where the the territory address declared how his party could fitting farewell than s spot. i am sorry ka," he o think there is who dees not 1 ' knaw more on this is our last day in ntinued. “T do not any one ave with genuine grei. We hive come under the lure of Alaska. We go away with fine im- pressions und with many suggestions which I hope will be helpful to you and to your government. Alaska i3 a great’ and glorious part of the Amer| Union, and 1 hope for the ultimate development to bring you into full sisterhood.” Dis The visit to th territory Ing_further usserted had . SPECIAL NOTICES. FURNITURE REPAIRED AND _ UPHOL | Will go answhere. Ad- o o TO WICHIT share expm or at tments Happy. Mr. Hard- brought Fou OFFICE 1 & white man should o ol FURNITURE R Istered: poreh rock caned. THE WICKERCRAFT, 14 Potomae 1324, FINEAL SOCTETY 0 D called off the Be held T THE SPAN W party 9th and at Pennsylvania i ATLY asible £ tion INH ®oant to ! directors | of the Juhn 11 Tnc., kpecial meeting of all of the stockholders of P Y to conider the dissolution of Columbia_corporation s here- of the | ware 1 such with oth o the meeting, be heli Wt the office of fhe ¢ 9 Riode Island avenue northeast, Washington, D. C., on Mon- dny. Juiy 30, L at & o'clock in the after- A of directors. ‘b’\ IDER’S” I’O'l ROAST Can he bought at Solder's, 118-20-21 € Market. Here’s a Roofer Reads to make things snug and tight at moderate coxt. Tell us your troubles and we'll be on the job. Right at your elbow. Call Muin 14, Roofing 1416 F* st. n.w. * TRONCL. el Your Car Will Give You More satisfactory service and up-keep bills will be lower if we do your General Repairing. R. McReynolds & Son reialists in Painting, Siip Covers and Tups. b tte T. N Main 7228, Little Roofmg Jobs Just as welcome in our shops large contracts. We'll stop a single overhaul your roof, and you will have the assurance of a durable job. Try us. KOONS ROOHING 1422 ¥ st. N.w. PRINT]}}E‘:H A Phone Main 983 —that fulfills your higlest expectations {The National Capital- Press 12101212 D ot n.w. The Adams’ Impress —atands for satisfaction—plus in printing. ~High giade. but ot high priced.” BYRON S. ADAMS, PRINTER, > 512 11th 8t. " Save Your Mctal Roofs PERMANENTL - With Hu‘sfl Roofing Compotmd Guaranteed m Years. A heayy-hodied conting of asphalt and as Ywstox: ten times thicker than paint. Does Dot dry_up. W are daily svorn, on reidences, is called to fos —are rusted public and ga- covering _roofs, warehouses, Fur Balo aod Appi Payl H. Sears Co., Inc. Main 3034 CONTRACTORS. Hond bldg n g0 in our party | Our Perfect Day, Like One in Song, Is Soon to End | Washington was fortunate enough to be under a warm southerly wind and a cool northern current when they met yesterday afternoon, de- veloped a little thundershower and produced cool and comfortable weather for many hours thereafter. The northern current now is fur- nishing the enjoyable temperature, but the weather bureau says it will die out in a day or two and the southern breez 111 bring back hot weather once again—but not of the intensity of Friday or Saturday, it was careful to add. The mercury veached its lowest point, 62 degrees, this morning at 6 o'clock, and since that time it has been slowly rising. Elghty probably will be the maximum reached tod. some happy disappolntments, in that he and his cabinet members had found much less the matter with Alaska and the government's relations with Alaska than had been widely pro- claimed. Secretarles Work, Walace and Hoover and Speaker Gillett also made_short farewell addresses, and then, President and Mrs. Harding were presented with a number of gifts, ranging frcm paintings of beautiful Sitka harbor to a basket of big straw- berries. The Chiet Executive and Mrs. Hard- ing did not return to the Henderson until late in the afternoon. After the exerclses on the parade ground they, with other members of the off cial ‘party, attended services in the ive Presbyterian church and vis- ited the Sheldon Jackson School. | which maintained here by the | women’s board of home missions ot {the Presbyterian Church. During the visit to the school members of the party rved with salmon, ber- . the latter made by an n girl student 1 | U. S. TRADE HEADS AID WHEAT GROWER Joint Committee of Seven, Three to Be Named by Cham- ber of Commerce to Act. By the Associated Press, HICAGO, July 23.—The Chamber of Commerce of the United States has joined with the wheat council of the United States in a tentative agrec- ment, under which a joint committee will scek a solution of the wheat growers' problems, it was announced tod Dr. Alonzo E. Taylor, director of the food research institute at Leland Stanford University, will, it is under- stood. head the joint committee. The committee work of investigation ix expected to occupy from four to six onths. Four or more experts on the pmmittee will be named by the wheat council and three by the Cham- ber of Commerce of the United States Make Report for 1924, the conclusion of the commit- work recommendations are e d to be made for 1924 and suc- ceeding years, which, it is hoped, would, it followed, prevent a recur- rence ‘of difficulties for wheat growers The joint committee was arranged a ence between Con- Anderson of Minne- a, president of the wheat councll, id Julius H. Bains, president of the wamber of Commerce of the United tes, held in New York, according to the statement from the wheat council headquartel | UNION BACKS STRIKERS. Proposes Assessment to Aid Phone Operators in Walkout. 1 | BOSTON, July 23.—Letters recom- ending an assessment of at 1 cents on every labor union mem- ber in Massachusetts to raise $150,- 1000 for the aid of the striking te {phone operators of five states were to be mailed 064 local unions by the secretary of jthat state branch of the American { ration of Labor here ! Company officials stated today that ino further conferences had been ar- d with the strikers and that conditions remained ncarly | normal. D | »fBULGAR CHIEF HITS REDS. | Sees Effort to Establish Soviet Rule in Bulgaria. SOFIA, Bulgaria, July 23.—M. Rus- {seff, minister of the interior, has is- 1 sued a statement denouncing the In- iterference of the Russian government {in the internal affairs of Bulgarla. {The minister accuses the Russian |Red Cross_ delegation dealing with iRussian refugees of a deliberate at- | tempt to establish soviet rule in Bul- garia. All Russians in Bulgaria against {whom proofs of political activities lare found will be expelled. EASE FOR STOWAWAYS. Ten Found on Board Luxurious Leviathan, NEW YORK, July 23—Stowaways have found the luxurious Leviathan to their liking. Ten arrived today from Southampton and Cherbourg, making the passage in five days | twelve’ hours and eleven minutes, with average speed 23.9 knots. Abe Martin Says: i A soft drink king has married a widow with twins, so th’ world hain’t so big after all. That new drug that prevents lyin’ won’t do a thing t’ th’ tele- shone. (Copyright National Newspaper Service.) ! ;! l {be moved upward much more easily by THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. MONDAY, HOLIDAY DAYS—Getting Started for the Station—By GLUYAS WILLIAMS | CALLS HURRY UP IT'$ TIME TO START POR STATION - NO, HE ISN'T ALLOWING A SHOUTS SUDDENLY HEY DiD SHE TRKE TICKETS OUT OP HIS POCK- ETBOOK THEY'RE GONE ASSURES HER THEY'VE AS GOOD AS MISSED THE TRAIN AND TOR PITY'S SAKE TO HURRY Srovas 20 (C) Wheeier Syn. Inc. MINUTE TOO MUCH- THEY MAY HAVE T0 WAIT FOR THE TROLLEY OR SOMETHING, YOU CANT TELL HIS VEST POCKET MOVES TICKETS, PULLMAN AND TRUNK CHECKS T'ROM POCKET TO POCKET WHERE THEY'LL. BE EASIER TO GET AT Curb Market Gave Bucketeers Easiest Path to Exploit Public Stocks of Limited Distribution Enable Pools to Hoist P Actual = BY R. K. TREVOR. Powerful pool aggregations have time ! and again in the past been able to con- duct market campalgns in curb stocks scale far more spectacular than could achleve in operations in stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The reason for this is the fact that no such widespread distribu- | tion has been required under curb regu- ' lations for a stock in the curb market | as is required for a stock which is listed | on the “blg board.” Officials of the New Exchange have very quirements regarding which a stock must and the character of tion, before they permit of the stock on the exchange. These re- quirements are deemed necessary in order to lessen the danger of a few men | acquiring control of the floating supply of a stock and effecting a “squeeze” of shorts of too vigorous & sort. The idea in this, it is stated, is not to protect the shorts, but to prevent an advance in a stock to helghts far beyond what its value entitles it to, or an advance o wild as to upset the general stock market. When Control In Easy. Naturally, when a stock is distributed among many scattered holders, a_pool actlve in the stock will not have things “s0 much its own way” as will a pool that is handling a stock, the floating supply of which may be controlled by crow agreement or otherwise, over a ertain period covering the time in- tended for the operation of the pool campaign. In other words, a stock whose floating supply is controlled can York Stock stringent re- the exvent to be_ distributed, the distribu- the listing a pool than a stock whose floating sup- ply is in the hands of many people. any, or most, of whom are apt to sell at a time when the pool may find such sell- {ing_a handicap to its operations. The regulations on the curb market have always been much lees exacting regarding the extent or distribution of a stock than are those with regard to stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In fact, the curb market is a market for which the initial distribu- tion for many stocks is intended. Since the curb market went indoors and its activities all came under the super- vision of the New York Curb Market Association, there has been a growing tendency to make the requirements for listing more exacting as regards dis- tribution. There has been a spread of the idea’ that some fair-sized distribu- tion of a stock should be effected before trading in the stock is inaugurated on the curb market. Pools Seize Adwantage. Some of the powerful pools of the 1915-1916 period took full advantage of these conditions and, assisted by some of the most important banking interests of the country. they spon- sored and promoted stocks which rep- resented various lines of war activi- ties that would attract the popular speculative fancy of the time, and sky rocketed these stocks of limited dis- tribution to prices ridiculously high as compared with the real vaiues of the securities. Some of these stocks made their appearance in curb trad- ing following a public subscription offering, some simply following & pool underwriting. The wild inflation which these prices represented was, of course, ap- parent to the sponsors for these stocks—it would be an insult to their years of experfence with securities values to state that it was not. It was all too apparent, also, to the keen statisticians of investment houses who were constantly warning the public of the danger of these in- flated prices. But the Investors who might heed such warnings were mi- nor factors in that market. The spon- sors for these stocks knew that they were dealing, not with investors, but with people carried away by the fer- vor of a speculative orgy, and they made the most of it. But in the war shares market of 1915-1916, embraced in the period when the curb market was outdoors and when heavy curb trading could be effected in a stock whether the issue was or was not listed by the Curb Market Association (in the rather weak form in which that or- ganization then existed), promoters of a stock did not have to concern themselves with the question of ef- fecting any distribution whatsoever before inaugurating trading. In fact, there were many stocks the very first sales of which were effected in curb trading. Naturally, with the bars down in this way, it was possible for even weak pools to take hold of curb stocks which had little or no distri- bution and manipulate them upward, in such spectacular manner as to en- courage extensive public buying— for, as has been noted before, it is on'a rising market that the public buys. With weak pools able to ac- complish big results, it can be real- ized what strong pool aggregations were able to accomplish. The wild period of new promotions sponsored by these powerful interests began with the flotation of the shares of the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company, with /its early trading at one and a half times par, followed fof the country ac rices Far Above Values. tol- | rly enough the capital- on the basis of cets of th wing 3 ow el how much water was izatlon at the start, the meager properties with which the company began _operations——i very different sort of Midvale, incidentally, from the ome which was to be de- veloped on the company’s acquisition | long afterward of the Cambria Steel Company following further financing. Many Stocks Floated. Tt is hardly necessary to set forth here the details regarding the stream of similar stock flotations which fol- lowed, with leading banking interests the inflated securities. 3 these inflations has been presented time and again In the publio pre They continued to make their apbe ance, not only through the period of the ‘'war shares boom in 1915-1916, but many more made their debut at various intervals over the course of the four succeeding years—whenever the public showed much appetite for speculative stocks. Because of the respected sponsor- ship for these stocks. the public grabbed them all the more readily. The Curb bucketeers, thoroughly alive to the Inflation, and receiving nearly all the buying orders for these shares, other than those which were being placed through New York Stock Ex- change houses, did all they could to encourage the buyving movement Because of their very definite ideas with regard to the inflation, they showed little hesitancy in bucketing these orders. They went further and “boosted” the stocks to the skies in thelr advertising, market letters and correspondence with customers. Drew New Customers. The “boosting” of such stocks. sponsored as they were by such noted interests, gave to this literature of the bucketeers an air of respecta- billty such as could not have been expected in the erstwhile “boosting™ of penny mining stocks. Also, with no such restrictions placed on their literature and their advertising as s the case with houses which are mem- bers of the New York ock change and which must abide by the ideas of the exchange governing such matters, the bucket shops were en- abled to place a glamour on their rec- ommendations on stocks which be- gan to bring to them and to Curb stocks many people who previous: had been dealing almost wholly New and through New change houses. As a matter in York Stock of fact. there was really being laid at that time the foundation for the developments within a few years whereby many of the bucket shops were to enlarge their actlvities and enter into competition with houses that were members of the New York Stock Exchange in soliciting orders for securities listed on_that exchange. The amounts of money which these new customers were to bring the bucket shops were, of course, much beyond what the commitments of the average buver of the penny mining stocks had been able to make. Many of the bucket shops continued to treat this money almost wholly as “capital.” The collapse of the inflated industrial stocks therefore meant to the bucket- ing gentry profits far beyond what they "had” been gathering on their carly efforts in the bucketing of min- ing shares. Some of these houses now grew to a wealth far bevond what the bucket shops of fifteen years before had known, and with this wealth came growth in power. The example of the powerful banking interests in wildly manipulating Curb securities was followed by many small promo- | ters. The bucketeers all the more readily ing orders for the offerings of these latter promoters and, naturally, gath- ered even easier profits on such trans- actions. Tt cang hardly be believed that the ! big banking interests 'referred to | failed to see at that time the evils which the bucket shop evil was as- suming. But they themselves were living in glass houses. It was no time, apparently, they deemed, for them to awaken storms of public criticism. For them to have drawn attention to the manner in which the bucket- ing evil was developing, to have drawn attention to the moneys of which the bucket shops were fliching the public, would have been almost certain to have attracted too much at- tention to the manipulation of those stocks on which they themselves | were profiting and which were af- fording the field day for the bucket- eers. And so the Curb bucket shops grew in profits .and in power. But while they were unmolested by certain members of the financial community, who should reasonably have been ex- pected to do something to guard the public against the bucketing depreda- tions, an entirely different agency was to develop and to work havoc in the ranks of the bucketeers and to make big dents in their ill-gotten York Stock Exchange securities | bucketed the incoming buy- | THREE MINUTES LATER CAUS MOVES BAGGAGE TROM TOOT NEVERMIND THEY WERE IN CP STAIRS TO DOOR UNDER IM- PRESSION IT WiLL GETS ALL LDADED UP WITH BAGGAGE AND STANDS CALLUIN TO HURRY N.B. WiLL PRO- BABLY REACH STATION 35 MINUTES TDO EARLY bank rolls. This agency consisted mainly of a gang of supercrooks, who carried to a rather high state of per- fection an art of mulcting the bucket shops themselves. How these crooks operated wtll be told in the next ar- ticle of this series. (Copyright, 1923, by New Commerclal) L] GOES ROUND POR SiXTH TIME TO MAKE SURE WIN- DOWS ARE LOCKED 1 TIME TALKS ON SAFETY No. 1. WHERE ACCIDENTS OCCUR. Last year about 80,000 persons were killed in the United States as a re- sult of accldents, the majority of which could have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care. Only 22,000 of these were killed in in- dustry, while 58,000 met their death on the streets and in their homes. Approximately 14,000 persons alone lost thelr lives in street and highway accidents, this being the largest num- ber that can Be attributed to any one cause. Realizing the far-reaching tance to the community as of the continuous public palgn now being conducted Washington Safety Coun lieving that the splendid -ent in the number of accidents during the past six months as compared with last year can be improved during the next six months if the safely messag every home, The Washington proposes to assist by printing of two-minute talks on Home Safety.” This series will start tomorrow afternoon and will continue daily. Each talk will cover some one fmportant hazard and the means CHEMICALS TR TRIAL | ENTERS 8TH WEEK Harvard Expert Testifies He Made Salvarsan From Patents. impor- whole safety cam- by the and be Sta series By the Assoviated Press. WILMINGTON, Del, July 23.—The trial of the government’s suit against the Chemical Foundation for the re- covery of the seized enemy patents sold to the foundation by the alien property custodian entered upon its eighth week with indications that it would not bLe concluded for 2X- | several da: Walter A. Christiansen, a chemist arvard University, who testified last week that in December, 1919, he had obtained salvarsan by following the directions contained in the Ger- man patents for this drug, again was on the stand and was cross by Attorney Kresel, for the defense, with a view to establishing that he had deviated from the directions of the patents. Later the witness gave a_detailed explanation of why he had changed quantities and temperature and taken some steps in his tests not specifically outlined in the patents. Asked by Mr. Kresel if he would| say any one skilled in the art could | produce salvarsan by said he believed any skilled chemi upon reading the the technique he deemed appropriat. could get salvarsan. At the request of Assistant Alknrl\v\ General Anderson, Federal Judge | Morris ordered stricken from the record the colloquy between himself | and Mr. Kresel on Saturday, explain- | ing that some of the langaaee he had | used was “too strong for a court- room. uction of | ried into | “Street and | {of i Markiewicz { pany | seized jerty should who had_ be conc |[) C. PASTOR DEFIES WETS today | examined | SPECIAL SUMMER RATES NDERNOOD Main FLAT TI RE" MAIN 500 | LEETH BROTHERS Service Charge Never Over S10G _ WHEN YOU THINK —ot Painting, Paperhanging and Decorat- ing think of Taylor. AT Estimates made on request HARRY W. TAYLOR CO. PAPERHANGING AND PAINTING 2033 18th St. N.W. Tel. Col. 1077 i | i i § following out | the patent literally, Mr. Christiansen | JULY 1S PAYS LU CLAM FORPREED Turns Over Fund Realized From Sale of Rights to Seized German Formula. turned over by the alien property cus- todian today to the estates owners of the chemical firm Belersdorf & Co. of Hamburg, ing one of the largest claims paid by the government in connection with the seizure of allen property during the war years. The sum repres the sale of the used as the name « product was prepar two chem More than a million dollars \\asi { of the of P. mark- ot puste. I from a formula Dr to Hans and onlowitz, | of the manufacturing com- and the American rights were and sold for $1,000,000 by the alien property custodian It was later found that the tors of the product and the ants were nat came Polish of Versallie ment to the act owne: origina- descend territory by . .and under an trading with the adopted in 1920, which Iroceeds of su be ret me citi carved from the German empire, the payment of the money realized from sale of the rights was authorized. The refund was made to Lansing and Woolsey. as counsel, and Arthur Peter, as administrator of the estates rned am ene Ge —_— e Rev. Dr. Anderson Says Exghteenth Amendment Is Here to Stay. ALTIMORE, “The eight- | h amendment never will be re- caled, and no man ever will walk fmportant political of- ns of u wet plank So declared the Rev. Dr. A. Free- man Anderson, nt pastor President Harding's church, Baptis Washington, D. . in mon delivered here. The statement on the mendment was made during I sermon, “Through Fire to ness.” in which he comm present morality, much criticl: ly. The eighteenth amend sald, i® an instance of rathe world morally than a worse world in which humanity is fi cause it has passed throug the crisis of the world war—and is these Tl that bring out i t _in_me: July a cighteenth it the CORD TIRES —ON— CREDIT Pay As You Ride A SMALL PAYMENT DOWN AND BALANCE ONE, TwO AND THREE MONTHS, Guaranteed 8,000 Miles T.0.Probey Co. Phone West 133 2100 Pa. Ave. N.W. Hupmobile's brilliant, reliable performance con- tinues indefinitely, with- out the need of frequent tuning-up. Sturdy quali- ties are built into it, which keep it out of the repair shop and ever on the go. STERRETT & FL Champlain St. and Columbia Branch Salesroom, MING, Ine. rama Road Call North 2044 in an Emergency 1f any troubles suddenly develop with the roof—yau can get in immediate touch with us through North 2044. Sending for three things— The work will be scien- tifically done. The job will be promptly attended to. The cost will be decided- ly normal. We've been building and repairing roofs all our active lives. It’s a special- ty with us. And we cer- tainly know the business from beginning to end. Don’t forget—North 2044 gets expert service where roofs are concerned. us means Phone North 2044 2120-22 Georgia Avenue 45 fuitts Just as good as machine-made and cost much less— Ageing in wood takes allrawness-all harshness out of Velvet. You'll notice the difference. Liacerr & Mrens Tomacco Co. That’s a very attractive earning for money—especially when, as in these First Trust Notes, there is no risk attending the investment. They are available in small de- nominations—$100, $250, $500, $1,000— and with the security of the full trust. One of the very best pieces of local real estate—downtown—is back of these note: There is no safer place for your surplus funds. Consult our Mr. Boss, or Mr. Webster for Mr. Phelps the details. Boss & Phelps ' The Home of Homes 1417 K Street Phone Main 4340 VERY DESIRABLE Apartments & Houses May now be secured in best sections of the city at very rea- sonable rentals. See Our Complete List Or Phone Franklin 9503 for Particulars HEDGES & MIDDLETON, INC. Realtors Franklin 9503 We are often asked the question, Why aren’t all vour used cars “Certified Gold Seal Used Cars” Our answer is that, first, we only make Gold Seal Used Cars of those which we believe have not been abused or misused to such an extent that they cannot be made absolutely first-class in every particular. About one-fourth of the used cars we have sold during the past 5 months have been “Certified Gold Seal Used Cars. The other cars, while guaran- teed by us, were not good enough to carry a “Cer= tified Gold Seal.” What does this mean to you as a prospective purchaser of a used car? Sterrett & Fleming, Inc. Champlain Street and Kalorama Road Columbia 5050 Branch Salesroom, 1223 Conn. Ave. Used Car Showroom Open Aug. : 1931 14th St. N.W. Branch Let The Star Follow You Wherever you are sum- mering The Star—Daily and Sunday—will be sent to your address as di- rected—bringing each day all the Washington news —reliably told. No matter how often you change location—The Star will follow you upon notification. Rates by Mail—Postage Paid All Other States Daily and Sunday Daily Sunday One month, 8¢ 60c 25c One week, 25¢ 20c 10¢ { Maryland and Virginia Daily and Sunday Dnily Sunday ne month, 70c 50c 20c 5S¢ A