Evening Star Newspaper, July 15, 1923, Page 43

EDITORIAL PAGE NATIONAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL ARTICLES Part 2—16 Pages SUPERPOWER PROJECTS GAINING RAPIDLY IN U. S. Linking Electric Plants Over Big Areas Said to Assure Great In- dustrial Advance. BY WILL P. KENNEDY. ITH giant strides power is coming to the relief of American indus- | try. When Ras marched triumphant pountry it will have solved the coal problem, the transportation problem wnd the labor problem. Tt will mean #ocial advance for the worker, with Jessened to capital. and with lower prices to the consumer. Super- power, which can achieve all this, Is not visionary—it is on its w it is entirely practical and even essential to our industrial future. It requires only financing and organization to hasten the day of full omplish- ment. But this is a optimism on hot summer's day. Let's proceed to look superpower and its promises over more slowly, starting ad of trying to swallow big gulp. Made Survey of Power. superpower cost it in one A couple of what %nown as the Washington-to-Boston superpower surve Department of the Interior auspices. The report showed how all plants and stations throughout that biggest industrial in United States could and efliciently linked together. ®et people thinking about tensive interconnections. the best and most survey ever yet made tory. The report on this survey made it Quite evident that there could be marked at economies in any #uch scheme I this economy would | be of two kind, irst, it would niean much higher grade equipment in the big stations. which would re- sult in less cost per kilowatt hour. Second, that equipment would be used a greater percentage of the time, giving what engineers call better load factor.” which has the result of reducing the fixed charges (such as interest. depreclation. etc.) per kilowatt hour. H, A9 far as carrying out this super- power scheme in the Washing-to- Bostou area is concerned It would take an enormous amount of new vears ago section This in any terri- ¥ Cont Foreseen. construction to put it through as one ! aingle would job. On require throwing investment in a large part of the existing eauipment, for this scheme is supposed to supersede (or scrap) the existing inefficient steam sta- tions What will happen? of those best cualified prediction, this general the other hand, it awa. to make tension of will be a sprea interconnection g out at certain poihts until the various groups final- 1y get together-—until the territories run together and they finally tie their plants together. Take as an illustration what hap- pened in California. There was a nia, then a group in southern Cali- fornta, another group in northern Cal- ifornia, a group in southern Oregon, As these groups extended their activities they came into contact other and then buflt connecting lines and Interchanged power. So that there is today on the Pacific coast a superpower zone extending from Medford, Ore., to the Mexican bound- ary, which 15 as far as from the nohtrrn boundary of New York to Charleston, S. C. Had Nothing to Scrap. That shows what can be done in a superpower zone and what eventu- ally will be done on the eastern coast. Tight here it must be remembered that tire western coast did not have hundreds of millions of dollars of equipment to scrap. That is why they moved faster. They were build- ing on this plan from the start. There' is a somewhat similar situa- tion in the south, which is the second largest group of interconnected plants in this country. Here inter- connection was achleved between several companies at one time, so that power was being relaid from the steam plant at Muscle Shoals, through the lineage of the Alabama Power Company, the Georgia Power Company and the Southern Power Company, to relieve shortages In North and South Carolina. The biggest obstacle in the biggest industrial zone, on the northeast At- lantic seaboard, Is the big investment In existing equipment. It is no longer a question of engineering— that has been solved. It is purely a question of finance and organization and time to adjust the financial rela- tion so that the power companies can afford to take out the inefficlent plant and replace it with an inter- connecting plant. Devises National Plan. Taking a long look into the future, Frank G. Baum, a hydroelectric en- gineer on the Pacific coast, has vis- ualized in a map how the entire United States can be linked up into one superpower system. /Gen. Guy E. Tripp, chairman of the Westing- house Electric snd Manufacturing gompany, and other practical experts nave pronounced this nation-wide Interconnection eystem, which will meke our watervpower and coal re- sources availablé to all the people, 1s entirely workable. such a system, which seems finevi- tably essentlal, would provide the maximum amount of power at a super- | over this zgering dose of was | was made under power the be economically That more ex- | was comprehensive the | In the opinion | al scheme will | be worked out gradually by the P\-l There | v ' with each | i |didn't start untll 1890, with the first | hydroelectric plants { was not given. | group of stations in central Califor- | 3 UP into large units which are not | states—Montana, Idaho, Washington, sending Pacific coast power to the EDITORIAL SECTION The Sty Star SUNDAY MORNING, JULY 15, Party Names No Longer Seem to Hold Meaning for Voters of the Northwest WASHINGTON, D. BY N. Atlantic coast. or Southern power to New England. It simply means, for example, using Rocky Mountain pow- er to relieve a drain in the territory of the Mississippi. Tt would work like a lake fed by a number of streams. If a coméunity drew its water supply from one of those streams it might suffer in a dry spell, but if all communities in that neighborhood drew their water sup- ply from the lake fed by all the streams the level ‘of flow and supply would be maintained. The inter- connection transmisslon system aims to maintain the level of pressure constant. Pinchot's State Begins Survey. Pennsylvania, under Gov. Pin- chot, is starting a survey of the state’s resources under what he calls his “giant power” scheme. The reason for superpower simply is that in this way we can get more power and get it cheaper. | What modern industry needs is | more and cheaper energy, more me- | chanical power and less man power. Mechanical power has no restriction on how much it will do or how long it will work, or what wage you must {&ive it. Those are things you have i to consider in dealing with manual labor. If we are going to ralse the social standard in this country what we must work for is turning the la- bor of men into lines of activity where more than mere dexterity is required. We must use men in places where you have to have brains, and use machines where you have to have mere dexterity. So that, while relleving the coal | problem and the transportation prob- |1em, superpower would be going a long way toward helping with the greater problem of labor. Because the more you can get cheap mechan- labor Into industry, the more you can afford to pay in wages and cut down on the hours of employ- ment for the sake of raising the so- cial standard without Increasing the cost of production, In fact, super- power can work both ways at once, —raise the social standard of labor and lower the costs of production. west | feal | Long-Time Propositl It's & comparatively long-time prop- osition, but we are moving toward it much faster than most people realize. The development of clectric power in Callfornla, Oregon and Colorado transmitting power only a few miles. The entire! development of the electric-power in- dustry has taken place in the last { thirty vears, and the greater part of | it in the last ten years. The Pacific coast superpower zone as referred to as an {llustration of what the northeast industrial zone may achieve. But the whole picture of superpower in the western slllesi Throughout the west- ern states they are pretty well hook- | yet connected between themselves, fand popular government. more distinctly than anywhere nation. It is particularly so in where this chapter is written. York, a New England, an Ohio or an Indiana man interested in politics, it would be amaz- ing as well as appalling to realize the extent to which party indifference prevails. It is a trite saying, expressive ion heretofore held by most political econo- mists, that “ours is a government That probably holds good in the the states as a political truism, but it is rapid- ly shot through with holes in the region the present writer is now traversi trend discernible in the northwest should ob- tain elsewhere, our government to be destined to be a governmen dok kK How quickly the should it not be said deterioration to pass. A local republican leade: ing on this, said that for years republican lines held so steadily in Minnesota that a nomination for governor or senator on the republican ticket was equivalent tion. forth party doctrine, which was the voters, and they went to the polls and ratified the nomination. The disintegration of party lines in the northwest dates back to 1912, when events of that year put the idea into men’s heads that party lines were not as important as Once that idea was planted in the minds of the electorate it grew, and in place of deference to party there followed a spirit not only of independ- principles or even persons. ence, but of defiance. * ok k% themselves are responsible for HEN Bernard Baruch en- dowed the Institute of Politics at Willlams Col- lege and invited Viscount July, 1921, he must have possessed the prophetic spirit to foresee the deep ! interest it would arouse in students of national and international civics This year and the biggest of these units is the superpower zone in California. But| only a few hundred miles of line are | required to make a loop connecting transmission lines of eleven Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming. The largest gap is be- tween Ufah and southern California. ‘ Expect Gap to Be Filled. ! These eleven states are roughly one-quarter of the entire area of the United States. Undoubtedly the cou- ple of hundred miles of interconnec- tion will be put in as soon as we get the Colorado river development diffi- culties over, which will probably be straightened out in the next few months. The existing development in the southeast includes Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolina and Ten- nessee. - The superpower project for the north- east Includes: New Hampshire, Ver-} mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland and the District of Columbla. When it gets going it will also take In West Virginia, hitting big coal and water- power resources. Could Use Waterpower, One important advantage of super- power development in the east would be the opportunity to use a great deal of waterpower, which is running to waste all up and down the country from Malne to Tennessee. That hasn’t been used before because the east has been developed on a steam basis, coal was cheap and the people didn’t want to change over to hydro- electric power. But big hydroelectric projects are now under way In the east that would work into such a superpower scheme, on the St. Lawrence, in western New York, western Pennsyl- vania and West Virginia. There is now before the federal power com: mission application for a project on; the Susquehanna river, which is ex. pected to develop 200,000 horsepower, and for a series of projects in West Virginla on the Cheat river estimated to develop 600,000 horsepower. Those would be important develop- ments to hook In with the New Eng- land superpower zone, and with the southeastern superpower zone. They would bring New England and the They say that |South together, with waterpower on either end and coal in the middle. e The inhabitants of some of the minimum cost and distribute it to}remote parts of China have the idea the largest number of the people,|that the greater the number of re- whifle conserving fuel resources most | ligious beliefs they prof. ffectively. _ Pnderstand, that does not mean'world the more certaln are their chances in the next there is an unprecedented turning to- ward the quaint old city of Willlams- town on the part of the members of the diplomatic corps, and this from men who have a wide experience of politics in the actual sense as well as politics as taught from the ros- trum. This means more, too, than appears at a casual glance. ‘When Mr. Baruch conceived the fdea of having the most eminent men in the world foregather for a month at Willlams College and lecture on the speclal phases of political science in which they excelled, he seemed to have in mind an assemblage much after the ways of the immortal Greeks in their academies, those held by Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, when all would meet on a common ground of desiring wisdom and no caste lines whatever could be applied. In Wil- lfamstown, students and professors eat at a common table, live in the college dormitories, and, no matter ‘what their station in life, must revert to the genuine old New England democracy while they attend the lec- tures of the institute. This was one of the conditions which Mr. Baruch emphasized and which the eminent trustees and directors have seen Is carried out in the spirit as well a the letter. Diplomats Held Aloof. Diplomats, however, hold a station which does not admit of sweeping barriers away, and though from the inception of this summer course in Willlamstown many have desired to register as students and to partici- pate in the most illuminating part of all the round table discussions, they could not see their way to ignore rules which have governed thelr intercourse with the public or to accepting the living conditions. Only & few personal friends of Lord Bryce who were in the diplomatic corps attended the first lectures, though scores of offictals from Wash- ington followed the entire course. The second year there was a sprin- kiing of the younger secretaries and pattaches, notably those from the orfental countries. Japanese and Chiness undersecretaries and the iminister from Siam, whose summer home 1s in Gloucester, made the short (Journey to Willlams College to hear yLord Bryce's opening lecture. | This year = large representation Is I expected from the Latin American countries, while & sprinkling of sec- retaries from the European nations is assured. Some of the lecturers will be certain to attract a particular clientele. Mr. Henry Getty Chilton, counselor of the British embassy, will be on hand to welcome the for- mer chancellor, Lord Birkenhead, who is to make an address on juris- prudence the first week of August. Another British celebrity who will attract all the members.of the em- bassy who can- possibly take a fow 0. MESSENGER. ISINTEGRATION of party lines in tHis country, commented upon fre- quently and generally deplored, in evidence in the great northwest transformation—or A candidate made probably three or four speeches during the campaign, setting Many politicians hold that the old parties that spring up from time to time; that the Bryce to open its first sesslons in | Q. js after year, or successo precedent set by forn tious young men comi found themselves held else in the Minnesota, To a New 7 2 ated radicalism. oi the opin- dicalism. by parties.” LA bolshevism or that i majority of cially Minneapolis, w ng. If the very wealthy. would seem t by * % ?—has come r, comment- publicans, presumably ent republican admini: to an elec- L3 Follette or Hiram the state from him. case of a contest. the Bible to that there will be any republican ticket whe: tant republican party which is likely to be campaign for many y * %k Another condition to the impairment of strict party lines in Minnesota is the primary system of nomina- tions for offices below gress. Any one can without party declara the revolts INSTITUTE OF POLITICS DRAWS MANY DIPLOMATS Five-Week Course at Williams Attracts; Latin Americans and Orientals in Particular. days for the trip is Sir Paul Vino- | Bradoft, professor of jurisprudence at Oxford and who, at the beginning of the world war, was engaged In mak- | ing a sertes of lectures before various | American universities. He was also |a Harvard exchange professor in 1907. | Still another is Sir Edward Grigg, one time editor of the Outlook, but now (Continued on Third Page. U. S. Ships Supreme in Pacific, Says Congressman After Trip American-owned ships now control most of the commerce across the Pa- cific, according to Representative Louis A. Frothingham of Massachu- setts, who has just returned from & trip to Japan, China and Korea. He found China an armed camp, with the resources being sapped by internicine warfare, and declares that drastic actlon must be taken at the earliest banditry and bloodshed Is inevitable. Representative Frothingham s a member of the House military affairs committee. The ascendency of American ship- ping on the Pacific is shown, he sa; by the fact that the two Japanese transocean lines had to consolidate and that the Japanese government is now considering a new subsidy and the bullding of more ships. V. 8. Flag Great Sight. “It was a great sight to see the United States flag fiying in Yoko- hamas, Shanghal and the Inland sea.” sald Representative Frothingham. T voted for the subsidy and I am sorry it 41 not go through. The best sub- sidy the American government can glve now is to let the American lines have the ships with as low a rate as is reasonably possible, because they have shown that they are perfectly capable of running them.” The ships of American registry have so far outstripped the compet- ing lines In the Pacific, Representa- tive Frothingham says, that the Ca- nadian Pacific has given up calling at Manila. He sailed across the Pa- eific both ways in American ships and found them fast, clean, well officered, with all outside staterooms and the food excellent. Although the ships were “dry,” they carried & fine list of passengers, according to Repre- sentative Frothingham. “When I left Pekin the troops un- der Chan-So-Lin were to the north and probably would clash with those under Wu-Pl-Fu, to the south, be- fore the summer is over,” he sald in describing conditions in China. He went from Pukow to Pekin, using the same line that was attacked recently by bandits, when & number of Ameri- cans were made captive and held for ransom. “This raliroad has five trains of cars. They are painted blue, are spick- and-span and were made in the United States. It has the best train old parties—each of them—became arrogant and to a degree intolerant. in control of the same set of leaders year lected by themselves. statesmen of their party. Thus arose a spirit of rebellion which easily led to progressivism, and progressiv- ism, fattening upon what it fed upon, gener- Old Minnesotans indignantly refute the suggestion that Minnesota is trending toward bolshevism. The cities of Minnesota, espe- old New England stock. The state itself is They are proud of their an- cestry, the state of their adoptiord, and they do not relish the intimation that Minnesota could ever be extremely radical. Well, in the very next breath, stanch re- will express doubt whether President Harding could carry Minnesota for the nomination if there should'be a contest, and believe that But they have no idea However, a lukewarm feeling such as that does not presage much enthusiasm for the encourage the thought of building up a mili- of national republicanism in a campaign possible moment or more; They were found office at the rs of their own ilk, se- Platforms followed mer platforms. Ambi- ng on, with new ideas, in check by the elder lines. Now say that the cannot they ballot boxes, The answer which I have heard most fre- quently suggested is that it will not be done t can be¢ driven into ship at Wasl ere founded by good party lines i ting comme: United Stats PN tional office supporters of the pres- stration and Congress, Johnson could wrest That is, to repeat, in on the strin tration and speakers we One resul day, whiche: stimulation lican nation: can affairs. state, republ such issue raised. n it is nominated, nor to uphold the banner the most hard-fought cars. * % which has contributed Too man: the G. O. P. the leaders representative in Con- dubiously u file in the primaries tion, and the two top- party. Severing of Badly BY PATUL GRIGGS. | ITH the President in Alas- ka, the severing of the ar- terles or channels of rapid communication with our | northernmost territory would creat a unique situation. ‘We would thus be confronted with something akin to a “news famine,” as would also be the President. in China and the best road. Part of it was built by the English and part by the Germans. This is shown by the type of rallroad stations. Youcan easily tell where the English stopped and the Germans began in Shantung province.” In analyzing the distressing situ- ation in China, Representative Froth- ingham believes that the trouble is that there are so many different armies owing allegiance to various chiefs and over which the Pekin gov- ernment has no control. This is sap- PIng the whole energy of the country, he says. Taxes are collected six months ahead, but very little goes to the central government. The con- sequence is that police, school teach- ors and other government officlals are underpald. “The only way they will ever get any stability in China is to abolish all these various armies and have one small army, subject directly to the central government, for the national defense, and not for the vain- glory of one military leader,” Repre- sentative Frothingham is convinced. Saw Comgress “in Action.” While in China he visited both houses of congress or parliament. He found the entrancé to the gate sur- rounded by soldiers, who fnspected every one and his pass carefully be- fore he was permitted to go in. Rep- resentative Frothingham had not been in the legislative chamber ten min- utes when a free-for-all fist fight broke out and spread all over the floor. While various members were pushing, gesticulating and talking on the rostrum around the speaker, a member was carried out on a shutter, having been hit on the head with an inkstand. The speaker either had no power or Inclination to stop the melee, Representative Frothingham sald. “The thing to do is for the able men and business people of China to get together and insist on the adop- tion of a constitution and the election of & president and parliament, then see to It that the constitution is lived up to and that the rule-of-the-gun cases are suppressed and that law and order through the ballot is rati- fled. “The Chinese people are peace-lov- ing, hard-working citizens, and it is 2 calamity that this wonderful coun- try, where the mass of the people are s0 hard-working and law-sbiding, sbould be in such & state of chaos,” The Non- the state from the Dakotas, weakened party can voters in this state than others. until there is from a state office nay, more than necessary, to put the soft pedal on the na- tional administration and the national legis- lation of the-republican party?~ No explana- tion was offered for the expediency or the necessity, but it was done, and, by the same token, the farmer-laborites harped strongly l 1923. liners in the vote cast will contest for the polls. Partisan League, which invaded comes along the farmer-labor party to further shatter them. What is to be done about it is a question republicans are seriously propounding to each other. Based on previous affiliations, republicans re are numerically more republi- Why be assembled and counted in the they ask? s a virile and aggressive leader- hington and in Minnesota. * ¥ % K As indicative of the breaking down of n the northwest, is it not a cut- ntary upon the situation in the republican party that in an election for the es senatorship, peculiarly a na- in its functioning, as dissociated was found expedient, it was even deemed g of opposition to the adminis- works of Congress, and the re applauded. It of the senatorial election Mon- ver side wins, is likely to be the of interest on the part of repub- al leaders in Minnesota repub! Here is a potentially republican ican by tradition and past politi- cal action, that is liable to fall into the hands of radicals unless it is well looked aiter. y republicans are indifferent to and its principles and traditions, in Minnesota say, and they look pon the future unless a strong leadership takes hold and braces up the BREAK IN ALASKA CABLE WOULD HAMPER HARDING Deteriorated Line Would Make Radio Dependence of U. S. for News of President. Some one hundred million people would thus be deprived of their cus- tomary intimacy, through the medium of the dally press, with their chlef Success Attained in BY G. GOULD LINCOLN. UBLIC ald—aid from the state— for mothers with dependent children is provided by law in forty-two states of the Union. he “mothers’ pension,” as this ald is more popularly known, has become recognized as good business for the community. It is better for the chil- dren to be cared for in a home looked after by thelr own mother whenever it is possible. In Washington, the National Capital, however, there is still no mothers’ pension provided. Congress, the leg- islative body for the District, may get to this matter in time—just as it may provide adequate school facili- ties for the children some day. Dur- ing the last session there was nxlta-l tion for a mothers' pension law. Bills were introduced by Senators Pom- erene of Ohlo and Calder of New York end still other legislators. Hearings were held before the Senate District committee on the two measures cited. | Dut nothing further was done. In fact, the understanding was that no further steps would be taken until the public officials here charged with administering charities and the Dis- trict Commissioners had agreed upon a plan and were ready to present a bill of their own. Neither Senator Pomerene nor Senator Calder will be members of the new Congress which meets next December. But if the Commissioners prepare a mothers’ pension bill it will be introduced in the Senate by Senator Ball of Dela- ware, chalrman of the District com- mittee, and in the House by the chalr- man of the House District committee. Report of Bureaun. The children's bureau of the De- partment of Labor has just made pub- lile a report on standards of ald to children in their own homes, which should prove of much assistance not only to the members of Congress when they come to finally drafting a mothers’ pension bill for the District of Columbfa, but which should prove of value to the officals who must ad- minister the law after it has been passed. The administration of moth- ers' pension laws In representative states, citles and communities was carefully investigated by the agents of the children's bureau and the re- eults have been tabulated. Boston, Denver, St. Louls, Minneapolis, Haver- hill, Mass.; Westchester and Mont- gomery countles, N. Y.; Northampton county, Pa, and Yellow Medicine county, Minn., were studled as repre- senting various types, from the large city to the rural community. The purpose of the study, the report says, was to collect material showing the results of experlence in adminis- tering aid to children in their own homes In order that other agencles working out methods of administra- tlon and standards of rellef and su- executive's every public utterance and ction, On the other hand, the President, up near the top of the world, would lose contact not only with the Capi- tal and the affairs of the nation, but he would become out of touch with even the Alaskan gateway of Seattle and other comparatively “nearby” points along our north Pacific sea- boara. 2 At Fatrbanks, the northern termi- nus of the government's Alaskan rall- road, the President will be less than 200 miles distant from the Arctlc Circle, and he wiil be nearer to the North Pole than he will be to Tatoosh Island, the nearest point to the south- eastward on our Paciflc seaboard. The tangible arteries of rapld com- munication connecting the President's mind with the minds of the American people from Fairbanks, for example, consist of a land wire telegraph and | telephone system extending overland on poles from Fairbanks along the government rallroad to Seward on the Gulf of Alaska, and another sys- tem of the Signal Corps of the Army extending from Fairbanks along an- other almost parallel route to the westward to Port Valdez, also on the Guif of Alaska, One Artery Betweem Seaboards. From Port Valdez, a spur of the Signal Corps submarine cable extends scutheastward to Seward and another spur extends southwestward to Cor- dova, while the main cable stretches from Port Valdez about 500 miles under the waters of the Gulf of Alaska to Bitka and thence another 500 miles under the waters of the Guif of Alaska and the North Pacific ocean to Seattle. Thus while there are but two phys- ical arteries of rapld communication stretching between the Gulf of Alas- ka and a limited area of the interior of that vast country, there is only oneartery stretching between Alaska’s scuthern seaboard and the western seaboard of the United States proper, a distance from coast to coast of ap- proximately 1,060 miles. The submarine cable stretching be- tween Port Valdez and Seattle is the critical feature of the physical ar- teries of rapld communication, which link a restricted area of the interior of Alaska with the coast and thence with all parts of the United States through the extensive networks of 1and wire systems which branch out from Seattle. If this cable should become sev- ered at any point along its thousand- mile length, communication service over it would be instaitly interrupted. This service could not be restored until a cable ship located the break, grappled for the two cable ends lying on the ocean's floor; and brought them aboard and spliced on a length of new cable, thus restoring the con- tinuity of the especially Insulated and protected eleotric path between the | Alaskan and United States coasts. " ((?-numud on Third Page) pervision might profit by what has been accomplished in this fleld. In other words, so that communities like the District of Columbia, which have not yet adopted the mothers’ pension, might have the benefit of the experi- enceof those places which have been more progressive. The inquiry deals primarily with the standards of living maintained by the families receiving &ld from the state. Standard of Living. One of the matters which the bu- reau’s investigators made inquiry into was the conception of the standard of living to which the families recetving ald were entitled. It was found that most of the people actively engaged in the administration of such aid had given consideration to the standards on which the homes should be main- tained. “The way in which a normal work- ing man's family lives” was the expression most frequently used by those consulted in describing the standard of living to which, In their PENSIONS FOR MOTHERS FOUND GOOD BUSINESS States, Reported by Labor Bureau, Likely to Hasten Legislation Here. opinfon, the families receiving aid were entitled. Judge Edward F. Waite of the juvenile court of Hen- nepin county put it this woy: “The standard of llving for the familles where the mother receives ald should furnish everything neces- sary for the health and moral wel- fare of the children. Particularly should they be adequately fed, in or- der that they may grow up with strong, healthy bodles. The mother should not be away from home at work at any time when her children need her, nor do work that s beyond her physical strength. Service of Mother. Judge Ben B. Lindsey of the ju- venile court of Denver is reported to have mave a similar statement and added: “The care and training that a mother gives her cchildren are the greatest service she can render, and nothing should be allowed to inter- fere with that.” The report of the bureau investi- gators summarizes In a general way what the standards of living for these families should be, as gleaned from | the opinions of the administrators of the laws in the places visited. In Denver, it was found, and to a less degree in Minneapoli the families were encouraged to live in the out- skirts of the city, where it would be possible for them to have a four or five room cottage with a yard and space for a vegetable garden and chickens. Perhaps & cow or a goat could be kept also for milk for ‘the young children. In Boston, St. Louis and other congested areas it was found rather impracticable to house the familles in separate houses of their own and “flats” were the homes of the families receiving aid. It w generally considered that in an home, however, consisting of a mother with both boys and girls of school age, should include a kitcher, a sitting room and at least two bed- rooms, one for the cheildren of each sex. There should, of course, be ad- ditfonal bedrooms in case of large familles. Attention should be given to ventilation, light, etc. A bathroom was considered desirable but not ab- solutely essential. Among the other necessities, a sewing machine was included, and, in some places, an ice box, depending largely on the climate Especial mention was made of ade- quate food to permit the proper nourishment of mother and children A minimum of one pint of fresh milk a day for each child was recom- mended. The standards of clothing varied But it was agreed that there should be sufficient clothing for protection and cleanliness, and comparable to that of the companions of the wearer. It was found that opinions differ as to the accumulation of saving funds while the families were re- celving ald. But in more than half the places it was held that a mother should be entitled to put by savings in order to meet emergencies, such as sickness and death. Such a re- serve fund, it was said, should run from $50 to $500. In some cases, th money could be used to purchase homes. There should be adequate ald given to permit of the education of the children, to care for their health and to provide some recreation for the mother as well as for the children. Of much interest {s that part of the report which deals with the legal limits set for the amount of ald that may be given. It was pointed out that frequently adequate ald was pre- vented by provisions in the law, or by rulings of boards, which set a maximum beyond which the relief could not go, regardless of the cir- cumstances in an individual case. Massachusetts and Colorado were the only states visited by the bureau's agents which were entirely free from such restrictions. This is a matter which Congress must give considera- tion to In framing a law for the District. Coal Lands Leased by U. S. Net Government $150,000 Royalties Not only has Uncle Sam for the last four years been operating a big mod- ern federal coal yard in the National Capital, to supply coal to the biggest workshop in the world, which he maintains in a hundred or more bulldings here, but he also owns con- siderable coal-producing property. Dispatches the other day told of the coal being produced in Alaska and marketed on a commercial cale. Practically every one will be sur- prised to know that 1,602,208 tons of coal have been mined from public do- main leases by the Department of the Interior—the same agency that operates the government fuel yard in ‘Washington—since the general leas- ing law went Into effect. These are offictal figures from the general land office records. Upon these leases the government has collected royalties averaging 10 cents per ton, or roughly $160,000. Bigger Output Coming. But this isn't a circumstance to what the production must be under the lemses. A total production of 8,700,000 tons within three years is required, which will mean more than $870,000 for Uncle Sam. Leases have been let for coal pro- duction from some 380,000 acres of public lands, with the proviso that there must be a minimum total an- nusl production of 2,895,325 tons of | coal and a required Investment of $4,012,800 at the end of the three- year period allowed for the full in- stallation of mining machinery., Most of the coal mines on gov- ernment land are in Utah, Colorado and Wyoming, although there are smaller ones in several other states, for the most part supplying only | local needs. Work of Three Years. It is worth thcught that this coal ‘mining industry on the people’s land has been developed within three years. The general leasing act was slgned February 25, 1920, and, of course, it took considerable time after that date before any leases were ac- tually made and coal production started. There is another interesting side to Uncle Sam's coal land holdings, which was brought out in hearings this week be ore the acting secretary of the interlor. Four sections in every township were originally granted to the state of Utah for support of schools, provided they were not known mineral lands. A section of such land In Carbon county, Utah, contains very valuable coal deposits which are being worked by two coal companies. The state of Utah argued that this sectlon was not known to be valuable for its coal deposits on the date the land grant became ef- fective. The hearing was on an ap- peal from the decision of the general land office. If the case is finally‘decided agalnst the state, then Utah can select other lands in place of the lost coal mine site, and will be entitled to receive 37% per cent of the royalties col- lected by the federal government from any ooal leases granted on this original school section.