Evening Star Newspaper, March 11, 1923, Page 43

NEAR EAST PROBLEMS SOON WILL BE SOLVED Allies Expected to Make Further Con- cessions in Meeting Turks’ Final Position. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHY HAT the near eastern question will Le cleared up within an- other ninety days if the statesmen of the various west- ern European powers are cautious in handling further negotiations with the Turks, is the opinion of diplo- mats who have watched the near eastern question with mjsgivings for a long while. - That the question of peace or wai 1S vet to be decided is taken for sranted, because many are the stones that churn political and diplomatic shallow currents, and morit anything can happen overnight with various degrees of striving and fontriving of nationalistic interest in fSurope. But when Mustapah espousing moderation, won a verdict for the major portion of the Lausanne treaty negotiated by Ismet Pasha, he is be- lieved to have won advanced ground in the general fight for peace.and constructive endeavor throughout his reaim. Radicals Overridden. Repeatedly dispatches have em- enated from Angora indicating that the army clique and the radicals were for immediately casting off any fentative agreements with the allles and impressing Turkey's wishes with military forces. and as a consequence Mustapha Kemal's victory must es- tablish him as a great political force as“well as a Constantinople advices indicate that the allies are to be told that the Turks consent to practically all of the stipulations of the Lausanne pact with the esception of the judicial and financial clauses, which always have been sore spots for Turkey. The Turks always have maintalned that to retain foreign capitulations was the surrender of Turkish sov ereignty and that they should insist further evidently was taken for granted by the British and the French The Britis soldier. undoubtedly ticularly pleased with the Turkish | acceptanc allied rights on the| straits, as thisswill leave them under foreign. in meWsure, neutral domina- tion. The Mosul oil question. it is declared, can best be settled after a peace treaty is drawn and signed. The British have confidence that this settlement will be satisfactor (('! both British and Turkish viewpoints. | British From the tenor of things, it would appear that the main demands of the | British upon the T been | met in almost every particular. Inasmuch British commercial in-; terests not zreat as those the question of the British Tt remains to | wiil receive the | to maintaing to maintaining However, in view approaches. it is Lot expected the question of | apitulations will permit the break- {down of futurs parleys if any com- promise can be reached tha® at the same time will protect foreign terests in Turkey. Lord are par- Gain Demands. ks have as «f France T apitulations than the concerns French rance he seen how Turkish ob, Turkish objections l‘yI“ the Turks. France’s past that in- has emphatically atated that the s’ last terms were irafted at Lausanne and there will lie no wavering in the united front| agalnst Turkish counter terms. How- cver, it is not believed that England will go so far as to make war against the Turks in a matter that most concerns the French and other nowers. |reach agreement on general will have gained practically all that they set out to gain when Mustpaha Kemal announced, following the treaty of Sevres, that he would have none of it, and thereupon marshaled the patriotic elements about him to resist the sultan's government and western European powers as well. The road has been long and thorny for the Turks, ds well as others, but the Turkish philosophy that it pays to wait when the common ‘enemy shows signs of division has been justified by the course of current events. The Turks have waited and they have gained. Dangers Still Lurk. In case the Turks and the allies terms there remains danger in the issues that are left over to be settled by individual national agreements, where concerted co-operation of the allies is unessential. The Mosul question al- ways will be difficult until the final agreement s effected and the terms become operative. The territorial. commercial and financial questions, in which the French are much interest- ed, undoubtedly abound with pitfalls, but cannot be regarded as serious un- less here be unexpected developments. There is considerable speculation as to the attitude of soviet Russia in re- gard to Turkish agreements in regard to the straits. Gallipoli and other ter- ritories. The Russians, through Tchitcherin, foreign minister, repeat- edly have declared that they never will consent to any agreement which does not recognize Russia's rights in regard to Black sea outlets. Though on the face of the Lausanne pact re- strictions are made as to the scope of fortification and the numerical strength of allied fleets in operations through the straits and the Bosporus, it is generally agreed that these are susceptible to several inter- pretations and are avoidable. The Russians declare that Russia will be left open to danger from all allied fleets and though no effort is made to discount this theory, allied statesmen discount the necessity of using large fleets in the Black sea. able fact, however, that since it be- came apparent that the Turks were | wavering in regard to straits conces- ons_the Russian the Black sea tremely busy. Rift With Moscow Likely. Bolshévik control and influence in Turkey has not been felt so much through Mustapha Kemal as through the militaristic. radical elements. which have, since the very first, in- sisted in warfare against the allies The decision of the Turks to pursue courses of moderation would indicate that there may be a gradually in- creasing ‘rift between the Angora government and Moscow unless the Turkish radicals by coup d'etat oust ustapha Kemal. The Russian-Turk- ish menace at one time was real and gain will be real unless Mustapha Kemal hoids the reins very tight over Angora. One of the things most desired in any allied Turkish agreement peace in the Balkans, During the months of diplomatic conflict and the flow of nationalistic currents the Balkans have been arming and pre- paring for a war against Turkey, a conflict Balkan countries believe the Turks have been preparing in order to regain all of Thrace and Mace- donia, The Greclan army has been feverishly brought up to full strength again and is a first-class fighting force. Other armies have strengthened by the call to colors of new classes. In fact, Paris and London long have realized that most any kind of an incident would lead to bloodshed. Once started, warfare might _spread to untold ends, always shipyards along coast have Leen ex- future | It is notice- ! is | been | JHE SUNDAY BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended March 10: The British Empire—Three members of the British government have been defeated in recent bye-elcctions and have in consequence resigned. Indignation over the housing situ- ation is believed to be the prime cause of these defeats in conservative stongholds. Whether or not the situation of the Bonar Law government is becoming precarious is a question much debated. Neville Chamberlain has been made minister of health, vice Sir Arthur Boscawene. resigned He is a brother of Austen Chamberlain. and is thought to have very especial qualifications for his post, a most important one, as the ministry of health handles the housing problems. % %k ok Occupied Germany—I noted last week that the smaller manufacturing plants in the occu- pied territory were closing down in ever- increasing numbers, and now it appears that the larger plants, owing to lack of raw mate- rials and coal, are greatly reducing operations. Wherefore, a great increase of unemployment. Only about 800 German railway men are work- ing under the French railway management. Of the miners not more than half, and proba- bly a much smaller proportion, are working. and these mostly on re rs or “exploration.” My understanding is that hitherto all those thrown out of work have been receiving pay, whether from the employ or the g ment. Presumably the burden falls increas- ngly on the government. The government. to Dhe <ure. has shown almost uncanny economi resourcefulness. but one doubts whether it can long sustain the burden of ever-increas ing unemployment doles. Moreover, there 1 a development_which immensely aggravates the situation. The p: s not been increased to keep pace with the soaring cost of living, the latter. apparently. mostly due to food profiteering. The result according to the dispatches, that a great many of the people ffering. if not acute distress, at any ching discomfort. because of lack of o buy sufficient food. One hears that and more are frequenting the French soup kitchens: the patriotic security poli since that body no longer exists. do not driv 1 away as of yore. the Berlin government has strongly itself to deal with the food problem bt appear. There are those who g0 Ko believe that the German govern- 5 this development with a certain pening a prospect of popular is difficult to fall in with so view. the more as the German knows very well that in the Al acute distress, the indigni- tion of the people is quite us likely to direct itself toward that government as toward the oecupying authoritics. The Ruhr has not for- otten its treatment by the German govern- ment of 1920. Some competent observers are onvinced that the miners and railway men re much more lilielv to work for the French (provided the soldiers are kept in the back- ground). to obtain relief from intolerable conditions, than they likely to join in uprisings. 1 think it. however, at least possi- ble that recent dispatches have exaggerated the gravity of the food situation. Apparently the order of the Berlin govern- ment which forbids. under heavy peaalties, its nationals in the occupied territory to pay the French export tuxes. is being obeyed. T ve no information (hevond the report that the Netherlands government has protested the situation to Paris). as to the sequel of the resolution taken by the mine directors a fortnizhit or so ago to denounce their con- tracts with firms in neutral countries and to mine and load only enough coal for the requirements of the occupied territory. On the Jatter head. T noted in the above reporte to the effect that the manufacturing plants in the occupied territory are not getting the coal they need. [ infer that the French and Belgians have decided that. if the plants are to get the German railway men must return to work (under allied management) and deliver ir. It would seem that (except possibly in one or two instances) the French have not requisitioned coal at the pit heads. rate p money more sinister a government event of gene STAR, WASHINGTON, D. Apparently shipment of fuel to France and Belgium has practically ceased. On March 3 the French accupied the rail- road yards of Darmstadt in Hesse and the Rhine ports of Mannheim and Karlsruhe in Baden. Thesé occupations are of aid in cus- toms control. During the week ended March 3 the Ger- man paper mark fell very slightly. It now stands at about 108,000 to the pound sterling. It appears to be the aim of the German gov- ernment to maintain it during the immediate future at about that level. To this end & &ood deal of mancuvering will doubtless be necessary. An internal gold loan of $30,000,- 000 is proposed by the government. Yet the emission of paper money continues at un- chlecked rate, The output during the week ended March 3 was about 420,000,000,000 marks. It is a mystery. The untoward incidents of the week in the relations between the occupying authorities and the German population have been few. On the 2d Gen. Do Goutte proclaimed the death penalty for acts of sabotage by railway em- ployes; since when sabotage seems sensibly to have declined, thought it has by no meuns ceased. Two attempts at sabotage resulted in the killlng of two and wounding of two Germans by French guards. The German government ordered the munic palities not to assist the French and Belgians in their efforts to organize a civilian police torce to take the place of the semi-military security police. Result one: The Ruhr is prac- tically without police. Relust two: A certain increase of crime, but not as great as was to be expected. On the night of the 3d a band of twenty armed men made an audience of several hundred in an Essen amusement hall throw up their arms, while they were being disburdened of their money. And in Essen again, on the 4th, food stores were looted. Despite the ingdents above cited and & number of others, the Rubr seems more quiet than it was a weck ago; the tension seems the resistance scems to be dwindling. attitude of the population secms less hostile The new Berlin order to make no sales to the French is apparently ignored Yet it does not follow that detonating mate- rial is not accumulating. The news from unoccupied Germany is most meager. The German mi ter of industry announces that unoccupied Germany is in d economic plight and is obtaining and continue to obtain all needful import: ns of coal. food and raw materials. The R ement seem: to rather emphatically belied by ascertained facts. Chancellor Cuno makes u speech to the reichstag in which he does little more than reiterate his well known position. He accuses the French of extreme _brutality toward the Ruhr popula- tion. Gen. De Goutte in a statement to correspondents gives him the lie direct and vircumstancial. * Austria ond Hungary—Some Weeks Premier Bethlen of Hungary visited Vienna, and some time thereafter Chancellor Seipel visited Budapest. This interchange of had happy results. Arrangements were made for negotiating a commercial treaty between Hungary and Austria and it was agreed to submit to & court of arbitration, headed by the burgomaster of Rotterdam, all important matters in controversy between the two coun- tries. The court has accomplished fts man- date. Perhaps its most Important decision was to award reparation in the amount 5.000,000 Swiss francs for damage done Austrian Burgenland by Magyar irregulars. London's quota of the preliminary Austrian loan authorized by the league of nations was oversubscribed about 100 per cent. It is now up to Austria. If she carries out the reforms she has promised there will be no difficulis about the larger loan which she will try to float this summer. * k¥ Runsta—Col. Haskell cables Secretary Hoover from Moscow stating that Russia needs no assistance from us for the relief of famine bevond that for which provision has alread: been made (i .. the feeding of 2.000.000 chil dren until the next harvest), that the soviet authorities are able to provide for the hungry adults. This seems to contradict reports from other sources; but Co. Haskell should know The colonel further cables (going, perhaps, a vis in MARCH 11, b 1923—PART | The Story the Week Has Told little beyond his brief). that what Russia needs now is money of credits for the rehabili- tation of {industries, transportation, agricul- ture, etc. One hears of considerable shipments of Russian grain to Germany and Finland. * %k X Turkey—The Angora assembly has rejected the Lausanne treaty terms offered by the allies as in gertain essential particulars in conflict with the national pact. The Angora government, however, was directed by the assembly to continue its efforts for peace; peace, that is, on Angora's terms. The Angora government. therefore, has sent note to the great allied powers proposing resumption of the peace conference, which was never technically concluded—only “suspended. The note states” that. with certain unessential exceptions, the political arrangement posed by the allies are accep t the economic, financial and judical pro- posals which require considerable modifica- tion to be acceptable * % nited States of Amerien Congress passed into his following named important passed at the last moment: The rural eredits bill, the alien enemy prop- erty b1, and the filled milk biil. The Sixty-eighth Congress will be much the poorer for the voluntary retirement of Senator John Sharpe Williams of Mississippi and Joseph . Cannon of Illinois, among the most salient personalities Washington known for decades. The Ame headed by prom Benedict Crowell formed some time ago to inv frasibility of commercial operation ships over this country the g has sided that su vice w financially and in every way. This & tion, therefore, is to bhe superseded by an operating corporation to be known as the neral Air Service. A dirigible of the rigid hutte-Lanz (the patent therefor, hav- ing been Ly th investigation cor- poration) is to he buiit at on in this country for d onstration purposes Should it fulfijl ionx several ships. each with capacits bout fifty nd i curgo of tons of express 1 e built to ply nightly between New York and Chicago (700 miles as the crow flies), One would leave New York at 6 pan. and normally arriv n Chicago in time for break- t the next mor T d be “voided by g & ar hurdling them, weather irexu furnishing advance in- B3 * ~“The Sixty-seventh on March 4, The measures were ¥ has in Investigation Corporation, nent men like M all and Franklin 1, al on Ty pe e cost of produc- s been lowered by two-thirds recently discovered processes) would reduce dune nimum. It is expected that in the not distant future heavy il be sub- stituted for gasoline fuel, and then the danger woald be negligible he facilities for comfort on the proposed ships will be wmp! here is no sleep, d. like sleep on an airship, No doubt. as here the bLegin may expect. if proves o suc the ing t we have big. We ago service igible sys- having masts for airplanc non-st Pacific prome 2 of something ew York-Chi network of d ey, each great city field With mooring facilities feeder v, T will 1 between Kk and t March r obieck i b northern | Hughes for the which the ug in the retars the Cuna- heries for direct W treay be- nadian govern- convention o n of halibut was signed by United States ane dian minister of marine and 1 Canada. This is the t instance negotiation and consummation of tween the United States and ( ments. Notes--A congress of the Chamber of Commerce Marck 15-2 A delegation American business men and tinanciers, headed Ly Julius H. Barnes, pres of the Chamber of Cemmerce in the United States. will attend Reparations and interallied debts will 1e among the subjects discussed. Another Chinese cabinet has resigned International held at Ror of about 200 to he Dean of St. Paul, Strong Advocate of Beer, |[ENGINEERS DEVISE CODE TO REDUCE EXPLOSIONS Safeguarded in as Steam XTENDING its efforts beyond the field of steam generation, in which it has been engaged since 1911, the boiler code committee of the American' Society of Mechanical Engineers is framing a code for unfired pressure vessels, planned to rank with the other na- tionally recognized safety codes in wiping out hazards to human life, cutting down property losses and standardizing production. A multitude of familiar processes, industrial and mercantile, represent- | preparation of the code, which, it is ing a huge investment, will come within ‘the provisions of the new code, which deals with air tanks for all” kinds of purposes. Countless thousands of these tanks are in daily use all over the country without the safeguard of inspection or other pre- caution. When the code goes into effect, it is probable that, like the society's boiler code, which shields the public from the risks of the steam boiler, it will be rapidly en- acted into law by states and cities. Four Years in Preparation. More spent than four years have been by leading engineers in the | expected, will be completed and sul-| {mitted to the society’s council io final sanction this spring. shing touches, it was announced vesterday, await the result of tests on fifty welded tanks now being con- | ducted in Washington by the United States bureau of standards under the uspices of th Amerlcan Welding Society, ¢f which Prof. Comfort A. Adams of Harvard University, former chairman of the National Research Couneil, is president. The code is being prepared by the American Society of Mechanical En- Eincers at the request of various| states, whose representativesare tak- ing part in the »deliberations of the boiler code committee. Great dan- ger to human life and property ex- fsts as a result of the lack of in- spection, which the new code imposes, | according to the engineers. ' States actively co-operating in car- rying on the work are New York, New Jorsey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Michigan, California, . Missouri, Ar- § s, Oregon, Rhode Island, Wis- Minnesota, Ohio, Indiana, Oklahoma, Maryland and ah. These states have all adopted the boiler of the society, as well as the following cities Philadelphia, Seat- tle, TDrtroit, Nashville, St. Louis, Seranton and rie, Pa.; Kansas City nd St. Joseph. Mo, Alieghany coun- ty, Pa. is also applving the rules of the boiler code committee. To Make Garages Safe. Garages in which compressed for pumping up tires frequent scemes of violent tank plosions. which the new code is de- < wsed jwere il {n Iur Ohio and | i | ned to eliminate. Several persons killed in Chicago recently in 1is manner and there are numerous similar records in other cities The tendency in a good many cities, cording to the boiler code commit- tee, of which John A, Stevens of Low- <., is chairman, is to impose si The fin-| rules on garage air tanks. Chicago, Detroit and the stat California such rules exist, In New York and other states garage alr tanks are not inspected and probably will not be until the new code comes into force. The laundy, in which explosions of mangles are not uncommon, is an- other type of workshop in which the | rules will apply. The laundry man- gle, the engineers say, may become | All Varieties of Pressure Tanks to Be Same Manner Boilers. a powerful engine of destructio Mortality through explosions is said to be higher in Jaundries because the mirl wcrkers are grouped closely togethcr, Inspection through the will be extended to big turing plants in which air tanks are widely used. Air is compressed and distributed through pipes in kinds of manufacturing processes, its use embracing the operation of many types of tools, drills, hammers, ete. Air tanks in stores operatin pneumatic tubes also will be safe guarded by the code, code also manufac- Dangerous as Dynamite. The steam boiler, according to the engineers, is. under certain condi- tions, as dangerous as dynamite and has caused a heavy toll of human life, as well as enormous property damage through faulty construction and operation. The air tank I8 capable of an explosion almost as violent as that of the boiler because of the expansive force of air when highly compressed Ammonia and other pressure tanks emploved in refrizerating apparatus will be governcd by the code. A good many explosions occur amon these tanks, which handle ammoni nd water at very high pressur en they cxplode the release am onia gas o extra ards . f asphy and fire. Am- monia tanks are becoming widely used ven the corner grocer and the houselold ara installing refr erating apparalus, requiring tanks for ammonia and other noxious gases that are utilized in refrigerating and allicd industr. Another marked development is the use of air tanks in street L cle ted trains and subways. The tan is placed under the floor of the car, functioning_in the overation of the airbrake. Tanks used in this class of transportation are not inspectcd now. The kitchen range boiler—the hot- water tank that sits in the kitchen is another type of unfired pressure vessel. Around it alse will be thrown the safeguards of the cous Divided Into Two Classes. a oceu- Two great ficlds will now b pied by the bofler code committee— that of the steam boiler, described by the engineers as a vessel which has fire or heat applied to it to generate vapor or steam, and that of the un- fired pressure vessel, deseribed any other k of vessel used carry pressure. The whole family of pressure vessels, one of the biggest in the art of mechanical engineering, is thus divided into t heat- ed and unhcated Enormous opportunitics for me- chanical development were opene up by the war, and. the engineers de- clare, industry is largely centering around the steam boiler. Mammoti steam plants are heing constructed, and the four biggest power stations built in_this country in 1922 were of These were designed for pub- service supply of clectricity The subcommittee in char new code for unfired pressu is composed of E. R. I i William H. C. E. Bronson, K : 5 Figher. Saginaw, Mich.: . ¥, Jeter, Hartford: Willlam F. Kie- sel, jr., Altoona, James Neil, United States bureau of mines, Pitts- o m, w | burgh, and H. V. Wille, Philadelph The ‘annual spring meeting of the society, at which a wide range of topics picturing progress in the sart of mechanical engineering_will be discussed, will be held in Montreal May 28-31. Allies Will Confer. | with Russia and Turkey co-operat- The fact that the allies with the Turks on the new basis is indicated by the proposals for further pariey between the allies themselves before they resume their conversations with the Turks. In Paris, London Rome there is weneral desire definite policy | predicated on of interests. | and when the of the three | showers get with the con-! of the Turks u view of un- | conditzons clsewbere | in | rope. but that these statesmen 1accept an casy way out. | If the Turks gain concessions in | 1egard to capitulations they, by their ‘rucrastination and warlike threats, ' !“As I See It” _(Continued from First Page.) will deal and for a comity statesm together eto counter propos tere s little doubt siates where there is party flexibility, wnd will read the record on their fel- 4 /ows. That is what La Follette and he insurgents did from 1905 to 1912, And it produced results. They Lager to repeat the process. Now in the House? | What of the organization there? In the House the republican ma- Jority s larger, but not so large that it may not be overcome by an inde- vendent bloc. The Wisconsin delega- tion contains almost enough men who will act with La Follette in the Sen- atle to overcome the republican ma- «ority in the House and combine with the democrats to organize the House. A few men like Woodruff of Michigan who may be found in Minnesota, the ISakotas, and possibly Kansas or Ne- braska will do the work there. Un- questionably the revolutionists have the votes to orgarize the House and the Senate liberally, if { Now, the only “if” in the road is the ttitude of the democrats. Will the conservatism of the south. the con- servatism that makes leaders like Oscar Underwood, ally itself with men like Brookhart, La Follette and Ship- stead for mere party advantage? Will the democrats dare to give three important committees in each house of Congress completely over to thelr liberal allies in return for a row in Congress which will make it difficult 1o elect any republican President? If ihe democrats value their party more \han their conservatism they will do it. * ok ok ok But with certain democrats con- servatism is a form of patriotism. Certain conservative democrats are fundamentally opposed to the revolu- tion that La Follette would lead. Thelr- conservatism is their patriot- ism. Would party outweigh country with them? Would Alabama, Mis- &izsippl and Louisiana uphold a demo- crat who voted with a radical? It 18 « serious question. It is, indeed, the only doubt about the coming of the @lissouri valley revolt. It will take every democratic vote to consummate the deal. A few demogratic absentees in either house would give the republicans their ma- qority. And the forces interested in @hecking the La Follette idea cer- ing in the subjugation of southeast- ern Europe. With Turkey at peace with the allies, it is belicved that allied influence in Balkan countries will be sufficient to prevent a rush to arms and may, in fact, extinguish the war fires that have been burning in southeastern Europe for the past | twelve years. But in the whole sit great fact stands out: T involved are to make every to prevent further conflict. A cer- tain degree of nationalism will be e nations scotched, a degree of pride forsaken, | be no threat or re- | that taere s currence of war. All of which could Pave been obtained a vear or more ago as well as now had not the spirit of nordinate nationalistic selfishness not been paramount ev- erywhere in the old world tainly seem to’ control a democratic minority as large as the republican group under what is called “Wall street control.” ~And.if ever Wall street needs a friend it will be when the next session of Congress opens. For among the liberals there is no dread of drawing the black bean that calls for sacrifice and possibly politi- cal death. Indeed, these lads of the agrarian revolt are regular bean- eaters. They love the danger in- volved in the adventure. Nothing would please them more than to be drawn for this raid. The only uncer- tain quality is the democrats. In- | deed, it may be honestly said that the only defenders who can maintain_the republican majority control of Con- gress are the members of the demo- cratic minority. Party lines have disintegrated just this far: That to be a good democrat it may be neces- sary also to be a good republican. CARNEGIE CORPORATION DONATES $58,000,000 During the eleven vears of the existence of the Carnegie Corporation practically $38,000,000 has been expended ih its public benefactions. The principal interests at present receiving support of the corporation are as follows: The Institute of Economics, in ‘Washington; the Food Research In- stitute, at Leland Stanford Univer- sity; scientific extension of studies in the production and distribution of foods, begun by Mr. Hoover during the world war; the Natlonal Research Councll, in Washington; the Potter Metabolic Laboratory, at Santa Bar- bara, Calif.; the American School of Classical Studfes, at Athens. During the year ended September 30, 1922, a total of $5,254,000 has been pald to beneficlaries, of which $2,578,- 000 went to colleges and universities, according to the report of the presi- dent of the corporation. 2 The sum of $23,415,000 has been glven to Carnegie instutitions, the in- stitution at Pittsburgh and the peace endowment in Washington, ‘With Mr. Carnegle’'s personal gifts of $30,000,000 for public library build- ings, the corporation has given over $12,000,000 for the same purpose. Schools, colleges, medical and health education and scientific research work have received from the corporation over $14,000,000, chiefly spent in the last four years. The assets of the corporation amount to $130,000,000, and will be increased by, $10,000.000 in the final settlement of Ar. Carhegie's estate. ation one | effort | { dean Has Official Charge of Church Brewery REDERICK CUNLIFFE-OWEN, C. B. E NGLAND'S deans have for the The Very Rev. William Ralph Inge, for the past ten vears dean of St. Paul, the cathedrai church of the city of London., comes to America, last hundred vears enjoved a |therefore, not alone as a great dig- far greater degree of popular attention and prominence America than her bishops. than her primates. We have had with us during the past winter the deans of Lincoln and of Windsor. The late of Hereford spent so much of time in the United States—first as a resident and then as a frequent sitor to the relatives of his Ameri- can wife, who was a daughter of Pierce Butler of Georgla and of Fran- ces Kemble—that he was never looked upon as a forelgner. The Rt. Rev. Herbert Henson, per- haps the most eminent pulpit orator of Great Britain and the most in- teresting controversialist of the es- tablished church, drew great crowds when he came to America as dean of Durham before his elevation to the ancient_bishopric of Durham, while Dean Stanley, tha celebrated and distinguished 'dean of Westminster Abbey, the personal friend of Queen Victoria _and the spiritual adviser of Edward VII in his bovhood and early years, could boast of having been en- tertained at a big banquet in his honor by the Lotos Club during his stay in New York. And now we are,about to receive a visit from the dean of St. Paul's Cathedral, who. it may be recalled, delivered ‘the Paddock course of le tures in New Yorlk in 1906, and whose name has recently been brought much before the American public, through the attacks of Nicholas Murray But- ler, the president of Columbia Uni- versity, in New York, against the ecighteenth amendment. For, in as- sailing the law, while nevertheless recommending ' obedience thereto, President Butler quotes the very reverend dean of St. Paul as contend- ing: “Suppose the state has exceeded its rights by prohibiting some harm- less act, such as the consumption of alcohol? "Is smuggling in such a case justifiable? [ should say, ves. The interference of the state in such matters is a mere impertinence. i ‘While this profession of opinion on the subject of government prohibi- tion, not necessarily in the United States, but everywhere, is calculated to cause this distinguished and much- discussed divine, generally known as “the gloomy dean,” to be abused on his arrival here hy the adherents of Judge Volstead, and to be welcomegd with corresponding cordiality by those American citizens who favor the return to personal liberty and freedom in the matter of liquid re- freshment, it may be well to call to mind that’the deans of St. Paul have for seven centuries or more included among- their ecclesiastical duties and official functions the supervision of a brewery. And whatever methods that the Dean of St. Paul may have adopted today for the enforcement of the supervision, certainly it was no sinecure in the case of his pred ecessors. For, according to the counts still In’existence for the yea: A. D. 1286, the number of gallons brewed during the twelve months by the brewery belonging to the Chap- ter of the Cathedral of St. Paul, and forming part of its revenues, amount- ed to 69,814. Of course, in_ those days tea and coffee were unknowm in England and beer was consumed i every meal. | i l l nitary of the state church of Eng- land and as one of the most emi- in | nent scholars and eloguent lecturers | and even |of his day, but also as a great brew- | t |dences in Lon I hetn ery official and poo-bah of the “Beer- age. i * ook * 1 -Several letters have been addressed | to me in connection with Dean Inge's impending visit here, inquiring just what sort of a place a dean occupies in the eccleslastical hierarchy. The popular impression seems to be, largely derived from memoirs and novels, that & dean has a large in- come, a good house, all sorts of per- quisites and nothing in particular to do, thanks to which some deans have been famous as gourmets, such as, for instance, the Very Rev. Dean George Waddington of Durham. whose name was synonomous for gastron- omy and who was wont to make a practice of entertaining the lord chief justice and the other judges of the high court at dinner at the deanery when they came to Durham periodically on circuit. This practice was maintained until 1858, when one of the judges kept the dinner waiting for half an hour, which so disgusted the dean that he vowed he would never invite any of them again, and that he would not allow his dinner to be spoiled for all the judges on the bench. * * k% Then there was Dean Swift, the author of Gulliver's Travels, who de- voted himself to satirical literature of a polemical order far more than to theology, and steeped his pen in a mixture of genius, vitriol and fiith rather than in divinity. 3 Dean Buckland of Westminster Abbey was one of the most distin- gulshed zoologists of his day. But his achievements in that branch of sclence will always be obscured by the fact that he is celebrated as hav- ing inadvertently become the living tomb of the heart of the great French monarch, King Louis XIV. At the time of the great French revolution the heart was robbed from the silver was the finest flower of the culturejors of Oxford, was so proud of his dean- ery of St. Paul, which he held for half a century, ‘ending in 1830, that e absolutely refused elevation to the archbishopric of Canterbury, and the primacy of the church, which carries with it a salary of $75.000 one of the most historic offl »n—namely. old Lam- Palace, on the banks of the Thames. alme:t opposite to the hou of parliament resi- W ox % % The dean is the presiding officer and senior of the members of the Chapter of Canons or Faculty of Divines, In whose hands the care of & cathedral church and of fits revenues and property is vested. From time Jmmemorial there has al- ways been a jealously between the deans of cathedrals and the bishops or archbishops whose church the cathedral is supposed to be. Thus, the real head of St. Paul's Cathedral, which is the cathedral church of the Bishop of London, is not that prelate, but the dean of St. Paul. It is the same at Durham, where the cathedral is governed and administered by the dean entirely independently of the Bishop of Durham. It is (he_same again with the beautiful old Minster of York, which is the cathedral church of the mnorthern primate, the Arch- bishop of York, yet who has no orders to give with regard to the minster, the dean of York and the chapter of the minster being in absolute control, * %ok ok In the reign of that gorgeous crea- ture, the six-foot-two Dean Liddell, jone of the handsomest men of his day and presenting a most imposing appearance with his red robes, silvery hair and erect carriage, he was so jealous of his prerogatives that he declined to permit the celebrated Bishop Wilberforce of Oxford, nick- named “Soapy Sam,” to hold any con- firmations in Christ Church, which ranks as a cathedral, and forced that prelate to hold the ceremonies i question at the Church of St. Mary of Oxford. He even went so far a to refuse Bishop Wilberforce permis- sion to pass through the choir gates in the cathedral, constraining him to creep round to his place in the urn in which it had been preserved, along with the similarly preserved hearts of other kings of France, in the Parisian Abbey of St. Denis.’ It was purchased from one of the terrorists there, as a curiosity, by a member of the great English house of Harcourt, who brought it to Lon- don and used to carry it about in his walistooat pocket. On one occa- sion, when dining at the deanery of Westminster with Dean Buckland and a large party of men, he passed it around among his fellow guests for inspection. The dean, a very absent- minded man, who was absorbed in an animated conversation with his neighbor at the table about some xoofoml problem, without paying any attention to.the little shriveled- up heart, put it into his mouth, probably under the impression that it was a dried fig, or something of the kind, and to_the horror of everybody present swallowed it before anybody had time to lnterfarfe '?hl'| to prevent the di arance of s gruesome ERE One of Dr. Inge's predecessors, as Dean of St. Paul, the Very Rev. Dr. R. W. Church, of whom Lord Morley of Blackburn has written, that he chancel by aisles and by-ways. Bishop Charles Baring of Durham, brother of the first Lord Northbroo! demanded that Mrs. Baring, his sec- ond wife, should share the episcopal throne with him within the chancel of the cathedral, and was only pre- vented from this grave piece of ecclesiastical impropriety by the de- termined and strenuous opposition of the then dean of Durham—it was Dean Waddington—and by his entire chapter. For, although archbishops rank as dukes, the bishops of Winchester, Lon- don and Durham, formerly known as carls, and the other bishops of dioceses as barons—that is to say, as peers of the realm, or rather spiritual members of the house of lords, their wives have no_place In the official table of prece- dence, and do not share in any way their husbands’ honors and titles. In fact, they are officially ignored, this bhaving been so ever since the days of Queen Elizsabeth, who, one day when dining at Lambeth Palace with the then primate, thanked his wife for her hos- pitality, but declared that she did not know in what fashion to address her. * % ¥ % Nelther have the wives of deans any shaye, in, their hysbands’ titles or hon- ! O And there is the story of a I'nl‘ml?l‘l dean of Rochester, whose name was Dr. ’ Hole, also a frequent visitor to America, | whose wife soon aking up her | T dence at the deanery at Rochester wrote to local shop r some house- hold goods on note paper bearing the ms of the cathedral—three keys—but thout mentioning the address. On the following day the supplies arrived ddressed as follows Mrs. Hole, ‘the { Three Kevs,” Roc ster. the - | Keeper being under the impression that ihis new customer S the better half lof the owner of a new public inn at the sign of the three keys. l ook % Deans are appointed by the crown without any regard to the chapter, the post invariably carrying with it salaries which formerly amounted to as much as $25,000 a year, but which now aver- | age $10,000, including a handsome and stately official residence and a number of perquisites and allowances. Thus Dean Inge receives a stipend of some $12.000. and so. too, does the de: n of Canterbury and also the dean of W, - minster Abbey, who valued his present Post so inuch that he actually gave up the $20,000 a year bishopric of Winches- | ter in order to accept it. hops are theoretically supposed to be lected by the dean and chapter of the cathedral church of the diocese. Indeed, the sou-. ereign. after having duly. nominated | some prelate to the see that is vacant proceeds to transmit his name o the dean and chapter with a_document en-. titled, in the old Norman-French phraseology, as a “conge d'elire Which means permission to cleot. The words, however, are grossly misleading. | For all the dean and chapter have to do | is to ratify the sovereign's nomina | tion, and “there have heen Several | instances where the deans and chap- | ters, having taken the conge d'eliee | literally, and having spurned the royal nominee and elected a man of their ow choice, have not only had the election annulled and been se- er 1y rry\rim?nded_ but even thrown into prison for con e into 1 tempt of the —_— MONDELL STARTED OUT AS A FOE OF CANNON | Frank W. Mondell, who has just completed twenty-six vears in the ! House and who now goes to the War | Finance Corporation, was born in St. Louis on the daw of Lincoln's first | election, He was the son of | war veferan, who died as a reculs ‘s his service. ' His father was a cap- tain in the 1st souri Cavalry. His | mother " died while his father was | fighting for the Union. The eldes | Mondell _emigrated to Prairie qu| Chien, Wis., where he built-and op erated a hotel known as “Mondell House,” famous in_the pioneer period. | Representative Mondell has been House leader, having gained that honor through the support of cep. tain stand-pat leaders in the repub- lican party against whom he led a so-called reactionary fight some years ago-—notably ~ the former “Czar [Cannon,” who left Congress for good on the same day that Mondell did. and in the closing love feast Mondell recalled the chiding admonitions of “Speaker” Cannon_in his own ob- streperous days. Mondell was ring- leader of a group of forty republi- cans who, in the second Roosevelt administration, banded together against the House- organization over the plan of making one state out of the territorles of Arizona and New Mexigo, Charge of Light Brigade Outdone By Scarlett’s Victorious Dragoons To the Editor of The Star The account in a recent issue of The Star of the death of the latest survivor of the Light Brigade, whose | charge near Balaclava is so stirringly | deseribed in Tennyson's poem. revives | of that event. to which | has aseribed a | the memory the general opinion greater importance than is its due. Earlier in the morning of the day {of that battle, an equally desperate 1; but more successful action was fought in the same vicinity between a detachment of British dragoons and a much larger force of Russian cavalry. Base of Supplies. Balaclava was an elongated nar- row village on a small arm of the Black sea, near Sebastopol, and was the base of supplies for the allied French and British armies then in- vesting that seaport. Almost directly north of it was an utwork armed with a number of cannon, and manned by about twelve Tundred Turkish soldiers as a part of its system of defense. on the morning of October 5. 1864, a Russian force of about 35,000 troops drove those Turks out of that redoubt and captured all of' its guns. A part of the cavalry of that force, variously estimated at from 2,500 to 3.000, then proceeded father down the valley which that redoubt over- looked and was confronted suddenly by a body of British dragoons num- vering nearly 600. only 300 of whom. under command of Gen. Scarlett, were in the detachment immediately in their front and available for immedi- ate action. although they were later more or less aided as the fight pro- gressed by the outside diversion ac- corded by the remnant of the -com- mand. Russinn Leader Erred. The Russian cavalry was massed on the slope of a ridge, at the front of which the British were forming for the charge. The Russian commander then made the fatal mistake of halt- ing his troops on that decline and giving the British the opportunity of either retreating or of taking the desperate chance of using the mo- mentum which they could acquire in the short distance between them and the Russians to break into the mass of the enemy and make the most of the confusion that would result. Gen. Scarlett did not hesitate to take that chance, but promptly gave the order to charge, and, with his bugler and Lieut. Elliott, his aide, dashed into the mass before them and made an opgping for the rest of the squadrons/”which consisted of the 4th and 5th Dragoon Guards, the Scots Greys and the Inniskilling Dra- goons. Horse Saves Elliott. Lieut. Elliott was the first of the three to come in contact with the Russians and ran his saber through the leading Russian officer. During the fight he was wounded a number of times and once was surrounded by several of the enemy and in des- perate straits, when one of the Rus- sians was' indiscreet enough to stick his horse, which was a huge &Fay, that became enraged at the insult 1l injury and rose on his fore legs 1 kicked about with such vigor and frequency that his master was soon freed of hix immediate danger. Soon all of t xh who companied Gen. werd in the n s of the i apparently hopeless effort t way through Finally, wit side co-operation and diversion b the other squadrons. they completely discomfited the cnemy, who hastily withdrew up the valley, with a loss £ 550 men. The British loss was British Courage Wins. British courage, skill and endurance were never exhibited more gloriously than on that occasion. The Ttusslan loss would have been much greater but for the fact that their overcoats were so thick that they protected their owners from the of the British swordsmen, and obliged them to rely mainly upon thrusts and cuts at the heads. Gen. Scarlett marvel- ously escaped without a wound. Here was a theme more imposing for poetic description th; the charge of the Light Brigade. which was made later that day, as liant success; while the ge of the Light Brigade was a pitiful blun- der and failure. deen Charge Into Cannon. Lord Raglan, the British command- er-in-chief, who now took charge, sought to take advantage of the dis- comfiture of the Russians “and recap- ture the redoubt and guns which the Russians had taken from the Turks in the morning, by charging the posi. tion with the Light Brigade, consist- ing of 673 horsemen, which, through the incompetence of Lord digan. their commander, had been an idle witness of Scarlett's fight. le sent an order to Lord Lucan, who was in immediate command on the field. to direct the Light Brigade to charge accordingly: but, through a mixture of mistakes and stubbornness, the order was miscarried, and the Light Brigade was sent on a hopeless charge down the valley, at the head of which was a Russian battery of twelve cannon supported by several thousand Russian cavalry Fame Overlooks Victors. A few of the Light Brigade, among whom was the brave but incompe- tent Cardigan, reached the Russian batterles, killed many of the gur ners or drove them away, and en- gaged the supporting Russian cav- alry. But they soon were over wheimed by numbers and had to re- treat, with a loss of 115 killed and 134 wounded. Most of the fatalities and injuries were received from the entilading fire of the Russian troops and batteries along the sides of ‘the north valley during their retirement down {t. Four hundred and seventy- five of their horses were killed in the action and retreat, or so severel wounded that they had to be kille: and forty-two more were slightly wounded. The caprice of glory was never more strikingly illustrated than in the renown which the Light Brigade derived from that'charge, and in the obscurity which even hides from common_ knowledge the equally he- roic and vastly more .important achievement of Gen. Scarlett and his daring dragoons. WILLIAM TINDALL.