Evening Star Newspaper, February 25, 1923, Page 31

CONSIDER WAYS TO STOP FILIBUSTERS IN SENATE TwoProposalsNow Pending Would Make It Difficult to Talk Legisla- tion to Death. BY G. GOULD LINCOLN. ERIODICALLY the country looks on with some amaze- ment while the Senate of the United States engages in a physical contest, commonly known as a “filibuste The only weapons used are the human voice, and the Powers of endurance of the senators. ‘The prizes are the defeat or victory of legislation. Such a scene has been enacted dur- ing the last week. The contest has been against the administration rier- chant marine bill. The one effort of the opponents has been to prevent 2 final vote on that measure, know- ing that if it reached a vote, it would pass The Senate filibuster, which takes its name from the revolutionary ex- peditions and irregular warfare con- ducted in some of the Latin-Amerl- can countrles in the last seventy- five years, is no more nor less than obstructionist tactics, permitted un- der the rules of the Senate, and car- ried to the ninth power. The right of unlimited debate which exis the Senate Is the keystone of the arch upon which the filibuster rests. Plans to Scotch Filibusters. Two movements are on foot which, * successful, will do much to take the starch out of filibusting senators. "The one s the proposed constitutional amendment which would do away ith the “short” session of Congress and provide that Congress shall meet early in January each vear. This means two potentlally long sessions. The resolution proposing that amend- ent has been adopted by the Serate nd favorably reported to the House. he second proposal is an amendment 10 the rules, providing that a scnator snust speak to the subject before thel Senate, proposed by Senator Curtis of XKarsus, the republican “whip.” Of course, the adoption of a T cloture rule, providing that the Sen- ate might by majority vote close de- bate on any given subject, would flatten out the filibusterer. But while such a cloture rule has been threat- ened time and again. never n adopted, and proba if seri- usly attempted, would itself lead to 2 tilibuster lasting for months, Effective in Short Sessions. The Senate flibuster, while it has been conducted successfully during so-called long sessions of Congress, 's most effective during a short ses- which r only from the first in December to March 4—a period in which all the big supply y of the government must be sed if a special session of the new Congress_is to be avoided. In fact, the possibilities of a filibuster in the short session, the mere threat of a filibuster, preventsy many pleces of legislation from being taken up. The filibuster is not a new insti- tution in the Senate. The records show that as far back as 1841, and even earlier, the power of unlimited debate was used in the Senate to ob- struct legislation. On July 15, 1841. for example, when the then loan bill was under consideration, Mr. Clay de- clared he would Introduce a resolu tion to provide in the rules of th Senate for the “previous question”—a arliamentary method of ending de- ate. The reply of Mr. King, one of the obstructionists of that day, was: “I tell the senator, then, that he smay make his arrangements at his boarding house for the winter.” Which sounds very much like the threats made by filibusterers of the present day. Force Bill Filbuster. 1 Perhaps the most celebrated “fili- buster” in the Senate prior to the be- zinning of the present century was that directed agalnst the so-called " “force bill” by senators from the mouthern states, in 1891. The force blll, which had been engineered on ts way through the House by Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the present republican leader of the Sen- ate, was designed to give the federal government certain regulative powers With regard to elections. It was held 0 be an invasion of the rights of the states. For twenty-nine days this bill was before the Senate, and no final vote was had on it ' Senator Charles J_ Faulkner of West Virginia was credited with a fifteen-hour “As I See It” (Continued from First Page.) sion, Monday most of the mob is fear; for Wwhich thank heaven, Fear more than wisdom keeps our statute books as lean s they are. Without fear we should have a lJaw every three minutes rolling out of Congress like cars from the side door of en automobile factory. But fear slows down the grist, fear of minoritles or majorities among the constituents. The proposed law has a thousand chances mgainst_it—however wise it may be— and, indeed, however foolish. But it is ot the only bill before the congress- men. Bills by the tens of thousands fall {n the hopper. They go to committee The committees organize the fear the members Into systematic slaughter. For which again thank the Lord! For in Congress the fear of a law s the be- ginning of wisdom! If a law by any remote chance escapes the butcher shop of the committee it is thrown like a ferror into these {wo groups of panicky patriots for consideration on the floors ©of Congress. There they glare at the bill two hun- dred cold eyes In the Senate; four times that many in the House. ® ok ok And then the row begins. One lot is scared pink for fear the measure will become a law and de- feat the lot. funk lest the fallure shall defeat them. Then the opposing forces fall upon each other and plag parltamen- tary push ball with the poor little measure that is an embryo law. Row- ing, trading, dodging, 1ying, cheating, bawling, sneering, spouting, droning, the flve hundred Mrutes in the congressional bull pen, eacn according to the {nstincts of his teart, falls afoul of the measure, X%icking it, shielding it, helping it, for hours and hours. The farmer, the lawyer, the editor, the miner, the banker—each has his own fing at it. All of them—rich men, poor men, begger men—and such few thieves as may from time to. time sneal Into the forum—assume the right to hack at the ldea behind the measure. It is not wisdom only that wuttereth speech nor understanding that giveth voice. But the lungs of the blowhard are strained as the ynaggots In his shrivelled brain that rattle about in the turmofl he is malk- ing as he howls his folly at the poor Jittle budding law. And maybe kills it or, worse, saves it. * % % % The procedure of Congress gives fetn to the fool and bridles the wise, bickering, tearing ft, s in al | Another crowd is In a)into a state of cannibalism among speech during this filibyster. Finally the measure was laid aside. More recent Sena‘e filibusters in- clude the obstructionist tactics adopted by the republicans against appropriation bills in the winter of 1918-19, when they made up their minds that the field should not be left to the then President Wilson to deal with foreign relations with Congress not in session. The fallure of some of these supply bills forced jthe call of a speclal session in the spring of 1919, and the consequent discussion in Congress of the league of nations. Against Another Ship Bill. In 1915, while another short session was In progress, the democratic ship purchase bill was fillbustered to death by the republican opposition. 1t was during this filibuster thdt the longest contlnuous session of the Senate ever held took place — fifty- tour hours and ten minutes. Cots were installed and senators slept when they could in the cloakrooms and | the lobby. Senator Smoot of Utah has to his credit one of the most remarkable | endurance performances when it | comes to long-distance spmmng,l during the consideration of the ship | purchase bill. He talked without ml terruption from 9:30 p.m., until 9:25 the next morning, eleven hiours and twenty- five minutes. It was fn 1917, another short se {sion, that the ‘armed neutrality resolution was filibustered to death by the “little group of wilful men.” ten or a dozen senators so designated by President Wilson. 1t was this filibuster, by the way, which led to the adoption of the two-thirds clo- ture rule now in force in the Senate, a rule that requires two-thirds vote to close debate, a rule which has been invoked only once, and that was during the consideration of the Ver- sailles treaty containing the league of nations covenant. La Follette Holds Record. Senator La Follette of Wisconsin { has the record of being the “greatest | ! filibusterer of them all"—he held the | floor of the Senate for eighteen hours and twenty-three minutes, during a memorable filibuster fn 1812 agalnst the conference report on the Vree- !1and - Aldrich emergency currency bill. He was aided in this feat by | some thirty roll calls of the Senate, | consuming four or five hours—calls for a quorum. e was able during these intervals to rest and take some nourishment. But today the filibus- | terer must talk straight ahead. Calls { for a quorum have been ruled out of | order unless some business has in- tervened since the last call of the roll enator La Follette's great effort as without avail, however, due to the fact that Senator C e of Okla- |homa, the blind senator, who fol- {lowed nim, fintshed speaking and sat |down without realizing that Senator Stone of Missouri, who was to fol- low him, was not on the floor. The {republican leader, Senator Aldrich. had taken the precaution to have the {aye and no vote ordered on the bill, and the roll call was started as soon as Mr. Gore sat down. That ended the “debate. Other Notable Fllibusters. The rivers and harbors appropria- tion bills—criticized frequently as pork barrel measures’-—have leen the subject in the past of some mem- orable fillbusters, too. In 1914 Sen- {ator Burton of Ohlo and others talk- ed such a bill down. The Ohio sen-| ator occupled the floor for twelve hours and ten minutes. Ho provided himself with a light-welght coat and | patr of comfortable slippers before he began his night-long speech, and paced slowly back and forth before his des’ as he spoke. The most scientifically conducted filibuster on record, so far as the Sen- ate 1s concerned, however, took place at the special sesslon of Congress convened last November, when the republicans sought to put through the Dyer anti-lynching bill. Under the leadership of Senator Underwood of Alabama the democrats took advan- tage of every technicality in the Sen- ate rules, keeping the consideration of the journal of the proceedings un- der discussion for whole days and practically preventing any discussion of the lynching bill. ~ At the opening of the regular sesslon in December the republicans agreed to lay aside the lynching bill. Cloture static and immutable; debate free and illimitable; and generally each in the wrong place at the wrong | time. And half a thousand citizens chosen from all over a diversified country by a chance whim of the electorate, which by comparison makes gambling an exact sclence, wrangle by main strength and awk- wardness for a day, a month, a year or a decade with an idea and so our laws are made or unmade. What a farce it {18! How can righteousness come out of it all? If a business needs rules the best men counsel and make them. If an army needs regulations the officers confer. If a school or a church or a madhouse require reorganization ex- perts are called In to do the work. But when a city, a state or a feder- ated union of all needs a law or re- lief from a law the devil shakes our bughouse and we take the dictate of the inmates. And at that, because otherwise we are a prudent and or- derly people, God reigns and the gov- crnment at Washington still lives. CONCHS ARE CANNIBALS. Fasten Themselves Over Opening in Shell, Smothering Inmate. From the Miami Herald. The struggle for existence evolves the conchs, with the larger always on top. Few persons observing the great cofled shells lying quletly on the sandy floor of the tank at the Mjami Aquarium or perhaps bumping awkwardly from place to place, re- alize the voraclty of the bright-hued owner of the shell. Frequently, an observing visitor will discover what appears to be a smaller shell imbedded soft part of the conch. It was neces- sary to separate the larger horse conch from a conch almost its own size yesterday, which it threatened to smother by fastening itself firmly over the opening in the shell and blocking the air supply. After the victim is killed in this manner the victor in the contest devours its fel- lo; specles. Sy owever, little happens in nature which does not bring good to some animal, and thus the cannibalistic death of the poor conch serves to supply a comfortable home for some hermit crab. These original house- hunters are born with a soft shell unlike the common species of crab, and spend their life moving from conch ehell to conch shell as they in- crease in size beyond comfort in thelr old agn in the pink Correspondence of The Star. ruary first and a member of Industry after- ward,” Rockefeller, jr., son of the Standard D. U, FEBRUARY 1923—-PART 2. The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE follow!ing is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended February 24: Ireland.—The Irfsh Free State ~govern- _ment some little time ago offered amnesty to all in arms against that government who should surrender, with their arms, on or before February 18. The response was slight. On the 16th President Cosgrave of the Free State parliament published a statement, declaring the amnesty to be final overture of the sort from his government. That government, he sald, had been falsely represented as approach- ing the “irregular” chiefs with compromise offers. It had not done 5o, nor would it in future negotlate with “De Valera, Llam Lynch or any of their collaborators in destruction, male or female.” According to an Associated Press report of the 19th, there was (perhaps in consequence of President Cosgrave's manifesto), at the end of the amnesty period, a big rush to accept the amnesty terms. Nevertheless, the burnings, the bombings and other outrages are as nu- merous as ever. \ * K Kk France.—The 20,000 Lorraine coal miners who walked out on the $th and the 40,000 to 60,000 miners scattered over France who struck on the 16th have returned to work.' A com- munist plot planned to do infinite mischlet has been foiled, French labor, though it may temporarily be misled, again shows itself over- whelmingly patriotic.” An end to the strike of the 75,000 German miners in the Saar valle is said to be in prospect, * ¥ Ok X Oceupied Germany.—Important effects from the embargo on all export from occupled into unoccupied Germany are not yet clearly apparent In the occupled territory; as to un- occupled Germany, we are getting little news of conditions there. Export from occupled Germany to 2llied and neutral countries is permitted under export license, on paymen of the tax to French and Belgian customs offi- cers; but one hears that few If any applica- tions have been made for such licenses. Ap- parently most of the larger plants have stocks of ore and other raw material sufficlent for some time ahead, and apparently they do not lack for fuel. The unemployed. whether in mines or factories, or in the railway or other public services, are being paid. But the ¥rench have made their calculations for a long struggle. The time will come, they argue, when, with increasing unemployment, neither the cmployers nor the state can longer find the money to pay the unemployed; when the shoe will pinch, and will probably pinch even more scverely in unoccupled than in occupled Germany. A French official statement of the 19th. after referring to the fact that on the previous day only three coal trains and one coke train left for France and Belgium, procceded to ex- plain this small volume of fuel shipments on the reparations account. The railread system under allied management could, the statement declared, handle all the fuel desired, without any help from German railway men, but the oniy fuel available was that on cars loaded prior to the time the fuel embargo went into effect, = Loading for allled destination had ceased. as the German miners refused to load. No coercion against the latter had been at- tempted, as its success was to be doubted. The remedy of the situation would come certainly and completely when the general measures of the Franco-Belgian policy, including the em- bargo on export into unoccupied Germany, had taken effect. That is a most illuminating and_ sensible statement. It seems to be a proper inference therefrom that the French and Belgians do not propose seizure of German mines and install- ment therein of their own mining personnei If that inference is correct, one may expect a practical suspension in the near future of ship- Mments of fuel to France and Belglum. An in- teresting development, but not one carrying the mplication of French and Belglan de- feat. To be sure, French factories are clos- ing down in conslderable numbers owing to soctety WELLESLEY HILLS, Mass,, Feb- 23—*“Man is & human being from that beginning J. D ment. * ganizations,” to see that these conditions and oportunities prevall, “Every worker has a right to com. fortable living conditions. low human being, the worker is ent tled to health, comfort and conten Wage scales should be mea: sured in these items and not in dol- lack of fuel, especlally coke; but the French propose that the Germans shall pay in the end for the losses thus inourred. The reduced rallway service under Franco- Belglan management seems to be ample to t the reduced demands of traffic. And the same ems to be true of other services— telephone, telegraph, etc. It i® reported that German railway men are returning to work in considerable numbers, accepting allied condi- tions of service. I do not quite know what to make of that Reports greatly differ s to the general at- titude of the population of the occupied terri- tory toward the occupying forces, Essen and Gelsenkirchen have been the chief centers of “passive” resistance, but both towns now see: to have been fairly cowed. Gelsenkirchen wi strongly occupled and given a taste of strict martial law for several days. At Essen the boycott was broken by the jailing of boycot- ting shopkeepers, and a high city official was gliven a prize sentence of two years for inter- ference with the execution of allied orders. At Bochum an_unfortunate incldent occurred. Two French soldiers, being baited by a crowd, fired into it, killing one German and wounding two others: an act attributable to youthful panic. Littie has been heard during the week of the activities of the secret “resistance or- with thelr alleged plans for tTuen'llln warfare and individual assassina- ons. Apparently sabotage has somewhat de- creased, but it continues more or less, espe- clally on the telephone and telegraph systems. The most important act of sabotage to date was the sinking of two barges in the Rhine- Herne canal, completely blocking it. Disarming and disbandment of the security police throughout the Ruhr basin has been or- dered and has been almost completed. This body of men, numbering about 10,000, composed of former non-commissioned officers of the old Aarmy, was not to be trusted either by the French or by the Ruhr population. The mark, which in two weeks jumped from 40,000 to 20,000 to the dollar, scems to have relapsed. Apparently, through one knows not what of dexterous manipulation, it s b ing at least temporarily stabilized at the new Jevel. As the French have to buy marks to do businiess in the Ruhr, obviously the cost of the occupation is groatly increased by the boostigg of, the mark. They are not worrying, as they intend to be reimbursed by Germany. The dispatches say little about the food situation; from which it may probably be in- forred that it has not grown appreclably worse. Though doubtless the general situation has importantly developed during the week, it has done so almost {mperceptibly. 'EE R Ttaly.—The Itallan chamber of deputies and senate have ratifled the treaty of Santa Margherita, which proposes to complete the settlement of the Dalmatian question (as be- tween Italy and Jugoslavia). But that Pre- mier Mussolini does not regard the settiement as eternal is proved by his following charac- teristic statement on the occasion of ratifica- tion of the treaty by the senate: “We must never believe that anything is irreparable. Ancient Rome did not believe that the defeat at Canne was irreparable. Rome fell, but she rose again. So must Italy prepare her spirit and her sirength to domi- nate her future destiny.” Whatever may be the other qualities of Mussolin!, he is nothing if not candid. * ok % ok Poland and Lithuania.—Tho perennial bor- der controversy between Poland and Lithu- ania has flared up violently again. Space is lacking for details, There scems little doubt that on this occaston Lithuania is the aggres- sor and entirely in the wrong. ler behavior is so strange, Inconsistent and absurd that one is inclined to accept the Parls explanation that Moscow is at the bottom of it; Moscow wish- ink to keep Poland “amused” at no expense to herself. Poor little, foolish, gullible Lithuania is preparing to come a cropper, it seems. *x % % ¥ Soviet Russfa.—A report recently rendered by the “Commission on Russian Rellef” to the National Information Bureau, Inc., is a very interesting document, and apparently trust- worthy. The following statements are ex- tracted from it: Last year more than 14,000,000 Russians As a fel-|in tive and efficiency, any added burden that may tempor- arily appear upon the adoption such a policy will be taken care of increased production and elimination of waste through care- lessness and lack of interest. 1 believe that.diligence, inltta- wherever found were in danger of death from starvation. Most of them were saved, mainly through the efforts of American and other foreign rellef organi- .sations, the Americans feéding 11,000,000, Soviet government estimates of the 1923 harvest were too large by 60 per cent. A much smaller area was sowed than in the year be- fore. There were in 1922 numerous local dis- asters, drought, a variety of pests, etc. Among the causes for reduction of the Bown area were the decrease in number of farm animals (large part of which had been eaten in the previous year's famine), the elimination and deterioration of farm equip- ment and means of transportation and reduc- tion in numbers of the peasantry and the weakened condition of the survivors. Disease (to combat which medicines, physicians and nurses were sadly lacking), had been taking & dreadful toll, (typhus, cholera, smallpox, ty- hold, malaria). It is estimated that there ave been 23,000,000 cases of typhus in Russia in the past few years. Owing then to mul- titudinous causes, 8,000,000 Russians (including 3,000,000 children) in the already famine- scourged areas will dle in this year unless the Russian government or forelgn agencles provide them with food. The A. R. A. has undertaken to feed the 3,000,000 children until the next harvest. What does the Russian government propose to do? According to Kamenev, the Russian goveramer.t, with a benevolence that contem- plates the future rather than the past, is ar- ranging to ship (across the famine area) $50,- 000,000 worth of grain out of Russia, in order to obtain in return agricultural implement and animals. Indeed, according to recent di patches, considerable shipments have already been made. There are those (I do not include myself among them), who will discern in this economy policy of Moscow something be- nignant, after the pattern of Providence, which in the furtherance of inscrutable ends some- times seems Incidentally cruel. The report cites testimony to show insan- ity, cannibalism, murder and theft on the grand scale, as by-products of the famine. It is signed by Allen Wardwell, Graham R. Tay- lor and Allen T. Burns, and seems to be based on their personal investigations in Russia. * k% *x Turkey~—Ismet. left Constantinople for An- gora on the 17th. During his brief stay in Constantinople he conversed with the allled high commissioners and gave the impression of a desire for resumption of negotiations and for peace. He is now In Angora, where, be- hind closed doors, the Angora assembly s dis- cussing the allied terms he brought from Lausanne. “The Smyrna bluft, or the story of & busted straight,” {s about to be published as a white book by the British government. 1 seem to see indications that matters are so framing themselves that before long the relations between Great Britain and natlonal- ist Turkey are likely to resemble the relations between Britain and the sultan’'s government in the davs of Sir Stratford Canning, the “Great Elch, * ¥ % ¥ Miscellaneous.—I had indited gome observa- tions about the ship subsidy bill and rural credits legislation, but wisely tore ‘em up. Tho British Royal Soclety for the Protec- tion of Birds, taking up an idea of W. H. Hud- son, has appolnted a committee whose busi- ness shall be to procure the setting apart of spaces in some of the London parks as bird sanctuaries—Hgde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park, Richmond Park, Greenwich Park. King George enthusiastically supports the idea and offers a space in Buckingham Pal- ace gardens, A charming ldea—and one that might well be taken up in New York and other Amerfcan cities. Indeed, what could be better than the clearing of spaces in some of the New York congested districts for bird sanctuaries? The com fon of juriste appointed, pur- suant to a resolution of the Washington con- ference to revise, adapt and amplify the exist- ing rules of international law, in so far as they do not “adequately cover new methods of attack or defense, resulting_from the intro- duction or development since The Hague con- ference of 1907 of new agencles of warfare,” has completed its work at The Hague. Dele. gates of s!X powers have signed the recom. mendations of the commission embodying the proposed changes in and additions to Interna- tional law. country should have a committes of | workere who can appear before the | voice any complaint or grieva: or complaint. In fact, if I had Here Is a “Bill of Rights” for Labor Embodying Views of Younger Rockefeller ot the directing head of that business and nce which their constituents may have, without the possibility of suffering personally because of the_criticism my oil king, outlines a remarkable pro- gram, not for the worker, but for the employer. The nation has been watching for a bill of rights, for a worker's bill of rights—a common sense platform— that could be generally accepted by industry, but we hardly expected it to come from the wealthiest Interests in America. Yet J. D. Rockefeller, jr., he of the name that has heretofore characteriz- ed capitalism in the mind of the worker, has submitted a program to Babson Institute, in hope that it will be adopted by industrial executives everywhere. As you read it you can understand why this junior Rocke- feller has been recognized in the financlal world as an unusual power, and has been noted among those who know him personally for his unusual vision and fairness. Partners, Not Enemfes. “1. T belleve that labor and capital are partners, not enemles,” says Mr. Rockefeller, “that their Interests are common, not opposed, and that neith- er can attain the fullest measure of prosperity at the expense of the oth- er, but only in assoclation with the other. “I am for an eight-hour day and a six-day week,” continues Mr. Rocke- teller. “Any schedule requiring long- er hours and which does not provide for one day in seven In which the worker can rest and recuperate is unsound, uneconomic and unjustifia- ble. In such industries as must of necessity operate continuously, night and day, 366 days in the year, sched- ules must be arranged so that the worker has an eight-hour day and a six-day week or its equivalent. “I am for this because I feel that a good many of the industrial dis- putes of the past have risen from the fact that employers under stress of circumstances and competition have broken away from this basic fact that man is human being first and an_ in- dustrial worker afterward. The adop- tion of the eight-hour day in the gen- eral industrial field will tend to in- crease efficiency and will bring the less scrupulous and less enlightened elements of competition Into line. Purpose of Industry. “2. I belleve that the community 1s an essentlal party to industry and that it should have adequate repre- sentation with the other parties. “3. I belleve that the purpose of in- dustry is quite as much to advance social well being as material prosper- ity: that, In the pursuit of that pur- pose, the interests of the community should be carefully considered, the well being of employes fully guarded, management adequately recognized and capital justly compensated, and that failure in any of these particu- lars means loss to all four parties. “4. T belleve that every man is en- titled to an opportunity to earn a living, to fair wages, to reasonable hours of work and proper working conditions, to a decent home, to the opportunity to play, to learn, to wor- ship and to love as well as to toll, and the responsibility rests as heavily upon industry s upon government or lars. Not Plea for Paternalism. “This 18 no plea for paternalism. Personally, I disitke even the word. These elements of health and happ!- ness must be provided not through chance generosity nor paid welfare schemes, but they must be adopted in the spirit of fair play; in the epir- it of common sense. I am sure that {should be encouraged and adequately rewarded, and that indolence, indiff- erence and restriction of production should be discountenanced. “6. I believe that the provision of adequate means of uncovering griev- ances and promptly adjusting them is of fundamental importance to the successful conduct of industry. “I am for employee representation,” adds Mr. Rockefeller in making his sixth point. “Every shop, every fac- tory, every large organization in the Inside Stuff About New York BY WILLIAM JOHNSTON. EW YORK'S curlosity hasbeen aroused by the statement that the selection of names to go into the Soclal Register is made by a committee. The an- nouncement was made in connection with the omitting of the names of the Stillmans from the last volume. New Yorkers now are asking who composes this committee that passes on social fitness. To be sure soclal linee are now so slackly drawn that it really makes little difference whether or not one’s name is among the elect If they have personality and enough money to foot the bills, al- though occasionally some arriving climber may be heard saying pride- fully: “I shan’t bother to give you my phone number, my dear. You can find it in the Social Register.” But if this list is to be censored another interesting point has been raised by the conviction of the four Montagne brothers for bootlegging, with prison sentences of from two to four menths. Other men still in the Soclal Register have been indicted, and convicted, but so far I do not recollect of any of them getting Jjall sentences. ‘What will be the attitude of high soclety toward convicted bootleggers? Settling the Tip Question. Visitors from abroad and from other Ameérican cities: when in New York find themselves puzzled to know Just how much to tip. From the New York standard the forelgner general- ly tips too little and the man from Des Molines or Savannah too much. In o high-class restaurant a waliter serving one person for lunch, even if the check is only a dollar, expects a quarter. It is not necessary to tip the captain or head waiter unless a luncheon or dinner party is arranged for. A tip of from $2 to $5 to the head waiter for a speclal occasion with $1 og $2 to the captain insures gooa service and a choice table, Most New Yorkers tip & bellboy who es- corts them to & room a quarter. Ten cents is the average tip to the hat boy (Y or girl. For a taxicab ride where the charge is under a dollar the cus- tomary tip is 15 cents. If the taxl clock reglsters $2 or near it, a quarter is the tip generally given. If, how- ever, the rule of giving a tenth of the amount for a tip is adhered to it will generally be found satisfac- tory. The Transportation Problem. In the last four years the number of motor vehicles in New York city has doubled, and as no new streets have been opened and none of the 0ld ones widened, the congestion is gotting more and more of a problem. It is small wonder that more than a thousand persons were killed in the streets last vear. Everybody s agreed that something radical must be done and done soon, but no agree- ment on any comprehensive plan has been reached. Double-decking the streets, suggested by John Brisben Wal- ker, when he was running a magasine a score of years ago, seems to be the idea most discussed. Working a Political Pull. A prominent New Yorker, in trouble because of a serious traffic violation, recently hastened to see a prominent Tammany leader and urged him to use his influence. “Nothing doing,” the leader answer- ed, “You'll be before Magistrate House and nobody can get to him.” The offender was panic-stricken, for Magistrate House is a terror to speeders, Inflicting jall sentences without fear or favor. “Maybe I can help you,” suggested another magistrate who happened to hear the conversation. The next morning the obligin magistrate, bright and early, droppe into Judge House's court. “My,” he said to House, “you look bad today. You ought not to be sit- ting here in this stuffy court. You ought to get out and get some fresh air. I'll tell you what. This is my day off. Let me sit in your place and you get out and get a rest” > “I am not feeling well,” Magistrate House unsuspectingly admitted, ac- cepting his confere's offer gladly, and a few minutes later the prominent citizen with a pull was let off with a reprimand, way the workers would be repre- sented officlally upon the board of directors. I do not belleve that there should be any discrimination upon the part of ‘elther management or workers because of any man’s afilia- tlon with a soclety, fraternity or u fon. ~Any organization or arrange- ment which tends to Improve work- ing conditions is Jjustifiable and should be encouraged as long as it does not hinder the rights of another group. Wants All Represented. 7. I belleve that the most potent measure in bringing about industrial harmony and prosperity is adequate representation of the parties in Inter- est; that existing forms of represen- tation should be carefully studied and availed of insofar as they may be found to have merit and are adap- table to conditions peculfar to the various industries. “8. 1 believe that the most effective structure of representation fs that which is built from the bottom up; which includes all employes, which starts with the election of representa- tives and committee in each indus- trial plant, proceeds to the formation of joint district councils and annual point conferences in a single indus- trial corporation, and admits of ex- tension to all corporations in the same industry, as well as to all in- dustries in a community, in a pation and In the various nations. “9. I believe that the application of right principles never fails to_ effect right relations; that ‘the letter killeth but the spirit giveth life’; that forms are wholly secondary, while attitude and spirit are all-important; and that only as the parties in industry are animated by the spirit of fair play— Justice to all and brotherhood—will any plan which they may mutually work out succeed. Greatest Service to Soclety. “10. I believe that that man renders '!hu greatest soclal service who so co- operates In the organization of Indus- try as to afford to the largest num- ber of men the greatest opportunity for self-development and the enjoy- ment of those benefits which thelr united efforts add to the wealth of civilizatio: “Finally,” says Mr. Rockefeller, "1 believe in the stockholder's responsi- bility. Unfortunately, I am a mi- nority stockholder in practically all of the concerns in which 1 am Intérested, but I do not believe that the fact that I am a minority stockholder and, therefore, have no legal right or voice in the management, absolves me from responsibility in this matter of in- dustrial relations. I am making every effort that I possibly can to be sure that my views will be considesed, that my voice will be heard by the jmanagement of these concerns and ! earnestly urge every other minority stockholder to make a strenuous ef- fort to bring whatever influence he has to bear on this point. Adopting a commonsense attitude on this all- important matter, America can con- tinue to progress and we can enjoy prosperity as the greatest industrial nation in ‘the world. Continued nag- ging, squabbling and endeavoring to take advantage of the other fello can only lead to more strife, greater loss, disappointment and dlsaster for every one concerned. POINCARE NOW STRIKING ANGLO-AMERICAN ACCORD Banshee of Peace Conference Again Alarms Continental Bloc Threat Designed to Sway U. S. BY OLIVER OWEN KUHN. BANSHEE {8 abroad in Europe. Grim ogre that he is to all those statesmen who dream of undisturbed nationalistic im- perialistio enterprise, he at the moment is bringing some bad half hours. He 1s the same old banshee that hovered over the conference of peace in Paris four years ago. He is the same grim shadow that has lurked in the background in all international negotiations that have transpired since, He has become so bold in re- cent weeks that diplomatic Wash- ington has learned that orders have gone forth in certain European capi- tals to belt on the sword and fare forth into world highways that he may be forever lald low. That which is the banshes to many of the statesmen of Europe, and particularly Poincare of France, but which ceases to be a banshee to those who have closely studled the political tides with view of determin- ing a single great force that shall frustrate undue aggression and keep international scales at a balance, 1s Anglo-American financial and com- merclal understanding, co-operation which shall lead to the closest sort of action in handling the many vex- atlous problems that have arisen as & result of the world war. Power to Enforce Edicts. With the two nations being the groat creditor countries, with the two holding three-fourths of the raw products of the world, with the two adopting increasingly uniform {deas as to panaceas, with the two having glven clear-cut example of how agreement on major issues can be reached as in the debt settlement, the combined influence of America and England is nothing which states- men of other nations can igmore. That they are not ignoring it and that dimplomatic agents have been asked to counteract any tendency to- ward Anglo-American union is suf- ficient to indicate just how much of e enace any co-operative endeavor of the two is to mere nationalistic rise. e Pa Tmatter of fact European countries are awakening to the fact that with co-ordinated actlon, Eng- land and America can halt’ many projects to which neither can give on in view of thelr des A Amite peace and widespread re- comstructive processes ushered in. They might by the voice of economies alone undermine the far-flung polit- fcal preachments of certain EUroncen r n not so pro < el internationally speaking. British and American peoples came to know one anotlier better g:'xirllix:g eriod of the war. e e Psed thelr opinion of the average American. There was during the war ana after a feeling of whole-hearted fetiowsnip for the Americans in the Tuling classes in England and an sager desire for future complete and lasting co-operation with the United itates in the application of panaceas Gesigned to hasten peace and settlcd order. During the Paris peace conterence | banshee now_ troubling the ttlr;:ams of certain European states- men first began to make himself felt. In private and public deliberations of the many issues prevalling Premier Lloyd George and President Wilson almost invariably were found stand- ing together. Other members of the American and British delegations co- operated to great measure, with the ultimate result that the British pur- poses and those of America were bet- ter understood. England and America then stood out against the complete dismemberment of Germany. Both de- manded that Germany pay in full, but that she be not denuded of the means wherewith to pay. They jointly in- sisted then and when the influence of America became less felt British con- tinued to insist. The British attitude in regard to the Ruhr indicates that this policy never has been forsaken. Rumblings Again Heard. But during the period of framing the peace English and American co- operation in all the major issues gave fair warning that old-fashioned out- and-out imperialistic enterprise would not be sanctioned by the two larger powers, the powers most able to impress their will If this will be manifest in concrete forms against selfish desire. Then as now there were rumblings against combined Anglo-American activity In world counclls. After the conference there was less heard, though it ever has been in the back- ground. 7 During_the peace conference Eng- land and America offered France a defensive alliance In case of undue aggression on the part of the Ger- mans. America has never ratified this agreement, but England offered to on several occaslons in trade for modifica- tion of the far-reaching demands upon Germany by France. There I8 no such alliance today because Clemen- ceau, Briand and Polncare successive- 1y refused to go to the lengths neces- sary to insure Germany's recovery with consequent abllity to settle the sum total of reparations demanded {n the treaty of Versailles. From the French viewpoint it s highly desirable that there be bulld- ed alllances with other friendly na- tions of Europe to gain adequate pro- tection against unwarranted moves of the Germans. But that France should £0 to such lengths as to form an eco- nomic and financlal bloc of nations to combat Anglo-American unity—as in- dicated in a repent dispatch of Paul Scott Mowerer, the emdinent interna- tional writer in Paris—may be sur- prising to those not acquainted with the inner tides. But it has been in the background ever since the war ended, a8 statesmen of other Euro- pean hations have witnessed the con- stantly growing tide of friendship be- tween the American and British view- points, the feeling of good fellowship being more or less crystallized in the recent settlement of the funding of Britain's tremendous debt to the United States. Agreement Causes Stir. This success, it 1s learned from re- liable sources, created consternation in political circles of Europe, which have not been as much inclined to consider repayment of just war-time obligations as they have the exten- elon of political influence upon the continent. It has been the signal for an open and spirited campaign to pre- vent even greater co-operation and understanding between the two na- tion Other governments of Europe never have been in position to throw their cards upon the table in resisting the Anglo-American economic and flnan- clal’ understandings. If France, for instance, should have attempted open- ly to further estrangement between Washnigton and London she would have antagonized England. This at w,|one time she could not afford to do. Nelther could she afford to antagonize the American viewpoint. But now that France feels that she is aban- doned by both America and Britain, inasmuch as there is Ifttle hope of ever again obtalning a defersive a.- llance with them, the French are more open in announcing of their policles. And one of the two chiefest of these, ranking next, if not fore most, 18 the breaking down of fur- ther agreements between the English- speaking countries. America Is Warned. As recent advices Indicate, the French have, in fashion, served warn- ing upon America that if there is further co-ordination of the economio and financial policies of England and America, then America must look into the face of a continental bloc of nations which will resist any settle- ment of debts which is not predicated upon reparations, & policy which nei- ther the British nor American gov- ernments has seen fit to indorse. In this bloc, according to Paul Scott Mowerer, who 18 closer to the French foreign office than any other Ameri- can newspaper writer, will Lo Bel- glum and Italy, two of the other largest debtor nations. Backing this bloc will be 160,000,000 peoples who likewise will attempt to raise bar- riers to future Russo-German aggres- slon. The threat {s made by eeveral of France's leading men that these nations will pursue a common policy against the settlement of common debts to the United States and Great Britain. Into any bloc would be drawn the members of the littls entente und those countries who are looking to France today for political and finar- clal guldance, and the force undoubt- edly would be tremendous in world affairs. It would be a bloc comple isolating British policy on the c nent and greatly hindering american endeavor in the way of commercial expansion. In short, England and America would be frozen out of Europe—a Furope controlled from Qual d'Orsay. Under the proposed schems, as fn- dicated by Mowerer. the European jbloc fathered by France would at tempt to control the Mediterranean, and dominate the entire life of cen tral Europe and the near east. Russ even might later be drawn into a such enterprise, if economic and financial agreements are reached. In other words, those who have been troubled by dreams of Anglo- !American co-operation would paint a picture of woe to America that our foreign policy, in o far as it pertains to England, might thereby be fluenced. May Be Reckonifig Wrongld. No matter how desirous Poincare i2y be in arranging a bloc with the purpose of threatening payment of obligations to England and America by predicating them upon a settl ment of German reparations, whic grows more ard more doubtful, he possibly is reckoning wrongly. As to Belgium there is little doubt but that the French forcign office can influence its various enterprises, but there is_ extremec doubt as to whether the Italian government can be drawn into any scheme involving open resistance to either America or Britain. It is specifically stated that Poin- care reckons on Mussolini, admitting that before the fascisti leader's ad- vent the furtherance of the latest French policy of breaking down the Anglo-American understanding was impossible. There s no reason to b lieve, even today, that Italy will drawn to the side of France, owing to the long friendship of the Italian and British pecples and tho really great regard ail Italy has for America. Poincare holds out the bait of coal for Italian industries. Ttaly can get coal from England. Likewise, it is asserted, Italy Is led to belleved that control of the Mediterranean shall be Lers with France. But inasmuch as the Italians today feel bitterly toward e French because of Clemenceau's and agalnst the Ttallans when Italy sought control of the Adriatic, and be- cause Brland and Poincare otherwise flouted Italian aspirations in the va. rlous conferences held since Paris. Poincare will have to go far before Itallan influence is thrown In the scales in France's favor. Italy Concerned as to France. As a matter of fact, the foretgn of- fice in Rome today is more concerned in regard to the extension of the in- fuence of France, particularly in the countries composing the little entente, than !n any other question outside of the adjustment of Italy's internal sit- | uation. Italian policy generally may be sald to be designed to frustrate extension of Poincare's plans in re- gard to southwestern Burope. ltaly has only been passively activo in supporting the French policy in regard to the Ruhr and openly hostilo 1to certain of Poincare’s schemes in regard to the near east. In the for- I mer case such support as has bee ! given to Poincare has been because Stussolini constantly has fought against breaking the entente, always trusting that it might be saved, in which case Italy thought best to go with France, at least momentarily. It s questioned in Washington whether Italy could be induced to take 2 stand hostile to the United States and England, and take any stand which | might hazard Italy's financlal and eco- nomic Interests in these two natione. Ttaly can gain most through a friend- ship which has in nowise abated by I3irtue of hints that both England and America might ask that some attempt be made to fund tremendous war-time obligations. Political antipathies in Rome_against French political policles have been pronounced since the days of Napoleon, and even before, and there is littls reason to suspect that the present~ day policies can be swayed from Paris. U. 8. Not Swerved by Threats. Though the dominance of French in- fluence in the continent today cannot be questioned when one deals Wwith strictly continental policies, it is doubt- ed that the bloc of nations proposed by Poincare can successfully withstand British and American economic and financial pressure in case these nations destre to bring it to war. Furthermore, there s little chance that the bugaboo of an anti-American European bloc will in anywise influence American policy. In fact, it can be stated definitely that though this government will proceed cautiously and has no Intention of openly espousing the cause of one po- litical group as against another in Eu- rope, the threats of any one or number of nations cannot influence any such agreements this government wishes to effect. Finally, potential threats will not sway this government from de- manding the refunding of war-time ob- ligations when the time fs_considered auspicious, lenient as its policy may be in the meantime. Cheaper Air Fares. ¥Prom the Londod Times. Very soon the air f€sre between Lon- don and Amsterdam Is to be reduced from £6 68 to £4 158, The reduction is a result of the successful operation of this new airway by the Royal Dutch Air Service during the last twelve months and of economics effected in the cost of running. The rate for goods alr- borne between London and Holland will bhe reduced from 10d to 6d per pound. The Royal Air Service will open an air- way, early in the spring, from London to Copenhagen. Fokker monoplanes, seating eight to ten passengers, driven by the British Napler engine, are to be used on this route, and Will cover the distance between London and Copen- hagen in a single day. .