Evening Star Newspaper, January 21, 1923, Page 37

FRENCH AND GERMANS MAY TRY TO END CHAOS Menace in Continued Ruhr Strife More Apparent to Expected BY OLIVER OW] UROPE'S political kettle con- tinues to brew noxious nos- trums. But through the clouds of nationalistic steam five facts are becoming distinct. From any one of the five may emerge some solution of the extremely dangerous mess created by the French occupa- tion of the Ruhr. First. The French are coming to realize that occupational measures, in so far as producing adequate recompense for defaulted reparations payments, are producing nothing, cither in the way of coal or money. Second. The German government, fearing civil strife, possibly leading to eventual destruction of the reich by its cnemies in the period of eco- nomie and financial suffering that will come through further opposition, is ready to deal with the allies. Third. Tt is reliably reported that both the German and French govern- ents will attempt rapprochement in the next two weeks, with the view of scttling present troubles. Fourth. Unless both Germany and the French take some steps to end a . situation that is endangering the yeace and stability of the whole of liurope Great Britain will withdraw openly her support to the French in er to hasten complete failure of the Poincare plan and to further the Bonar Law scheme of “sensible repa- rations schedules. ifth. Italy. weakening in her sup- ort of the French, will demand ad- justment of the present problems. T she gains no supnort from France she will throw her influence with Great Britain and begin direct negotiations with the Germans looking toward a Separate agreement between these countries. French Policy So Fa It cannot he questioned that TPoin- care must be somewhut chagrined at the failure of the French moves up to date. a fuilure of which many French financiers and statesmen a already taking cognizance. The pol- ey might so far has done nothing but solidify the ¢ man intent to resist the Fr cupation and industrial in the Mhineland. The French counted upon the sup- port of the German workers them- selves. Though there may be at- tempts to curtail production nearly half million workers in the Ruhr undoubtedly will work to some extent in order to obtain food. but the temper of the workers has grown increasingly intolerent under dic tion from Berlin, on the one hand, and pressure that is being brought upon them from various socialist® d communistic labor organizations in various parts of urope. With curtailed production the French cannot expect to obtuin suf- ficient supplies to maintain the o cupational forces, not to speak of obtaining sufficient funds to make up for the deficit in reparational coal deliveries. The French have sought to fire the fmagination of the workers against the industrialists of the Rubr make It appear that the French, and 1.0t the mine operators, are their real friends, but this thesis has been stout- 1y resisted in every quarter. The Trench are preparing to court-mar- tial the industrial leaders with th danger of making them martyrs in the eves of Germany as a whole. There has been constant conflict he- tween the moderate policies desired r Fails. a st of collection by commissions by the committee of economic experts | gent to the Ruhr to insure collectio and the military authorities. How- ever, the Ruhr today is ruled by the military, and as long as this is the case the French will be forced to avply military measures in order to et results. Skepticlsm as to Outcome. Even the extension.of territorial melzures to the full extent of the Ruhr basin has failed to sway the Germans from their adamant stand. With fuilure little rémains to be cept to extend militar: effort to lin or cut off completely the rest of Germany from Rubr supplies, and let coal famine and industrial paralysis with consequent hunger do the work that French measures have failed to do. But there is skepticism as to how far this_can be effective, inasmuch ms the Germans already are buying | tremendous amounts of coal in Eng- | 1and to keep industries in unoccupied rections working. the Germans likewise will resort to Memel, Center of New Quarrel (Continued from First Page.) was unique was its lampreys! T| pad had no other connection with | jampreys than the knowledge that | Xing John of England had died of a | purfeit of lampreys, or W it Peaches and mew ale? Anyway, they were the vehicle through which some foyal being had expressed his epi- curean talent, and it is an annual fnstitution in Memel to make a boast of the number of lampreys you can dispose of. There is only one estab- lishment where they are served, and that is a cellar! There is only one being who cooks them, and that is an aged woman, scarcely sceming con- scious of the guests' presence as she bends over the glowing charcoal grid and cooks the “neunangen.” I ate three, though seven is quite a mod-| est amount for a woman. Main Street and a Bridge. Memel has a main street and a bridge 4n the center of the town. It has fine churches—the Lutheran, the Reformed ‘Lutheran, the Roman Catholic, and then the Jewish Lithuanian churches. The streets are paved with large and uneven cobblestones. Electric street cars run from end to end. ; But the time of all to see the inhabi- tants of Memel and the surrounding country was at the annual market. It ‘was swarmed with people of all degrees. Housewives set up theis houses with crocks and earthenware of all kinds from this market. It was a time of great buying as well as a week of en- Joyment ‘and thrills. Russians came to jt. Poles, Lithuanians and Jews—Jews who look more Jewish than all history relates. Old, old women, with nothing the | and | 1t is expected that | Both—England to Step in. purchases of food the moment the situation justifies. ~ “Both Germans and French are be- ginning to fear that the occupation is leading to but one end—industrial and economic collapse over the whole of the occupied region. In this case the French fear they will have to sustain the populations. Food short- ages and further French efforts, Ber- lin believes, will drive the workmen to the cause of the radicals to such an extent that untoward clashes will result, if not out-and-out revolu- tionary measures designed to over- throw the present government. Paris, too. begins to sce this. And the French certainly can collect nothing under such circumstances. They even might be forced to withdraw, while the position of the German government at the moment is too precarious to warrant taking chances in regard to prolonged chaos. As a consequence, Washington has |heard that after it becomes apparent, as It soon will, that neither the Ger- mans nor’ the French can continue without consequent dangers to all concerned, efforts will be made by both the German and French govern- ments to reach some understanding by which both may save their faces. This move will not come at once, inasmuch as Poincare cannot afford politically to give in until the situ- ation has reached stalemate or ap- plicztion of present methods begin to react against France. Great Britain May Such a deadlock may be broken by Great Britain. England is growing more and more concerned over the Ruhr occupation and a large per-| centage of the British population is restless for fear that French plans {will bring chaos from which Europe may not recover in two decades. Naturally England would suffer through such contingency. Labor particularly is angry over Bonar Law’s position of inactivity and, it is believed, will build such a fire under the sovernment that it will be moved from passivity to di- rect jon and intercession with consequent scttlement of the whole problem. It is believed by me in liberal vank Bonar Law, notwithstanding dangers | ¢ Lausunne, firmly declare ~that} Great Britain can tolerate no longer | Rtuhr conditions and that she will { I break the entente irretrievably unless | France withdraws her troops and sets in motion efforts to bring about | Girect agreements with Germany | France Will give ear and modlfy esent policies—at least, permit a eral entente settlement With Ger- i Act. a the laborites and s that shouid Though the Bonar Law regime has made public statements in the past week to the effect that England will do nothing to antagonize France at moment—desiring to wait until lure of French plans are proven {to the French themselves—the gov- ernment actually is taking steps looking toward firm action. Of course, under such circum- ! stances, Bonar Law again faces flout- |ing by Poincare. but it is thought {certain that by the time the British i et ready to act. Poincare, seeing B lure in the Ruhr, may be read me any effort looking itoward intercession and Ruhr adjust- ment that will permit France to es- pe from her adventure unscathed. Ttaly May Joim England. Premier Mussolini, it is declared. has instigated mediative efforts and will immediately present a well-knit plan looking toward settlement of the whole reparations muddle, or at least some expedient by which fur- ther strife on the continent may be |avoided Tt spurned I align her! | the {the ' belicved that Ttaly, if she is ¢ France, immediately will If with any new attitude of Great Britain. She may have, in fact, received intimations of ‘the future British stand in case there should come complete failure of the Frenoh policy. 1. 1f Italy's hesitancy in extending her Yhelp to the French in the Ruhr is| resultant in no other thing it in-| | dicates that Italy might withdraw her support from the enterprise in case her settlement schemes are i flouted. With only Belgium support- | ing France, the Mussolini scheme, whatever it is, may receive greater | attention in Paris than it otherwise ! would. If underground reports from FEu- rope of possible settlement or inter- | vention in the Ruhr situation are cor- rect the whole situation may be saved, but if present conditions continue to | prevail, with their myraid of danger- | ous developments, then conditlons can | grow only from bad to worse. offers for the nations craving its pos- Sesslon is the fact of its being the only seaport in that district. And, in- Jeed, along the shallow shores of the Baltio, the natural advantages of Memel are not to be sneered at. Just at the opening of the Kurishes Haff it has a natural harbor and opens & beautiful inland waterway right up} to Konigsbers. { Garrison Town for Germans. It has been a garrison town for the German nation. It has a fort and an arsenal. Tt has its well stocked wood yards. It has, in the surrounding country, rich farmers with thelr ex- tensive farm lands and plenty of | peasants to work them. In summer it is so hot’that most |of the residents leave the town and retire to wooden villas up in the strip of forest about eight miles away, where the pale blue Baltic laps to the edge of the tree trunks and a }wide moor stretches beyond. In win- ter the snow is deep and sleighs n.rel the only means of progression. The Haff freezes and you can drive across to the narrow piece of land the other side—that is where the last remain- ing royal elks of Germany are still extant. The sea even freezes, too. In fact, Memel, in its isolation, in its peaceful prosperity and well be- ing, in its people who seem more like one family, as I knew it, is now the scene of strife—ot warfare even in the streets. Poor Memel! I'm sorry or it. LOWER GASOLINE PRICES PROMISED BY NEW PROCESS. Hope of lower gasoline prices but a nose, two beady, shining eyes and a bit of chestnut-colored wig, with a cord parting peering out from under a shawl_enshrouding the whole of the tiny figure, looking for the world like the picture of the witch, in Grimm's ‘Hansel and Gretel.” The Lithua- nians are the most picturesque of peasants. Type of Inhabitant. Their strong, thick-set figures, beau- tiful, even teeth, hair plaited tight around the head with strands of colored wool entwined, short-sleeved Wwhite chemisettes, a dark colored bodice and shirts full and pleated; in fact, these £hirts are handed down from generation to generation and the more pleats there are the higher the rank and prestige of the wearer. On week days wooden clogs with no backs to the heels are worn by them, but on Sundays and gala days hig, shining boots finish off a most at- trkctive toilet. - , At present the attraction that Memel through equipment of all oil re- fineries with the various processes used to convert crude oil into gasoline and other oil products ‘was held out by Dr. Walter M. Cross, head of the Kansas City testing laboratories, in testimony yesterday before the Senate oil in- vestigating committee. Dr. Cross, who holds a patent for one of the processes now in use, said the small independent refineries were at a disadvantage in many cases because of their non-use of the patented processes known as the “cracking” proc- esses. Whenever these indepen- dents avail themselves of these processes, Dr. Cross said, competi- tion will increase and this will bring about a decrease in gasoline prices or lessen the consumption of crude oil. THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C., JANUARY The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended January 20: Great Dritain.—The negotiations between the British and American debt-funding com- missions have ceased and the British com- mission has sailed for home. It is under- stood that the British cabinet as a whole is not satisfled with the terms tentatively offer- ed by the American commission (subject to congressional approval, involving modification of the act creating that commission and de- fining i(s powers), but that Bonar Law and Mr. Baldwin advise accepting them, whatever they may be. It is generally presumed that after the matter has been thrashed out by the British cabinet in the light of the infor- mation furnished by the returning commis- sion there will be a resumption of negotia- tions in some form. * % k ¥ The Ruhr.—Adequate treatment of this com- plicated theme in the space at my commapd is obviously impossible. 1f my winged feet touch the most important high spots 1 shall do well. On the 11th the “industrial commission to the Ruhr” was installed at Essen and 40,000 protecting troops (mosty French, but some Belglan) were posted. Shipments of coal and coke to France and Belgium upon the repa- rations account ceased on the morning of the #ith in compliance with orders from Berlin. Shipments to Italy, however, continued, the object of the discrimination being sufficiently obvious. On the 11th and 12th allied officials circulated quietly among the coal operators and owners and labor chiefs, trying with ‘sweet reasonableness” to win their co-oper- ation. The response was cold. On 12th the German government formally notified the reparations commission of suspension of repa- rations payments in cash and in kind to the “ireaty-breaking powers” so long as the Ruhr occupation should continue, declaring that oc- cupation a violation of the Versailles treaty (But apparently private instructions issued from Berlin to continue the shipments t Italy.) On the 13th the French authorities (I “French™ for convenience, for the Ruhr_ope: tion is mostly a French affair. though Belgian troops are participating and both Belgian and Italian technical experts are included in the industrial commission) summoned representa- tives of the coal miners and operators to meet them. The latter complied and finally agreed to resume shipments to France and Belgium on reparations account, commenc the 15th on condition of payments in advan “Agreed,” said the French. But on the i they sent word that they had changed their minds—they would obey the orders fro Berlin. Therefore, according to i program of which the Germans had been advised on the 15th, the occupation was extended to include the Bochum district, and on the 16th it was further extended to include practically the entire Ruhr coal basin, guards being posted to control the rallroads and canals. The necessity to success of the French plans, in face of the recalcitrant attitude of the Ger- man owners and operators—of complete oc- cupation of the Ruhr basin, is obvious. On the 16th Gen. Degouite issued an ult matum to the mine owners and operators re- quiring resumption of coal deliveries t ¥rance and Belgium on the 17th on pain o their arrest and imprisonment. They did comply. Pursuant to the ultimatum, several arrests have been made and trial by military commission is expected to follow. It is un- derstood, however, that the French do not propose ‘to make martyrs by giving prison sentences. There are about 100,000 French and Belgian troops in the Ruhr basin. The allied line runs from Wesel, at the junction of the Rhine and Lippe, eastward alorig the Lippe to Lunen. thence southwesterly, east of Dortmund to Herdecke on the Ruhr, thence In an irregular line south of the Ruhr, southwesterly to Dues- the ““productive guarantees,’ of the area of occupation in the near future. The Berlin government ordered the German railway men not to assist in trans- portation of coal to France or Belgium. It remains to be seen whether this_order will be complied with. Whether the French and Belgians have available competent railway men in numbers sufficient to handle the contemplat- ed coal shipments to France and Belgium is an interesting question. What have the French accomplished? They have seized (“requisitioned,” giving acknowl- edgments) certain trainloads of coal destined to unbecupied Germany and rerouted them to France or Belgium. They have seized certain coal barges on the Rhine destined for unoc- cupied Germany and unloaded them on the western bank. The total amount 8o “requisi- tioned” is probably not great. They have taken possession of certain state mines—the miners are debating whether they shall strike cr no. They have not, I understand, vet taken possession of any mines of private ownership. Should they be driyen to do so by further de- velopment of the German “passive resistance” policy, could they work the mines? Assuming other difliculties surmounted (as of technical personnel) would the miners work? Their gorge would rise, no doubt, but on the other hand there would be the specter of starvation. Swallow their pride, or starve! But what of the German government, of Stinnes & Com- pany? Are they really resolved to put up a finish fight, or are they acting propagandishly, making conditions as intolerable as possible, in order to discredit France and alienate Brit- ain and the United States from her? It is even rumored that Stinnes and his pa- triotic confreres propose to make unoccupied Germany independent of the Rubr, by getting their coal from Britain and the United States. The answer is that it can't be done. And except m soviet Russia, apparently no sympathetic ponse has been received to Berlin's protest aguinst Ruhr occupation, Persistence in the policy of “passive resistance” is sure to cause immense suffering in Germany). There are in- dications (I-speak cautiously) that in such case the blame would in general be imputed to Stinnes & Company, rather than to France. Now that Poincare has at last his he is open to an adequate proposal from Germany, involving, of course, retention by him of his productive guarantees. He has made overtures in that sense. He is himself preparing a new offer to the Germans. It was to permit himself more time for its preparation that he caused the reparations commission te grant Germany de- lay until February 1 of payment of the cash reparations instailment due on January 15. And the report seems well grounded that Mussolini is moving for new conversation to include Britain, France, Ttaly, Belgium, Ger- many, and perhaps also the United States. Poincare is not likely to spurn Mussolini's afforts, and it is plausibly rumored that Herr Cuno, 'though too proud to approach Foin- care directly, 1s exceedingly eager for nego- tiations. If this indicates that the German in- dustrialists feel the pinch and see their true advantage in support of the German govern- ment” in a policy of fulfiliment, Poincares main object in the Ruhr operation has been gained. Of France's latest moves in seizing the cus- toms machinery of the Rhineland, and the tuhr basin, and in taking order to levy the 40 per cent coal ‘tax: of the reaction of Ger- many at large to the Ruhr occupation; of the great _currency question. which would be in- Yolved should France find it necessary to pay the Ruhr min of Russian reaction to the Ruhr situation: of how the mark descends, while prices rise; of a dozen other important and interesting 'things connected with the Ruhr episode, 1 must be silent. * % kX ‘The Lausanne Conference.—Hassan Eey. one of the Turkish delegates at Lausanne, was sent to Angora some time ago to procure more precise instructions from the Angora govern- ment. He is now back in Lausanne, and the Turkish delegates, since his return, have been more intransigent than ever. Ismet Pasha on the 13th “pulled ofi” a good one In the conference, when he declared that the Turks since the beginning of the conference had been making concessions and sacrifices and that it was up to the allies now to contribute something in that line. 21, 1923—PART ‘2. B Ottoman debt contracted up to the opening of the world war should be apportioned among the parts of the Ottoman empire, as it then was, but of course they do not agree with the Turks that the succession states should share the burden of the war debts. “These debts,” say those Turkish humorists, “were incurred for the good of all the former Turk- ish empire, including those parts now de- tached. Ismet Pasha told the conference that Tur- Kkey would not pay the costs of allied occupa- tion, as that occupation was unjust. It now appears that the commission which is to supervise the exchange of Greek and Turkish populations, and arrange for compensation for property left behind, will consist of one Turk, one Greek, and one national of a world war neutral state. It is understood that a treaty to govern the exchange, independent of the general peace treaty, will be signed in the near future by representatives of Greece and Turkey. * * China—1 am told that a Chinese delegate to the Washington arms conference casually observed that perhaps the end of another six hundred years might find an appreciable be- ginning made toward the transformation of old China into that new China for which a certain sort of westerners and a certain sort of Chinamen educated in the west do yearn -—an Americanized China, with all the bless- ings of the industrial system, and murder and suicide rates to rival ours. “Perhaps” there's much virtue in your “perhaps.” Some months ago the optimists were con- fident of the reunification of China, under the guidance of the supposed strong man, Wu Peih-fu. But the hope thereof has gone glim- mering. Possibly Wu Peih-fu is lying low, banding his Strength against some psycho- logical moment, but apparently he is not the strong man report gave him out to be, that he really seemed to be for a brief space. And China, we used to hear, was doubly blessed, for she had in the south’a second strong man, a man of Wu Peih-fu's kidney, capable of replacing the latter should fate take him off. namely, Gen. Chen Kwangh-ming of Canton, that Chen Kwangh-ming who deposed Sun Yat-sen and sent him on his travels, and abolished the Canton republic But, alas, the clay feet of ming were soon in evidence. that strong man, with his staff, fled from nton as considerable troops, loval to Sun Yat-sen. from Kwanghsi and Yunhnan provinces were entering the uburbs. Sun Yat-sen is still in Shanghai. What, one won- ders, are the plans of that singular man? k3 * Viscellaneor “rederie Harrison, one of the greatest journalists that ever lived, died at Bath, England, on January 14, in his ninety- second year. On January 14 Alexandre Paris, at the age of eighty. minister four times. He wass largely respon- sible for the Franco-Russian alliance. He was a fine orator, an able writer, a member of the Academy. His integrity became a proverb. The other day a Frenchman announced that he had discovered the solution of the repara- tions problem. He was at once hurried off to0 an insane asylum. The Italian government has decided on a vigorous military aviation policy. There is a rumor of an Austro-Hungarian entente in the making. The excavation of the site of Carthage is proceeding vigorously. The other day the bou- doir of a lady was unearthed, with perfume bottle, lachrymatories, bronze mirrors, ivory hairpins, nail scissors, eyebrow pencils and other paraphernalia. In a temple of Molach- Baal were found urns containing the bones of little children, sacrificed to that elegant deity. There are two matters I would fain dis- cuss this week, but cannot. One is that little affair in Arkansas, so flattering to our national pride. The other is the opera-bouffe per- formance entitled “Self-determination” now * en Kwangh- The other day * * Ribot died He was prime in |1ett Egypt, seldorf on the Rhine. It is understood that the French do not propose further extension The alli are agreed that the part of the that is. taking place in Memel, and if You know where pening of Tutankhamen’s Tomb at Luxor BY ARTHUR WEIGALL. HE all-important date of the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt has not vet been de- cided by Egvptology in gen- cral, and the fact that there is no direct evidence of its occurrence to be found in any contemporary ancient Egyptian inscription has led cautious scholars to fight somewhat shy of the whole subject, deeply interesting though it is to millions of people. Biblical evidences are contradictory. In Kings, chapter VI, verse 1, it is stated that 480 years elapsed between the exodus and the building of the temple at Jerusalem. The latter date is fixed at 973 B. C., which would give 1453 B. C. as the date of the exodus. But on the other hand, In Exodus, chapter I, verse 2, the Israelites are said to have bullt the treasure cities of Pithom and Rameses before they and these cities were probably built under Rameses II, the Pharaoh who came to the throne 1292 B. C. though they may have been founded some fifty years earlier, for all we know with certainty. The only pieces of Egyptian evi- dence in regard to early Israel oc- curs in an inscription of the fifth year of Pharaoh Merenptah, 1220 B. C.. Wherein there is a list of foreign conquests, including that of Israel. but all we can gather from this is that the Jews were then recognized as a nation apparently outside of ERzpt £ The genealogies given in the first book of Chronicles, chapter VI, how- ever, supply vet another date, for they give eleven or twelve genera- tions, between the time of the exodus and that of David (1000 B. C.) One generally allows three generations to the century, as, for example, in the case of the genealogy of the Pharaohs of the elghteenth dynasty down to Amenophis IIL and this takes us back somewhere between 1360 to 1330 B. C. for the exodus, that is to say, some- where around the period of the reign of Pharaoh Tutankhamen, whose tomb has just been discovered by Lord Cat- narvon. The events in Egypt of that epoch are well known. Toward the end of the reign of Amenophis III, who died in 1375 B. C., there was a great move- ment to break away from the domina- tion of the priesthood of Amon, god of Thebes, and to introduce the ideal- istic worship of Aton, a religion close- 1y connected with that of the city of Hellopolis near the modern Cairo. k Kk * In the fourth year of the reign of the next Pharaoh, Amenophis IV, this movement came to a head. This king changed his name to Akhnaton, in- troduced the monothelstic worship of Aton, the all-loving father of all creation, and moved his court to Tell- el-Amarna, in the middle of Egypt, in 1371 B. C. 5 There he reigned thirteen more years, but toward the end of this period he began a persecution of thé priests of Amon and the old gods. He associated Smenkhkara oh the throne with him in 1358 B. C. Tutankhamen then obtained the kingship and brought the court back to Thebes, re- Mawoducing ‘ the -old - gods, but not- l | I | To Interpret Tomb’s Secrets HE world has followed in astonishment the recent archeological revelations at Luxor, Egypt. Scientists have pronounced the dis- coveries the most important of the kind ever made. Already the English- American expedition worl g in the valley of the kings has unearthed millions of dollars’ worth of jewels, ancient art treasures and precious ARTHUR WEIGALL. relics of five thousand years ago. From these finds the trained arch- cologists have deduced startling facts about the civilization and amazing culture of the ancient peo- ples of the world. Arthur Weigall, world renowned Egyptologist, who will report the discoveries in special articles for The Star, already is at Luxor, and is sending cable dispatches from the scene. The accompanying ar- ticle was written before he left London, and a reading of it will give a background of understand- ing which will make possible fuller appreciation of the historical rev- elations which are expected to fol- low opening of the sealed chamber in the tomb of King Tutankha- men. As former inspector general of antiquities of the Egyptian gov- ernment, Mr. Weigall is preem- inently fitted to write on the dis- coveries now being made. The late Theodore Roosevelt said of Mr. Wei- gall: “He is one of those rare men gifted with that supreme quality of seeing the living body through the dry bones and making others see it also. tial facts, added to wide learning.” T wholly abandoning the Aton worship. He was followed after a reign of six or seven years by Pharaoh Ay, who 2lso had leanings toward the Aton Teligion, but this Pharaoh died prob- ably about 1345 B. C. Then came the reactionary Pharaoh Horemheb, who firmly established the 01d polytheism and cleared the coun- try of Aton worshippers, calling them unclean heretics and expunging 'their names from the records. He reigned, it seems, some thirty years, but a few years later the historians of the period began to date his accession from the death of Amenophis III, 1375 B. C. ignoring the intermediate Pharachs who had been connected with the now hated monotheism. Thus we find in the tomb of Mess at Sakkara reference to the fifty-ninth ear of his reign, and in the great list of kings at Abydos he is given as the immediate successor of Amenophis IIL * k kX During the Aton “heresy,” as it came to be called, there had been a general tolerance of forelgn customs, but already under Tutankhamen an attack on the foreigners had begun, and when Horemheb cmae to the throne the Egyptian armies were launched against the Asiatic frontiers and Egypt shook herself free of Semitioc influence. This reactionary “cleansing” of ‘the country was being earried on: just He is a true scholar, not merely accurate, but truthful with the truth, which comes only from insight and broad-minded grasp of essen- about at this period (1345 B. C.), to which Biblican genealogies bring us back as stated above, and it has al- ways seemed probable to me, there- fore, that this is the real date of the exodus. There is another piece of evidenc however, - which . 15 overlooked " by Egyptologists. In his book “Contra Apion” the ancient Jewish historian Josephus quotes a long passange from the now lost works of Manetho, the Egyptian historian who lived in the second century B. C., which gives & native tradition with regard to tho exodus. Until now this passage has been more or less ignored as being legendary and improbable; but I have come to think that it contains the key to the whole problem and is closely in accord with known historical facts. A certain Pharach, Agnophis, says the historian Manetho, wished to hold communion with the gods. He there- fore asked advice of Amenophis, the son of Parls, a wise man, who told him he must first clear the country of all impure persons. Some 80.000 un- clean people, therefore, were collected and sent to certain guarries on the east bank of the Nile that they might be separated from the rest of Egypt, but ne violence was offered them. This wise man, however, saw into the future. He foresaw that these unclean persons would obtain domin- fon over the whole land for thirteen years. This he so dreaded that he committed suicide, leaving-behind-him ‘May Clear Bible Story of Moses and Exodus a letter of warning to the king, who | before the wrath of Mohammed Ali. was much grieved. After a few vears the city of Avaris, 4 ot these polluted people. There they found a leader in the person of a cer- tain priest of Heliopolis, who was none other than Moses. They made a law for themselves that they would not worship the old gods of Egvpt nor reverence the sacred animals. Deciding to open hostilities against the rest of Egypt they invited certain Semetic people to their aid, who came to them in great numbers. The Pharaoh Amenophis was afraid to fight them because he thought that that would be a war against the gods. So he went to Memphis, took the sacred Apis bull from the temple there, sent his little son Rameses, a boy of five, into hiding and marched into Ethiopia, where he lived in exile urder the friendly care of the King { of Ethiopia. { Meanwhile the confederacy of un- | clean Egyptians. Asiatics and the ':'peotfle of Jerusalem" destroyed the | images of the old gods, slaughtered the sacred animals and committed every kind of outrage on orthodoxy. But at length the king returned from Ethiopia, overthrew them and cast them ouf of Egypt Such is Manetho's account. and though the story is confused it is evi- dent to me that it describes the Aton heresy and connects the exodus with that movement. Wise old Amenophis, son of Papis, is a well known historical character who died at the end of the reign of Amenophis 1II. He must have been an enemy of the rising Aton worship, for he was overseer of the sacred cat- tle of Amon and leader of the Amon festival. He certainly was a man whom the king would have consulted, and such a matter as the removal of the multitude would have come with- in the scope of his official work, for he is known to have organized the whole country and particularly to have had the management of all for- eign slaves. How he died we do not know. but that the king took his death to heart is shown by the fact that he per- sonally established the old man’s mor- tuary temple in the thirty-first year of his reign, which is about the time of the rise of the Aton religion. The 80,000 unclean people I take to be heretic Aton worshipers. Their removal to the quarries on the east bank of the Nile corresponds very | strikingly to the historic transference of the whole capital of the heretic king Akjnaton from Thebes to Tel-el- Amarna, a district on the east bank of the river, famous at that date for its quarries, then known as Hotnub. We know from inscriptions in the tomb of Horemheb at Sakkara that Akhnaton allowed the Asiatics to set- tle in Egypt. We know also that the Tel-el-Amarna heresy lasted exactly thirteen vears, as Manetho says, for Akhnaton in one of his inscriptions speaks of it being in the fourth vear Jof his Yeign, and he died in the sev- enteenth. x The persecutions of the orthodox Egyptians is exactly in accordance | with known facts; and it is highly probable that when this persecution became intense toward the end of the fatal thirteen years those who were faithful to the old gods would have been -obliged- to *fly - southward - to in lower Lgypt, was also assigned to{and the sovereign of g 3 EEKING TO CURE MINDS OF - | MEN UNBALANCED BY WAR Veterans’ Bureau Plans Building Up Staff - Of Neuro-Psychiatrists to Cope * With Thousands of Cases. BY BEN McKELWAY, HE problem of rehabilitating and placing in industry the soldier who lost an arm, a leg, ! his eyvesight or suffered the effects of poison gas or disease has been solved by proper legislation. But how to deal with that great army of men—more than a hundred thousand ! —whose inability to adjust them- sclves to war or readjust themselves to peace has caused them mertal| affliction is a question which will con- | tront the country for vears. For this is an army which demobilizes slowl ard which draws fresh recruits e\er‘i' jaa. 11 the asylums and government hos- pitals throughout the country there are approximately 12.000 former sol dlers classed as ineane. In additibn there are 100,000 or so “neuro-psychi- atric cases” whose mental afictions evidence themselves in a score of ways. Lvery day there arc more. And every day, for years to come, there will be more—nfen whose re- sistance to the strain incident to vio- lent changes in their mode of living {becomes exhausted. {""Modern science ~and professional skill combined with a deal of pa- tience and human kindness can re- store these men to health and useful citizenship. Toward this end the Veterans' Bureau has given much thought and study to proper hospital- ization and equipment. But the ulti- mate object can be secured only through a highly efficient professional | personnel. At present there is a! dearth of trained neuro-psychiatrists, and partially to make up this short- | age the Veterans' Bureau inaugurated | a school last week at the CUnited States Government Hospital for the ilnsano which is unique in its student | instruction personnel. © Fifty Physicians Chosen. From hundreds of applications the bureau selected fifty graduate physi- cians as students in the first course, | which will last about four months. | At the end of that time there will be ! as many additional courses as the| {need justifies. These fifty men will | reccive their training at the expense | of the government upon the condi- tion that they serve the government | for two years after their graduation. ! { Their selection was based upon an ability to meet the requirements of proper professional education, serv- | ice in hospitals and a personality | which will lend itself to the delicate work to be performed upon gradu- ation. The instructors have been selected from America’'s most eminent neur- ologists and psychiatrists, men whose | consultation fees alone run above three figures, but who are voluntee irng their services to the governmen {from the members of the staff at St.| Elizabeth's, the medical staffs of the | { Army, Navy, public health service and | the Veterans' Bureau. The main part! ‘o! the course will be given at S Elizabeth's, which offers unusual fa cilities for such work. The students will have avallable for study nearly 4,000 patients and the case histories of more than 20,000 discharged pa- tients. Other public hospitals in Washington will provide clinics in the so-called functional diseases— borderline cases—and the milder types of nervous and psychotic dis- eases. One of the interesting points em- phasized in the selection of the stu-j dents is that they represent the| truest tvpe of American citizen. In| their work with the mentally disabled | jveteran, they not only must minis- Iu-r to his physical and mental defl- ciency, but they must see that he takes his place again in the world imbued with the ideals and appre- clation of the rights of society, which {go into the makeup of a useful citi- Nubia and the borders of Ethiopla, just as the Mamelukes fled thither That the Nubian princes were friendly is known from paintings and Imscr!pl on in the tomb of Huy Tutankhamen’s viceroy in the south. the land of | in that region is there given which is | Maam ithe title of “Good Prince,” unusual. Manetho makes all under one Pharaoh. whom he calls Amenophis. _ Actually they began | under Amenophis I11. but, as is men- tioned above, Horemheb dated his reign from the death of Amenophis. and this may partly explain why Manetho mentions only one king. * ok ok % Manetho states that the King of Egypt was told he must turn out the impure people if he wished to hold converse with the gods. On the great stela of King Tutankhamen at Karnak that monarch tells us that he restored the old temples becayse he had found that the gods would not hold converse with him, which is an interesting corroboration of Manetho's statement. With refer- ence to the mention of the Apis bull it is interesting to note, too, that Tutankhamen is known to have| buried one of these sacred creatures with full honors. This same Pharoah, though he was still linked to some extent with the Aton heresy, made war on the| Asiatics. We read of “that day of | the slaving of the Asiaties” but it| was Horemheb who finally thrust them out of Egypt. (In Exodus XI, 1, and XII, 39, the Israclites are de- scribed as being “thrust out of Egypt.") - Horcemheb's successor, perhaps” his son, was Rameses. the one wWho may Well have been only five vears old,| as Manetho stated. at the time when | his father went into exile. We do not know from the monuments any- thing about this exile, but, as has been said, it is very probable. Horemheb was once loyal to the| heretic Akhnaton, but the persecution begun at the close of that reign— say about 1363 B. C. or so—may have caused him to leave Egypt for a short time. events occur | * ¥k ¥ *x 1t his son (?) Rameses was then five years of age he would have been | fifty-three at the time of his acces- sion in 1315 B. C., which is quite in accord with the known historical facts. 1 think, therefore, that it is clear that Manetho's account of what Josephus calls “the fatal thirteen years” is based on fact and definitely | teen years of the Aton heresy 1 But if he is correct in this it may also be assumed that he is correct in speaking of Moses as being implicated ; in this movement and in regarding ! the exodus of the Isralites as being a forced flight in consequence of this event. 1 Bhe above mentioned Biblical gene-' alogies which give the approximate | date about 1345 B. C. for the exodus | are a strong confirmation of his state-: ment. There is also remarkable simi- larity between the monotheistic re- ligion of Akhnaton, of whose god no sraven image was allowed, and that ! of Moses. And it is a known fact, which is clearly shown in my “Life and Times of Akhnaton” that Akhna- ton’s hymn to Aton and the Biblical hymn to Jehovah now known as the 104th Psalm, are one and the same composition: We know that Akhnaton was very partial to the Asjatics, but that Tu ankbamen made war upon them. Wé {life. and put | told that a foot. advantageo tells the story of the historic thir-) . zen. It is omly through infinite care and patience that the rehabilitation of the mentally afficted veteran can be accomplished, and the Veteran's Bureau fs careful in its selection of the men who must bring it about Learning Latest Methods. In addition to the school at St. Eliza« beth’s, the Veteran's Bureau is oinz forward with & plan to keep-its hospi- tal persommel at the highest eflicienc: A consulting staff of physicians is be- ing selected from speciali: , who, by experience and reputation, seem best qualified for expert service and coun- sel in complicated cases. At least twice a year the heads of the neuro- psychiatric hospitals will gather i their respective districts to hear lec- tures by recognized authorities on ti most modern methods of diagnos | care and treatment of neuro-p: ric conditions. In order hospital physicians infor atest methods, clinics are being estab- lished in each district, which t physiclans will take turnd in attendini: for a period of six weeks. By its plan the bureau hopes to add constantly to its staff of trained physicians, and at the same time enable the graduates to keep in touch with the latest scientific developments in their profession. A 6tudy of the situation has con- vinced the Veterans' Bureau that the care of the neuro-psychiatric cases i its gravest proble: The number diminishes slowly. New cases,appe daily and will continue to appear for years, while mien apparently cured ed on | suffer break-downs w®%h bring then again under the government's carc Causes of Breakdown. In the opinion of one expert work, perhaps half of the Yot ber of veterans suffering mental di orders of one kind or another, br down under shell firc. The other half owe their deficiency to an inability to readjust themselvés Any case is typical. Here man who, perhaps, had been a before the war. He was snatched out of civilian lifc, a peaceful uncventful into the Army. He wa given a rific and taught to kill. Bvery time he thrust his bayonet into dummy on the drill groun was told to twist it. to grow! whilc twisted it an to curse when he pu it out. He was taught to aim at the 1 num- was 2 { throat. to thrust upward, to withdraw He was 1y placed on the face or body of a fallen foe, aided in the withdrawal of a bayonct His whole nature, trained from youth to construct. was taught to destroy Some of them broke down before they hear riflefire. Others collapsed when they reached the firing line But there are thousands who werc apparently normal until they faced the change from war to peace. They found conditions at home were not what they had known before, expected to'find. The emotion: ulant which carried them through the hardships of war, left them flat, un- prepared to fight the new battles of peace. The effects vary with a hard pull downward Some have become hopelessly insanc. All that kind government cari do is to provide them with food and a comfortable place to live until a merciful death takes them away. Others have lost their power of telf restraint and an ap- preciation of the rights society. Others have developed curious men- tal “twists” which prevent their nor- mal participation In the order of things. Still others—perhaps in the - majority—develop physical ailments which exist only in their imagina- tions, but from which they suffer in grim reality. These men have earned sacrifice their places in s of heroic And by rciety. it is the aim of the bureau. and the - - government behind it, to put them back. also know from the famous Tel Amarna letters that toward the end of the heretic period the wandering Hebrew tribes were pushing into Palestine—the forerunners of the great invasion which followed the ex- odus. Tt is again well known tra- dition that Moses was educated in Heliopolis and the Aton worship is known to have originated in that city. Tutankhamen telis us in the Karnak inscription that he conducted great building operations and made exten- sive employment of foreign slaves, which corresponds to the Biblical count of the brickmaking and task- masters. With reference to the death of the first born in Egypt, including the son of Pharaoh, as told in Exodus. it may be mentioned that none of the four heretic Pharaohs was succeeded by a son. In the case of Tutankhamen there is a letter extant by a Hittite king asking the Pharaoh's widow how it is that she has no son. Nor is it certain that Rameses 1 was really the son of Horemheb. He may have been adopted. * x I am satisfied, Manetho's story. thought nonsense. fairly correct acc Aton heresy, so, alsc correct in saying that through this wonderful then, that just as which has been ctually a ve of the great he is probably Moses lived period a unt | Egyptian- history and had somcthing to do with the monotheistic move- ment which revealed God for the first time in human history as the loving Father of all mankind The Pharaoh of oppressio who wrote “I know not Joseph.,” was thus this very Tutankhamen whose tomb after a lapse of more than 3.000 vears, has been found. He or Horem- heb was the Pharaoh whose host was drowned in the Red sea (He him- self was not drowned, as the Hymn of Moses, given in Exodus XV, plainiy tells. In the tomb of Tutankhamen several sealed documents were found. which are soon to be examined and recad by the great English Egyptologist, Di Alan Gardiner. Are we on the eve of a great discovery which will throw Jight on this fascinating problem Will they contain evidence which wil prove that Manetho's long-ignored Statement is more or less correct, as T pelleve it to be? t any rate, all the well known evi- dences have been set out in the above lines and the reader will, thercrere, be able to judge for himseif as to the probability of my contention, that the Pharaoh who lies, as we suppose, be- hind that sealed door in the recenty discovered tomb and into whose face we probably will gaze in a few days’ time i the Pharaoh of oppression. whose death is recorded the chapter of Exodus. (Copy-ight, 1 —e—————— G. 0. P. TREASURY 0. K. . Announcement of Million in Debts Paid Follows Conference. Finances of the republican national committee are reported to be in sat- isfactory condition, following a con- ference of leaders, consisting of Chaiman_John T. Adams, Secretary of War Weeks and former Chairman Will H. Hays In the past eighteen months the committee has paid off $1,000,000 of the debt imcurred in the last cam paign, leaving a balance due of ap- proximately $550,000. Of this sum one-halt is practically arranged for and the balance will be raised within six months, Tt is also said that the committce is confident of getting in_ due time safficient funds to carry on the next national’ convention. tn »