Evening Star Newspaper, March 19, 1922, Page 43

- THE. SUNDAY STAR. WASHINGTON, D. MAi{CH 19, 1922—PART 2.~ 8! FIUME SITUATION CRITICAL; MAY YET END IN STRUGGLE| | Some Definite Settlement Necessary if Dead Adriatic Revives—Croat-Slovene Stand a Menace. BY OLIVER OWEN KUH YING at the head of the beau- tiful Quarnero is a symbol of the utter futility of modern- day statesmen attempting to| prescribe panaceas for oll-world re- construction in the face of everlast-| frg suspicion and desire on the part! of peoples themselves, There lies Fiume, beantifal in its physical aspects, but with its neart| stilled by the shifting currents of | conflict. physical and political. Just as it at one time seemed predestined to become the pivot of the ephocal! struggle between Austria and Italy, Jjust so it today, after more than three vears of strife, seems destined to fire the passions_of Serbia and Italy. To- day, on the part of Serbia at least, these passions are fired. Cooler heads of Italy have kept tac great fire of patriotic fervor itinted by d'Annunzio in Wiume from sweeping Ttaly into a struggle popular in chy acter but entirely unwise from #he standpoint of after-the-war progress and influence. RAPALLO TREATY HAS NEVER BEEN POPULAR. { There can be littie use In disguis- ing the real situation at Fiume. That fervid, patriotic fever which swept through all Ttaly at the mere men- tion of the name Fiume during the days of the Paris peace confer: has not died, though it has baen con- trolled since the days of d'Annunzio’s mad ride into Fiume, whers he es- tablished a movernment that capiiu- lated only upon the strongest repre- | sentations of the government in Rome. 1 stated two years ago, after weeks of investigation in Fiume and its en- virons, that this patriotic fervor| whieh held sway in the breasts of Ttalians in Fiume would never die, and that demands for annexation of Fiume to Ttaly would continue to live | until the day when the eity actaall became a_part of the kingdom. That! i more 1 ifest in becomes t of more recont events. - treaty of Rapallo. entered into government and the rever been popular.| or Jugostavia. To| ¥s has meant th> i of Fiume, even though Italian infiu- ence might be predominant. To Jugo- slavia the treaty likewise has pre- cluded Jugosiavian domination of this port upon _which Jugoslavian hopes of wide expansion were bascd Governments concerncd have boen passive, bLut peoples restive. The eparate government idea for Fiume proven a f : vernment has i, one of d'Annunz ume iy ' thoume the KoV, doubtadly will restore order in maintain| rospect for the troaty of Rapalio. § This determination bus been demon- strated within the forty-eight | hours, @ corps of Italian soldiers Testin, Trieste haviag been ordered to move on and occupy Fiume until a stable gov- ernment is established there. and that Ttaly be no: embroigied with the Ser- mechanitions | that trave & me ques- tion. it wou'c vrising to lear not he in the spon that th is the direct that the Sert planned a led con tific: pation clude such moves, least. 1 VR The Fiume question is concerningj all Ttaly. as it did in the days imme- ately after the war. Italy recognizes, and so does Jugosiavia, that the cities and ports of the Adriatic must vemain dead, mere specters of their former flourishing selves, until there is something more concrete. some- thing more tangible than the terms of the treaty of Rapallo upon which to work. KEY TO SETTLEMENT. OF ADRIATIC PROBLEM. The Adriatic question never will be | setiled until there is definite future for Flume. Fiume must either be| Tialian or it must be Jugoslav in character. Present indefinite condi- tions cannot prevail. As long as the Ttalian irregulars control the city, as long as the Serbians maintain armies on the ridges back of Fiume ever ready to swoop down in case of cmergency, with tension prevailing as it does on both sides, the peace of for the present at} | been | etal i fluence And to cnlightened European stte men this means that the peace of tus greater part of Furope is at stake, for there arc so many entangling in- fluences bound up in Balkan politics that war means embarrassment for practically every country in Lurope. The whole Fiume question ix not merely a political one, not one predi- cated strictly upon selfish desire. In { the, hearts dnd minds of a great sec- tion of the Italian people acquisition means sentimental reunion of .this wonderful old city to the motherland. To_ Jugoslavia it means guarantees of commercial advancement and pos- sible eventual control of the greater | part of the commercial outlets in the Adratic. Though the situation at the moment may not seem serious, in fact it is. and as long as the desires of both peoples remain as they do, then Fiume will remain the stormy petrel of southeastern KEurope's politics. E BIG FACTOR FUTURE SETTLEME! 0 IN ., problem and in the end it may make the disposition of Fiume even more problematical than at the moment. That is the constantly growing friction of that part of Croatia and Slavonia which lies to the east of Fiume. These sections, more Euro- pean in character than the rest of the state of Jugoslavia, and it must Le adimitted, with no disrespect to %2 Serbs, more advanced cconomical- 1y, gocially and politically, are grow- ing weary of the burdens that have placed upon their soldiers by Belgrade. liver have the people here been loath to accept Serbian domina- tion wholeheartedly, in view of the increasingly harsh demands that have been made upon this section of the kingdom. . In proportion to the measure of enlightenment and advancement fas been reconstruction following the r, and advices reaching Washing- ton indicate t the greater portion of the productive wealth of the kingdom is coming from the Croats and_Sloven hills and into the hinterland. travers- ng both Italian bian military res and talki the picturesque lovene peasants, village n and officials, even then was a spirit of quict rebellion t Serbian rule. *liven with old suspicion of Italy ingrained in_their hearts and minds by the old Haps- burz monarchial rule and domina- tion, there vet prevailed in the minds and hearts of these people preference to Italy when it me to a choice against Serbian rule. Since that time, with the tension in Fiume fanned by untoward events, with the Serbian domination more firmly implanted, the movement for an_autonomou: state of Croatia and Slavonia has grown until today full independence is even advocated. FIUME MIGHT BE CENTER OF CONFLICT. Should there come an outbreak, se- cessionist or otherwise, on the part of the so far patient Croats and Slo- venes, then Fiume will become a cen- ter of conflict, for jhe tremendous Serbian armies lic ready to strike in any direction. Fiume might be ex- peeted to become the seaport for any niovement directed against tho Ser- bian government. With Italian con- trol, though it be unrecognized by the government in Rome, there cer- tainly would come assistance to the Croats in their movement in a gen- effort to suppress Serbian in- in the nmnorthern reaches of the Jugosiav kingdom. Such action, it be disavowed in Rome.] s Serbiaus to renounce the treaty of Papallo and, with an army which ivals in size that of France, move against Fiume. This undoubtedly would mezn war, even though war is not desired by Rome as a means of settling the vexatious gquestions that have arisen in Adriatic settle- ments. But in the chancellories of Furope there always has been talk of just such contingency in case the Croats and Slovenes should strike against the bonds which Belgrade continues to tie about them and which are daily becoming more ob- jectionable. With Italian control of Fiume or jurisdiction by a Croat-Slovene state or joint control of Fiume under talian influence the future of Fiume might rest secure, and it is generally believed that until some such situa- tion comes to pass the Fiume ques- tion cver will remain one yet to be solved. Jugoslav control of the port, except that wrought by the sheer force of arms, never will be consent- ed to. And In any consideration of the question the emotions and pas- sionts of millions of people must be taken into consideration and conclu- sions not predicated upon paper de- crees and decisions of governments, which always are susceptible to overthrow, owing to backwashes of po- tho Balkans will remain at stake. Urges Housing Inquiry Caution To the Editor of The Star: z Every one is willing to admit that | the housing problem is a serious one and that every honest endeavor to bring about a satisfactory solu- tion of the complex situation should be commended and encouraged by every good cltizen. It would be most.unfortunate, however, if, in the effort to find a solution to the prob- lem, our lawmaking body should be encouraged in the enactment of legislative measures that would blast the roots of property rights, guar- anteed under the Constitution. The interest manifested by Secre- tary Toover and Semator King in Jocal conditions relative to the sub- ject is indeed commendablc, and the suggestion for the appointment of a committee to investigate housing conditions in tho District of Colum-! Dbia should be complled with at once, and undoubtedly will be, as pres- ently indicated. Tf this committee is composed of able and right-think- ing men the public need have no fear of their findings and recom- inendations, and may reasonably ex- pect suggestions that will be both corrective and constructive. The chief factors—land valuations, labor and materlal entering into construc- Nen costs, return on investment and avafiabtlity of money—will, in the long run. under supply and demand principles, ‘work themselves out sat- isfactorily. The danger lies in trying to force by legislation these inexora- ble economic fundamentals and mold a_structure built upon false princi- ples and inevitably doomed to de- struction because of {ts fundamental weaknesses. The question ef taxation offers the litical tides. most fertile field for digging pitfalls for the unwary. Suggestions are being presented to the public in vocal | utterances and press articles on this subject of taxation that if enacted | into law would bring to pass a state | 80 chaotic and destructive of prop-{ erty rights that only repeal could | correct. Some of these suggestions | are nothing more or less than “single i tax” {deas dressed up in seductive garb to fool the small home owner and offering & sop to the prospective home buflder by an ingenuous offer- ing of relief from the burden of tax-: ation lulling them to sleep, as it} were, to the effect of a fundamentally false principle. The owners of unimproved land are bsing held up to the public as “land ! hogs™ and enémies to the public wel- fare. Now. how much of this is true?; There are several ways that men be- come possessed of land—by purchase, gift and inheritance—and the rea- sons for holding in an unimproved ! state are various. It may be safely | stated that there be few of the genus “land hog,” whom we interpret as being an owner of unimproved land who sits back in complacency and re- fuses to sell or improve, though he may be well able to do so, and who deliberately blocks the growth .and development of the section in which his land may lie, in the hope of re- ceiving an unearned increment in value by reason of the activity and progressiveness of his fellow-citizens. There never was a more fallaclous theory than, that which reasons thar by placing a high tax upon land, owners would be compelled to build thereon, and every one would soon be well housed and happy. One does not have to go very deeply into the subject to pluck this bubble of false optimism. No city was ever made to grow and de- velop by the majesty of the law rising up in the midst of undeveloped territory and saying to the owners thereof, *Thua shalt build or thy land shall be taken from thee.” That is in essence what the single-tax idea means. Develop- ment can only be had where the under- z‘:t‘ principles are sound. There must be the demand; second, the avail- ability of funds, and a reasonable ex- | | | | 5 1 One factor enters into the Fiume “When 1 traveled over the Balkan! BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following Is a brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended March 18: - “The British Empire.—A lockout of a million men in the engineering and shipbuilding trades began on March 11. Some 20,000 people listened to Michael Col- lins, speaking at Cork on the 12th on behalf of the Free State; small bands of young ex- l tremists of the republican army made them- selves obnoxious by firing revolvers, jeering, yelling “Traitor!” and like behavior, until at last the crowd thrashed them soundly for their pains. The dangerous situation in Limerick has been ended hy an agreement of both the in- vading mutineers of the Irish republican army and the republican army troops loyal to the provisinoal Free State government, to evacu- ate the town. Whither the mutineers propose to hetake themselves, what course of future action they contemplate, is not disclosed. The whole affseir has a singular goidelic bouquel Two sets of Irish envoys, the one repre- senting the Free State, the other De Valera's faction, are on their way to the United State; to plead their respective causes. Since Fe ruary 11, twenty-two Catholics and twenty- seven Protestants have been killed in Belfast. Mr. Griffith. president of the dail eireann, is- _sued an order forbidding the holding of the proposed convention of the Irish republican wrmy on March 26. He discovered a plot of extremists to seize control of the army through the proposed convention. £ ¥k % One of the ugliest strikes in the entire his- tory of strikes, that in the Rand mining region (Transvaal, Union of South Africa) reached a climax in the week just ended. The strike began in November among the coal miners, and later spread to the iron and gold mines. The business is mysterious. At first a demand was made for participation of the workers in the management. The demand was granted: the workers should have elected representa- tives on the board of managers. .The conces- slon apparently turned the strikers’ heads. Not enough. They must have entire manage- ment; the Jtalian metallurgic strike over again. - Bolshevist inspiration and guidance, people said: then a large gathering of strikers. (the strikers are mostly Dutch) petitioned the parliament at Pretoria to declare a republic in place of the Union of South Africa. Appar- ently it is a combination bolshevist-national- ist affair. For several days the strikers (as- sisted by some mounted-commandos of “un- reconstructed” Boers from the outlying veldt) did furious battle with the police. Martial law was proclaimed. The casualtics were in the hundreds. The police, assisted by some loyal comman- dos (volunteer detachments) and a few state troops, fought valiantly against overwhelm- ing odds, but it was evident that, unless help should come, they must, in the end, be anni- hilated. Help came. Adequate government forces converged on the Rand region. and on arrival quickly got in hand the situation, which should be completely pacified within a short time. Bombing airplanes proved especially useful to the government, dealing death among the strikers and dropping food and ammunition for beleaguered groups of loval fighters. * % k% Gandhi, the leader of the mon-co-operation movement in India, has been imprisoned by order of the India government, charged wlith sedition. He will plead guilty. The govern- ment was in an ineffable quandary as to what to do with Gandhl It knows that it is kittle dealing with such as Gandhi, for, a saint or hypocrite (British opinlon is about equally divided on the question), Gandhi {s regarded by millions upon millions of Hindus as pure saint. (“Mahatma” is the Indian appellation, our “saint” with a difference.) More and more alarming reports keep com- ing in from presumably competent witnesses in India. We have been led to belleve that, despite Gandhi, the natives of India have re- ceived the Prince of Wales with touching en- thusiasm. It is now alleged that there was pectation of return, if the development be for investment. “In the investigation that is about to be launched let us hope for suggestions for relicf, but let us also beware of the pitfalls. ' “The simple believeth every Word; but the prudent man looketh weil fo his going.”~ FRANK P. LEETCH. Control of House Campaign Stake| (Continued from First Page.) It repealed war-time taxes, includ- ; ing the transportation tax. | In addition, it reduced the funded nothing spontaneous or sincere in the accla- matlons: that the whole thing was claborately staged-managed, & crowd of respectable di- mensious being sharked up and instructed ior cach oceasion. The prince's tour s now at end, to the great rellef, it is said, of his family, the British government and the central and provincial governments of India. The latter can now got down to business—very lmportant business. As the prince the other day was visiting Malukand pass (betwen northwest India and Afghanistan) two Pathan tribes of the vicinity, were having a jolly little fight. They knocked: off to see the prince and then went at It again. There 1s much speculation as to who shall be Mr. Montagu's successor as secretary of state for India. Winston Churchill has been spoken of. The cholee will probably he some one (unlike Mr. Montagu) by birth in the right line of British Imperlalist tradition. Lord Derby has refused the offer of the post. * x ¥ Egypt.—On March 15 the Sultan of Tgypt. Ahmed Fuad Pasha, issued a rescript, declar- ing Bgypt an independent and sovereign state, with himself as king thereof—King Fuad. Lord Allenby called upon hix majesty and of- fered congratulations, and guns boomed throughout the kingdom. The king sent a let- ter of thanks to the British nation. 1t is to be well noted, however, that British renunclation of the protectorate and continued recognition of Egyptian independence and sov- erelgnty are conditional upon prompt a plishment of a treaty embodying the tions laid down in Lloyd George's ihe commons several weeks ago. Whether Britlsh magnanimity in postponing the treaty to recognition of kgyptian independence wiil have Its reward remains to be seen. Prac- tically, so far as British relations with Egypt are comcerned, tho status quo will continue until signature of a treaty satisfactory to Great Britain. * ok ok ok Austria—~On March 16 the Senate unan- imously passed a resolution authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to postpone for a perfod not to exceed twenty-five years payv- ment of principal and Interest of Austria’'s debt for flour purchased from the United States Grain Corporation and to release, in whole or in part, as his judgment may dictate, Austria's assets pledged for payment. The authorization s conditional upen simflar action by “substantially all other” nations to which Austria is in debt. As substantially all of these nations have declared their willingness to take such action should the United States do %o, presumably the Ter Meulen scheme will at once be put in operation for Austria’s benefit; there should be bonfires in Vienna. The Austrian debt to us is $24,000,000. It was secured by a lien on Austrian state assets and revenues; the latter may now be used for securing a new loan. The chlef remark to he made upon this res lution is that it should have been passed man months ago, thereby saving much mortality and misery. AR United States of America—The reader will please note that the following treatment of a delicate matter is provisional and tentative. The rcparations commission has in possession German gold marks approximately totaling the value of $300,000,000. The finance ministers of the great allies met at Paris the other day to divide up this sum among their governments. To their pained surprise, Mr. Boyden, the Tnited States “unofficial” representative on the reparations commission, submitted to them the following memorandum have received a cable from Washington instructing me to in- form you that the costs of the American armies of occupation up to May 1, 1921, amount to ap- proximately $241,000,000. ' The' allied govern- ments, with the possible exception of Great Britain, have received the whole of thelr costs of occupation up to that date, and apparently the expenditure for the Britlsh army will be met by the present arrangement. Taking these facts into consideration, the government of the United States counts on obtaining the total payment of the costs of its army of occu- pation with Interest dus to May 1, 1921, before any part of the Germany payments shall be distributed for reparations or for any other purpose. ? Union With Canada. NEWFOUNDLAND IS OLDEST OF ALL BRITISH COLONIES |Pride in This Seniority Among the Lion’s Cubs Probably Permanent Bar to The Story the Week Has Told. “With respect to current costs, I'have re- ceived Instructions to declare that the gov- ernment of the United. States will demand their payment. but that if it recelves assurance of payment, it does not forsee difficulties in arranging practical delays within which pay- ments may be made.” Recovering consciousness, the finance min- isters drew up an agreement, “in principle, dividing the ‘aforementioned marks among themselves, but, in practice, making disposi- tion thereof dependent on negotiations be- tween the ullied governments und that of the United States, through an added clause read- ing: “This arrangement is made subject to the rights of the United States.” The statement is made in allied newspapers that, contrary to the allegation in Mr. Boyden's memorandum, the German gold is insufiicient completely to satisty allled claims for occupational costs up to May 1, 1921, Ly some 275,000,000 gold marks. it is to be noted that the greater part of the costs of the allled armies of occupation up to May 1. 1921, has been paid in ships or in kind (i. e, materials or manufactured pro- ducts). and that the finance ministers propose that the 275,000,000 marks, above mentioned, and allied occupational costs frem May 1, 1921, to the end of 1922, be repaid in Kind. They would like to turn over to Belgium (who has priority) what remains due of the ,000,000 gold marks cash ($180,000,000) re- quired from Germany in 1922 upon the gen- cral reparational account. Now the United States may insist upon full payment in gold, or may accept (lfke the allies; part payment in kind (most unlikely), insisting on her share of the cash, or on condition of formal acknowl- edgement of her claim, may postpone satisfac- tion therof; may, Indeed, do any one of a number of things. Rumor ham it that our government will pursue the lastly named course; that of post- ponement Of course, the responsible allied authorities never dreamed of questioning cquality of American with allled rights (as ablished by the armistice terms and the Versallles treaty and re-affirmed in the Berlin but formal acknowledgzement was ndicated.” Mr. Boyden's note may have seemed a trifle Dbrusque, but that will soon be forgotten when the kindness of the American heart is again in evidence. The Incident, however (per- haps the chief news feature of the week), can- not be considered closed until Mr. Hughes offictally makes clear the precise intentions i our government. * ok ok ok Little hope 1s entertalned of averting a strike of the unionized miners throughout the country, in both the bituminous and an- thracite fields, on April 1. The strikes In the textile mills of New Hampshire and Rhode Island continue, with prospects of a general settlement little, if any, improved. The House ways and means committee has reported to the House the bonus bill with the twenty-year certlficate provision. In coneequence of our government's declina- tion of the invitation to Genoa, Le Temps proposes that the European nations unite in refusal to buy anything from nations with igh exchange. (That means us). * % ok K Miscelleanous—Albanta is in a condition of anarchy. On March 11 Premier Gounaris of Greece was refused a “vote of confidence.” He and his cabinet therefore resigned. He had just returned from a trip to London, Paris and Rome in the interest of Greece. The as- sembly, it seems, was not satisfied with the results. However, Stratos, invited to form a new cabinet, having failed, Gounaris formed a new cabinet. March s the date last set for the im- portant_mceting of the foreign ministers of Great Britain, France and Italy to discuss near and middle east questions. Missions from both the Constantinople and Angora govern- ments are in London bringing pressure to bear toward revision of the treaty of Sevres. Gen. Semenov, Inke Semenov of Mongolla, Ataman of Cossacks, prince of bandits, of lovers, master of ‘“squeese,” head of the league of unspoiled nations, incomparable sol- dier, statesman and patriot, has arrived in Canada, and hopes to be allowed tolenter the Tnited States to obtain funds wherewlith to repair his fortunes and enable him to resume his role of hero. A considerable revolt of natives is reported " to have broken out in Tripoll (Italian subject territory). rolling, timbered interior. Along a number of the atreams are fertile val- leys in which agriculture and stock- ralsing flourish. 400 Years of Fishing. “In late years mining, stock-raising, he manufacture of wood-pulp and newsprint paper and a number of other industries have been developed in Newfoundland, but throughout its more than 400 years of history the central story of the island might be told in one word—fish. Boston and Massachusetts have felt deeply in- debted to their ‘sacred cod,’ but, after all, that important creature came from the Newfoundland banks; and however valuable it has been to New England, it has meant much more to Newfoundland and_ through New- foundiand to Great Britain. “A good case even could bs made * | America, the section of education of debt $2,000,000,000 and the floating debt $700,000,000. TUnder this administration this re- public is the only country in the world that has not only balanced its budget, but has reduced its debt since the war. It authorized the funding of the forelgn debt of $11,000,000,000, 5o that it can be put in form to be financed and allay further agitation for its cancellation. It has taken steps to recall our armies from Europe and to collect the cost of occupation on the Rhl:;‘a. This Congress, responding to the sufferMg of agriculture by & too rapid liquidation, enacted a con- structive program, including agri- ltural production, S¥bort aid act: exiension of credit through farm loan banks, anti-pack- ers’ legislation, anti-grain-gambling legislation, _co-operative marketing law, - agricultural inquiry ~commis- sion, emergency tarift until the per- manent tariff_bill can be enacted, and the President’s agricultufal con- ference advanced the interest in this basic industry. TO ASK PEOPLE'S VERDICT ON RECORD PRESENTED. In addition to progress on tariff legislation this Congress further re- stricted immigration to aveld In- creasing unemployment made achte by the operation of war. The highway or good roads bill, authorizing the expenditure of 376,- 000,000 on federal aid to road con- struction, will not only assist agri- culture, but will _greatly reduce the unemployment. The President's un- employment conference organized the machinery to assist in caring for this result of the war. 3 This Congress created the Veterans' Bureau, which has now under its di- rection 751,000 cases of soldier lfllhnl. It enacted the postal employes’ com- | pensation measure, touching a service for which more thun a half billion dollars a year is spen It enacted the maternity bill ur- gently requested by the women of the country. ‘This Congress has established a record, measured either by amount of work, number of people affected, or in_acuteness of problems to be solved. Upon this record the republicans will go to the people for their ver- dict, mindful that it is not partisan tall or fault-findings of interested parties when the shoe pinches in March, but the votes of the people in November, that count. X 3 A Sad Blow. ¥rom the Boston Transcript. The Newlyweds have a home in the suburbs ‘and Mrs. N. was relating ber disappointment with her garden to a sympathetic caller. “We did hope to bave luck with our tomatoes” she said, “but even those failed us. “Whet was the trouble.” “You know there are several kinds of tomatoes and we thought we had planted the red kind, and now those horrid old tomato bushes are just cov- ered with the green ones, which we don’t want st all, as We never pat pickles.” marketing and l Renewed discussion by the neigh- bors of the United States to the north of the désirability of Newfoundland's becoming a part of the Dominion of Canada raises a point upon which probably many Americans are hazy— that there are two distinct British realms, not one, in the portion of North America above the Canadian border. Newfoundland and its rela- tions to Canada are brought out in the following bulletin from the Washington headquarters of the Na- tional Geographic Society. “Sentiment plays its part In history and historic geography,” says the bulletin, “and the fact that New- foundland has insisted on standing alone while all the other British pos- sessions of North America have united to form the Dominion of Canada is probably partly due to the pride that Newfoundlandeérs have always had in being able to boast that theirs is ‘the senior British colony’—the first of the children of the motherland to make its home beyond the seas. Dates Back to 17th Century. “Newfoundland had its settlements as early as the seventeenth century and was 2 full-fledged British colony with a governor when Canada was New France, South Africa was in the hands of the Dutch, and not a single white settler had landed in Australia) “Newfoundland has a geographical position of great importance, for it largely blocks the broad gulf into which the St. Lawrence river widens, and which forms Canada’s front door, from Europe. Moreover, Newfound- land is the closest part of North America to the British Isles, being only 1640 miles from Ireland. It is natural that the first trans-Atlantic cable should have been laid to the shores of Newfoundland In 1858 and that out of seventeen cables now crossing the north Atlantic eleven first touch American soil either on Newfoundland or its neighboring jslets. And when in 1919 aeroplanes finally conquered the Atlantic it was from Newfoundland that both the American and the British machines took off. “Newfoudland has an area of more than 42,000 square miles and is there- fore practically half the size of Great Britain. Excepting only Cuba, which barely exceeds it in size, it is the largest island of the western hemi- sphere outside polar waters. With its cliffs of brown stone rising 200 to 300 feet, broken here and there by deep fjords and bays, Newfoundland has a bleak and barren \appearance which belies conditions in many parts of the Behold one cast in nature’ "Midst rocks and tempests, Of commén birth—if birth Or from the threat’ning cl Can any good come out of Doth the rude stall the Pr * * * Chevy Chase, Md. LINCOLN s rddest mold; Angular, loose-limbed, cavernous of face. Yet through that mask, and setting it aglow With warmth and sweetness, and a noble Shines the great soul that steered our Ship of State, grace, safely into port. can e’er be common— Reared "mong the rough and rugged things of life; Yet bearing forth a nature full of grace! { So life its wondrous marvels still performs: As from the dark, drear soil the lilies grow, - * , * * ouds the rainbow breaks. Nazareth! ince of Peace enshrine! Thus men deceive themselves, and blindly seek The royal soul in palace halls alone; Forgetting man’s are not the ways of God. * * Thus came the Christ—nor would men first believe. So Lincoln rose—America’s noblest son. - WILLIAM R. HARR. for the cod as a claimant for a place on the British coat-of-arms, for that lowly fish in a way lald the found: tion of the world-wide British em- pire. Before the discovery of New- foundland Britishers were of little impertance as wealth of codfl finding of the island disclosed imm diately drew the men of the British Isles out of their insularity. “The next year after the discovery —1498—a fleet of Devon fishermen crossed the Atlantic and returned laden with fish, and from that time on for centuries the annual crossing and recrossing of the Atlantic took place. The British kings looked upon the voyages of thousands of men to and from Newfoundland as the best kind of training for seamen, and delib- erately discouraged the settlement of the island in order to perpetuate the fishing from a British base. Great Britain quickly became a seafaring nation; the navy grew, and with its growth the British empire spread around the world. Likened to Canada. “The Newfoundland of today has a government in general somewhat like that of Canada. It is not a crown colony, but a self-governing, responsible colony with a governor gceneral appointed by the British king, a premier and a parliament of two houses. “Its educational system is unique. Neither the central government nor political divisions maintain public schools. Instead, religious denomina- tions have charge of schools in pro- portion to their membership, and funds are furnished to these schools by the government. Practically the only unifying activities of the gov- ernment are in the laying out of stud- ies and in the giving of examin: at stated periods.” Never Mudbound In the Shenandoah To the Editor of The Star: ' Located on a fruit farm in the Shenandoah valley two miles south- west of Staunton, Va., I beg to take exception to several articles of re- cent date regarding the mud-bound conditions existing in this state. We are far from being mud-bound in this most beautiful section cf Vir- ginia—no war-timo rationing of food- stuffs—doctors a-plenty—regular mail service—autos _in great numbers Not one day this season with more or less snow, rain and hail have road conditions prevented me from going to and fro in my machine. From our farm. it is possible to travel #5 much as 100 miles northeast, fifty miles southwest and many miles in cther directions without using anx- thing but the best of macadam roads. 1 Sympathize with my friends in Washington who are In such a sorry plight living in fine homes and the best sections of the city surrounded by mud oconditions far worse than those we have had to deal with in the Seautiful Shenandoah valley. 1 hope i ta establish a better this will serve to e Sohed understanding as to xistis this section of Virginia. existing In G ROL K. MORRISON. BY BEN McKELWAY. Y ‘arranging and supervising 4@ constant exchange of stu- dents and teachers between the United States and Latin | | the Pan-American Union hopes to de- velop the relation of m common un- | gerstanding between the two conti- Inents which should draw them closer together, commercially and intellec- tually. Under the direction of Dr. Francisco J. Yanes, assistant director of the Pan-American Union, this sec- tion is carrying forward a work which will Increase In its importance as it is better understood here and In Latin America. The primary function of the section is to act as a sort of clearing house for all educational activities which bring together by a common interest the United States and Latin America. And one of the most important phases of this work is stimulating a steady stream of teachers and students be- tween the United States and the other American republics. While it has yet to reach its goal, the educa- tional section of the Pan-American Unlon hopes to become ultimately the agency through which all visits of Latin American students to the United States, and vice versa, will be ar- ranged. EMPLOYMENT BURECAU PART OF SERVICE RENDERED. And in connection with this duty, the fection 1s endeavoring to play the part of an international employ- ment bureau, able to supply Latin American schools with teachers from the United States, and schools in this country with Latin American teach- ers. The result of this policy is ob- vious. Latin American students vis- iting the United States at once in- spire an interest hers in the coun- tries they represent, and at the same time acquire a knowledge of the United States which they carry back with them. . Again, the Latin Ameri- can teacher in the United States, or the Yankee school teacher in Latin America, has a great opportunity for kindling an interest in his native land among his pupils: teaching them that the United States and Latin America mean something more than an interestingly colored map in the back of the geography text. Indicating the groeving interest in the work of the section of education, Ar- 114 students—twenty-one from gentina, six from Bolivia, ten from Brazil, four from Chile, nine from Colombia, one from Costa Rica, twelve from Cuba, two from the Dominican Republic, two from Ecuador. three from Guatemala, two from Honduras, seven from Mexico, two from Panama, eleven from Peru, two from Salvador, two from Uruguay and four from Venezuela—consulted the section last year on various subjects relative to obtaining an education in the United States. Fifteen of the students were offered free tultion here. The sec- tion has arranged for admission of a number of Latin American students in United States institutions, with free scholarships provided for some of them. ONLY FRACTIONAL NUMBER PLACED BY BUREAU. In addition to the students men- tioned, twenty-one teachers in Latin America applied for positions in this country, eleven of whom wished to carry on;their studies while teaching. Places were found for a number. Dr. Yanes points out that this num- ber may be small, and is small in com- parison to the total number of His- panic-American students in this coun- try, some of whom come here on the ; personal_recommendation of friends, or the Y. M. C. A's committee én| friendly relations among foreign stu- | dents, or those who are sent here to study by their home governments and institutions. The fact that so large a number of Spanish American students and teachers come to the United States without taking advantage of the services offered by the Pan-Amer- ican Union is attributed by Dr. Yanes | to their ignorance concerning the edu- ! cational work of the union. | Many Latin American students have | come to the United States to enter school, only to be unsuccessful in ob- taining what they hoped for in the way of instruction and to return dis- appolinted and unfortunately impress- ed with conditions in the United EASES WAY FOR STUDENTS . FROM THE LATIN NATIONS Education Section of the Pan-American Union Trying to Bring About Closer - Intellectual Relations. States. The Pan American Union's educational section hopes to prevent this by arranging for them before- [ Which, with its present facili- t is able to do. Last vear fourteen students in the United States who desired to visit Latin America were ser through the Pan-American Union’s cducatibn- al section. pplications were receiv- ed from foriy-six Amerfcan teachers for poritions” ae instructors in Latin America, twenty-three of whom we: recommended the section to va- c by rious republics. NECESSITATES CARRYING ON ADVERTISING CAMPATIGN. The section is systematlcally adver- tising its work in the United Sta and in Latin America in order to reach more students and teachers in both continents. More than a thou- sand communications to individuals, governments and educational Instity tions were sent out last year in add tion to 1,700 circular letters. In the, bulletin of the Pan-American Unions © an offer of the section’s services to' students, parents and educational in- stitutions was published and reprint- ed by several South American papersy A commitice of teachers was organ- ized in Havana, following a plan out lined by the section, to aid teach and students coming to the Unite States. The section also communicat ed with the various state depart- ments of education, recommending the employment of Latin Amecricuns as Spanish teachers in this country, and a similar recommendation was com- municated to several Latin American governments for the employment of teachers from the United States. During the coming year the section will prepare and send to the Latir American press a series of articles on education in the United States, th different branches of study. admission requirements and other informati It willy supply educational publi tions in the United States with mono graphs on education in Latin Americ and studies which may be pursucd there, in order to popularize this sub- ject, and to enable thuse who wish to complete their studies in Latin Am ica an opportunity to prepare for it. The section hopes to serve as a agency for promoting the exchange of publications between cducational institutions of Latin America and the Cnited Sta in o dissemi- nate a better knowledge of the prog ress made by the nations of Americ in the various phases of the cduc tional fiel The section is cudeavoring to have committees of teachers, er of an official character or otherwise, estab- lished in the principal cities of America, to scrvé as intermedi between the students and teach who may wish to come to the Unit States or Latin America, and at il same time supply these commitlics with all needed information. LOS ANGELES CONFERENCE TO BE HELD IN AFRIL. ” A conference on Latin American :.- lationships will be held at Los An- geles, April 27 to 29, in connection with the inauguration of R. V. Von Kleinsmid as president of the Univer- sity of Southern Califormia. Lfforts are being made 1o have Teprescnti- tives present from 43 many coliegus and universities throughout Latin America as possible. The diplomats here have been asked to urge upon their governments to bring tie invi- tations to the attention of the institu- tions of learning in their countries The diplomats here have also received personal invitatious to be present on the occasion. A Japanese commercial attache. the first to be sent by his country tv South America, is on his way to A gentina. Japan hopes to build up a consid- erable trade in silk, rice and paper < with Argentina. Thére are now only a small number of Japanese nation- als in Argentina, the total number immigrants in 1 not exceeding , as a law which requires ever: migrant in Argentina to possess w stipulated amount of money served to divert a large part of th Japanese tide of emigration 1o other sections of South America. Brazil. for instance, contains about 30, Japanese now, and Peru has rec attracted a_considerable number. During the war Japan developed ' considerable trade with Argentina. .. which has slumped since the armistice, and she hopes to build # up again through & commerce in rics, silk and paper. U. S. Prosperity | Calls for Ships| (Continued from First Page.) Today only about 25 per cent of our imports and exports are carried in American vessels and 75 per cent on foreign vessels. Saving of Many Millions. It is said that the purpose of the proposed government aid to Ameri- can shipping in the foreign trade is (1) the retirement of the Shipping Board from operation of ships by the altimate sale of government ships to private parties; (2) government as- sistance to these private owners as a matter of protection to America’s for- eign trade and the establishment of a naval reserve In case of need. It is argued that government operation of ships Is now costing $50,000,000 a year, whereas the proposed govern- ment aid measure will not cost more than $34,000,088, and will, it is ex- pected, be unmecessary uitimately. Great Britalm's ocean freight earn- ings constituté one of the large “In- visible credits” which she enjoys to offset her merchandise balance of trade against her. In 1919 it was $1,946,600,000, in 1920 it was $2,433.- 250,000. United States shippers pald a zood share of this. The proposed shipping 2id bill may divert some of this to American steamship lines and help promote America’s foreign com- merce. At least one-half of America’s for- eign commerce should be transported in American vessels. Today less than one-quarter is thus transported. The markets for western and southern agricultural products and for east- ern and middle western manufactur- ers are not to be confined to America; they must be found in foreign coun- tries algo. Will Congress rise to the occasion? Mr. Heap Replies To Writer Critics - To the Bditor of The Star: In Wednesday's Star appeared a letter from Mabel E. Beals, from Bos- ton, expressing pleasure on seeing , an article from Mr. King of Balti- , more, printed in The Star of the 13th, commenting on the condition of animals in Washington. and stating that she had been “shocked and broken-hearted so many times that she had made up her mind that there wasn't any S. P. C. A. in this city I hasten to_inform Mrs. (or Miss) Beals from Boston that there is such 2 soclety in Washington and that it is so liberally supported that it is able to employ two agents to patrol the seventy square miles of territory over which its jurisdiction extends, investigate conditions and remedy abuges of animals at seven publio markets, besides some six hundred or more grocery stores, where chickens and other fowls are kept for sale, but a careful inspection of the records of the society fails to dis- close the names of either Mrs. (or Miss) Beals from Boston, or Mr. King * of Baltimore, as having contributed anything, either as dues or donations, to the society, to enable it to em- ploy more agents to carry onm its - work. Incidentally, Mr. King of Baltimo: could undoubtedly make a little pocket change to help pay his ex- penses in coming here if he would secure one of the paper shoes he says are worn by horses in Washings - ton and cxhibit it as a curiosity. Qur agents have never been uble 1o find one. Probably what he suw was @ leather or rubber “pad” worn as m part of the shoe to protect the an mal's fool from the hard paved streets, & common thing in Waakin ton, but evidently a rarety in Gcher cities, as Mr. King scems nevat 1o have seen one until coming here. Washingtoniuns _ visiting Bostom and Baltimore, especially the latter city, report condition of animals in those cities to be quite as bad as in Washington and. in some respects, worse, which prompts me to guot: for the benefit of visitors from thos A Belgian Jawbreaker. From the New York Times. Belgian opposition 13 things, French *before the war made them coin their lown word for automobile, so called by the French when this new vehicle ap- peared on the market. So. if you took a motor trip to Belgium, you went in a suel] el trspoorvegpetroleum- fltu?:.nm'l‘odly this cquivalent for the shorter name, “auto,” is still used in certain sections of Belgium. Literally rml: “fasthorselesswith- L. citles: . “And why beholdest thou the mote, that is in thy brother's eve, but con- siderest not the beam that is in thine' ™ own eve?” JOHN P. HEAP. »am Sec’y Washington Human Society, , - —_—————— & Real Obedience. o Frow the London Post. Four-year-old to her favorite doll, the loes of whose urm exposes the saw- dust: / ¢ *Oh, you dear, good, obedient dolly, I know 1 told you to chew your food fine, but T had no i”_1 you would chew it as fine as that.”