Evening Star Newspaper, March 20, 1921, Page 35

L "THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, MARCH 20, 1921—PAR RcD. - SILESIA MAY BE KEY TO GERMAN FUTURE "Should Province Vote Against Union Up;- | TH 'Army and Navy News BY CAPT. ARTHUR G. DUNCAN. 1 will prove the backbone of national | safety, Congress should, and no doubt they enacted into law last summer, | the citizens’ military training camps. ARMY MEN BACK FROM COBLENZ. ARMY heavals Affecting Government and Eastern Europe Are Likely. BY OLIVER OWEN KUH PON the result of the plebi- scite to be held today to de- termine the future alignment of Upper Silesia, in .large ‘measure depends the fate of the pres- ent German government and may de- termine the future trend of German Tolitical and social thought. Ostensibly when Silesians vote they will decide whether they are to be- come a part of Poland or of Germany. Important as this verdict is to the future of Poland, which country is in measure dependent upon untrammeled outlet to the port of Danzig, it is equally important to Germany, for should Silesia remain with Poland then a vital blow will have been struck at Germany's wnole economic system, a system which is paralyzed at the moment. This may lead to up- heavals throughout the nation which will force the present republican gov ernment from control and permit the ever alert conservative-monarchist schemers to ride into power. Un- doubtedly there would follow crys- tallization of hatred of allied nations, and eventually this would bring about that which Germans are more and more beginning to dream of—open re- sistance to all allied peace terms, ac- companied as this must be by war to the bitter end. Question Deemed Vital The Sjlesian question is one deemed vital to Germany. Not one of the po- litical parties having voice in the government dares minimize the im- portance of retaining Silesia with its limitless coal and mineral felds, now . that the allies practically dominate the Ruhr. If Germany is to advance industrially and in her own way set- tle successfully the question of indem- nities and reparations, Germany needs Silesia. Should Germany obtain the Silesian coal flelds her advance may be in- sured through supplies of coal. Ger- many would be in position to ignore more or less allied incursions in west. ern Germany. would be in a position. to further her: proposed alliances with the Russians. | Poland, it is believed in Beriin, would 1 be placed in such position. that she eventually would collapse. Germany believes that by gaining Silesia she would be better able to carry on her intensive propaganda against Poland and by closer contact gradually in- spire crumbling of Polish prestige in | eastern Europe. Germany, by con-i trolling the Silesian coal flelds, could strike at the very heart of Poland. Germany is not reckoning on absn-[ lutely certain allied assistance for the Poles at all times, but is carried; away with the idea that east Europe[ cannot resist German domination., Poland In Active. b The Poles. on the other hand, know full well that if Germany controls Upper Silesia, their own future will be hazarded. though Poland is firmly convinced that even with the loss of Silesia, she will continue to advance. But even in Warsaw it is,admitted ! the road will be long and tortuous without such economic assistance a.‘ naturally would come from Silesia. It is for this reason that Poland has! [ been as active as the Germans in ad vancing the Polish cause, and in this she has been ably assisted by the French, who would frustrate Ger- manic_purpose in east Europe. It was the French who chortled in glee ! when the corridor was cut to Danzig. dividing Germany. France saw the perpetual exclusion —of Germanic domination. The French in assisting | the Poles in plebiscite areas are fol- lowing strictly French policy, with tacit support of the allies. The French and Poles charge that the Germans are using terroristic; methods to intimidate the Hples and | Silesians to keep them fromd voting. | Germany, on thesother hand, charges that the Fyench and Poles never will permit a fair election and that tens | of thousands of Silesians and Ger- mans will not be permitted to vote through the use of force. In the meantime, it can be stated with reasonable degree of assurance that without intimidation Silesia will cast a vote surpassing the number of people actually resident within Silesia for the reason that both Poles and Germans have imported tens of thou- sands of voters on the pretext of Silesian origin. The allied commis- sion has been more or less helpless in handling the whole situation. and 1f the day passes without disorders of AT DISPOSAL OF { will be blamed for the Furthermore, Germany | monarchists are successful vincing the workingmen of the na- tion that the allies are responsible for the terrible sufferings that must come through absolutely paralyzed industries. then the t: LESS THAN 2000 APPOINTMENTS terrible character all chancelleries in Europe will .be much surprised. Allies More Hated. Should the Silesian plebiscite defi- nitely determine that this section is to be united definitely with Poland. the results in_ Germany may be of far-reaching character. During the past ten days the constantly growing hatred of the allies. particularly the French, has been increasing within Germany. War even is talked of. The .French are blamed for military incursion in the west and will be blam, With_it definitely determined the Silesian coal fields will be lost to the Germans, a wave of still fur- ther nationalistic feeling is certain. Already in sections occupied by the allies industries are closing. The lack of Silesian coal will be but fur. ther pretext for the industrial barons of Germany to close more of their works, which will result in chaos throughout the country, with hun- dreds of thousands of workmen com- pletely idle. This will be decidedly dangerous to government, in a_ measure, ills of the moment, particularly by the sociall right and left, who now declare much as they hate the allies and are ready to stand by national repudia- tion of allied claims, the government could have avoided further invasion. The industrialists of Germany, al- ready criticising the government and being in unison with the conserva- tive and monarchist element of the country, are certain to direct their barbs against the government to & further degree. Plot In Suspecte It is this very thing that forces the conclusion that today the industrials ana capitalists, wearying of the So- clalist-democratic-socialist regime, and desiring possibly a constitutional monarchical regime, are plotting_the overthrow of the government Wwith the assistance of the laboring ele- ment. The one great drawback to any at- tempt to restore even a limited mon- archy in Germany has been the oppo- sitioh of labor elements, both con- rvative and radical. Even mere ints of monarchical regime have drawn fire from labor circles. The great Rhineland strike in connection with the Kapp revolt is but an indi- cation of the quickness of labor as a Whole to act against any semblance of the old order. But the present time is an auspi- which, don the republic and set about to es- tablish a gdvernment more to the lik- ing of those elements which would vursue policies contradictory to those prescribed by allied nations, even to the point of war if need be. With allied occupation of the Rhine- land countries and consequent disat- fection in labor circles, with the loss of Silesia and further closing of in-} dustries, it is believed 'he sentiment of the already pressed and overbur- dened laboring man wouid be more along nationalistic channels. In fact. it is believed labor's support wouid insure the success of any movement tending toward a change in the pres- ent from of government. ; It will be an easy matter to in- flame the public against France. Racial hatred against the allies has been nurtured on every available pretext. If the lndul(fll"l’;l C?)l:ld k of the mili- be comparatively easy, for labor's antagomism. and not pos- ible military resistance, has been the force that has pevented the giv- ing of the signal for the internal up- heaval. tarists will Might Flout Allies. Should the Germans win the Sile- sian plebiscite the government may continue with the tacit conseat of the industrialists and conservative: for the time being, for, with the Silesian coal fields and the whole of eastern Euroe opened up to German exploitation, there may be open and flagrant flouting of the allies, for German economic supremacy. despite the loss of comtrol of the Ruhr re- gions, will be enhanced Germany eventually will be able to battle the allies economically. in face of the reparations stipulations of Paris, and it is the hope of the reactionaries that, through the medium of a stronger Germany industrially and commercially, such agreements may be effected as to swing both Russia and Germany against the allies in a war of more grim character—one that might lead to such another holo- caust as that of 1914. For it must always be borne in mind that the Germany of today is unchastened and will remain so. There still is un- bounded confidence that eventually Germany is to be the one vital force in world destinies. THE PRESIDEN He Will Have 12.899 More in the Postali., Service if He Revokes Mr. Wilson's Executive Order of 1917. BY HERBERT E. MORGAN. With @ change of administration, a thought prominent in the minds of | republicans or democrats, as the case may be, who regard themselves as deserving of reward for services per- formed is the plentifulness and lusciousness of the plums ripe for, plucking. or, in orthodox Engiish, the number of positions carrying at- tractive salaries within the gift of the President. The fact is that the number of po- | sitions which may be filled through nomination by the President for the confirmation of the Senate is not nearly so great as some evidentl believe, judging by recent press re ports. Of the entire federal civil force of approximately 640,000 officials and subordinat fewer than 15000 are “presidential” appointments. Of these, 12,899 are postmasters at offices of | the first, second and third classes; 400 are consular officials 150 are in the | diplomatic service, and approximately 1.100 are classed us miscellaneous, and include secretaries of departments, assistant secretaries of departments, assixtant attorneys general, chiefs of | many of the bureaus of the depart- | ments, members of the majorily of | <tke independent .commissions and boards, collectors, appraisers, naval officers and surveyors of customs; su- | perintendents of mints, collectors of internal revenue, United States at- | torneys. United States marshals, com- missioners of immigration, registers of the land office, receivers of the ! land office. and some others. The ' number of the federal judges is 191. Mr. Wilson's Execative Or Under an executive order issued by | President Wilson March 31, 1917, va- cancies in postmasters at first. | fecond and third class offices are filled | through examinations held by the| €ivil Service Commission. Therefore, unless President Harding sees fit to revoke the order affecting postmaster positions, there will be fewer 2,000 jobs w be filled by the new ad- ministration, even if the infumbent of every federal office within the gift of the President, aside from postmaster- ships. is turned out of office, which is not at all likely. There seems to be a general misun- derstanding regarding the executive order referred to, which provides for examinations for first. second and third class postmasterships. There is a prevailing impression that the or- der places postmasters of these ciasses within the classgified civil service and somehow protects them under the civil service law. The law requires that such positions shall be filled through nomination by the President for the confirmation of the Senate and prescribes a four-year term. * Law Prescribes Four-Year Term. ‘The executive order issued by Presi- |dent Wilson simply and solely pro- vides a means whereby the President determines his nominee for a vacant office through open competitive ex- |amination, unless the Post Office De- partment wishes to fill the vacancy through the promotion of a subordi- nate upon non-competitive examina- tion. The order creates no vacancies: it has no effect one way or the other on the term of office or the require- ment of confirmation by the Senate, and it does not include postmaster- ships of the first, xecond and third classes in the classified civil service. An act of Congress would be needed to do that. Postmaster positions at fourth class offices, about 40,000 in number, are regularly classified un- der the civil service law. These are the small offices in rural communi- ies. ! nt's Decisfon. The decision of President Harding as to whit action he will take regarding | Mr. Wilson's postmaster order is await- anxiously by those who are inter- cated in the extension of the merit sys- tem in appointments on the one hand and by the dyed-in-the-wool spoilsmen on the other. Of late vears there has been a grow- ing tendency to regard patronage privi- leges s of doubtful value, for a political appointment usually results in a num- ber of disgruntled candiates and one if the Poles succeed in Silesia. | that | the present German| ous one for those who would aban- | — Secretary Weeks appears to enjoy the two daily meetings with the| press, quite as much as “the news- | paper bunch.” The signal for ques- | tions to be fired at the Secretary is when he says, “There is nothing of importance today. Evidently the air service is one of | the problems which the Secretary of War intends to solve, for in calling his attention recently to a volume on aeronautics which he evidently had been reading, he was asked: “Mr. Secretary, are you studying up on the air?” The impression one gains in these interviews is that the public will be taken into the confidence of the War i Department as far as good judgment will permit. There is nothing evasive n Mr. Weeks' interviews. The facts are. usually frinkly stated in brief. He does not hesitate to say at times, “I am sorry, I cannot answer that question now In answer to brief questions dur ing the past week, the Secretary said “No decision has heen made as to the immediate return of our troops, from Germany. “The appointment of a governor general to the Philippines will be de- ferred pending the disposal of more mportant matters.’ “The mission to the Philippines of | n. Wood and Prof. Forbes regard- | ing their report will consume approx- ; imately four months. “Bureau chiefs will not be removed for the sake of change or for political reasons. With me it is a matter of efficiency Mr. Weeks would not commit him- self to a change in the chief of staff, but admitted that the subject has been given consideration. Every state in the Union has been represented by one or more reserve corps or national guard officers to fill the existing vacancy in the posi- tion of chief of the militia bureau. which carries with it the rank and pay of a general. Tegarding the recent promotions of junior officers in which there appear- ed some discord, the Secretary ex- plained that they were made accord- ing to the law, that not even the President could change the present status of the law. Some changes are expected in the new list of general officers for promotion, which will shortly be presented to Corfigress. Askgd about a cable received from Germany regarding Bergdoll, one anxious correspondent was met with a reply that such a cable would be on the desk within an hour, further the Secretary humorously remarking that he desired, however, to read it ifirst and would then decide as to its news value. In feeling his way into_the many big problems before him, Mr. Weeks in_apparently proceeding with con- fidence and caution, giving the sub- jects due thought. Regarding mat- ters of policy, he is non-committal pending finai ' decision. Like other members of the cabinet who former. ly served in Congress, Secretary Weeks will have the advantage of knowing pretty well how much as- {sistance he will receive from that source and how best to present his; requests to Congress. It will be a| “Joyous time for the Washington newspaper bunch,” as one paper ex- pressed it, if other cabinet members are as gracious and considerate as the new Secretary of War. i i Cttizens® Training Camps. In reviewing the pre-war citizens' military training camps, which sup- plied an excellent type of officer ma- terial during the war, much will de- pend upon the liberality of Congress in making an adequate appropriation for the purpose. The camps open early in the summer and much of the success of these camps will depend ! |upon the way these youngsters are| provided for in their initial year. It is a keen hope of the War De- | partment that its completed plans ifor this undertaking will meet con- {gressional favor that it may insuref complete success. It is the aim to make this year's course so attrac-| tive to the young men whose older| brothers served in the war that they | will be anxious to take the three jsummer courses, after which, If the student proves his worth, he is elig- ible for appointment in the Officers Reserve Corps. here will be three classes. namely, | red, white and blue, The red signifies i | the juniors or privates; the white, se- 1€écted privates, who might qualify for non-commissioned grades, and the i blue, which provides more advances Iunlnlng for warrant officers and se- {lected non-commissioned officers of the Regular Army, National Guard and Enlisted Reserve Corps, also civilians with a view to their appoint- ment as officers in the Officers’ Re- serve Corps. Subsistence in camps iwill be furnished students at govern- jment expense, including medical at- tendance, laundry service and pay as provided by law, uniforms and other neceasary equipment. n the face of a poor showing in the strength of the National Guard this year in almost every state, that im- portant service of the national de- fense will recefve a valuable stimulus in the success of the summer train- ing camps, 4s many of these youths will be giad to avail themselves of further training in their home town upon return from camp. If there is to be built up a much-desired national reserve force which for its numbers | grate. Also, purely on grounds of | economy and efficienc appointments for political reasons are more and more coming into disfavor by those who may claim the title of statesman, for it is realized that the proper training of an administrative officer of the government up to the point wWhere he may have a lupon his ear balance sense, and his cers® Correspondence School. Starting with a class of 500 re- serve officers, ranking as first and second lieutenants, the quartermaster general is taking the initiative of set- ting in motion the first Army corre- spondence school, which, in a series of ten lessons covering a period o six_months, will give junior officers a practical course in the method of procurement and supply. From six to ten problems pertaining to general quartermaster duties will be explain- ed in an interesting mapner, so_ that the student will At the end of the series have assimilated valuable les- sons in the basic_principles of pro- curing and distributing Army sup- plies. “In carrying out this important in- struction to our reserve officers by way of correspondence,” said an of- ficer in charge of the preparation of these courses, “the government is simply carrying out in part its obli- gation to reserve officers who are anxious to be taught their duties in time of peace, 5o that should an emergency grise they will be fully prepared for immediate and valuable service to the government. Officers in our corps will also be trained in finance and the basic laws affecting civilian personnel. In order to carry out the wishes of Congress to com- bine an Army of regulars, militia and 1eserves, the work cut out for us is| to efficiently train quartermaster re-| serve officers in the various states and territories. zo that they may be called upon at any time to perform their duties under any condition which may arise. “The recent message sent out by Secretary Wecks urging as many re- serve officers as possible to retain their commissions pending interesting developments in training and reor- ganization. will have a wholesome effect with these officers. It is un- fortunate, however, that many fine emergency officers who expressed a desire to join the reserves and applied have not received their commissions. The matter of delay in commissioning these officers should be given imme- diate attentio; fcklin, infan: Personally I have known the great value of the pony since the South African campaign, and 1 made every effort in this_war to get my squadron mounted ¢n small animals of the pony type, because I Kknew that they could carry the weight and would thrive on the rations, which were not always sufficient for a big horse. So well has the pony come to his own in the estimation of cav- alry officers that T believe that the height of remounts will be reduced and that 14.2 will soon be the lowest standard instead of . The only objection which the chief remount buyer had to ponies when I dispussed their value with him. was that he did not know where he could obtain the ponies.” | Air Service. Selecting men most capable of hecom- ing flyers was a problem that faced all armies during the war, according to Na- tional Service, which says: “The prob- ability of the increase of flying during the coming years makes the problem still of interest. It is stated that while 2 per cent of flyers were incapacitated by the enemy and 8 per cent by me- chanical shortcomings of the machine, 90 per cent represents the number of fiyers who met disaster from accl due to the fiyer himself. The Bri at, the end of the first year found that of the_total number of accidents to fly ers. 65 per cent were due to physical defects of the pilots. When this was recognized and to some extent reme- died, the next year showed a decrease to 20 per cent and the next to 12 per cent. The problems were not grasped by the allies till forced to their attention by the loss of valuable flying material. “It is generally agreed that physi fitness with normal sight and hearing is essential. The consensus of the best opinion among_American investigators is as follows: When flying throuch the air it is not possible for the aviator to maintain _an _equilibrium _entirely by sight; when sailing through clouds or darkness his eyes cannot give him the slightest information about his position in space, he cannot even tell whether he is right side up or upside down. der such conditions as this he must rely THE NAVY | Naval aviation, being concerned with the sca, is exposed to the haz- ards of the sea. Consequently the types of aircraft suited to the opera- tion of naval aviation must be de- signed to cope with the natural prob- lems of the sea, in addition to those mposed by an enemy. Even the fabric and material entering into the construction of naval aircraft must be composed of material to withstand the rifzors, of seacoast climate, storms, fog and the ever-present moisture- laden air of the ocean. It has been stated frequently. by writers that, while the Army concerned with peration on the land, and the Navy with operations on the Sea, aviation is concerned with operations in the air, which extends over both. There- fore, these writers arzue, aviation i - > Army or the Navy, and that a sepa- rate air force should be organized, thus doing away with duplication ang be able to concentrate wherever needed a huge air force under sepa rate control and without reference to the Army and the Navy. While it is undeniably true that aircraft may fly over land or over water, it is also true that they must, perforce, sooner or later, come to the surface, and even the novice can un- derstand that a plane designed pri- marily to land on the surface of the ground would be a lost plane-should it come down at sea. And, vi versa, a seaplane with a boat hull, obliged to come down on an Army landing field, would be crashed to a complete wreck. Hence, a separate air force, using planes designed primarily for sense of muscle movements as trans- mitted to him by tendons and joints. Hence it is necessary to examine these functions of the body by every means at our disposal and to eliminate those actually or presumably defectivi Army and Navy air services are ex- perimenting with+and developing three types of airplane engines, says the vton Journal. These types are: En- gines of mutual interest to both Army and Nav englnendof especial interest the Navy, and engines of especial in-| 3nq aviation, would be denied by terest to the Army. * These motors range | jnperent disabilities in design from from a small 50-60 horsepower to 1,000 operating over the ocean. except in horsepower motors. Because of the wide| tha case of limited distances. And variety, it is natural that the first class | tpis would be equally true of a sepa- contains the greater amount of motors, rate air force cquipped with naval for experimental and development work. | ajrcraft designed primarily to land Fuel conditions have resulted in ex-{on the water. Operations over ex- periments on an engine of approxi-| tended areas back of the shore line mately 500 horsepower, which will use|would be impossible. aplanes, not heavy oil as fuel. Elimination of the| peing able to come to rest on the fire hazard existing in the use of th present type aviation fuel is given grave pe in gliding distance of open water. onsideration in the perfecting of this| The foregoing being the facts in ‘motor. > {the case, it would be necessary to di- The Army is experimenting with a}vide the contemplated separate air motor for use in aircraft on which is|force into two parts—that operating mounted a gun of greater cpliber than!over land, cquipped Wwith one type of small arms. It is anticipated that the|aircraft, and that operating over wa- motor will generate 300 horsepower and | ter, equipped with a different type. the gun will be fired between the pro-|“Based on this reduction ad a peller blades, Experiments in this mo-{dum,” remarked a naval officer, for development are being carried on]are right back ~where you at various government stations through- [ with land aviation and naval ‘avia- ut the nation. Many of the proposed|tion. Then why not leave them as engines have not been assembled, but!they are?’ plans for them are still in the formative stage. The result of the work in this Qirection being done by the govern- ment will be watched with keen inter- est, as the motors proposed will, when completed, furnish radical changes in aviation activities in the United States. Training for Reservists. The following plan for the active training of reservists residing in vari- ous naval districts i8 proposed for the summer, providing there is no-short- age in pay and mileage appropriations and the itineraries of fleets do not in. terfere. It is designed to give line commissioned officers. who are naval aviators fifteen days’' active trainimg at Rockaway Beach, L. I; Hampton Roads, Va.; Pensacola, Fla., and Great Lakes, 11l No orders involving mile- age will be issued to reservists for Value of the Army Ponmy. According to the remount chief of the British army, in a recent article written for the London Times, the value of the pony is now universally acknowledged for military purposes. f this fact needed proof,” he said, as important in itself as either the| urface of the ground, must always | will, make adequate provision within the next few weeks to carry out that part of the national defense act which “this war proved it most conclusive- active training when the distance ex- ceeds 200 miles. As the four-year enrollment period of thousands of reserve officers is ex- vigorous grasp and accurate knowledge of his duties is very costly, and that once a federal officlal becomes thos oughly trained in his work the govern- ment suffers a loss if he is removed to make room for an appointee whose claim to the office rests principally upon his service to the party in power. CZECHOSLOVAK MONEY PRINTED IN THIS COUNTRY Artistic - Designs by Alphonse Mucha, Whose Canvases Will Be Shown in This City. A new Czechoslovak 100-crown note is just off the press of the American Bank Note Company, and is said by American critics to be the most artis- tic piece of work ever done by the company for a foreign government. The face of the note contains at the {left a conventional design with the | fgurcs 100" on either side of the ! heraldic Bohemian lion rampant. At ! the right is a symbolic female figure representative of the western Slavs, with a decorative background made up of linden leaves together with typ- ical peasant ornaments of the Czechs and Slovaks. The reverse side is symmetrically balanced, the center being a splendid engraving of the famous Charles Bridge of Prague, with the thousand vear-old castle of Hradcany and the carved spires of the Cathedral of St. Guy (Vit.) looming in the far per- spective. At either side is a typical Czech or Slovak peasant girl in the folk costume. 5 The paintings used for the engrav- ing are the work of Alphonse Mucha, Czechoslovakia's most renowned liv ing artist, whose huge mancases, rep- resenting the growth and develop- ment of the Slav nations, have re- cently been on exhibition in the Brooklyn Museum of Art and are soon to e shown in this city. A French Estimate of Wilson in Form of a Farewell by Stephane Lauzanne. parts of America. At his voice the whole continent had but one mind and one thought. Stephane Lauzanne, editor of the Paris Matin and formerly French offi- cial press representative in the United 4 States, endeavors as President Wilson| “Do not let us forget, either, that this retires to private life to give a just|voice sounded with ‘incomparable estimate of his work. “He won the | eloquence. Certain of Wilson's words war but nearly lost the peace,” is one of Lauzanne's, striking ideas. The ar- ticle follow: “After eiglt years of wise and ab- solute government Mr. Woodrow Wil- son-has abandoned the Presidency of the United States. “We must always try to be just. Being a victim must not prevent us from being just. Let us try, then, to remain just toward this man, who is leaving his supreme power, certainly with dignity, though perhaps without glor: they are ever true. These words were accompanied also with splendid deeds. Having once accepted war, Mr. Wilson id it thoroughly. He put the whole resources and the whole will of the nation into it. “But this war was his ruin. He lost with it his natural timidity and his usual prudence. His doctrinal vanity knew no limits. He fancied himself as the professor of the whole world. But there, too, we must not forget that it was not entirely his fault, and we must blame ourselves as well. “We must remember.” continues the writer, “that when his vanity began to take him into the clouds we made no sincere effort to bring him back to earthly realities. Let us remember that when in October, 1918, he sub- mitted officially and solemnly hisfour- teen points for the approbation of the French government he received not a word of criticism or disapprobation. We must also remember that when in Decerber, 1918, he was for the first time in Paris with the French repre- sentatives, the latter did not speak to him and even boasted of it in the chamber. “Mr. Wilson has already partly made up for his mistakes by the dignity with which he has borne the moral. and physical sufferings which they cost him. There is something of Eschylus in the tragedy which, for the last eighteen months, has been taking place at the White House; a mysteri- ous iliness has laid him low; his work is scarcely thriving; he has fallen very far from his dreams. But in the midst of all this he has no bitter words; he remains perfectly calmi “France.,” concludes the e must not forget trat history will say of President Wilson, more than of any other man, ‘If he lost the peace he at least won the war.' We must not forget what America was in the spring of 1917 when she was thrown into the battle. She was far from being unanimous in wanting war. She was divided into three parts: The Atlantic, which alone trem- bled with rage at the German out- rages; the middle west, with Chica- go, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, crowded with Germans, or people of German descent, and then the Pacific, which, as far as exterior danger is concerned, only” knows the Japanese peril, and who heard of the sinking of the Lusitania just as under the palm trees at Sorente the news is received of a snow avalanche in Norway. To Mr. Wilson will remain the lasting merit of havjsg solidified the three writer, will always remain beautiful because | The United States Army tramsport Somme brought back some of the! officers who were with the Army of Occupation in Coblenz. They are, left to Tenn., a Col, try, of Chattanooga, piring, going o ciding w rolled. r officers’ records and de. ich officers are to be re-en men were given active training duty, varying from fifteen days this year, together with the mileage appropriations in prospect, may prevent the training of the de- sired number of reservists. practically confined to the summer, will take steps to reservists will not following naval_districts posed: Boston, Philadelphia, Orleans, Grea Bremerton, Wash. Judgment in Purchase of Fu procurement of fuel ¥ despite the somewhat methods adopted, evidenced by the bids received last week, for were the tracts, and by the department last vear. hands gof the department, nevertheless. its les contractors as Tow bids for. for the bids w fuel oil cover . entire month: eti as the case may be. nes -ause of the commandeering policy in- voked last year, despite made in some quarters that the opera- tors would carry their grievances to th Court of Claims. Resumption of recruiting is fective immediately. term is three yea 2nd- four years for enlis ment. licants has been rais f age, under sixiy-five inches jo h Walvers for slight physical defects. ote.. will not be granted, e applicants have had prior.service in the Marine Corps. Original enlist- men. or Navy will be accepted provided these men are as near physically per- | fect as possible and are mentally and Iy desirable. nt will be receive tion section or apprentices. has now in cxcess of its allotted number ‘of fleld musicians. COAST GUARD for the avia- p—e confirmed by journment of Congress. missions were confirmed because ure to confirm them might have re. persons concerned from the sef The confirmation of other officers not acted upon by the Senate. March 8 the commandant recom ury (division of appointments) the following permanent promotions in the comst guard: Three to be com- manders, eight lieutenant command- ers, six first lieutenants, eight lieu- tenants (junior grade), one lieutenant comander five first utenants (engineering) and ten lieutenants (junior grade) (engineer- ing). (engineering), T 'which he helped to save and which he afterward nearly lost, will always esteem him. But she will always re- gret that she is only able to put a plaster cast of a philosopher on the pedestal that she had prepared in- stead of the heavy marble that she would have liked to erect to a man of justice.” DECREASE OF EMPLOYES. Survey of Thirteen Industries Made During February. There were decreases In the number of persons employed in all industries { of thirteen surveyed by the Depart- ment of Labor during February, the department has announced. ‘‘he larg- ot decreases are 44.2 per cent in hosiery and.underwear, 41.3 per cent in automobiles, 36.3 per cent in leath- er and 35.1 per cent in woolen. The smallest decreases are 2 per cent in soft coal mining and 0.1 per cent in cotton manufacturing, As compared with February, 192 the amount of the pay roll in Febru ary. 1921, shows decreases in all in- Austries. The greatest decrease, 74.4 ver cent, is shown in the automobiie industry. Decreases of 51.3 per cent, 458 per cent and 44.3 per cent ap- vear, respectively, in the hosiery and { anderwear, woolen and leather in- dustries. In ten industries there were in- creases in the number of persons on the pay roll in_February, 1921, as compared with January, 1921. ‘The largest increase, 42 per cent, is shown in_the woolen industry. When com paring February, 1921, with January, 1921, eight industries show an in- crease in the amount of money paid to employes and six show a decrease. —_— SWEDISH ENVOY ARRIVES. . The latest addition to the local diplomatic corps is Axel F. Wallen- berg, minister plenipotentiary from Sweden, who has just arrived here from Europe. Mr. Wallenburg is a trained soldier and was retired as a captain of cavalry in the Swedish army a_ few years ago. Since then he has been engaged in the direction of large saw mills and iron factories and other industries. He is ac- companied by Mrs. Wallenberg, member of one of :the oldest- familles, of Sw‘flnh nobility. R lian clothes. Col. Lee is & nephew of the bureau of navigation is During the last half of 1920 approximately 2,000 officers and 21,000 to three} months. The lack of training facilities limited As the season for training a citizen navy Is t is_the hope of officers interested in building up the reserve that Congress provide sufficient training funds so that the training of { be impeded. The are pro- Hamp- | ton Roads. Charleston, Key West, New Lakes, San Diego and ellent judgment was used inischeme. lag!l tively few farmers or demonstrators drastic wholesomo effect which was reflected in it dee- veloped that many of the prices bid!ties, he will arrange to have them same as those’ of present con-: provided with land at a nominal price. he bids are identical with | { those ‘at which coal was commandeered While this weapon has been removed from the | ons remain in_the minds of the received run 38 a ton at the mines. ’rh;:; American machinery and American cons needs, while ‘the coal bids are for the the next threr or six The com- ion developed that thers {8 plenty | of coal available and that operators are | agricultural to obtain the government's busi- | thereby. . apparently holding no ill will be- | = ety FS MARINE CORPS | T 3 ef- | America for distribution to farme: The minimum { v for re-enlistment ‘The | fruit from the Areentine left South physical and moral s ndlrg for ap- No reeruit| yigeta helieves, will be considered under twenty vears in eight, and not less than 130 pounds. cept where | ¢ re-enlistments for the Army No_applicants at The corps T <> The commissions of two district su- perintendents and nine ensigns were { pointment of a minister from Bolivia the Senate before ad- These com- they | were original commissions and fail-{ sulted in the separation of the eleven mended to the Secretary of the Treas- Will Build Up B BY BEN McKELWAY. MERICAN farmers, their meth- ods and machinery, are want- ed in Argentina, and Ricardo Videla, representing the Bue- nos Aires and Pacific railroad, has come to the United States to get them. Passing through Washington last week on his way to Chicago, where he |will establish his headquarters, Mr. iVidela outlined his frogram for an experiment, the results of which are BOINg to be interesting to watch. The Buenos Aires railroad, one of the longest lines in South America, running from the Atlantic tp the Pa- clfic ocean, faces a stage in its devel- opment today experienced fifty years ago by our own railroads of the west. Given the facilities for hauling freight, this road must provide to a certain extent the freight to haul, and developing agriculturally the terri- tory through which it passes seems this labout the best way to bring about. Although the farmer of the Argen- ine has been supplied with bulletins -1 g ARGENTINA WANTS- AMERICAN FARMERS Believed Demonstration of Their Methods usiness of Trans- continental Railway. the five countries, which at present maintain five embassies here, would be sent to the United States. Salva dor has ratified the treaty which cal for the formation of the union. * % ¥k % Dispatches reaching Washington from the Buenos Aires American Chamber of Commerce describe a sit- uation which is said to be decidedly bad for importers of American auto- mobiles in Argentina. The Situation is due primafily to the unfavorabie rate of exchange and increased cus- toms duties, with general pusiness depression. 'A general decline in the automobile business in Argentina is imminent. it is stated. unless help is forthcoming. Three thousand five hundred American-made cars are held in customhouses and importers warehouses, and many importers face bankruptey. * % % *x Guatemala is preparing for the cel- bration by the five Central American republics of their first centenrial cel- ebration of independence. The ar- rangements for the celebration are being made, in accordance with a convention signed at San Jose, Costa | Rica, in December. * K x % ‘The section of education of the Pan- iby his own government showing the best methods of farming, he has shown a striking likeness to the American farmer by disregarding most of them, with the result that it has been found more feasible to dem- onstrate correct methods than to write about them. To obtain Ameri- can demonstrators, men who will go to Argentina and fake farms of their own, Mr. Videla is going into t mid- dle west. He is armed with litérature and with moving pictures to illustrate what can be done with correct meth- ods in the virgin lands of the Argen- tine. He is going to tell the Ameri- can farmer that an opportunity awaits him in Argentina; that where the Argentine farmer has been suc- c ful, the trained American farmer will be twice as successful. Mr. Videla points out-that his plan is not a colonization or immigration In the first place, compara- are wanted. Mr. Videla plans to ex- amine personally the fitness of each candidate, and when thirty or so young men have exhibited their abili- Each one must g0 “on his own.” how- ever, and start in with the idea of makink his venture a paying invest- ment. Mr. Videla hopes to aid in establish- ing several American farms along t railway he represents. He believes { methods will illustrate more vividly than any other way the benefits to be derived from scientific farmin He believes the Argentine farmer will be quick to learn and adopt American science and prospe Before coming to Washington Mr. dela spent some time California, the threats; where he studied the fruit industry, and especially the organization of he California Fruit Growers' Associa. | tion,_which, he declares. is a wonder- ful machine for marketing the farm { ers’ products. He also made a study Io\' the American grain Industry, and zecorded his observations in' book form. which has heen sent to South The fruit industry of Argentina, Mr. dela states, is a growing one. A an exoer nt. the Tirst cargo of i America the 7th of this month. There f« n market for the fruit here Mr. ard the supply is practically unlimited. * % % % The committee in Brazil in charge of the program for celebration of IBrlzi"S centenary has included as one of its plans for the event the establishment of a regular airplane | passenger service between Rio Ja- neiro and Buenos Aires. * k ¥ % Senor Alberto Cortadellas. secre- tary and charge d'affairs of the Bo- livian legation since July. 1920, is leaving Washington today-for New York. He will leave New morrow for Bolivia. Until the new minjster fom Bolivia is apointed Senor Carlos Gumucio, consul gen- {eral in New York. will be in charge jof the legation. News of the ap- |is expected within a short time. SR oK Salvador, which has been unrepre- isented by a minister here since the 1 ideparture last September of Senor i Salvador Sol, resigned. is understood to be awaiting the formation of the “| Central American Union, or else its lure, before desigating another i representative. formed, only one representati e of York to- | Should the union be | American Union is co-operating with committees formed in some of the Latin American countries to assis teachers and students coming to the United States to find where they can best obtain the training they wish. Announcement has been made of the formation in Cuba of an advisory committes of prominent educators, approved by the secretary of public instruction, which. will be located in Havana to aid Cubans coming to the United States to study. The commjttee will obtain from the students stftements of their previous training and the branches in which Jthey wish to specialize here in the | Tnited States. “The data will be for- warded to the Pa merican Unior {which will send back a list of gol leges which fill the desired needs.” In this way it is hoped to avoid loss of time which foreign students frequent- ly experience in trylng to select their schools. The comm in Havana will have a delegate in g¢ach of the normal schools to assist in carrying out the work. i * % ok % Virgillo Rodriouez RBeteta, proti- nent Latin American journalist and vice president of the executive com- mittee of the National Press Confer- ence, will leave the United States within a_short time to visit Rlo de Janeiro, Montivideo, Buenos Airesand other South American cities in the in- terest of the Press Congress of the World, which is to convene in Hawail in October, 1921. Mr. Beteta, who' is Latin American and Spanish delegate to the congress, will confer with ed- itors of the leading publications’ of South America 16 interest them in the congress and invite their attendance, The congress is to be held in Hawaii at the invitation of the Pan-Pacific nion. 1 * ok ok % Rear Admiral W. C. Braisted, chgir- iman of the provisional board of di- rectors for the proposed Gorgas Me- morial Institute in Panama, has com- pleted and forwarded to President i Porras of Panama, a report on plans for the institute’s foundation. Ad- miral Braisted has just returned from a trip through the United States, dur- i ing which he visited the Mayo Foun- dation, in‘Rochester, Minn.: the Uni- versity of Minncsota, and other inkti- tutions. In his report to President ! Porras, he states he found great in- |terest in the proposed memotial among the educators and physicians he interviewed on the subject, includ- ing Dr. Charles Mayo, Dr. Judson, president of the University of Chi- cago, and other prominent men of col- leges and universities. Dr. Franklin H. Martin of Chicago. secretary general of the American College of Surgeons, now on a tour of the South American countries to bring about further co-operation be- tween the American college and simi- lar organizations in Latin America passed through Panarza recently and expressed his hearty approval of the proposed memorial. Part of his state- ment to President Porras o the proposed memorial which has reached the legation here, follows: “This should be a spontaneous move- ment. The countries of North and South America should all have a part in it. according to their size and means. It should not be limited to the medical profession. Every in- dustry and every profession has benc- fited or will be benefited by the work of this renowned scientist. Nothing that we can do_ will magnify the work of Gorgas, but we can. in this all become a part of it.” [INTELLIGENCE TESTS APPLIED IN MANY SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES Information Obtained in a Short Time Re~ Intelligence tests are being em- ployed extensively in schools and col- diagnosis. Progressive educators feel { confident that the use of such tests i already has well ‘justified itself. | It is pointed out that a carefully constructed and properly adminis- { with a good deal of accuracy the probable success of a pupil in school, but 4t furnishes only a limited amount of information in regard to detailed aspects of his mentality that in their sum constitute his total intelligence. These tests may be used to some ex- tent, however, for the purpose of dis- covering an individual's capacities, and also for the purpose of giving him advice in regard to his educa- tional and vocational career. ‘Whege the Tests Are Valuable. The intelligence tests, it is said, have been found particularly valua- ble in the following ways: 1. They show, to Some extent, whether a student is suited for a pro- fessional career or rur business pur- suits. 2. They indicate the type of mind that a student possesses. 3. At times they throw light on his home environment and his educational equipment. 4. They make possible a distinction between character qualities ind men- tal alertness. 5. They sometimes reveal the pres- ence or lack of scholarly ambitions and proper educational ideals. 6. They oft show whether it is desirable for a student to continue in college or to withdraw. 7. The results frequently serve as an incentive to students to do work up to the level of their mental abili- ties. Comparisen With Other Data. For the purpose of determining to what @ school official may, I degree a|throngh the intelligence tests, fore- | eswential along with the shadow the educational .career and thus throw light on the proper classi- *Mmlllt and promotion of pupiis | | terea intelligence test will predict | Frad™ tTe BRI o e ion of th garding the Capacities of Pupils With a Marked Degree of Precision. fication of the children in the publi schools, the writer has experimentes upon data obtained through the Hage leges throughout the country for thel gerty intelligence tests, in comparison purpose of educational prognosis and | with the school grades and the esti- mates of the teacher in the case of a group of puplls in the elementary grades of the public schools. The tests were given to 1,078 chil- dren distributed as follows: Primary grades, 602 pupils, and intermediate grades, 476 pupils. All teachers hav. children gave their rating as to the intelligence of the pupils at the time ‘when the tests were made. The judg- ment of the teachers was based upon class grades made during the year and upon their general estimate of intelligence. This rating by the teath- er represents the average of the com- bined estimates of several instructors in the case of each pupil. Rank Given by the Teacher. The intelligence rank as given by the teacher was arranged on a five- point scale: Very superior pupils were placed In rank one; superiors, in rank two; average pupils in_rdhk three; inferiors in rank four, and very inferiors in rank five. The rating by the intelligence tests w: -rnué on a similar scale and was based on ltl intelligence gquotients obtained in the usual way (that is, by dividing the mental age by the chronological age), rank ome in the intelligence rat representing all pupils whose intel- ligence quotients is 120 or above; rank two, all with an intelligence que- tient from 110 to 119; rank three, all with an intelligence quotient from 0 to 109; rank four, with an intelligence quotient from 20 to 89, and rank five, all with an intelligence quotient be- low 80. b Result of a Short Test. The outcome of this study would seem to indicate, first, that it is possi- ble in a forty-minute mental test, to discover in the main the capacities of the pupils with almost as much pre- cision as:is possible for the t: r who deals with the childrem in the classroom a whole year; and, secold- 1y, the mental test reveals such man. tal qualities among children as dornemtn estimates of teachers in