Evening Star Newspaper, September 26, 1896, Page 19

THE EVENING STAR, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 286, 1896—TWENTY-FOUR PAGES. - 19 BICYCLE WITH WINGS A New Device for a Flying Machine and How It Works. AN EAGLE AND AN ORDINARY SAFETY Correcting the Mistakes Made by Other Inventors. NOW BEING BUILT From the New York Sun. SCAR FREYMANN is the inventor of a brand new flying machine which has several novel feat- ures, and which, from his success in experimenting with a model, bids fair to make a decided ad- ance toward the solution of the prob- -m of aerial naviga- tien. A full-sized machine is now be- ing constructed in this city, under the in- ventor’s supervision, and he expects that it will be finished and ready for trial in about two months. Although the experi- ments with the model were made a year ago, Mr. Freymann decided to keep them secret until he should have filed plans of his invention in the patent offices in Europe and America. This was not done until last week, no description of the machine has heretofore been published. Speaking broadly, Freymann’s machine is @ return to the principles upon which in- , s have generally worked before Herr Otte Lilienthal of Berlin cut away from them two or three years ago, and con- trived a machine by means of which he succeeded in flying, or rather in soaring, over considerable distances. Lilienthal postponed for future development the ap- plication cf motive power and contented The Flying Machine. himself with an aeroplane capable merely of sustaining nim for a time, while th nded upon the force of grav! on ene hand and the force of the don the other. Lilienthal always soar- yst the wind, while Freymann says h his machine it will be possible to fly both with the wind and against it. The most vital defect of Lfllenthal's aeroplane was the difficulty of accurately calculating the downward soar and the point at which the machine vould reach the earth. Lilienthal got many bruises and sprairs in alighting, and was finally killed, a few weeks ago, in the course of his ex- periments. Freymann contends that his machine will overcome this defect, and one of the means by which he hopes to bring this about is a more perfect arrange- ment for changing the plane of the wings. Liltenthal managed the alteration of plane by throwing the weight of his body to the front or the rear end of nis machine. A Bicycle Arrangement. When approaching the earth at too sharp Je he threw his weight back, thus the forward end of the aeroplane The force of the wind raised the and made his ultimate descent By this means alone Lilien- ntly in rising to a as high as that from which he start- or even higher. It will be recalled that in starting {t was necessary for him to launch himself from a high hill. Frey- mann‘s machine wiil be fitted with a lever, by means of which the tilt of the wines may be changed accurately and gradually as the emergency requires. Another novel feature of his machine is a bicycle arrange- ment, one of the functions of which is to assist in starting and in alighting. Freymann’s plan is to start from the or- ground level. The bicycle is ridden for a short distance, and when a certain degree of speed is attained the air pressiire opens the wings and the machine from the earth, the wing cing worked also by the bi- pedals. Thus Freymann’s machine differs from Lihenthal's in being fitted for motive power, to be supplied by the legs. The hands are left free to manipulate two levers, one which regulates the tilt of the wirgs 4nd another which operates a tail or jder, fixed in a vertical plane behind. Freymann is a Russian, about forty years old, and hé has been studying the flying- machine problem for nearly fifteen years. He was born in Mitau, Livonia, and studied mechanical enginecring in Germany. While at the university he studied the literature of the subject and went over carefully the plans of other inventors. He also examin- ed mary models of flying machines and strdied their defects. Soon after graduat- ing he went to work as an engiacer In the construction of railroads in Russia, and twelve years he nas been developing dea of a flying machine, subject to Interruptions caused by his profession- al duties. Description of the Machine. ‘The plans for Freymann’s machine pro- » for eight wings, four on each side. y are to be concayo-convex, the form nearly all recent Inventors have ae upon as ntial. The me to a nt where they Joln the body of the ma- and at the extremity are broad and They are to be of silk, stretched frame of light steel or of willow, and stoutly bracéd on the convex side to pre- vent them from bh aking or being turned inside cut by the pressure of the air. The ymann is a sportsman, and he 's motion while stationed in Asia The tips of the wings, all of whi Plan and Shape of the Wings. work together, describe an ellipse. As they go forward they move upward slightly, at an angle supposed to give just enough sus- taining power to keep the machine going ahead cn a level. As the wings drop back they close together somewhat, and then they spread open to the full again as they rise on the next round. This is Mr. Frey- mann’s thecry, at all events, and he says it will work out In practice. After Freymann had evolved his Wing thecry he went to Germany and watched Lislierthal’s experiments. He found a num- ber cf defects in the aeroplane, which he determined to correct. Lilienthal’s weight was placed high up between the wings, nd this made it possible for the wind to ip it about and even to blow it over from the front, the back or one of the sides. Mr. Freymann expects to get around this by having his center of gravity considera- bly below the spread of the wings. This, he thinks, will steady the machine, and the same ‘purpose will be served by the open- ings between the wings. It may be sald in scprort of the latter theory that Har- erave, the Australian experimenter with celluler kites, demonstrated that the sta- bility of a kite in a high wind !s increased by perfcration, permitting part of the wind to pass through. Mr. Freymann proposes to take further advantage of this theory by having his wings so arranged that they tay be closed together in pairs in a high wind, practically reducing the number of ‘wings to four and leaving a much wider space between for the passage of the air. Built a Model. Another flaw that Freymann found in Lilier'thal’s apparatus lay in the fact that his arms were not free of the wings, and this, as well as the other, is to be corrected by lowering the seat of thé operater. Freymann’s plans, except so far as dimen- sions were concerned, were fully worked out while he was in Moscow last year. He pro- ceeded to build a small model with a view both to testing the practicability of the ma- chine and to ascertaining the spread of wings necessary to support a given weight. The wings were built of oiled paper and were each about a yard square. The mech- anism was the same as shown in his present plans, except that the bicycle wheels were left off and the mechanism was worked by means of an electric motor, instead of by pedals. The motor generated 1-20 horse The Bicycle Gearing. power. The model was so arranged that the machine should rise but a short dis- tance and then should proceed practically en a level. The motor and mechanism welghed four pounds, and Mr Freymann fcund by experiment that the wings would support nine pounds additional. Having completed his model Mr. Frey- mann took it out to a level district near Moscow, where he could be unobserved, and, aiming it against a ght wind, started the motor. He says that it rose to a height of forty-five feet and flew for about a mile between thirty and forty-five feet above the earth. Then, the wind increasing, the wings were tilted up in front and the ma- chine was driven back and down to the earth. Its flight, he says, was as rapid as that of a dove. Greater Spread of Wings. Mr. Freymann based his calculations upon his experiments with the model, and pre- pared working plans for a machine of di- mensions adapted to supporting a welght of 210 pounds, in addition to that of the ma- chine itself, which will be eighty-five pounds. He decided to bufid the machine in America, because he believed that he would find here more intelligent mechanics, and in this expectation, he says, he has not been disappointed. ‘Mr. Freymann says that his machine, in a tion to being fitted for motive power, will have a much greater spread of wings than Lilienthal’s, and consequently greater supporting power. Lilienthal’s wings, he a were each fifteen square meters in ex- tent, and his will be fifty-four, or about sixty square yards. The wings will measure thirty feet from tip to tip. Mr. Freymann says that, according to his calculation, the same amount of power re- quired to run a bicycle at an ordinary speed and the same number of pedal revolutions will sustain his-machine and propel it against a moderate wind at the rate of fifteen miles an hour. He believes that a speed of fifty miles will be attainable under suitable conditions. In flying before the wind, he says, no pedal motion will be recesaary except from time to time to keep from descending. The wind, he believes, will carry the machine along at a high rate of speed. It will proceed in a series of swoops, similar to those made by Lillen- thal's aeroplane, in soaring against the wind. In a Contrary Wind. Mr. Freymann says it will not be possible te fly with the wind on either side. It will work only against the wind or with it di- rectly behind. Under these conditions great difficulty is to be expected in turning around, but Mr. Freymann believes it can be accomplished by shortening sail, so to speak, and by a proper manipulation of the rudder,providing the wind ts not too strong. Aeronauts have a theory, which is pretty fenerally accepted, that above the winds which blow over the surface of the earth there is a region of comparative calm, and haps Mr. Freymann will go up into this strict when he wants to turn around. The mechanism of the machine is com- paratively simple, as may be seen by the accompanying plans. The wings are moved forward and upward and then downward and backward by means of steel rods con- nected with two wheels, which are revolved together by chains running from the pedals. The lever which is grasped by the right hand is connected by steel wires with the everhead structure, part of which is mova- ble in such a manner as to change the gen- eral plane of the wings. The lever grasped by the left hand is connected in a similar manner with the rudder. The entire mechanism Is under the control of these three things. Gravitation and the wind are expected to do the rest. The expense of building the trial machine will be about 3600. In quantities they should be manufactured for $200 or aplece, so that if the machine is successful, there is no reason why any well-regulated family should be without one. —_—___ A Fifty-Two-Mile Water “Toboggan.” From New Ideas. A system of repid transit transportation is in use in California which for economy of operation is probably the lowest in the country, despite the fact that the cost of construction was considerable, the “slide” in one place crossing the King river on a suspension bridge 451 feet long. A lumber company in Fresno county, Cal., Is the originator of this chute, which is fifty-two miles long, and in some places has a grade of twenty-three per cent. The flume is V- shaped, and, strange to say, in addition to carrying lumber, is utilized for the trans- portation of passengers one way; for, like the read to ruin in old temperance books, the line only runs one way—and that down. The boat or shoot in which the passengers travel is also built V-shaped to fit the flume, and is about sixteen feet long, and is roughly knocked together with boards, since it is “good for one trip only.” The front end of this strange craft is left open, as the velocity of the water is so great that, despite the speed of the boat, it does not run back into it. Preparatory to the trip a plank is placed along the bottom, on which the passengers rest their feet while sitting in single file on cross seats. In some cases a speed of seventy miles per hour has been attained. For a road which has a long, steep hill with plenty of water at the top and bottom this kind of a “chute” would make an admirable attrac- tion for people wio love excitement. He Knew Maurice. From the New York Tribune. ‘The other day Maurice Thompson, the writer, visited Calhoun, Ga., his old boy- hocd home. : “Who's that yander?” asked an old coun- tryman, indicating Thompson, who was standing before a grocery store whittling a pine box. “The tall fellow?” “Yes.” “That's Thompson—Maurice Thompson.” “What! The feller what use ter play eroun” here?” “The very same.” “You don't tell me?” “Fact. But he’s a great man now—one of the most successful of literary men. “Onpossible!”” “Fact, I tell you. He’s a great man now.” “Well,” said the old man doubtfully, “hit may be so, but hit don’t look reasonable.” “Not reasonable?” ‘o! Why”—and he drew closer and low- ered his voice a little—“he used ‘er go fish- in’ with me + «+—____ ‘Two Wardrobes. From the New York Weekly. Loving Wife—“My summer-wardrobe is completed, and I am now ready for New- Husband—Well, I'll see ff I can arrange my affairs so I can go.” “Gracious! I can’t take you along. You haven't a suit of clothes fit to be seen.” IN THE CHURCHES The number of the ‘local Presbyterian churches was increased last Sunday after- noon by the formation of a new church of that denomination in Eckington. The chairman of the committee from the Wash- irgton presbytery, who had charge of the matter, Rev. C. B. Ramsdell, D. D., con- ducted the opening service. Rev. Joseph T. Kelly, pastor of the Fourth Church, made a prayer, after which a list of per- sens transferred to the new church by let- ter was read: From the North Church, 20 Gunton Temple Memorial, 5; Western, Anacostia, 1, and one by baptism and con- fession of faith. It was decided to call the new church the Eckington Presbyterian Church, the congregation also fixing the term of its eldership at three years. Two officers were then elected, as follows Elder, Irwin B. Linton, and deacon, J. A. Richards, both to serve until November, 1 The election of these officers was followed immediately by the installation of Mr. Linton and the ordination of Mr. Rich- ards. The new church originated as a. Sun- day school about six yeats ago, and last fall it occupied its new house of worship, erected at the intersection of Q and North Capitol streets. The little band of Presbyterians from which it sprung came mostly from the North Church, which church was colonized by the New York Avenue Church in 1865. Arrangements have been made by which the pulpit will be filled tomorrow and next Sunday by Rev. George R. Duncan of Har- risburg, Pa., who is to preach, with refer- ence to @ possible settlement in Washing- ton as pastor of Eckington Church. ‘The choir of the Immaculate Conception Church resumed its work last Sunday. Mr. Arthur D. Mayo is the organist and Mrs. Clara Baker-Smith the director. Among those singing in the choir are Mrs. Ralph Barnard, alto: Mr. H. O. Cook, tenor, and Miss Annie Grant, soprano. The archdeacon of the convocation of Washington, Rev. Thomas Spencer Childs, D. D., is now at Orkney Springs, Va., but is expected back the ist of October. His family has been spending the summer in the north. Notice was received the other day in this city of the death at Wytheville, Va., of Rev. Dr. R. S. Barrett, general missioner of the Episcopal Church of the United States. Dr. Barrett has resided at yarious times in this city, but is better kndWn for his writings, a book of which has just come from the press. He was the husband of Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett, also well known here. Sunday, October 11, will be the twentieth anniversary of the organization of North Capitol Methodist Episcopal Church and the fifth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the present church bulid- ing. The event is to be observed by all- day services, which will begin with preach- ing in the morning and close with preach- ing at night by prominent ministers from other cities. There are to be platform services at 3 o'clock, at which Revs. Luther B. Wilson and W. R. Stricklen are to make addresses. There 1s also to be a special nusical program, which will be in charge of Prof. O. H. Young. The Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor of the Ninth Street Christian Church has presented the Sunday school with a new piano. Last evening there was @ social tendered the Sunday school by the. Endeavor society. Miss Mary Folks, well known in local Endeavor circles and a member of the Ver- mont Avenue Christian Church, has left for Hiram College to prepare herself for missionary work. Rev. Father W. S. Caughy, who has been appointed to succeed Father Dougherty at St. Stephen's Church, will be heard for the first time in his new charge tomorrow, when he will celebrate high mass. The Sunday school of the church reopened last Sunday. The first Sunday in October the music at Trinity Church is to be presented for the first time since reorganization by a full choir. Mr. D. W. Middleton is the director. Two new singers have been engaged, Miss Goodwin and Miss Cruett. Others who have been added to the choir are Mrs. Townley McKee and Miss Davis and Messrs. Chas. G. McRoberts and Sterling A. Kerr. Last Monday a number of Episcopal clergymen of this city attended a lecture and conference at the residence of Bishop Paret in Baltimore. Six years ago on that day Bishop Paret ordained a class of dea- cons. .Those in the class from this city were the Revs. Alexander M. Rich of Trinity Church, William ‘Tayloe Snyder of Incarna- tion, Robert 8. W. Wood of St. John’s, Geo. F. Dadley of St.°Stephen’s and John T. Crowe of the Church of Our Savior. The Baptist Ministers’ Association held a meeting Monday at Calvary Sunday school house. A paper was read by I <eatod Naylor on “Jesus, the Word of God." The secretary of the association, Rev. A, F. An- derson, who is also the pastor of Grace Church, returned from Europe last week and occupied hid pulpit Sunday for the first time, Rev. Neilson Falls, who has been very ill with typhold fever, 1s now recuperating in the mountains of North Carolina. The festival of St. Matthew, which oc- curred Monday, was observed at St. Mat- thew’s Episcopal Chuch, on M and Half streets southeast, by an anniversary ser- mon to commemorate the organization of the congregation. A number of the local clergy were present and delivered addresses. The first meeting of the Methodist Minis- ters’ Association, since adjournment last June took place Monday at Foundry Church. In the absence of the president, Dr. J. B. Stitt, the vice president, Rev. Dr. Baldwin, presided, and in the absence also of Rev. Alexander Bielaski, Rev. W. W. Van Ars- dale acted as secretary. The session was taken up for the most part in recounting vacation experiences. The mission which Evangelist W.. J. Wright of the Christian Church is conduct- ing in a tent at the corner of 4% and K streets southwest is still being held nightly, and will be continued as long as the weath- er permits. A number of conversions have been made of persons who will be added to the Southwest Mission. A council was called this week at the in- yitation of the Second Baptist Church, to consider the advisability of ordaining to the Baptist ministry John W. Kincheloe, a member of the Second Baptist Church of this city. The council declared itself satis- fied with Mr. Kincheloe, and advised the church to proceed with his ordination. Ac- cordingly !t has been determined to hold this ceremony Wednesday in the church Luilding of the Columbia Baptist Church at Falls Church, Va. The committee in charge of the exercises is headed by Rev. B. Hez Swem, as chairman. Mr. Kincheloe is a Virginian by birth, but has resided in Washington for the past two or three years. He has been called to the pastorate of the Columbia Church, but will continue his studies at Columbian University. A number of the Washington District Ep- worth League members a few nights ago went to Lanhams, Md., and organized a chapter there of twenty members. The chapter immediately proceeded to the elec- tion of officers, with the following result: President, Rev. J. W. Steele; first vice pres- ident, Mr. A. A. Hancock; second vice pres- ident, Miss Addie Benjamin; thjrd vice president, Mrs. J. W. Steele; fourth vice president, Mrs. A. A. Hancock; secretary, Mr. A. M. Phelps, and treasurer, Miss Annie Gray. The formation of this chapter brings the membership in the Washington District League up to thirty-seven chap- ters, which number includes a chapter re- cently admitted from Alexandria. Rev. Dr. G. B. Patch, pastor of the Gun- ton Temple Memorial Church, and Mrs. Patch have returned from Wernersville, Pa. Dr. Patch expects to soon be able to occupy the pulpit again. Tomorrow the services are to be in charge of Rev. Charles Alvin Smith. Rev. Mr. Elliott, who sup- plied the pulpit from the third Sunday In May, returned to Auburn Seminary last week to resume his theological course of studies. Rev. Dr. J. McBride Sterrett, assistant minister at the Church of the Epiphany, is now in the mountains of Virginia with his son. The rector of the church, Rev. Dr. McKim, and another of the assistant min- isters, Rev. A. M. Hillaker, are expected back in Washington some time during Oc- tober. The Epworth Leaguers of Washington are preparing to holg a mass meeting the second Friday in October in the audito- vtum of the new Fifteenth Street Methodist Episcopal Church. The program will be in charge of the third vice president of the league, Mrs. H. B. Moulton, who is at the head of the literary department of the league. The committee in charge of the annual convention has secured as one ef the speakers Rev. Madison Swadener of Cincinnati, Ohio, superintendent of the Church Extension Soctety of that city, who fs to make the opening address of the convention Friday, November 13, and also will deliver the convention sermon the fol- lowing Sunday. Rev. J. T. Crowe, rector of the Church of Our Savior, returned this week from an extended vacation. ‘Waugh Chapter of the Epworth League celebrated the fifth anniversary of its or- ganizaticn yesterday evening. Nearly the entire membership was present, besides numerous other leaguers and officers of the District organizatten- After a num- ber of addresses the evening was given up to social festivities. +7 Rev. Stowell L. Bryant, pastor of St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, has returned from his rest at Manchester-by- the-Sea. St. Paul's Church, which was closed during the summer, has been re- opened for services. Last Sunday the feast/of St. Cyprian was celebrated at the church of that name by solemn high mass, of which a panegyric was delivered by the Rev. James Joseph A. Foley of St. Paul's parigh. In the even- ing Rev. Father J. R. Matthews, the pas- tor of the church, preached a special ser- mon to the societies of the parish. Among those who attended thé services were the Knights of St. Cyprian, Knights of St. Vincent, Knights of St. Augustine and Knights of St. Thomas. . is St. Paul's M. E. Sunday school will hold a rally service tomorrow morning, and @ unique program has been arranged. It 1s proposed that the members of the classes who have returned from their vacations shall have opportunity to speak of the manner in which they spent Sundays dur- ing their trips, followed by the lesson and short addresses on various interests of the school. It is expected that at the morning service Rev. L. B. Wilson, the presiding elder, will preach the sermon. Rev. Egerton Ryerson Young, a well- known missionary, will preach in the Met- ropolitan M. B, Church tomorrow morning. On Monday evening he will tell his thrilling experiences of canoeing and dog-traveling in the land of the auroras. —— GEORGE HENRY Lynn Linton Describes Him. From the Woman at Home. LEWES. How Mrs. Lewes was a singularly plain man, deep- ly pitted with the smallpox, with narrow jaws and somewhat drawn-in cheeks. He had bright, vivacious and well-shaped eyes, a quantity of bright brown hair, and a flexible mouth of singular moistness. He was the first of the audacious men of my acquaintance, and about the most extreme. He had neither shame, nor reticence in his choice of subjects, but would discourse on the most delicate matters of physiology with no‘ more perception that he was transgressing the bounds of propriety than if he had been a learned savage. I heard more startling things from Lewes, in full corclave of young and old, married and single, men and women, than I had ever dreamed of or heard hinted at before. And I know that men complained of his after- dirrer talk and anecdotes as oeing be- yord the license accorded to or taken by even the boldest talkers of the mess table and club smoking room. He did not go so far as this, in public, but he went very far, and to a young girl, fresh from a coun- try life where tne faint echoes of “plums, prunes and prisms” still lingered, it was all embarrassing and “shocking” enough. His manners, too, were as free as his talk. It was said of another notable man in his day that his way of shaking hands suggested the divorce court, and the same might be said of Lewes’ manners to the women he liked and was intimate with. I myself was at Mrs. Milner Gibson's when he shouted across the room: “Arethusa, come here!” and I saw him perch himself familiarly on the arm of the chair in which she was sitting. Yet he had no cause for such a breach of gocd taste and good manners. Mrs. Milner Gibson was his good friend, as she was a good friend to so many whom her kindty social patronage could serve, for she was ode of the most generous, most large-hearted women of her jay. But I know that Mr. Lewes’ fa- willarity tried her temper; as it would have tried the temper of any woman. I emember, too, his offering to kiss a pretty young girl on her takingZleave of the family one Sunday night, and his offended ard reproachful tone when she turned avay her head refused his kiss. It was the tone which should have been used had she submitted to this or any other like familiarity. That, too, was a startling experience to me, which upset my moral arithmetic for many days, Frankly sensual, frankly self-indulgent and enjoying, he was the horn the natural Hedonist. Lifa.to hi love and pleasure, and»pe hyd that bright and expansive quality which’ makes p'e ure and finds it everywigre. ~ In work and in idleness, in the sans ficontof Bohemian- ism and in the more orderly amusements of conventional seciety=in s&cientifi ecissiun and in empty persiflage, he equally at home, and wherever he went there was a patch of intellectual sunshine in the room. +e e ROCK ELM 1 the Lumber Trade th Having. DEMAND. From the Tim! The continuing and growing demand for bieycles has its effect upon the hard wood lumber trade. It is estimated that there will be produced in American factories this year nearly 860,000 bicycles. Practi- cally all of these are equipped with wood rims. Each wood rim requires 2% feet board measure, and allowing one-third for vaste that would mean a consumption of 6,000,000 feet, almost exclusively rock elm. erman, This is for the rims alone, to aay nothing of the guards d handle but of the latter there is another The con- sumption of 6,000,000 feet or thereabouts of reck elm does not look very large in a busizess which is accustomed to deal with hundreds of millions, but when it is re- membered that only about per cent of hard maple {3 available for rim purposes, and that therefore 40,000,000 feet of one of the mincr hard woods ‘must be handled over in order to obtain this matwial, the importance of the bicycle demand in this special way will be recognized. We spoke above of wooden handle bars. That is to be the next thing in bicycles, according to authorities on the subject, Wood, principally hickory, perhaps a little ash, Is to be used instead of steel tubing, not because of any decrease in weight, a3 that will remain about the same, but be- catse of the superior elasticity of the weod, making the wheels easier to ride and less fatiguing to the hands and arms. Fur- thermore, it will be an advantage to the marvfacturers, as bent tabing is a difficult article to manufacture, whereas hickory can be bent into any desired shape; and ther. again, the new bars will be cheaper. There is no prospect of any less number of bicycles being manufactured in the near future than in the present or the past, and perhaps 1,000,000 bicycles next year may be placed new upon the market. A considerable portion of them, it is said, perhaps the majority, will have handle bars made of second growth hickory. ‘That is uncther thing for the hardwood men to take nete of. But the consumption of lumber due to the bicycle trade does not stop with this. There is crating. What that amounts to no one seems to know, but about every bicycle sooner or later is in- vested with a crate of its own, and this requirement must mean a considerable in- crease in consumption of coarse lumber; so, though the bicycle is largely a thing of tubing, wire and forgings, it has some influence on the lumber trade. - + © Kaffir Dentistry. From the London Spectator. The method of extradting*teeth among the Kaffirs is barbarous in: the extreme, and remind one of the tortures of the dark ages. = The patient is pl--eq on the ground, and four men are employed ‘to hold him down, two taking his arms ‘and ‘two his legs. Then the operator kneely down beside him, and taking a piece of sharpened ivory, steel or wocd, he calmly proceeds to hack away at the gum until the offending tooth fs loose. He then extracts it With finger and thumb, the patient hdving suffered naturally unspeakable agoniéé. The time occupied in th¢ operation is often of long duration, sometfmes extending over as much as thirty minutes, but, of course, this varies according to the strength of the tooth. Persons in this country who make a practice of taking an anesthetic, when having a tooth extracted would probably find the operation as performed by the Kaffir dentist a little troblesome, to say the least of it. Of course, the Kaffirs dwelling in or near the towns go to the ordinary dentist, but those living far away from civilization have no alternative but to resort to the methods described above. ee No Sense in It. From Trath. * : Farmer Oatcake—‘Mandy, every feller’s bound to be worked up over the political situation this year.” i Mrs, Oatcake—“Mebbe, Silas, but as it only takes you a few minutes to vote, I don’t jest see the sense o’ talkin’ about it for three months ahead!’ . .. MONEYFOR RAILROADS When a Presidential Candidate Makes a Campaign Tour. WHY THE BILLS ARE PROMPTLY PAID See Political Gatherings Bring Business to the Railway Lines. RUNNING SPECIALS see ee P BRHAPS THIS TRIP isn’t a good thing for us?” The above was spoken by one of the brightest offictals connected “with the Southern railroad to zn Evening Star re- orter one evening wing the past week. rhe speaker referred :o the latest trip of Presidential Candi- date Bryan through the souin. Conunuing, the speaker said: “This one trip alone will give our com- pany clear fully $25,000, and it has only lasted about a week. If we could keep him in the south for about a month it wovid be almost a gold mine for us. “Does the presidential candidate or h. party managers pay for the special train inquired the reporter. “Yes, indeed,” replied the passenger agent, with a smile. “We would be too glad to carry a presidential party free for vari- ous reason. but circumstances will not perinit such a move, as the political man- agers refuse to take chances on anything that Is likely to redound to their disadvan- tage.” “And the cost? It must be a pretty pen- ny?” questioned the reporter. “The cost of a special train under the present circumstances is a small matter to any railroad company,” replied the agent. “We generally figure on the ratio of twen ty passengers to the car at so much per mile. Say the special travels a hundred miles a day. At three cents a mile this would amount to $60, but In the case of Mr. Bryan’s present trip, where one or more cars are used, the price is sure to get up in the hundreds daily. But, as I have said before, ihis money is really the smailest part of the transaction. Getting Up a Crowd. “Now, analyze the last trip. Mr. Bryan arts for Indianapolis from Chi- cago. We Know three or four days ahead what time he will be in the former city. Large posters are immediately struck cff advertising the fact that Mr. Bryan will speak in Indianapolis on a certain day, and that our road wiil carry passeueers from station to and from any city at the rate of one fare for the round tr “Say regular fare is $. We put the ), and you can hardiy vv; is bait is taken. When you c vince a person that he is getting 4 gain he is bound to buy, no matte the price may be. The posters are sent out to every agent of the road, and diately m upon their being disy don sale, generally be. twodays. Then the rush be r rans feel the of before Un peaker is advertised and on the day named it wouid 1 ty to handle the for crowds w:ihout Ind apoiis is that too many reads on a different management enters ty. Tt ig a case where one would like to eat w melon alone, although the repas would be a big one MA ilusiration, to show wh road espec.aily was ben the town of Goldsboro, X. town that depends upon the Southe: oad for its pmimedat.on ex lusivel; but there was yer. road ran spe to the doors. devoured the watermelon ours 30) miles in ever ials and the cars w cursions is that the pass on the accommodation thing is taken in good humor. demand for cars is so great, as a matt course, everything that will hold a p. is pressed into service, and as a resuli we have frequently had to cepend up eight cars to heip us out. Of course, we give these cars a thorou%h cleaning aud ix them up with benches, and, to tell the iruth, I ielieve a genuine political crowd would sconer ride in these cars than in a regular passenger coach. ‘They know they can do as they please on these cars as long as they don’t wreck the train, and as a result we have no trouble in crowding them with Bi seNngers. ‘The 1adtes who desire to take these trips generally keep in the first-class coaches, and we exert ourselves to give them pro- teetion; but in the hastily constru coach It very frequently happens that pe will get excited over a political debate, especially is this true in the south, and as a result fisticuffs are frequently resorted to. But they rarely amount to anything serious and by the time the train has reached Its destination, on the return trip, everybody is sound asleep, tred out over the long trip and day's ement. “When you asked me whether the Bryan son it is a matter of go as you piease. ns trip was paid for it made me smile. If all our bills were met as promy dues of this sort are we wouid have very little trouble meeting running exr of all kinds as I have before remarked, these gcod things do not come our way often, Danger of Railroad Friendship. “There is not a railroad in the country that would aot be pleased if an opportunity materialized whereby it could grant a favor to any of the political parties. Every reader of the newspapers knows how raii- roads are legislated against, and for this reason the corporations would like to be in the gocd graces of all the parties, but for this same reason the political organi- zations fight shy of us. “For instance, say we were to carry Mr. Bryan and his party through the south free of charge and the fact become known. You can easily imagine the howi of de- rision that would go up from ‘the op- position press. Being friendly with cor- porations during a political! campa not to be thought of. Of course wé be able to keep the fact secret th and such a_ candidate was tr through the country at our expen: imagine what such a secret would be worth to the-opposilion party, and to the hard-working clerk through whose hands the transportation accounts would have to pass. For this reason we cannot be too quick with our bills, as a delay might occasion embarrassing talk and consequent paragraphs in the newspapers. This situa- tion takes in both parties. The republi- cans have the reputation of being friendly with the railroads, but our bills for trans- portation go into that party's hands and are paid as swiftly as though it was an organization with anarchist tendencies. “Now, to go back to generalities, place your finger on that railroad map of the United States and then make a guess on the figures that will represent the profits of the railroads of the country as a re- sult of the political battle of this year. Taking in the nominating conventions in the early summer, I would like to buy the profits for two million, and I am confident I would triple my money in the transaction. The Litfle Road to Canton. 2 “Mr. McKinley stays at home during the present campaign, but what a great busi- ness thft little branch road leading up to Canton gets. The Southern has miles and miles of track, tapping almost every town of any consequence throughout the south, and our profits resulting from the political campaign have been large, but I'd like to exchange for the velvet that Is coming the way of the Nttle Cleveland and Lorraine branch to Canton. Every week thousands of persons travel toward Canton, and the pret- ty part of the railroad situation ts that they | or. 1 py an im- | ed { have to go over the Lorraine branch or walk. : “Another thing taken into consideration by us railroad men is that the excursion season is over for the most part. During the summer months every railroad is work- irg its hardest to secure the many thou- sands of dollars that are floating around in the way of providing recreation for the peo- ple who have secured vacations, and at this time of the year travel is generally dull. We have the road, the cars and the employes, and to keep everything on the move is the greatest ambition of the real railroad man. “What a nice thing it would be if we could persuade Major McKinley to take trip through the south or the other roa‘ get him to travel to New York or to St. Louis. Ex-President Harrison has given it out that he wili make only one more speech during the campaign, and that in Indian- apolis. I wouldn't take $50,000 for the ex- curs.on or special train business on that oc- jon, and he isn’t in McKinley’s or Bryan's class as an attraction. Imagine the business that will be made for the rail- roads by Mr. Bryan's trip to Maine. At every place he stops long enough to make a big speech, parades will be participated in by political organizations, not only from the towns wherein the speeches are made, but from all the villages and towns within a radius of a hundred miles. With these clubs go thousands of. people, and the rail- roads gather in the goiden fruit. How the Spenkers Draw. “In the matter of political demonstra- tions, every state in the Union ts affected and the excursion business can now be placed at-its zenith, Roads that generally fight for business this time of the year like a drowning man trying to keep his head above water, find themselves taxed to the utmost to afford accommodation to those who want to travel to poiitical meet- ings. Of course, the cheap rate has a good bit to de with this state of affairs, but then it is better to carry 100 at half rate than ten at full fare. ‘Another thing railroad managers have to ke into consideration, especially. those ccnnected with the big roads, ts to antici- pate political gatherings, size up the crowd he expects to turn out and then have the ry cars at that end of the line to nmodate the travel, so that no one is arned away. For this reason railroad managers have divided the different speakers into four sses as to drawing power. Mr. Bryan lone constitutes the first class, only one other man, McKinley, being capable of aring honors with him. In the seccnd class go the names of rrison, Reed, Hobart, Hill, Sewall, Wat- son, Teller, Sherman and Stevenson. “In the thira class the governors of states, Congressmen and men with the rep- utation of Altgeld, Tillman and ‘Coin’ Har- vey. These latter men draw best near home. “In the fourth class are placed the state senators, mayors and men on the paid list This latter class is very de- as to drawing power, as a local tration is Hable to materialize at any time that would swamp the best equip- ped road In the country. “I have now referred to the pleasant side, or moneyanaking part, of political cam- paigns in connection with railroad transpor- tation, and it remains for me to speak of | the unpleasant or resporsible phase of the story. To Insure Safety. “From the time a special is switched on to our road containing a personage of as much importance as Mr. Bryan, it is a case of breathing hard with the officials in charge of the running of trains until that same special has been in turn switched on to another road. The superintendents of di- n are the principal responsible heads en comes the trainmasters, train run- supervisors and section bosses. Every of the road is inspected by experts in line before the train passes, and a nuous patrol, day and night, until the nsibility is ‘removed. lave you ever thought of the sensation that would follow should the train carrying Bryan be wrecked? Outside of the at political calamity that would result n be killed or injured, think t upon the railroad into whose hinds he was intrusted for safe transporta- | on. Not aly this country would re-echo h the details of the catastrophe, but the lire world would know It all, story the name of the unlucky road 1 always be coupled. same applies to the many excursion sins run to political meetings. ‘Take, for re, the excursions to Canton, number- eral sections of a train, the cars of re packed to the doors. They must - 200d time, run clese together, so as d the passengers in a bunch, and yet -tly secure from accident. This class | that | cont rest ers very frequently indulge in Ue tricks, such as pulling the air-brake (rd or bell cord, and every employe, no natter how humble, will be continuously on d like to see the campaign coi I know the trainmen an: eathe easier when the fate- — Note on Kate Field. ‘nce Hutton In the Bookman. I was taken one evening by Oliver Lay, in the early ’60's, to call on Kate Field, then living with her mozher in 26th or 27th street, west of 6th avenue, in w York. She was writing editorials for the Herald on a salary of $%,000 a year, which was considered in those days an enormous price, and she was looked upon as the n.cst promising young woman in her pro- fession in America. For thirty years or mere we were excellent friends, meeting in all parts of the new world and the old. he and Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton were my mother’s guests in Edinburgh one s nmer. We spent six weeks with her in is during the year of the exposition of isis. We saw much of her in London be- fore and after that. She knew my wife be- fore I did, and all our relations with her sant and intimute. She was a woman with a good deal of brain and a great deal of hcart—sympathetic, loyal and Very generous. On many points we did not ugree; but upon no subject did we ever quarrel. I have known her to put herself to no Hitle trouble and expense to help those who Ihed no claim upon her; and I have known her to demand a gcod deal of help from those upon whom she had no claim. She was a curious admixture of sentiment and assurence. She was an indefatigable wor! er, avick, and ready with her pen and her tongue. A Friendly and with | She was blessed with a good deal | DR. SHADE'S Chloridum Discovery for Con- sumption, Remarkable Results From the “Home” Treatment. In addition to the many cures reported who took offive treatment, remarkable results by the “home” treatment have been reported also Mrs. Lydia A. Kesler, Roanoke, Vi September 9, 189 Dear Dr. Shade: I feel greatly indebted to you for the benefit your treatment gave my husband. (Took six mouttis’ home treatment.) I feel it has prolonged his life, I hope for many years, He says hits coughs is well. + writes, “Dr. ‘Shade, I cannot express my gratitude te you for the Interest you took in him. 1 think your treatment will cure eny case Uhat can possibly be cured. I feel confident that any dear busband would be dead now bad not a kind Providence dl- rected him to you Inst year. Now, thanks to and to God's blessing, be enjoys reasonable Lealth, He sends hix kindest regards. “LYDIA A. KESLER, Roanoke, V Call or send for Lookle ptom bla for those desiring “home” treatment. Hourgj Monday, Wednesday and Friday, 9 to 12 aud to 6 only. Consultation free. DR. SHADE IN CHARGE. 1232 14th st., Wi » D. coaeaee st., Washington, D. O. me ete. — cf practical common sense, and yet she did many foolish things. She made many Warm friends and she antagonized friends whom she could not afford to lose. She Was ambiliiovs, self-assertive and self-ad- vertisirg; but she was the soul of hones! and honor. She had a feminine side, wii all her masculinity and angularity, and there was gentleness and sweetness about her which the world did not suspect. She was bitterly treated, but I never heard her speak bitterly. She fought a hard fight against the world, and she fought it alone. She never hit a man when he was down, and she never hit a false blow. She said what she thought, without regard to the ultimate effect of her speech upon herself. She had a good deal of tact, and yet some- 2imes she was utterly tactless. She was a Starch friend, and sever a cruel enemy. © made many mistakes. She hed @ hard life and not & very successful on 4 but she never lost her self-respect, and she never forfeited the respect of those who have krown her. She lived alone, even as a young and not unattractive girl; she went about the world alone and unattended; yet she never laid herself open to reproach oF irsult; and no word against the purity of her private character has ever been ut- tered. She was one of the cleverest, most self-ccntained, most self-sustaining women of her generation tn any country, and hers Was one of the most contradictory individ- ualities I have ever known. But the g00d always, and largely, predominated over the bad. She never had a home. She diea alone as she lived alone. And I am sure she died like the brave woman she was. ———+ + Malmaixon Sold. From the Loudon Standard. Malmaison Chateau, once the residence of the Empress Josephine, has been pur- chased, together with some of the grounds attaching to it. by M. Osirts, a Paris finan- cler and philanthropist, for 122,000 franca, or £ Other portions of the property were bought by the Comtesse de Pari and by some nuns, while a billiard table, sup- Posed to have been used by the First Napo- leon, fell to an American purchaser for £29, The pine planted by the emperor and the Peach tree which Josephine placed in the orchard still exist in the grounds. The chateau, which looks like a hosplial or a barrack, is, as has already been stated, in a very dilapidated condition. ‘The ceilings are full of holes, the damp has eaten into the tapestries and wall papers of the salon and bed rooms, while in the chapel the altar is half demolished and the sculptural fig- ures are almost unrecognizable. Malmal- son was bought for the first consul in 1798, and cost the government 160,00) francs. M. Osiris, the new owner, does not in- tend to prepare the place for residential Purposes, but he says that if it can be thoroughly restored he will offer it to the country as an historic place, which may also be utilized for some philanthropic pur- pose, to be decided upon hereafter. The de- fenders of historic landmarks have now gained a victory, as the threatened demoll- tion of the old residence of Napoleon and Josephine has been obviated by the munifi- cence of M. Osiris. Patriots may also exult, for the purchaser of Malmaison had also, it appears, determined to acquire the Place So as to prevent it from falling into the hands of an Englishman. The shade of Napoleon will thus be preserved from coming into contact near the historic pine tree with the substantial figure of some Wealthy retired citizen of the so-called shopkeeper nation. ———_+e+—____ Danger in the Roentgen Rays. From the Springield Republican. It appears that the Roentgen rays cannot always be used with impunity, and that, -in fact, as yet very little 1s known as to their nature. An electrical engineer, who has often demonstrated the beauty of his own finger bones by placing one of his hands within the radius of the searching rays, has lost all the nails from the fingers of that hand, while Sidney Rowland, a leading experimenter, mentions several evses of similar character in the structural changes that occur in the hair, and #0 terth, of those who have been frequently shadowgraphed by this method. Thus, in the case of patients whose heads have been subjected to the influence of the rays, the hair hus either turned white or has fallen out entirely. It is suggested that these re- stlts are due to the electrical potency of what ar> called the ultra violet rays of the spectrum, though their precise action is at present by no means thoroughly under- stood. One curious suggestion has already been made. It is a well-known superstition, and one which has existed for generations, that people who sleep in the direct rays of the moon have their reason more or less seriously affected. Now, it is sajd that these ultra violet rays exist In the moon- light, and hence a popular superstition may be founded upon scientific fact.