Evening Star Newspaper, June 16, 1894, Page 19

TEMPLE OF 10, 000 BUDDHAS. RUINS OF NANKING| A Visit to the Biggest Walled City of the World. THE STORY OF 178 WONDERS The Famed Porcelain Tower and Its Massive lron Top. A VISIT TO THE MING TOMBS (Copyrighted, 1894, by Frank G. Carpenter.) NANKING, China, May 16, 1894. ANKING IS THE biggest walled city of the world, and it is one of the most wonderful cities of history. It was more than 000 years old when Christ was a baby, and its munici- pal hair was gray with the age of 1,200 odd years when Mo- hammed first saw the light of day. The present wall which @urrounds it was built about one hundred years before Columbus sailed out from with earth and stones. This is stamped down and upon its top a paved roadway is made, upon which the guards walk and upon which In many places are old cannon, and near them piles of stones ready to be thrown down upon the enemy. The length of these walls is much greater than is neces. sary to inclose the cities. I have seen none less than ten miles long, and this wall of Nanking is 32 miles in length. The city of Nanking, which is bigger than St. Louis, occupies only a small part of the inclosure, and the wall runs up and down over a roll- ing country, taking in small farms and market gardens, many of which stand upon the site of the greater Nanking of the past. The distance across the inclosure from one wall to the other 1s more than eight mil and during any other time than an expo tion or convention period you could crowd all of the people of Chicago inside these walls and have room to spare. A mile of such wall must cost considerably more than a mile of railroad, and in these 4,000 walled cities it is safe to say there is something like 25,000 miles of fortifications, or enough to have covered China with railroads. Many of these walls are poorly kept, but if a big city should spring up in China today it would have a wall built about it, and this Nanking wall was thoroughly repaired three years ago. It cost the viceroy $250,000 to patch it up, and you see the fresh mortar of today running in and out of the gray lines of 500 years ago. ‘The Mammoth Moat. The moat outside the wall is fully as in- teresting as the wall itself. This runs about the entire structure, save at the end where it cuts into the mountain, and at the opposite side of the city from the gate at which I entered it expands into a very pretty lake. The earth used for*the filling of the walls is generally taken from the moat, and the excavation ts so great that the Nanking moat ranges from seventy to one hundred feet in width. It ig connected by a canal with the Yangtse river, and it forms the highway from it to the city. Although it is about two hundred miles Spain to find a passage to trade with its People, and it has several times been the capital of the great Chinese empire. It lies im the interfor not far from the Yangtse Kiang river. about two hundred miles away from the sea coast, and the viceroy, who now makes it his capital, has more power than President Cleveland, and he governs Bearly twice as many people as there are $m the whole United States. He has under him cities of vast extent, the names of which are unknown to the average Ameri- ean, and his income amounts to millions. He spends vast sums in his arsenals, pow- der works and naval schools, and he directs from this point a machinery of govern- ment which, though by no means so pure, has as mary ramifications and offices as that of our capital at Washington. He has here the big examinations which test the learning of tens of thousands of Chinese students every three years, and his people are so noted for their ability and culture that Nanking has been called the Athens of China. Nanking’s Great Wall. These Chinese cities are so different from anything in America that I almost despair of giving a good idea of them. In the first Dlace, Nanking is a walled city. All of the big cities of China are surrounded by walls ranging in size from forty to seventy feet high and so thick that two two-horse wa- ns could be driven side by side upon the paved roads which form their tops and the wheels of the wagons would not touch each other. Here and there upon the walls are guard houses and barracks which rise one and two stories above the walis and in from the sea, it ts affected by the tide, and only smali boats can sail through it. These bring, however, passengers and freight, and the moat swarms with craft, which sail about it from one gate of the city to the other, offering their wares for sale. There are hucksters of all kinds upon it, and fuel peddlers push or scull great rafts of reeds about through it, selling as much as one man can carry for about twenty cents. ‘The moat is crossed by bridges at the gates, which, like tunnels, enter the wall, and some of these bridges remind you of the noted bridges of Italy. There is one at the south gate which is walled with stores like the Ponte Vecchio across the Arno at Florence, or, rather, more like the Rialto in Venice. Some of the canals run into the city, and the moat and canals in many ways remind you of the famed water city on the Adriatic. It is to me a far more in- teresting city than Venice, and the won- ders of its ruins are greater than those of old Rome. Nanking Generations Ago ad Now. The Nanking of today is built upon the foundation of the Nanking of the past, and outside of the present city there is a vast area which was once covered with build- ings. The Tartar city where emperors lived has dwindled into dust, and the mar- ble and golden-tiled palaces of the past have been supplanted by the farms and gar- dens of the present. Fifteen generations ago there was here one of the most pro- gressive monarchs of history. Nanking was then the center of Asiatic trade and cul- ture. Foreigners from all parts came here to study, and the Persians and Arabians crowded each other upon these streets. Today you see Jewish types among the faces you meet, and the city has a large Fopulation of ‘Mohammedans. Many of these are the descendants of the strangers who came here in the days of the famed Chinese ruler Chu Hung Wo. This man gn siniils in tis anand which soldiers are placed to keep a lookout Over the city and its approaches. The w: are entered by great tunnel-like Gates with arched roofs, and the doors to these are of heavy planks and timbers bound with sheets of iron riveted on with bolts. These ae closed during the night, nd the man who arrives after dark has to wait till morning among the beggar huts of the outside. It was late in the after- noon when I found myself with about a hundrel Chinese passengers In the rude fer-y boat which takes the freight from the river steamers to the shore at the land- ing for Nanking, and I narrowly escaped Spending a night out of doors. I was heid for some time by a big Chinese official be- cause I had not a passport from Peking, when my servant had gotten our don- rs and had loaded up two Chinese coolles with our baggage the sun was low in the horizon and I saw a blind Mohammedan r kneeling by the roadside and say- ing his prayers as it went down. We had Yet five miles to go before reaching the city, but we made the gates and got in be- fore dark g the journey, with the | Bes fa ng in a vile Chinese inn re me. I thought of the possibility of qiimbing the wall, but as I came cioser SS << — In the Porcelain Pagoda. to it I realized the futility of such an at- - It would be al as easy to wl up the sides of the Washington mon- ate walls rose straight upward | to the height of an eight- | and the only broken spaces | Were the cuts formed by their c enellated | tops. Had one of the soldiers on guard | thrown me down a rope ladder I would red to risk the climb, and as I it I wondered at the expense of We often hear of the vast n the great Chinese wall. ndred m long, t about Nanking. na have eaten up a | ‘There are in the thousand walled have stopped in | has these massive ade just up stone and large | burnt bricks of a bluish gray color. These | bricks are each about 15 inches long, 5} inches wide and 3 inches thick. They are put together in a solid masonry in the shape of two walls running parallel with each pther and the space between them is filled in | ed upon a foundation of marble. | seen. started life as a beggar, but he organized a rebellion, which enabfed him to conquer China and to establish his descendants on the throne. He was the founder of the Ming dynasty, the one which ruled China before the family of the present emperor came into power, and under which were accomplished the greatest things that the Chinese have ever done in architecture and public improvements. It was this man who built the wall about Nanking and estab- lished the capital here. The dragon, you know, is the imperial animal of China. You see it on every Chinese flag, and it is supposed to bring luck or the reverse to every ruler. According to them, a dragon can do anything. It can make itself as big as an elephant, or as small as a gnat. It can build up empires and throw down kings, and when there was an eclipse of the moon here, about a month ago, I saw it soberly announced in the Peking Gazette that the people should turn out and make a great noise on the night of the eclipse, as it was said that the dragon would then try to swallow the moon, and he should be scared away. Well, the country here at Nanking is shaped just like a great dragon, and the emperor said: “If I can build my capital on the dragon's back it will last forever.” ‘The result was that he moved to Nanking and made it for a time the greatest city of China, He planned to build a wall outside of the present one, which should be ninety miles long, but he got no further than the first pillars of this before he died. The Famed Porcelain Tower. It was this man’s son who built the famed porcelain tower of Nanking, putting it up in nor of his wife. This tower cost more thon three million dollars; it was built of the finest of glazed porcelain slabs, and it blazed out under the sun of the vailey of the Yangtse Kiang, rising to a heignt nearly half that cf the Washington monument. It was octagonal in form, with a base about half the size of that of the monument, and this base rested on a foun- dation of brickwork tén feet high. It had nine stories, and a spiral staircase within the tower led the visitor to the summit. The top of it was a great basin of iron, and the colors of its brick were green, red, yel- low and white. At every one of the’ nine stories a roof of green tiles jutted out, and to the corners of these roofs were hung bells which tinkled when swayed by the wind. It took nineteen years to build this tower, and it was kept in good condition till about forty odd years ago, when another beggar got up a rebellion and took Nanking. He had the idea that the tower was hurting his luck, and had it blown up. Its every brick has since disappeared, and when I visited its site yestercay the only vestige of it re- maining was the great iron basin-like dome which crowned its top. This has been plac- It is a hollow mass of iron big enough to cover the top of the largest haystack you have ever It would make a bath tub for an ele- phant. And tt would today be called a fine specimen of artistic casting. When it cov- ered the tower it was plated with gold, and .could be seen for miles up and down the Yangtse valley. It must weigh several tons, and how the Chinese with their rude modes THE EVENING STAR, SATURDAY, JUNE 16, marvel. It les today tn front of the vice- Toy’s arsenal, where the finest of modern guns are being turned out for the Chinese troops, and the steam whistle which calls the men to work in the morning makes its hoary particles vibrate, and it wonders, I doubt not, with the ghosts of its builders, who are supposed to hang about it, what sort of devils are working at their magic within. Many Oriental Wonders. Other wonders of ancient Chinese art and engineering you see scattered throughout the ruins of the Tartar city, where the monarchs held their court. There are wide streets made of great flags of granite as dig as the top of a dining table, worn by te feet of generations into the smooth polish of marble. There are five large bridges of heavy stones put together in beautiful arches without a keystone, and the fences which line this highway are made up of stones mixed with broken tile of the imperial yellow glaze and pieces of dragon dises of the green and red porcelain which once adorned the palaces of the city and of the shattered marble which formed the artistic walls of the past. The walls of the Tartar city which separated it from the common herd still stand in picturesque ruin, grass grown and crumbling, and be- side a pillar of what was once in all prob- ability the palace of a prince I saw lying the plastered coffin of a coolie whose pov- erty prevented his putting a mound above it. Close by it in the fields worked other blue-gowned men and women digging in the soil once sacred to royalty alone, and my boy led me into a tumble down palace and showed me two marble stones streaked with reddish veins. ‘‘These,” said he, “were @ part of the fioor of the emperor's palace. One of his nobles had abused his confidence by saying that which he should not, and he straightway had nis tongue cut out then and there. The blood from his mouth dropped upon the white marble and stained it as you see.” The Beggar King’s Tomb. I took donkeys and rode out into the country yesterday to see the tomb of this famous beggar king. He was buried under Purple mountain, about five miles away from here, and his mausoleum must have been one of the most magnificent ever made by man. It comprised in its burial lot an avenue through the country overlooking his city more than a mile in length, and this avenue was lined with gigantic ele- phants, camels, lions and tigers of marble, which still stand in solemn grandeur facing each other in the open fields. There are in addition to these giant warriors carved artistically from solid blocks of marble, and each of these warriors is, 1 judge, twelve feet in height. I stood beside one and reached upward. My finger nails just touched the eibow of the stone warrior’s folded arms. The ele- pkants ere as big as was Barnum’s Jumbo, and they are cut from solid blocks of marble. Their broad backs are covered with bushels of stones, and the people have @ superstition that the man who can The Viceroys Yamen, Nanking. throw a stone and have it remain there will have luck from that time forth. At the beginning of this avenue there is a great tower, with four arched gateways, ard in the center of the interior of this sits a turtle of black marble. It is so large that it would fill the average American par- lor, and it is made from a single block of stone. It is the Chinese emblem of longevity, and from its back springs a marble tablet twelve or fifteen feet in height, upon which are inscrived the Chi- nese characters commemorating the great- ness of the emperor who lies buried at the other end of the funeral highway. I did rot count these immense animals and war- riors, but they stand at short intervals along the avenue leading to the tomb tn- closure. They must each weigh many tons, and must have been brought from far in the interior to Nanking. Somme of the cary- ing upon them is beautifully doner and the figures of the elephants and men are well executed. One of the atone horses has been thrown over, and it lies half sunken in a ditch. The figures of others are some- what broken, but the most of them are as perfect today as when the were first erected four or five hundred years ago. The tomb, however, is in ruins. It covered several acres, and at its end there are the remains of a great tower of solid masonry, pierced in the center by a tunnel walled with marble, which runs from the ground upward at an angle of 45 degrees. This tunnel is so high and wide that a train of senger cars could be run through it without touching the walls, and these walls are of stone, with a dado tically carved. There w: origi- nally a temple on the top of this fort-iike mausoleum; the four thick walls of sume such build: till stand, making you think of the gras: ‘n, moss-covered ruins of Europe. I ate my lunch within them, sit- ting on a stone, with my feet among the blue wild flowers which were springing out of the crevices between the stones of the grass-grown floor. As I did so I could look out through one of the great arched dcorways upon the thousands of grave mounds of the Nankirg of today, and the cries of a poorly clad woman who sat and wailed at one of them floated up to my ears. It was the mourning of the present amid the grandest tombs of the past, and I again realized that of all things death alone is the king who rules from age to age, and who, with his mighty hand, makes all men of one size. Fk A, Cadenes ——— -+0e+- WASHING SMOKE, A New Method of Dealing With the Nuisance in Cities, From Cassier's Magazine. . Washing air of its impurities by passing it through water screens or through chambers into which water is profusely sprayed, is a well-known and much used practice. Its merits were conclusively demonstrated years ago, and ever since advantage has been taken of them in large ventilating installa- tioas in which their expense was warranted, and where a smoky and an unclean outside atmosphere suggested the desirability of submitting the air to some cleansing pro- cess before allowing it to pass into build- ings. It is not surprising, therefore, that a somewhat analogous method should have suggested itself as of likely service in deal- ing with the now so much discussed smoke problem, and that it should have been tried with encouraging results. At any rate, a newspaper paragraph, now going the rounds, tells of its application by an En- glish factory owner, whose repeated con- fiicts with the local smoke ordinance prompted experiments in this direction, and apparently with perfect satisfaction. Ac- cording to the published description, some- what indefinite, perhaps, in a few respects, the apparatus used by him consisis of a large cast-iron tank, in which is a slotted barrel, which is filled with perforated heat- ers, and the tank is partly filled with water. The smoke is drawn into the barrel from the machinery by a powerful fan, and un- dergoes a scrubbing process. The barrel rotates very rapidly, churning up the smoke with the water. On the top of the barrel are several semi-circular trays or sieves, which are perforated, and effect the purpose of further washing the smoke. The smoke which escapes from the beaters is caught ain by these sieves and dashed down again by a very fine spray of water from the beaters. The back sludge of solid mat- ter is forced to the top of the chamber and thrown over into a chute, which conveys it to a wooden tank. The smoke which finally escapes from the machine is said to be comparatively inoffensive, and there is certainly good reason to believe that this should be so. It is interesting to note, moreover, that the use of the apparatus does not end with the cleansing of the smoke. The black de- posit gathered by it is taken off in barrels to be used in the making of paint and print- ing ink, yielding an acceptable revenue in- stead of polluting the atmosphere, and the remaing liquid is said to have proved itself @ most valuable disinfectant. Thus a two- fold purpose is accomplished, either one of which would seem to be quite sufficient to commend the process to manufacturing communities in which smoke suppression is a live topic. ——_—_+e-_____ Probably She Would. From Life. Reggy—“If you had been drinking a cock- tail and kissed a girl afterward, do you think she would know it?” Tom—“If I kissed a girl I think she would of labor were able to poise it on the top of the tower, 261 feet above the earth, is a know it, whether I had been drinking cock- tails or not.” A NEW SCIENCE The Latest Branch of Investigation by Uncle Sam. GOW CHEMICAL PRODUCTS OF THE BODY Are Affected by Cheerful or Un- pleasant Feelings. PROF. GATES’ DISCOVERIES + Written for The Evening Star. HE GOVERNMENT is about to start a psycho-physical lab- oratory. Prof. Elmer Gates will probably be engaged to take charge of it. His spe- cialty may fairly be termed the newest of the sciences. It deals with matters whiéh hitherto have been deemed beyond reach of investigation. Among other things, It has discovered that bad and un- pleasant feelings create harmful chemical products in the body, which are physically injurious. Good, pleasant, benevolent and cheerful feelings create beneficial chemical products, which are physically healthful. These products may be detected by chem- ieal analysis in the perspiration and urine of the individual. Prof. Gates has discov- ered more than forty of the bad and a many of the good. He is at present organ- izing a laboratory in a private way to con- tiue his experiments. Suppose half a dozen men in @ room. One feels depressed, another remorseful, another ill-tempered, another jealous, an- other cheerful and another benevolent. It is a warm day; they perspire. Samples of their perspiration are placed in the hands of the psycho-physicist. Under his exami- nation they reveal all these emotional con- ditions distinctly and unmistakably. Each unpleasant or bad emotion produces its own peculiar poison, which has an ill- effect upon the individual physically. Let us see if there is not a familiar case for the purpose of illustration—one that will fall under everybody's observation? Cer- tainly every one knows that great grief will poison a mother’s milk. In fact, it generates an injurious chemical product so intense in character as to sicken the in- fant that draws its nourishment from the maternal fount. Here is an illustration more obvious and more familiar yet: When a man feels great- ly depressed he cannot work. Bad ideas and memories kill energy. They affect the physical being immediately. On the other hand, happy feelings create energy and make one feel like exerting himself. There is nobody who has not felt these things— who has not benefited by them and suffer- ed by them. Of all the chemical products of emotions that of guilt is the worst. If a small quan- tity of the perspiration of a person suffer- ing from feelings of that kind be placed in a glass tube and exposed to contact with selenic acid it will turn pink. None of the other poisons similarly generated exhibits the same phenomenon. Accordingly, pink would appear to be the charactertistle color of wrong-doing. How appropriate, then, that the wicked person should blush for his evil acts? It is a question whether he does so very often, however. Analyzing the Perspiration. Prof. Gates has identified his poisons and beneficial chemical products by exciting detinite emotions in individuals and analyz- jug their perspirations, etc. Persons suffer- ing from guilt will not be likely to send Sgmples of their own to him for examina- tion. Just here it may be as well to say that the ignorant will make a mistake if they imagine that this new science invades the domain of the visionary. Its conclusions are not based on theory, but on facts. To sum up, it ts feund that for each bad n there is a corresponding chemical the tissues of the body which 1s depressing and poisonous. Contrariwise, every gocd emotion makes a life-promoting change. Thus it follows that it pays to be good and to do good, for one’s own sake. A noble and generous action blesses the doer as well as the beneficiary. Prof. Gates has made some very remark- able experiments with dogs. For example, te took three puppies of the same litter. No. 1 he permitted to lead the normal Vife of a young dog. No. 2 he kept in a dark room, covering its eyes with blinders so that not a ray of light could enter them from birth. No. 3 he allowed all privileges good for puppies, and, in addition, devoted several hours a day to educating its sense ef sight. The animal thus trained learned to discriminate colors unknown to ordinary dogs. He could distinguish fifteen different shades of any color except purple and red. AS to red and purple it would appear that the canine race is hopelessiy color-biind. After a while the three dogs were killed end examined. The parts of the brain which have to do with the function of sight were wholly undeveloped in the pup that had been blinded. In the educated pup they were twenty-five times better developed than in the ordinary dog, as represented by No. 1, being, in fact, nearly equal to the same portions of a man’s brain. Those por- tions of the brain substance were more dense, were supplied by more blood vessels, contained more cells and had more highly developed cells than the co! ing structures in the normal dog. Dogs prevented from hearing exhibit similar differences in respect to sound per- ception. Like results were obtained with kittens and other animal The important inference is that what is accomplished with puppies and cats can be done with human beings. Just as the brain of the young dog Is developed by such train- ing as has been described, so the child's mind may be built up. The structures can actually be put into the brain by similar methods so systematically as to leave no farts of the mind machinery incomplete. This plan, adapted to teaching, produces re- sults very different from those obtained by the hit-or-miss processes of common-school instruction. Brain building 1s,par excellence,the science of the future. Mind is the most important thing in the world, for without it all else might as well be formless and void. How is man to get more mind? Upon the answer to that question the prospects of the race depend. Who can doubt that the human brain of 10,000 years hence will produce ideas far beyond the capacity of the best piece of thought-mechanism of today? ‘The psycho-physicist states it as an axiom that the mind can only be educated through the senses. Let a child be blind from birth, and the part of the brain that records the impressions of vision will remain rudi- mentary. Suppose the same infant to have been born deaf. and the areas of hearing will be likewise undeveloped. If the baby were born without any senses whatever, and acquired none, it would have absolutely no mind. The Mind a Piece of Mechanism. People think of the mind as if it were something purely spiritual. In truth it is a piece of physical mechanism. Like any other machine it may be built up. Begin- ning with a child, it may be put together bit by bit. To the young human being the puppy-dog plan is applied on an extended scale. No brain areas are left undeveloped. Thus the organ of thought, by the time maturity is reached, is complete and per- fect in all its parts. _ When one speaks of educating the mind through the senses it is worth while to consider that human beings have more senses than they are accustomed to credit themselves with. The normal man_ or woman has not only five senses, but at least a dozen. Touch alone includes three distinct senses. First of them is the tactile sense, by which one determines whether an object felt is rough or smooth. Then there are the two senses of heat and cold. Per- ceptions of cold and heat are registered by totally different nerve organs. Look at the end of your finger. You will notice little ridges running over it symmetrically. In these lie the extremities of the nerves re- ferred to. If any kind of stimulus is ap- plied to one of the nerves of cold, a sensa- tion of cold will be felt, and similarly with a nerve of heat. The ear includ three senses—hearing, direction and ibrium. The last two may, however, be considered as one. They depend on a’ liquid in the semi-circular canals of the inner ear, and on little peb- bles of lime, hundreds of them, some mi- croscopic and others big enough to see with 1894—TWENTY PAGES. the naked eye, which le in the canals aforesaid. These “otoliths,” as they are called, and the liquid roll about, and the friction against certain little hairs which Project into the canals give notice to the brain of turnings and changes in the bal- ance of the body. The hairs, at their roots, are connected with sense organs. The sense of direction is more highly developed in lower ani than in man, jcularly in fishes. A fish never gets lost in the dark. It must be realized that every thought which enters the mind is registered in the brain by a change in the structure of its cells, The change is a physical change, more or less permanent. Bad thoughts build up structures of cells which engender evil ideas, and good thoughts contrariwise. Cheerful thinking makes a happy disposi- tion, while indulgence in melancholy has an °Koply this idea to morals ply lea to morals: * Take an ill-tempered child. Its evil pro- pensity springs from the overdevelopment of certain brain structures. Too much blood goes to thdése parts of the mind machinery, and excessive nutrition causes overgrowth. Every time the child is angry the blood flows to that portion of the thinking organ. The remedy for this, or for any other in- fantile vice, is to teach the child to contem- plate other things, such as are calculated to uplift the mind and to distract attention from bad ideas. Hours should be spent each day in calling up agreeable memories and in thinking of good and pleasant things. This process, pursued under a proper teach- er, is likely to effect a permanent reform. eased will be moral prem nag ned — y, says Prof. Gates. nsider case @ man who is unhappy and depressed, dis- couraged with life; who has lost ambition, and walks the streets stoop-shouldered and with a slouching gait. The psycho-pbysicist can take such a person and within six weeks transform him to such an extent that every friend of his will notice the difference. The alteration will be accomplished without communicating to the imdividual any sug- gestions as to desirable improvements in his gait or outward aspect. He will simply be put through a course of mental lessons. To begin with, he will be taught to rehearse for one hour each day all the pleasurable memories he can summon up. He will de- prc emee Oar. cheerful = agreeable thoughts. By means mo! blood and nourishment will be directed to those parts of the brain which produce such pleasant ideas. Correspondingly, the parts that give birth to unpleasant feelings and recollections will be deprived of nutrition and at length will become atrophied. Fol- lowing this plan, the man is transformed from a victim of melancholy and des; into a happy citizen, a joy to himself and to others. Cc Build Up the Mind. Anybody may go into the business of building his own mind. The thinking organ undergoes perpetual changes in cell struc- ture and is never finished. Whereas every one is in a manner the architect of his own brain; he may begin alterations at any time. Even in old age it is not too late. Let the esoteric mind bullder system- atically devote an hour each day to calling up pleasant ideas and memories. Let him summon those finer feelings of benevolence and unselfishness, which are called up in ordinary life only now and then. Let him make this a regular exercise, like swinging dumb belis. Let him gradualiy increase the time devoted to these psychical gymnastics, giving to them 60 or % minutes per diem. At the end of a month he will find the change in himself surprising. The altera- tion will be apparent in his actions and thoughts. It will have been registered in the cell structure of his brain. Cells use- ful for good thinking will have been de- veloped, while others productive of evil will have shrunk. Morally speaking, the man will be a great improvement on his former self. Such training is most profitably con- ducted under the instruction of a skilled psycho-physicist. ‘he principles already iaid down show how habits are formed. If one does a thing many times there is a tendency to go on repeating it. That part of the brain structure which does the thinking in con- nection with the act has been nourished and developed by biood flowing into it. Accordingly it continues to engender the ame impulse with increased strength. One must starve these particular cells by directing the mental attention to other quarters in order to get rid of the habit. It is easy to understand how a stingy and avaricious young person develops into a miser later in life. The idea of accu- mulating money has developed in the cell structure of the brain until it dominates all things else. The same result is some- what differently illustrated in the more familiar case of the ccessful business man who has devoted his life to the getting of dollars. Too often does it huppen that by the time he has “made his pile” he has lost the power to play. Rational amuse- ment afford him no entertainment. He finds no fun in merry company,:and at the theater his attention wanders from the play to the market for stocks or provisions. On the other hand,by the exercise of gen- erosity one becomes more generous. Every good action makes one better. However, the prime object held in view by the psycho-physicist is to cultivate the thinking powers of the brain. How can man get more mind? That ts the question. By constructing the thinking organ sys- tematically from early childhood, says the new science—not as the schools do, throw- ing knowledge in with a shovel, but by building up the brain bit by bit until every part is properly developed. One result will be to increase and quicken the power of original thinking. Nearly all of the thinking that anybody does is un- conscious. If you will set down a row of dots with wide spaces between them, the dots will represent conscious thoughts, while the spaces will stand for unconscious cere- bration. Ideas frequently leap into the mind as if from nowhere, and they are apt to be the best ideas. They are the fruit of unconscious thinking; the mind has ground them out without knowing what it was about. Active brain cells have worked them out on their own hook, as it were. Properly educated brain cells will do this work in a superior fashion. Thus minds can be cultivated: to produce original ideas. In other words, inventors can be made to order and discovery can be promoted. Gen- ius has been an accident hitherto; in the future it will be created artificially. What Hus Been Learned the Last Few Years. Ever so much has been learned within the last few years about the structure of the mind organ. The thinking is done by a coat of gray cellular matter that covers the brain its rind does an orange. This coat is called the “cortex.” It is about one- twelfth of an inch thick and consists of several layers of cells. Each layer has its own special functions, and each part of the cortical area likewise. A typical brain cell has a shape either pyramidal or globular, with a nucleus and @ stem-like process projecting upward. ‘The stem has frond$ which branch out through the cortex like the interlaced boughs of trees in a forest, touching each other. These are sense organs, by which each cell learns what other Cells are doing; they increase in number and complexity with mental devel- ent. Each cell communicates down- rdly with some part of the body through @ fiber. For example, if you touch the end of your little finger with the point of a pin, intelli- gence of the pfick is transmitted through a fiber to a brain cell at the other end. Eacn brain cell is in itself a very complex organism and may be likened to the brain of an insect. The cortex contains many millions of ceils. Some of them communi- cate directly with various parts of the body, while others obtain and transmit tn- telligence through a “central” in the middie of the brain. There are minor centrais also. ‘ The brain is considered ordinarily as con- fired by the skull, but in reality it extends to all parts of the body. The spinal cord has memory, and, in a sense, may be said to think. Scattered all over the body are knots of nerves which are actually little brains, having power to register impres- sions. These knots are called ganglions; there are hundreds of them. An idea having been registered by cer- tain brain cells, the awakening of activity in those cells reproduces the idea and makes what is termed memory. Suppose that the sight of a red bird pro- duces a change in a cell of the sight area of the brain, which is situated in the occi- pital lobe. A peculiar sound makes an alteration in a cell of the sound area of the brain, in the temperal lobe above the ear. No connection between the sight and the sound existing in the mind, they do not arise in the memory together. But if the bird were seen in the act of muking a scund a fibre connecting the sound cell and sight cell affected would become de- veloped almost instantaneously. Unde- veloped fibres connect all the cells any- way, but if never used they are not de- veloped. Being connected by an active fibre the scund cell and the sight cell would have a tendency to act together. The sight of red bird would recall the sound, and vice versa. One may make such associations of ideas wholly artificially—as for instance, Fveoad of _ a red-head led girl and a white rse. Words and music are familiarly associated in everybody’ The music helps one to remember the words, and con- A HUMBLE STORY Written for The Evening Star. No “trained nurse” of the present day Schools could ever acquire the patience and dian’ missus, ond): i's my i ol De, dey le an’ : ; ealiche Ge blessed Lo'd. I gwine hab my gal write a letteh to my ole missus dis bery night. Bless de Lo'd” peenplted porary Aare rcs pcdiyreerne me E. i KING. an’ po’d out de med’cine wid hu’ own —_——— white han’s, An’ many a niggah took de STOPPED THE POKER GAME. quinine because de spoon wa’ in Mis’ Ma’y's ——- han’. wid hur tendeh touch. “Yes, we wi den; we had no cause to oe oderwise. No more nor Ebe an’ Adam ‘fo’ dey et de big sweet apple. He, he, I gess ef dey sarched Marse Adam dey foun’ de core of dat apple in his briches pocket ou’ bondage, an’ der blinness wa’ much an’ de same. Reckon, Mis Ebe wa’ glad she done et dat apple—he, he, po’ ting. But we uns we allus had plenty ob good wa’m close, an’ ef we wa'nt happy, bless yo kin’ ha’ missus, we wa'n’t onhappy, fo’ de same good scuse. We uns wa'n't ‘quid to tink "bout nuffin, not of today, what we uns had to eat; not ob tomo’, what we uns had to war. “Ole marse an’ mis see to dat. Dey fed us an’ gived us good close wha in we uns wa’ dressed; an’ ca’ed fo’ us in sickness. I cain’t say as we uns wa’ better off, but doan yo see, honey, we uns wa’n’t “sponsible bein’s den. “Sambo dun tole yo dat he wa’ !m way down in ole Loosyatiny—dat's right; he wa’ feched f'm way dar, an’ his wife, " little pick-i-ninnies, an’ it mos’ broke his ha't. Den I wa’ sent by de felleh feelin’ in my buzzum to comfo't him, an’ in doo conse- quence we wa’ soon ma’ded. Oh, shaw! honey, co’se dat wa’ de ole custom ob d times; no niggah ‘lowed to hab no feelin’ in de case—dem fine pints “longed to de quality. “Sides, yo know, Marse Paul sez in de blessed book dat it ain't de bes’ fo" man to stay by hes’f. An’ sense Sambo wa’ sold fo’m his tudder “| La wa’ ‘vorced fo'm he tudder wife. ey? “What's dat yo say? Polly? Polly, who? Polly Gammy? Don’t know uffin "bout hur, ondly we uns wa'n’t ‘sponsible bein’s den an’ I reckon as how de blessed Lo’d won't fech hur up agin us when He's gwine to bring on de great day ob judgment. Any- how, it wa’ a long time ‘fo’ Sambo quit a sighin’ fo’ his Dinah, but some wun says time cues all aches an’ pains ob de ha'rt— an’ we had plenty ob dat article in de long Kaintucky days, dat shined wid a yaller light on de co’n fiel’s an’ de blue grass. An’ long "fo’ de wah broke out he kinder got used to his Kaintucky home, an’ we had good times a huntin’ de ‘possum an’ de coon way down in de bottom fiel’s, long de banks ob de Ohio. “Den when de wah broke out an’ ole marse, he ‘clared to de blacks dat he wa’ fo’ de Union an’ Massa Linkum, dem went right strait along to de shanty in de woods, an’ wa’ ‘lected capt'n ob de zooabe g’rilinhs an’ went wid dem bagabons to jine dat rascal, Morgon, den it wa’ dat we uns ranged, arter doo consultation, to cross de *Hio, to Injeeanny. “But when I went up to de house, an’ seed my sweet young missy, wat had of'en laid hur fa’head on dis black, but lobin’ buzzum, a lyin’ on de flo’ like a broke Jily, an’ de bright sun shinin’ on hur yaller far— yallarer dan de gole in ole missus’ yur-bobs —den it wa’ dat my trata’ ha’rt smote me lke a burnin’ rod, an’ 1 tuck up de lobely blossum, an’ toted hur to hur own white bed. When she opened dem blue eyes ob hurn—bluer dan de blue flag growin’ down in de swamp, back ob de orcha’d—an’ wid a sof’ cry put hur white arms about my neck, sayin’: ““Oh, my pa, my po" deah pa, he’s gone off wid dat wicked g’rillah ban’, an’ we hab no one to purtec us fm de rabages ob wah, oh, dis cruel wah. Oh, Susan, we will all be killed, fo’ sho we will.” “Den my bes’ sef comed to de front, an’ I tole hur, wid teahs in my eyes, an smotin’ conscience, but wid a stout hi dat me an’ Sambo, hur own people, ‘ud pur- tec dem. An’ so we did, until we uns was’ “clared free an’ sponsible bein's by de kine dispension ob Maree Linkum. Den ole miss an’ young missy, dey flewed to Injeeanny to fin’ a safe haben ob res’ fo’ demselves, an’ we uns crossed de "Hio, too, but not to fine frien’s for a long time. “De free niggahs tunned up der noses an’ called uS ‘contraban's,’ bat indued de insult wid de res’ ob de ca’es dat comed wid responfibility. “Sambo looked sad an’ onhappy mo’ an’ when he wa’ fetched fm his Loosyanny home. We trabbled, an’ trabbied, fadeh an’ fadeh, till we foun’ a place to stop, an’ stop we mus’, fo’ my feet wa’ wo'n an’ bleedin’,.an’ de chillun dey wa’ startin’. “Did we fine ‘sistance fm de Union white fokes? Not at fust. De mos’ ob dem wa’ feered ob us, feered we'd steal de cream an’ butteh f'm de smoke house, an’ de chickens f'm de fence, like de po’ run-a-way darkeys usen to do. “At las’ we comed to a desarted cabin long Ge aige ob a dark swamp, an’ we tuck up our qua’tahs da’, an’ laid down de bun- dies an’ made ouah sebes comf'table like. Den I wanted to go to de ole miss an’ get gome co’n meal an’ Some nice streaky ba- con, an’ some sweet milk fo’ de po’ little pick-i-ninnies. But wha’ wa’ she? “I looked ‘cross de feel, back ob de ole cabin, an’ saw a blue smoke a cu'lin’ up in de sk: " Sambo tuck de ole sojer’s can- teen an’ went kinder tremblin’ like, cuse he didn’t know how soon he'd be a steppin’ on de quicksan’. I doan mean de rale quick- san’, but de quicksan’ ob pollytiks. Weill, he took de ole canteen an’ went out to “noiter fo" some milk fo’ de po’ little pick-i- ninnies. “Bress de Lo'd, we foun’ fren’s at las’, po" white trash—I hope dey’ll neber heah what I hab sed—is what we uns ‘ud a calied ‘em in slabery times, but no matteh, dey "vided der crus’s wid us an’ gived de bony ole cow an’ extra yuh ob co’n dat de chilluns could An Alarm Clock in a Pinyer’s Pocket, Placed There by His Wife, unmarried fellows to get home at 4 0’ in the morning, but one of the number a wife waiting patiently for him, an‘ While she was not opposed to her having a friendly game of poker occasion- ally, she did object strenuously to his com- jome at such hours, believing in moder- ation in all things. The other night we were all deeply interested in a ‘Jack pot’ which had attained respectable proportions, when suddenly we were surprised by a continued ringing of a bell, the sound a: laughter. Finally the bell stopped ringt and he said: ‘Boys, I forgot to tell you about it. I tried to explain to my wife how the great interest I tock In the game al- ‘ways made me forgetful of time, as an exe cuse for my late home-coming, when, to my Surprise, she said: “Well, George, if you can't remember when it’s time to come home I've got a way to remind you of it.” She said nothing more, but when I left the house this evening ehe put this alarm clock in my pocket, say’ ‘ I've set it for 1:30; I think that’s late enough for smy man, so there's no excuse tonight.”* Of course we all joined in the laugh, but ft 4i@ not last long, for George got from the table, saying: ‘Well, boys, I'll have to be off; there's no excuse tonight.” uch as George was in $75 on the game this tn- formation caused all our faces to grow long. But George went, notwithstanding our strong appeals for him to stay. When we were left alone we passed our views upon wife who could invent such a scheme that, especially when her husband was win —_+e-+____ LEARNED AT COOKING sCHOOL. One Girl Had Been Taught How to Cut Up an Ox. “Yes, I've taken a course at cooking school,” said the girl toa New York Sun reporter, “and it was beiter than a dozen in my classy day, when we were told to scrub dishes and wash a table I wondered why they were taking cooking lessons. I was interested in them. Then I began to study them. each girl wore an the stone turned tn. funny? But tt really was to think of it, for it expiai for taxing cooking les one of the girls knew a ing, and as each ward to getting marr know enough to govera her cook. One of, the girls had heart her brother talki about the number of tobies he had the nig: before. She asked ly a toby was, and he told her it w very popular with wanted the teacher cook a toby the first th innocent, though? experiments ea something at home and bring It | T had to cook a fish whole. P for me very nicely @& that I could carry it the box, and when 1 class it was ail br cookirg school learn? Now you will iw *, Not tuing about Cooke was looking for- ye wanted to but I really did learn one t how to cut up an ox. So, the —coo—__ — jets Harmfal Odor, From the London Daily News. If a French specialist, M. Joal, is right admirers of fashionable singers and aet- resses will do well not to persist in Joad- ing them with wreaths and bouquets. The smell of flowers, says M. Joal, is injurious to the voice. The rose, @nd all flowers with a very strong scent, are especially to be avoided, he says, but personal suscepti- bility, he thinks, has much to do with the matter. He knows operatic singers who have completely lost their voices through their passion for certain flowers. To some the violet is especially injurious; others would do well to @vold itlac, and others again should strictly taboo the harmless- looking gardenia. The advice, would certainly be more practicable if t! alarmist would condescend to tell us which | Particulat people come into the differen? | Categories enumerated. — coo -—_— All Kinds. From Truth. Humanitarian—“Society is progressive ia its tendencies.” A member thereof— Il know it. We've now it's whist.” _ - The Brooklyn Regic. From Pack. Mrs. Prosp P. vorely}--"“No, have milk. Dis didn’t las’ long. De co'n | Esber, if mamme’s litcle man doesn't cull gived out, an’ de cow died, don't know | crying x cy cars will whedder it wa’ f'm too much feedin’ or too | come and catch much miliin’, an’ Sambo coul’n fine work, an’ couldn't a worked much ef he had, cose he wasn't usen to cole wedder. I done tole yo, but dat fus’ winteh wa’ jus’ awful. “De sadest part wa’ when de younges’ pick-i-ninnie died—froze to def in de cohner ob dat ole cabin, on de pallet ob straw—po" straw at dat. Den I looked fo’ ole missus to hab de little pine coffin made, an’ to tend to de fu’nal sarvice. But no ole missus stepped heh high foot ober de sill ob dat po’ ole cabin do’. *"Twan't no cabin, needer, *tweh wuss en a cabin, ‘twa’ a mean shanty, wid de snow an’ Tain beaten tru de cracks which nebber saw no chinken. “My ole missus neber comed, an’ de po’ daid pick-i-ninnie laid in de co’neh, on de straw, an’ de chillun wa’ squatted roun’ de flah whinin’ fo’ de hoe-cake, an’ I didn’t hab no co’n meal, an’ de ole man got no wo'k. Eben de possum wa’ skase, which wa’ allus plenty down in ole Kaintuck. “Wish myse'f back in slabery? No, miss, not zackly dat, but I wished ole miss ‘ud come an’ bury dat po’ daid baby. At 1 we lapped him in a piece ob my bes’ home- spun cotton slip, an’ dug a shailer hole wid a broke han’le shoble, whar de groun’ wa’ sof'es’, an’ den cov’ed him wid de froze clods, an’ piled logs an’ sticks on de grabe to keep de varmints off. I couldn't sleep dat night f’m thinkin’ ob my po’ daid baby out under de frozen clods. No sof’ green sod ob de ole Kaintucky grabe ya'd. I felt like buildin’ a flah out da to keep him kin- der wa'm like. At las’ spring ‘jun sneakin’ ‘roun’ on de souf side ob de trees, an’ on de sunny side ob de cabin, an’ den we bo'ed a peck o’ seed co’n f'm ou’ white fr’en’ an’ when he wan't usen his ole hoss an’ plow, we bo'ed dem too, an’ so tru de spring an’ summeh we raised a crop ob co'n fo’ de comin winteh. “De pick-i-ninnies growed, an’ times got to lookin’ betteh, an’ we wa’ gettin’ usen to bein’ ‘sponsible bein’s. “Dat fail a white man drobe out f'm de town, an’ tuck de po’ white man an’ Sambo into de poles. At fus’ Sambo declined to ride alongside de white man—yo’ see de deestincsion wa’ diff'ent fm 4ribin’ ‘long side his master, but dey ‘splained to him he wa’ free an’ equal, an’ so be lay aside his respeck fo’ de white man an’ tuck on some fo’ hese’f. “Dis wa’ de beginnin’ ob “sperity. Sambo comed home in dat kerridge wid his pock- ets full ob greenbacks, not less'n fo’ or five whole dollars. “We gaddered ou’ co’n crop fo’ de hoe cake, an’ stopped up de cracks ob de cabin wid some sticks an’ mud, an’ Ibed comf’- Ible tru dat winter. “Den de white fokes ob de town got to From Life. “Too bat. My new cuenmber frame 1 bet it’s she work of that infernal