Evening Star Newspaper, July 8, 1893, Page 10

A GROUP OF SEA LIONS. FISHERIES EXHIBIT. One of the Most Complete to-Be Seen at the Fair, THE AQUARIUM ANNEX Contains Many Spectmens of Fresh and Salt ‘Water Fish That Are Thriving Well—Rare Kinds of Marine Products Presented — Anglers’ Appliances of Every Kind to Be mission is displayed chie@y in the govern- ment building. in which it oceupies about 15,000 square feet of floor sur- face in the north end of the building. It is lo- cated between the ex- hibits of the Depart- ments of the Interior and Agriculture, In addition to this space the commission maintains a live fish exhibit in ©f 125 feet. The total water capacity of the tanks is 140,000 gallons, of which 40,000 aro de- Voted to the exhibit of marine animals and plants. The surface of the glass in the front of the aquaria aggregates about 3,000 square feet. In the couter of the aquarium b fs a large pool containing « mass of rocks, over whieh water is conveyed, and which are ozna- mented by aquatic plants. The aquaria are in two series, with a wide way between. The pool is twenty-six fect in diameter, and, although not deep, is larg ough to maintain great number of fabes, including, several sturgeon and other large. fish nearly five feet in length. The number of kinds of avimals kept GALE Fisz. Mississippi valley, the great lakes, the Atlantic ocean, and recenily a successful shipment was Drought from the Pacific in salt water. The 40,000 gallons of salt water wero brought from the Atlantic in tank cars at one time, and each car of the commission bringing «load of feb increases by about 2,000 gations. The experiment bes proved. so succeeafal that the sea animals, tube worms, star fish. king crabs and many other fishes bave reproduced since their arrival in Chicago. CONTENTS OF TEE AQUants. In the fresh-water section may be found all the well-known kinds of trout, the pike trout, rainbow, luke, lochleven, black spotted, the wzayling, white fish, black bass, pike, pike fish, tench. buffalo, fresh-water mm and a host of other fishes known to the angler and fishermen. The marine tanks con- tain ses robins, tautog, sea bass, eroker, spot, scup, swell fish, bur fish, file fish, skate, ‘shark, remora, sailor's choice, cunner, mummychogs, several kinds of sea turtles, crabs, sea anemones, whelps, star fish, lobsters and pompano, beside some’ vi jas perch and other fishes from California. It is certain that fully two-thirds of ali the people who enter the grounds visit the aquarium, and it is usa- ally @ matter of great dit:culty to pass through the crowd of visitors in that building. The collection in the government building was intended to show the methods and func- tions of the United States fish commission in wevered his connection with fish and Dr. T. H. Bean, the as- sistant in of the division of fish culture, was, as ntative and approved by the President. the admirable and supervision of Dr. Bean and the the office of the exbibit was moved from Wi to Chicago and the installation of the collection was actively begun. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY EXHIBIT. ‘The exhibit illustrating scientific inquiry was prepared under the direction of Mr. Kich- ard Bathbun, snd that of fish culture by Mr. W. D. ©. Ravenell, with the c tion of the commissioner. In the scientific haquiry section are to be found illustrations of the marine li- beary and fish culture station at Wood's Holl, models and illustrations of the vessels of the commission, specimens of the seiues, trolls, nets, dredges and other collecting apparatus, logether with wire rope weed in dredging oper. sarL FISH. Stions and the other accessories for seraping the ocean bottom. The apparatus used in sort- fngand preserving collections is also shown. ‘There is a model of the sounding machine used in deep sea work and there are examples of the various thermometers used in physical observa- tions. The results of scientific explorations of the commission appear in the form of charts and models of the areas over which the vesseis have made their investigations. In the cases Preserved in alcohol or in a dry state are mauy curious animals, both from the deep sea and from the surface—the cranoids, corals, crabs, sen pen, starfish, sea robins, the various inver- tebrate animals ‘that form ‘the food of fishes sud foraminifera, sponges, gores and mollusks. In this latter class extensive series of oysters are exhibited, which show the rate of growth on different kinds of bottoms, the method of attachment of the spat, the injuries brought about by star fish, and other enemies of pane When it is considered that collec- tions have been made in depths than eee — successfully used in such operations is " public interest. This division is rounded cat cast OF A 125-PouND TaRPON. bys collection of neat 150 flexible casts of painted from fresh or Ii i mens snd reproduced with exzceding faithtal- feos and ati FISH CULTURAL OPERATIONS. The fish cultural operations of the commis- sion are principally shown by hatching appara- tus at work. Eggs of the shad, yellow perch, ike perch and sucker have been circulated in tching jars, and many young fish have been distributed to waters near by, while others are atill kept in the collection. The voracity of the pike perch has made it difficult to keep the Young long afterhatching. | Ttis not an uncom- mon ‘to find three or four of the little fish telescoped one upon the other, the loss of fry in this way soon becoming serious. Some of the fish are, however, reared successfully. The little suckers are fed upon cottage cheese and HARBOR SRAL. are growing rapidly. When first hatched they are unable to swim out of the and mast be transferred to trougha, in whi readily and grow at an astonishing rae. All the important forms of fish-hatching apparatus now in use in this country are exhibited by the commission, and as far as possible they are shown in actual operation, for which pu: artidcial eggs are at present chiefly used. Ina short time a supply of trout eggs will be re- ceived, and a little later eggs of the California salmon will be sent, so that during almost the entire term of the ‘exposition the people may see a hatchery at work. This section contains also full-sized boats, containing lay figures, to lustrate the method of catching and manipu- lating spawning shad und cod. It is further amplified by means of a series of enlarged pho- tographs of the stations of the commission and the flexible casts showing the rate of growth of various fish which are artificially reared. THE FISHERIES DIVISION. The fisheries division occupies about one- half of the space devoted to the exhibit. Many of the important animals which form the ob- Ject of tho fishing industry are exhibited in the form of casts, yy inelude tho manateo, the dolphin, biack fish, grampus, porpoise, little whales harbor seals, fur seals and sea lions, alli- gator,a half dozen kinds of turtles, water snakes, the various frogs. besides the ‘casts of fish referred to in the division of scientfic in- qairy. anw vsH. The apparatus used in the fisheries is well illustrated by means of models and full-sized specimens of vessels, boats and canoes, to- gether with many of ‘the fittings and instru- tents associated with them, the pounds. eeines, weirs, pot seines, casting nets, dip nets, trolls and dredges used for taking fish, oysters, clams and other objecta. ‘The lines used by commercial fishermen are to be found in great variety, from the sinew and grass lines of the Indians and Eequimat to the best quality of silk lines for the capture of salmon trout, bass and other game fish. These are supplemented by large exhibits of rods, reels, hooks, &c., many of which hare been lent to the commission by prominent manufacturers, The collection of artificial flies made by Chas. FP. Orvis of Manchester, ‘Vt, numbers nearly 1,000 specimens and is as- sociated with photographs of dishing waters and angling scenes arranged by Mrs. Mary Orvis farbury. Messrs. Abbey and Imbric of New York lent a splendid assortment of high-priced rods, reels, lines, flies and other appliances for angling. The Montague City Rod Company of Massachusetts forwarded eightv-seven rods, Tepresenting the best work of four factories be- longing to that firm. Mr. Farrington of Lowell, Mass., contributed a beantiful case of artificial flies of his own manufacture, showing his unique method of protecting the snells as well as his style of mounting the half skin of the brook trout on a molded slab of wood. ‘Two tion of the exhibit also Mr. Henry W. Elliott mt the commission his extensive series of water color pictures of seal life and Alaskan scenery, and from Dr. G. Brown Goode was obtained a fine series of pictures of game fish, accompanying his work published by the Serib” ners in 1840, One prinetpal object in this portion of the exhibit has been to show the variation in fish- ing apparatus from the crudest forms in use among primitive people to the most recent de- vices of scientific anglers. The subject is like- wise further illustrated by means of en! Photographs snd cartoons as well as statis rts, ‘The exhibit of the United States fish commis- ston was the first department ready for the in- spection of the public, and is cer roving to be one of the most populac. 0G. ——_+-e+___ A Funny Occurrence. From the San Francisco Chronicie. A very funny occurrence took place recently in southwestern Oregon, near the Del Norte county line. The Crescent City Record pub- lishes each week @ batch of items taken from its files of thirty-eight years ago. A short time since the st of the famous Indian massacre of settlers on tho Klamath river was recounted. A subscriber to the Record living at Gold Beach, Oregon, read the blood-curdling story, but neglected ‘to notice that it was an event that occurred almost forty years ago. Fancying that the mas- sacra bad but just taken place and there ‘was danger of a general outbreak he at once proceeded to rouse the neighborhood. Notices were posted, a public meeting called and a company of ‘volunteers’ organized to proceed at one to take the tield against the blood- thirsty Indians. Finally the idea struck some one that it would be well to communicate with Crescent City and ascertain the exact state of affairs. The fact was then developed that tho originator of the movement was nearly four decades bebind in his history. “Passing the Butter.” “THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D. C; SATURDAY, JUL . 8. 1893-SIXTEEN PAGES. LOVE MAKING AT ASBURY. A More Popular Amusement There Than Anywhere Else, ‘How Amorous Couples Carry on Their Courting—On the Lake and on the ‘Beach—Ocean Grove and Asbury. Correspondence of The Evening Star. Assuxy Parx, N. J., July 8, 1898. ‘To “shoo” hens is proverbially difficult, but Perverse fowls are not “in it” with Asbury Park lovers. ‘One of the most pleasing sports here is to chase away amorous pairs which are finding enjoymentalong the beach. Their habits are to s great extent crepuscular, as scientific observers would ssy. When the shades of evening fall they appear in flocks, like night-flying moths. It is difficult to dis- tinguish the male from the female, because the two are usually so close together, In summer the fancies of young men and young women become reciprocal. It is a phase subsequent to the: weakness of which the late Baron Tennyson bas so feclingly sane, ‘Thus it happens that, ea one treads the board walk along the beach’ at Asbury Park, couples tre observed diverting’ themselves after'e four: fon ly esoteric. In each group of two a third would be emphst super- fluous—to put ft mildly, de js ten- dency to exclusivences, when tedly no- -omes almost offensive. It is partly on y- acl he operation is performed not with broom, iy wat an apron, but staring and making remarks. ei ‘A FAVORITE NOOK. One of the favorite nooks fot such couples is beneath the studio of an eccentric artist who does his painting in» funny little house on the beach, set uj yh-water mark. There piles at is rooim for just one love-tick pair in tis ohosee spot. There they find themselves screened from Py tion by those who tread the board walk. In fact, they cannot be seon from any side, save by persons who approach along the edge of the strand. Consequently they do their courting without much fear of fre He eyes. Unfortu- nately, they never seem to think of the window in tho studio six feet above their heads. ugh this opening the philosophic artist gazes down upon them in his leisure moments, interested to observe their goings-on. Now and then ho upsols e small quantity of water upon them, and this drives them away. But there is sure to be another couple in the same place within an hour or Sag. thigh ‘very eligible spot for the purpose. THE UMBRELLA SCREEN. The umbrella bas long been recognized as a successful matrimonial agent. A popular song has been made on the subject of “courting in the rain.” Many » mutual affinity has been discovered through the medium of an umbrella in ashower. Thus itis not surprising to find that an umbrella goes with each pair of lovers at Asbury Park, With the ocean in front of them anda big umbrella bebind them, two hearts that beat as one find themselves to all intents and purposes shut off from the outside world. If, as is said, propinquity brings about most marriages, the umbrella at Asbury Park must be responsible for many matings. But if the day be windy sudden gust may waft away the umbrella and make Sollecired disclosures. Such an occurrence yesterday morning revealed a young woman in the act of sitting on a young man’s lap and kissing him, but it myst be taen for granted that they wero already engaged. Founder Bradley does not permit young people who are not engaged to kiss one another. THE FAVORITE TIME, But, as hasbeen said, the favorite time for love making at Asbury Park is in the evening. No sooner has dusk fallen than the benches be- Gin to be occupied by couples. Avarule, they are so wrapped up in themselves as to pay no attention to anybody else. Usually they are snuggled up as close as possible. Some of them “hold hands,” while the attitades of others are even more affectionate. This sort of thing is not at all approved of by ascetic Mr. Bradley, but he is at a loss for means to prevent it. Un- feeling individuals amuso themselves by going about and gazing at tho lovers who are most demonstrative, making remarks which are cal- culated to embarrass them. Fortunately, it takes a great deal to embarrass an Asbury Park swain or the damsel who accompanies him. THE REASON YOR IT ALL. Why should there be so much love making at Asbury Park? Tho answer is very simple. ‘This is mainly a resort for New Yorkers. In the'metropolis favorable surroundings for this purpose do not exist. ‘The city is too crowded. All the streets are go brilliantly lighted by night that it is impossible to find a ‘k corner for amorous dalliance. So, when they can, the young people from the ‘Island of Manbattan come down to the seashore and cultivate the preliminaries to matrimony onasort of in- tensive system. A person who rarely enjoys the luxury of butter spreads it thick when he gets it. It is likewise with love making Asbury Park. Another favorite method of courting is to go out in boat at night on the lake. For the sake of propriety Mr. Bradley has declared that all boats must have Ianterns after dark. This regu- Intion is persistently evaded. Couples take boats, row off with them and put out the can- dies in the lanterns. It is easy enough to light them again before they return. Maliciously disposed persons occasionally go out hunting for lovers on the water. They put out their own lanterns, steal silently up tos suspected boat and then light up suddenly. There was one fiend awhile ago who utilized » similar method for securing flash-light pictures. He was suppressed for good and all by one of his intended victims, who doused him ia the water and smashed his camera, The beach is cleared of people at 9 p.m. now- adays, instead of 10 Polos aa formerly. After that hour a man cannot sit on the sand with his own wife. It seems hard, but there is a reason for it. Said a policeman last night: “They all tell us they are married and we've been, fooled 0 often that we can't draw the ine.” Over in pious Ocean Grove the young people seem to be as much addicted to making love as they are at Asbury Park. It is even asserted that their regular attendance at the holiness meetings is mainly prompted by & desire to flirt. Parties sometimes go from here in the evenings to see what are called the “shadow pictures” on the walls of the tents along Pil- ‘im Pathway. These exhibitions are ssid to very peculiar sometimes. ‘TRE QNOVE AND THE Panx. Most people who have never visited Asbury Park confuse it with Ocean Grove, partly be- cause the twohave the same railway station. As a matter of fact the places are in no respect alike. The people of Ocean Grove regard As- bary Park as an unholy and almost impious resort, No vehicle is permitted to travel through the streets of Ocean Grove on Sun- days. Accordingly, visitors who arrive there on Saturday night cannot get their baggage de- livered until the following Monday. News- jpers are not sold in Ocean Grove on the Sab- Bath: Newsboys stand just across the, line which separates the grove from the park and sell papers to those denizens of the grove who are ungodly enough to purchase them. ‘The regulations governing Asbury Park aro not at all offensive to the liberty loving. On the contrary they have an excellent effect. Anybody here can get all the beer or liquor he wants by simply ordering it to be delivered at the house. At the same time, there are no saloons, and thus there is 20 public dissipation. People are not allowed to bathe after 9 a.m. on Sundays, That restriction is made, not for ) pe of piety, but to keep excursionists rom coming here. Shut off drinking and bathing and you inhibit excursionistsabsolutely. Buch rules as those, from the point of view of respectable persons, greatly add to the attrac- tions of Asbury, which isa delightful summer resort so long as one does not go in for fashion. Neglected Duty of Educated Men, From the Chicago Journal. Among the perils ahead of us mentioned by Theodore Roosevelt in his admirable address to the northwestern students on “The College Graduate and the Stato” none desorves more attention than “the selfish indifference of tho educated classes.” To them much is given, and of them much should be required. But they hold aloof from public life and to « greater ex- tent than in any country in the worid shirk the responsibilities that belong to their position. ‘Mr. Roosevelt is a worthy example of what the college graduate may be and do for his coun- try: He fs an influence for virtue, courage and American manhood wherever he happens to be, on the rarch or platform. aa Same Thing in the End. From Life. ‘Maud—“The word ‘homely’ is not used in the same way in England as it is in America, A homely girl there means one who is fond of domestic surroundings.” Marie—Domestic surroundings are the only things a homely girl has # chance of being fond of, whether in England or America,” GROWING TEA. Prospects for an Important American Industry of the Future. CAN IT BE DONE HERE? Experimental Tes Gardens of the Depart- ment of Agriculture—Culture of the Plant fm South Carolina — How It Has Been Propagated From Imported Seed — Pure ‘United States Teas in Dried Bricks. ieee ees HE DEPARTMENT OF Agriculture is pushing experiments with tea culture in South Caro- lina, and the forthcom- ing annual report will give a glowing account of the prospects of this industry in the United Btates, Last summer the first, pickings were taken from plants that sprouted in 1889. The 2 product, submitted to expert tea tasters and merchants, has been pro- nounced excellent snd readily marketable at a high price. It is declared to have » character distinct from the teas of any other country. ‘There is reason to believe that it can be grown ‘with profit on a commerciai scale, Not requir- ing 6] er for export, like Chinese and bpd anipheg sd fener ae be dried for do- =, trade a bricks —— — ‘en years ago ment of Agricult attempted to grow ‘eas in South Carolina, The effort was abandoned without a fair trial, as is now believed, and it is being resumed. At the request of Uncle Jerry Rusk the Department of State issued requests to consuls at the tea ports for seeds of the best teas. Experimental gar- dens have been established near Summerville, &.C., where plants of Japanese, Chinese, For- mosaand Assam hybrid varieties are under cultivation. The first season's crop was thirty- eight peed of the cured article per acre. It takes four pounds of fresh leaves to make one Pound of cured tea, It is expected that from 100 to 500 pounds per acre of fresh tea can bo raised yearly. In China the cost of picking is leent per pound of cured tea, The cost in South ine is 6 cents a pound. ‘THE COST OF AMERICAN TRA. On account of this difference in the price of labor American teas can only compete with high-priced imported grades. It is estimated that the cost of raising a pound of tea in South Carolina is 20 cents, in addition to the rental of the land. If suocessful this new field for agri- cultural enterprise will furnish an easy outdoor occupation for many who are unequal to rougher employment {n the ficlds. ‘Taking an average every man, woman and child in the United States consumes twenty-one ounces of tea per annum. Just half of it comes from China, 42 per cent from Japan and the balance from india and other British ms. ‘The first plant of this species grown in South Carolina was set out by Michaux, the French Dotanist, in 1804, fifteen miles from Charleston. During the latter half of this contury people in that section have cultivated little patches and larger gardens of tea, which havo produced crops o} enough to satisfy many drinkers, It is be- lieved, however, that the failure of pungency has been due to defective curing. Many fam- ilies in that part of the country teday grow what tea they require for houschold use. A Fayetteville (N. C.) man writes that half a dozen bushes farnish his family of six parso with more tea than they can consume. Hi wife prepares it by heating the leaves in an oven until they are wilted, squeezing them by band until the juice 1s expressed from them and finally drying them again in tho oven. ‘The tea is then fragrant and ready for use. ‘The tea plant is ever green. If left to follow the intention of nature it assumes the form of a slender tree from fifteen to twenty feet in height. When grown for its leaves it has the appearance of a low spreading bush, being kept cut down. It bears «beautiful white flower with little scent. Bees are very fond of the blossoms. ‘The seeds resomblo hazel nuts. ‘They have a hard shell and a bitter kernel, The capsules of these tea nuts make. very pleasant bitters, In some parts of the south they are held to be as good for malarial fevers as quinine. THE CLIMATE REQUIRED. ‘Tea is usually considered to require a hot and damp climate. It cannot be too warm if sufficiently moist. It is said that a pleasant climate to live in cannot be good for tea. A ood tea climate cannot be a healthy one, Fever ‘sad ton go together. Such aro the inions generally accepted on this subject. Nevertheless,tea that is grown in temperate climates is liked much better by many people. It certainly has a more delicate flavor, though much weaker. Teas that are grown at moderate elevations in the Himalayas fetch good prices in the London market. The point is that tea will grow almost anywhere, but in not many ¢limates will it pay. An ideal climate for pro- ducing it is that of eastern Bengal, whore the thermometer never goes down below fifty-five degrees, and there is sometimes twenty-five fect of rainfall in a year. In 1858 the ited States government obtained 10,000 tea plants from China—trans- ported in boxos filled with soil, in which the seeds were sown jast previous to shipment. The plants averaged eighteen inches in height on arriving in Washington. They were at once placed under propagation, and in a short time the stock was increased to 30,000 plants, which were distributed through the southern The propagation and dissemination of the plants formed an important featare in the operation of the agricultural bureau, then a division of the patent office, until 1861, when the war put a stop to the business for the timo being. ‘After the war fresh supplies of reed were im- ported from Japan. But in 1867 it was found that an abundance of tea seed could be pro- cured in some of the southern states from plants given away in 1858. For several years the Department of Agriculture distributed an- nually from 5,000 to 10,000 plants, reaching 20,000 in 1876." By this means it was expected to popularize the culture of ten as a domestic product, with the hope that public interest would in time be directed to its cultivation as anarticle of commercial value, Encouraged by reports of successful culture, supplemented by samples of manufactured tea of excellent quality, the department devoted increased at- tention to the propagation and distribution of plants. In i878 and 1879 the number dissemi- nated rose to 50,000 per annum. THE CULTIVATION SIMPLE. The cultivation of the tea plant is as simple as that of the currant or gooseberry. The seeds | P* should be sown in nursory rows and the plants set out at the end of a year, five feet apart. No leaves should be gathered until the fourth year, and the plants should be robust and healthy before picking begins, for that process weakens them. A fair picker will collect twenty-five pounds of leaves in» day's work. ‘The early spring pickings make the best teas. Those yield the famous Young Hyson. At this period the leaf is very thin, having a large pro- portion of juices as compared with the solid matter, and is dried usually of a green color, retaining a most delicious flavor. This grado of teaseldom reaches distant markets, as it speedily ferments if put up in masses for ship- mont, and can only be conveyed in small quan- tities by land routes. It is unknown ia this country and is one of the luxuries in store when tea culture becomes an American industry. It is popularly supposed that black and green teas are different varieties. In fact, they are the same, the color depending on the method of curing the leaves for market. Various kinds of ten aro classified according to the age of the leaf. For the sake of illustration, here is a branch of « tea plant. 6 leaf bud is Flowery Pekoo, the leaf Orange Pekoe, the leaf “‘c” is Pekoe, the " is Souchong Ist, the leaf “e” is chong 2d, the leaf “*f" is Congou. the is Bohea; “a”, “b”, “eo”, “d" and. “0” together make Souchong. Each of these leaves a fine flavor, though usually not strong | #? Pekoe, Pekoe, &c., as it grew younger the leaves the finer the tea’ Greon and succulent ends of thes Pekoe in wn as Where “e” sprou! obtained. "The grado’ called ‘Flower, Potosi tjeas; that responding to Orange Pekoe fn bisc is Gun as far article is darin.” Being butslightlyfiredand rather demp wheti prepared for use they will bear neither transportation nor keeping. Flavoring is brace to teas of middli or inferior 7h ti m the tea is ready es. For this purpose, wi for market, forty pounds of fresh dlos- 100 pounds of it, and the flowers aré re- somé are mixed with each 1 after twenty-four hours moved by sifting. The tea is now strongly im- ated with the scent of the blossoms, which Picconses after it is packed in cases. Jeamines are utilized in the sameway. Teas thus flavored retain their odor for a year or more, The process through which Chinese and Japanese teas are put to prepare them for an ocean voyage are very injurious to them. For such transportation the leaves must be roasted before shipment, and thus the aroma is largely dissipated. ‘The best teas are only to be had in their highest excellence in tea-growing coun- tries, where they can be procured before pass ing through the heroic process which they have to undergo when they are to be packed in the holds of sea-going vessels, For home con- sumption less elaborate methods of suffice. and it is suggested that American teas may eventually be sold in this country in the shape of cakes of dried leaves pressed into solid shape, as is done with many other herbs, The roasting, w! levelops the aroma, may fsa oy immediately before use, as is no lone with coffee. Very likely such tea will ulti- mately be ground like coffee, PREPARING BLACK TEA. In preparing black tea the leaves aro first withered by being exposed to the sun for an hour. They are then rolled and twisted to get rid of part of the juice. Next they are made up into small balls, which are placed in shallow bamboo trays and se} in » sunny place to fer- ment. During this procese the leaves lose their raw odor and acquire the desired flavor. After fermentation the leaves aro exposed ins thin Jayer to the sun, which turns them from green to black. Then they are placed in » tray over a charooal fire to dry. This is called “firin The final operation consists “in passing leaves through sieves of different meshes, after which they are packed. Such is the method used in Japan. In India it is simplified, fewer persons being emploved. Tho Japanese sometimes prépare what the: call “flat tea,” the leaves not being ‘altel, ‘They are from plants ‘which have been kept in darkness for a week or two before picking. Keeping them from the light ia said to develop an exquisite aroma. Teas of India are usually threo times as strong as Chinese and Japanese teas, 60 that they are chiefly used to give “body” to the weaker teas by being mixed with them. The manipulation of the product in India, after icking, is wholly done by machinery, whereas it is all hand work in China. In fact, the Chi- nese use their feet in rolling some of Speer | grades. For green tea the leaves are first steamed slightly, after which come the rolling and drying. ADULTERATED TEAS. Immense quantities of trashy and adulterated teas are sold in the markets of the United States, One method of sophistication is to in- troduce leaves of other plants. This species of cheat is readily detected by means of the mi- eroscope, The tea leaf fo marked a character of its own, in respect to ite veins and rrated edges, that it cannot be mistaken. What is called “lie tea” in China is an imite- tion usually containing fragments or dust of the genuine leaves, foreign leaves and mineral matters, held together by astarch solution and colored by a “facing” preparation. Tea is sometimes falsified by the addition of spent or artly exhausted leaves—in other words, old leaves dried for use second-hand. This is » fraud difficult to prove, though weakzess of the beverage may cause it to be suspected. Some- times teas are treated with catechu to increase their apparent strength. This can only be dis- covered by chemical testa, ‘The teas exported from China and Japan are nearly always “faced” with some mixture to impart a color or gloss to the leaves, preparations employed for this purpose con- tain Prussian blue, tumeric, indigo and plum- bago. Damaged ‘and imperfect leaves are treated in this way to improve their appearance. The substance most commonly used for black tens is plumbago—black lead. The teas con- sumed by the Japanese and Chinese themselves aro never faced. ‘Ther no evidence that these quasi-aduiterants are injurious to health. Prussian blue is sot down in the United States dispensatory asa tonic and alterative, though rarely used medicinally. ‘The dose is five-hun- dredths of adrachm. To take that amount in the form of tes facing one would have to con- sume a pound of tea. Tea has been used by the Chinese from re- mote antiquity. It was introduced into Japan early in the ninth century. It is supposed to havo been first brought to Europe about 1577 by the Portuguese, who established at that riod a trade with’ the far east. In 1664 the it India Company sent two pounds of tea to England as a present to the king, which would indicate that the article was considered a rarity. It Was @ Gorgeous Mystery Which Even the Waiter Could Not Unravel, From the Buffalo Express. Afat man with brown soft hat walked briskly into a Main street restaurant and took aseat at tholunch counter. The man who wna presiding over the section of the counter at which he sat ambled over to him and said: “Well? “Well?” repeated the fat man. “Wratcher want?" asked the waiter. “Gimme a milk.” ji ae “Hain’t got any apple pie, sir.” “What Kind of ple have you got?” “Cocoanut pie and lemon pie, sir.” “Gimme a piece of lemon pi ‘The waiter went away and returned with « slab of dark-brown pastry and a glass of light- blue milk. ‘The fat man sawed off a piece of the ple and transferred it to his mouth, A pained look came over his face, but he guiped the pie down and beckoned to the waiter. “What kind of pie is that?” he asked. “What kind did you order, sir?” asked the waiter. “Lemon pie.” “Well, sir, that must be lemon pie, then.” “But it ain't lemon pie.” “Ain't lemon pie, ‘ot by a darn sigh! +Sure it ain't lemon pie, sir?” “Of course I'm sure.” “That's funny, sir, “Nothing funny about it. What kind of pio is it?” The waiter leaned over the counter and said in a hoarse whisper, ““Confidentially, sir, I ha’ tried to work that pie off for apple,’ pinoapp! Bieplant, peach and prune, and. it didn’t £°, ad if 1€ ain't lemon I'm darned if Tknow what itis.” ———___s9___ France Wants Forage and Meat, From the London Daily News. Writing of the evils of tho long drought in France our Paris correspondent says: If America could send forage rapidly over to this country she would find a splendid market for it, The pastoral districts of France are threat- ened with the extinction of their flocks and herds. Cattle are being sold for what they will fetch. Tho Paris market at Viletto bas a pleth- oric supply. This very abnormal situation was the subject of a long debate in the chamber this afternoon when a question was addressed to the minister of agriculture respecting the scarcity of fodder by M. Ducoudray. M. Viger said that something could be done in the way of obtaining a large of tinned meat for th led that a proposition fect should be brought forward on Sat- piece of apple pio and » glass of —__—_re-___ They Don’t Think It is Absurd. From the Chicago Recon. He (the bridegroom at the world’s fair) —"Do you want to go to the art building, dear?” She (the bride)—Do you?” He—I do if you do.” She—“‘It you do, J do, dear, dear.” ‘Just as you say.” “Do, dear, take your choice.” “Well, I don't want to unless you want She—"T don’t want to unless (With solicitude) Do you want to He—“If you want to, dearest. She (timidly)—“Well, le He—‘Are you sure you —If vou are.” te ‘want to, (Exeunt pavilion.) ——___+e- A Better Scheme. From Truth. Junior Law Partner—“We must take our head clerk into partnership. He has had half a mil- lion dollars bequeathed to him.” Senior Partuer—“Partnership! ver! We must part with him on good terms and get him was first Flowery Pekve, then became Orange | as a client.” So giTHE ELECTION LAWS. Senator Pugh Says That Congress Will Repeal Them. He 1s Chairman of the Judiciary Committee and a Leader in the Senate—He Warned Harrison About the Force Bill, ‘Witten for The Evening Star. Copyrighted 1893. After thirteen years in the Senate t- ing bis adopted state, Alabama, Senator James L. Pugh is the chairman of the committee on the judiciary, which, next tothe appropria- tons committee, is the most important com- Rites in the Senate. Mr. Pugh is also a mem- ler of the committee on privileges and elec- tens, another important committee. Mr. Pugh has attained distinction in the Senate ‘At Scoustitutional lawyer. It is a distinction tewhich every lawyer who comes to the Sen- ae ampires, Few are so fortunate as Mr. Peugh aas been. To his ability as » constitu- ticnal lavyer he can attribute his elevation by the demoeratio caucus to the position he holds ‘st the head of the committee of which Sen- ater Edmunds was the leader for so many years. i ct on M& Pugh in bis sommnitiine ood a tow nt to ask him w) he baieved 0 airy torte ths ‘mat- ter of the federal election laws at its coming session, When it was khown that the force bill had been defeated absolutely by the election of 8 democratic and a democratic Prosi- dent s great many people 10 me: “The democrats will repeal all of the federal election laws.” Other people said that they thought Sgvol denmccralic paper’ published fa the east ry mocrat r published in Saat NeTbe as Tabs. rostetay dees cokes Congress would do, and appealed to a New Yorkdemocratic paper for information. The reply was emphatically that woull be repealed. Mr. man,might be expected to ‘take a sectional viewof the fe supervision of elections, sincethe federal election laws are sup) to have been created for the benefit of the south or far application there. But as one of the leaders of the democratic party in the Senate. and ce apt to know what that party proposed to doin the matter of election laws, whatever Mr. Pugh might say on tho subject would be of interest and authority. WILE, REPEAL ALL THE ELECTION LAWS. Mr./Pugh is heavy-sot, broad-shouldered man of medium height, with a rugged face adorned with heavy eyebrows, a mustache clipped close above his mouth and a short beard, slightly pointed. He speaks in = deep, resonant voice, easily and forcibly. : “Following the promises of the democratic party as I understand them,” Senator Pugh said, “Congress will repeal all 'of the election laws under Title XXVI from 2007 to 2081, in- elusive. ‘These are the laws relating to the fed- eral supervision of federal elections in the states—the appointment of deputy marshals and supervisor. ‘The reason for their repeal is that the occasion for these laws hag passed away. They grew out of the prejudices and the conditions immediately following. the civil war. The conditions have changed. ‘The states are now working in the interest of a free ballot and a fair count, and the supposed necessity for federal interference does not exist. As a mat- ter of fact, more trouble hs come from the ap- Pointment of these federal oficersthe ballot way. Iv be- cause of the character of the men appointed— men for whom the best people of the south have no respect. They axe irresponsible and often disreputable characters. It is for that the south is united on the subject of fed- eral interference. Itis this that untted the south against what was known as the force bill. I told President Harrison that but for the idea that he represented the force bill (so called) it would have been possible on other issues for the republican party to have carried from three tofive southern states. But when you touch the race question the south isa unit, Cur- reney, tariff—every other question becomes in- significant. Sbake that red rag at the southern bulland he begins to bellow and paw up the clay. No, the federal election laws are an ex- pression of distrust in the states, and the states resent them. The states are to be trusted. They are doing what they can to perfect theelec- tion system, and Congress will leave the matter in their hands.” REFORM IN THE SOUTH. “In what way are the southern states trying to reform the system of elections?” I asked. “By the introduction of the Australian ballot system or @ modification of it,”’ said the Senator. “We have a law similar to the Australian in our \d the populists are trying to make it an issue in the next election because it dis- franchises many white people. The effect of the Australian ballotis to eliminate the ignor- ant and irresponsible element from elections. ‘The republican party claim to be trying to do the same thing in New York to keep the Irish vote and the criminal vote from controlling elections, The Australian system establishes the qualifications of intelligence and educa- tion for the use of the bailot. Of the 12,000,000 voters in thie country it would be conceding a large proportion to’ say that one- half are capable of self-government. There are the ignorant and the incapable, the criminal and fluaily the dependent element—those that are dependent on capital or i other way influenced in ci Now. if this large per cent should gain control of this country, we would go to ruin in ninety days. But it’ is the other class thasalways rules—the intelligent, moral and property class, It succeeds through the use of money and the influence of capital on its dependents, but when itis in power it aims to legislate wisely and for the good of all. The intelligent, moral and capable class must control.” EVERY DEMOCRAT WILL VOTE FOR REPEAL. Taaked the Senator if he expected a strict party vote on the repeal of the election laws. “Every democrat,” he said, “will vote for it. T do not expect any republican votes for it, but the opposition will be feeble. I think that you will be surprised at the feebleness of the oppo- sition. Of course the representatives of certain states will make a fuss—Reed in the House and Chandler in the Senate, among others—but yor would be surprised at the number of republi- cans who are coming to our view of the ques- tion of federal interference. I think that Har- rison was beginning to see something of his mistake before he went out of office. It is sible that he would have been giad to have hed less made of thé force bill issue in the campaign. It was the Blaine men, Harrison's enemies in his own party, who made such a loud outery about the force bill in the convention and just after Harrison's nomination; just as it was the enemies of Mr. Cleveland who made so much of the tariff issue and forced the plank in the na- tional platform on the democratic party.” I told the Senator thata great muny people were asking in all earnostness whether Con- gress was really going to repeal the McKinley law and give the country nothing in its place. The Senator chuckled at this proposition. “The cry of tariff reform,” he said, “was a cloak for the silver question. I knew that allalong. The currency question is the great qestion of today. It will be the great question before Congress when it meets in August,” WON'T SPECULATE OX THE RESULT. “And the result will be?” “I don't care to speculate about that,” said Mr. Pagh. “We will sce what we will sec. 1 don’t care to plunge into these matters before Congress comes together. Silver, however, is stronger in the new Senate than it was in the old. It used to have three or four majority. I think that it has eight or ten majority now. T recalled to Mr. Pugh the fact that Senator Ingalls predicted a fow years ago that the country would in time divide politicaliy on an east and west line, “That is true, I think,” said Mr. Pugh, it will be on the silver question that thecountry will divide. ‘The west and south cannot be in sympathy with the east. Tho east is an im- orter and wants gold to meet its obligations. ‘he south and west are exporters and want silver. The sections cannot be in harmony. ‘The conditions, though, are changing all the time. The conditions which govern the tariff question are changing constantly. You cannot make an inflexible tariff iaw. And it is well that it as so, From the disappointments of man come his greatest achievements. If we could calculate accurately just what was going to happen this world would die of dry rot.” Gronoy GaanTuam Bars. the election laws cavers eau Cons ation of Conversation, From the Philadelphia Record. It is invariably the fact that after the ordi- nary greetings have been exchanged by persons meeting the first question propounded is, “Are you going to the fair?” A very large portion of the populace of this section is not going. Another large portion has not yet decided and a few have been or say they are positively go- ing. A bright lad up town has designed a card for the purpose of disposing of this question quickly. Le wears it under his coat and when Spproached on the topic flashes it toview. ~~ Pugh, as » southern | MISSILES FROM THE HEAVENS, Billions of Therm Fall, but ‘Comparatively Few Reach the Earth. Only tho other day Twx Stan printed an nc- count of «meteorite which fell near Beaver Creek, Washington. It was reported as burst- ing with several sharp reports in quick succes- sion, the first explosion being the loudest. The noise was heard twenty-five miles away, and was mistaken for thunder or a blast of dynamite. Following the reports was « whizz- ing sound. Several fragments of the missile from the sky were picked up. “It isa mistake to suppose that meteorites burst, in the proper sense of the word,” said a scientis: to a Stan writer. “But it often happens that they are broken to pivocs on | striking the atmosphere of theearth This may seem surprising, but let me call your at- tention to an analogy. Strike the surface of water with your fist, and, though «fluid, the Tesistance it opposes to the blow seems almost as strong as if it were « solid. Now, the meteorite is moving at # tremendenus rate of speed. If small, it is set on fire in an instant by the friction of the air, and, after glowing for a moment brightly, is consumed. ‘On any night this’ summer you will seo ‘shooting stars’ now and then. are the earth's atmosphere, are set afire. This is not strprising, inasmuch as they approach the planet on which we live at a speed which often the destruction of meteorites the atmosphere serves as @ protection for people on the globe, who would otherwise be pelted by such missiles {0.8 dangerous extent. Tit te estimated that not less than 10,000,000 of them, big enough to be visible to the naked eye, sirike the mn odes twenty-four hours, “By contact with this planet the meteor- ites are raised to a _ elena which Teaches from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 degrees— high enough to consume the hardest known substance almost instantly. of large size reach the earth before being en- tirely burnt up. The greatest number of such bodies ean be seen just before daybreak, be- cause by that time we are on the front side of the globe as it moves through space. The ele- ation at which most of them ere visible has been found to be between forty-five and eighty miles, very few being seen at a greater height than 100 miles. “It is believed by most astronomers that some very large fBeteors have entered our atmosphere and have paseed out into space again, their great momentum being sufficient to take them away from the earth’s attraction. What these flying bodies are is a question that has been much disputed, but it is con- sidered most likely that they are the debris of broken-up comets. In one recent instance the correctness of this theory has found striking nad ‘That was the case of the comet of i It was discovered in 1826, and was again observed in 1832, 1845 and 1852. In 1845 ithad split into two parte, and in 1872 it failed to appear when and where it should havedone. Evidently it had been smashed up, and predic- tion was made that there would bee great me- teoric shower composed of the remains of the lost comet. This prediction was fuifilled. “Certain groups of meteors move in ellipti. cal orbits arcund the un. Occasionally the earth passes through their clusters, producing what are known as meteoric showers. Such showers occur annually from the 9th to the 12th of August, and there is « similar display in November once every thirty-three years. The stream of the A: meteors is estimated to be from 5,000,! ‘to 10,000,000 miles thick. ‘The earth, though traveling with a velocity of 2,000,000 miles a day, is immersed in it for several days. “The fall of meteorites to the earth is some- times accompanied by a great display of light, occasionally illuminating an area of many thou- sand square miles, when such an event occurs at night, and by loud detonations, so t in tome instances as to shake and frighten men and animals. ‘he explosions are caused by the breaking up of the meteor. Ordinarily you will find that such meteoric bodies are coated on the outside with & binek substance, which is the effect merely of fusion of the superficial material by great heat A picce of Biela's comet was actually picked up its remains, Naturally it is considered very interesting. “Such great interest is taken in meteorites that all of those collected have been carefully catalogued. They are mostly composed of iron, with usually a percentage of nickel and cobalt, and sometimes copper and tin. It is customary to saw them into slices, which is a very laborious process, for ‘sale or for ex- change among museums Sometimes the slices are prettily polished, or the cut surfaces are etched with acid 80 as to expose the crystalline structure. This structure is in no two such bodies exactly the same, and the differences are thought wi meteorites, because they are so valuable, but without success.”” —— PEACE ON EARTH, How'Two Women Mect After = Long Separation. From the Detroit Tribune. They met in the calm of a lovely day. Soft breezes whispered sweet messages to the bud- ding trees, and even the salesman at the bar- gain counter wore a more charitable look, They met and greeted. “Oh, dear,” exclaimed the lady in grenadine with gilt trimmings, “‘it’sanage since I saw you.” “Yes, indeed,” ecstatically rejoined the lady in white organdie with pale blue flowers wrought in the fabric. “It was getting almost insupportable.” A pause of one-sixteenth of second en- sued. “Well, I declare, if—* The lady in grenadine was gazing fixedly at the lady in organdie. i : vely y hair isn't to you, Isn't it perieotly delighitall Tee 20 glad; gray hair is such a trial to many.” ™ , to be en sere was another pause, “T'm so giad”— The Indy in organdie was earnestly contem- plating the lady in grenadine, our dresses fit “You are atill able to make y. Ien't it for- most people.” in spite of your getting so =~ Fat is such @ thorn to There was a little more silence. ‘oa good-bye,” chirped the lady in grena- e. “Bye,” cooed the lady in “I hope it won't be so long till we meet again.” “Oh, my, yes. Icouldn't stand it, Beally.” ‘That was all, ——__+-e-—__ Carried Away With His Idea. From Puck. Willie—“Now I'l get rid of that measly old cat.” meteorites, which, on eoming into contact with | © attains forty-four miles a second. Br causing |‘ in Mexico in 1572, at the time of the shower of |b health to “cold breaths” Tot ces thanlt to 0 to the window as goons he », throw o; linds, raise the and inhale the fre — and drawn, of the turf, “tucked up. He had no vitality, no animation. “If you don't quit your heavy clubs, yous dumb belle, your sixty-pound weight,’ your rowing achine ‘and your sprinting ‘at top speed you will never know what wr t what killed you, A fourth maintained that his fine health was, Gue toa bicyele, which he rode industriously: two hours a day, and to twenty minutes’ worl. on a lifting machine. He was round shouldered! and narrow chested, and instead of sitting erect in ' straight-backed chair always wanted = rocker in order that he might recline. he walked he was always looking on the groun “If you don't quit your bicvele and y machine you will” graduaily curl up till you look like ® shaving: your head will get) down between your feet,”” said the doctor. A fifth asserted that he had learned the secret of health from a man who once suffered from obesity, but had reduced himself to normal proportions by frequenting the Turkish bai was nothing likea Turkish bath e ight; it was the only thing that ever im to go to business in the moi with clear head. pair | “Turkish baths ruined Rome,” said doctor. “and if you don't quit them ruin you. One in « fortnight is about an stand with comfort and good health.” sixth speaker was a picture of health.) He had the right colorand weighed just for his height and age. He eaid modestly he had ni to complain of in the way off ill health; he generally felt pretty good om getting out of bed and did not often tired in the course of the day's work. He pal ‘no attention to what he ate, but usually enw Joved what was set before him. His only exerg cise was a gontle horseback ride in the morni afterward @ rubl efterrard “© rubbing down and change “Don't you take a cold shower bath after th asked the er. ~~ first speaker. ” was the reply. “Why shoul as I get out of bed—e cu: eggs. On that I go tili drink a schooner of beer “Always one glass. But notice cold. Jus as it comes from the faucet. Iam e firm bes liever in good old Croton.” ; “Ever drink whisky?” “Whenever { feel like it* “Feel like it often?” < “No, Ym not a toper. | Tusually bavs a ‘worth stu ye Attempts have been made to counterial | Foad they were tame affairs as compared with one I am about to relate, “I was on one of my usnal trips and early ong morning boarded the train at N—— to go to # Be Point some twenty miles distant. I entered the H : 5 E t . es Hattit foot in a basket of eggsand the other in a of butter, and then pitched forward on to the seat with the driver. My entrance into wn the driver, who! museu! iow, evident While oneal tened, sprang f tore the wheel the market wagon. Ket man's team continued down the ducing the vehicle to kindling wood, outfit disappeared in a rm J of dust mosphere was filled with butter, eh PLE i 4 e ie yi tried to stop the horses, but my useless. In a moment we had trestle from which I bad been thrown, and noticed that the train was on the point of ing off. With a mighty effort I pulled i reached car as tho train was moving away. “The train had been y alight struction on the track, which only required from a bridge, participated in two Tansways, and wae back inside the train, all side of five minutes.” must be mastodons, Last spring, while hunting, oue of these Indians came across serios of large tracks, each the size of the tom of a salt barrel, sunk deep in the moss, He followed the curious trail for some miles, finally out in fall view of his game. A® a class these Indians are the bravest of hunters but the proportions of this new species of gaio®, filled the hunter with terror, aud be took to! swift and immediate flight He described the, creature us being as lange ae » store, with great, shining, tusks, and a mouth enough toswallow ® man ata single gulp. He further eays that the animal wes undoubtedly of the same species as those whose bones and tusks lie all over this section of the country, The fact that other hunters have told of seeing these monsteré browsing on the herbs up along the river gives acertain probability to the story. Over om Forty-mile creek bones of mastodons are quite lentifal. One ivory tusk nine feet jong pro= jects from oue of the sand dunes on that and single teeth have been found thet were #0 large that they would be # gocd load for oue man to carry.