Evening Star Newspaper, May 27, 1893, Page 18

18 ee tee ene ESN SS A a ee THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D. C, SATURDAY, MAY 27, 1893—TWENTY PAGES. SS "THELAND OF PHARAOH. A Mixed State of Politics Along the Nile. ‘ENGLAND RULES EGYPT. ‘Malicious Stories of the Young Khedive— | Ne Immorality at the Palace — Curious Financiat System and More Curious Con- cessions to Foreigners. Sas ee OME WISE STATES- | man ones said “politics | ‘s politics.” This gen- | tieman, however, had evidently never taken even a cursory glance at the polities of Egypt. | The politics of Egypt | is not politic, It T= is something closely “gp resembling a mixture > between the old fifteen puzzle and the heated regions. Every nation | hhas worked into its polities something of a for- eign policy, bat with Egypt it is all foreign, Policy. When it is simply a questicn of whether | ‘or not 40 annex a gzoup of islands thas have | ry desire to be annexed, the foreign policy ofa nation issimple. Bat when the buying | of half a dozen towels for goverameut use must de considered int re!atic views of six- Yeon other policy is not by any means enc: There is Turkey. whe claims Egvpt al, and every year Egypt recognizes this claim by Sending 2 big Semees te Gee cele” Abaee al there is England, with her army of occupation, Fanging at different times from 4.000 to 10,000 ‘troops, and her minister, clothed by his gov- ernment with almost absolute powers of dicta- Yion. To make things stil! worse there aro | fourteen other great powers all ready on the slightest occasion to put a finger in the Egyp- tian pie. and above all who have to all be con- Sulted before any change of moment can be made in even the points of vital importance to | the interual government of the country. With all these cooks hovering spoon in hand around | the broth, it ig a great wonder that Egypt has Prospered to the extent it has. EGYPT FOR ENGLAND. England has retamed a master’s grasp on | Egypt for some time. and from all present Prospects she has very little idea of loosing p._ It would be useless to discuss why England came to Egypt. She camo ‘eertainly for the protection of her interests and the protection of the interests of other foreign- | ers, and there can be little doubt that early in the eighties, by suppressing the Arabi or na- tional movement, her troops did exactly what they came for. Had England at that time an- nexed or established even a strong protectorate | over Egypt there would have been little or no ebjection from any of the great powers, not | excepting France. England did neither of | these things, but adopted a shills-shally policy, | Bow yielding, now firm. whieh bas proved irri | ‘tating both to Egypt and to herself. Her posi- tion in Egypt, after the uprising had been sup- | ressed and Arabi banished, was expressed a note tothe powers from Earl Granville, | then minister for foreign affairs, written in January, 1883, in which Granville says: “Al- | though for the present a British force remains fm Egypt for the preservation of public tran- quility, her majesty’s government is desirous | Of withdrawing it as soon as the state of the | country and the organization of proper means for the maintenance of the khedive's authority will admit of it. In the meantime the position in which her majesty’s government is placed toward his highness imposes upcn them the | uty of giving advice, with the object of se- | euring that the order of things to be estab- lished shall be of a satisfactory character an the elements of stability and progress. Very well, that statement was defin enough. the ‘troops were only to stay until Granquility should be restored and only advice | was to be given. As a matter of fact, from that | time to this, according to the English idea, | tranquility has not been restored, and advice | given with 10.000 troops to back it has an ex- | Beedingly convincing way of its own. ~England | | ] i THE KUEDIVE oF EovPr. Speedily found that the simple, plain advice | id not go very far with x monarch and peo- | ple who had foolishly imbibed the idea that the @ountry belonged to them, and as early as January, "Si, Earl Granville was obliged to Sive his definition of “advice” to the English finister at Cairo. This time he said: bardiy need point out that on important ques- ons, where the administration and safety of Egypt are at stake, it is indispensable that her Majestr’s government should. so long us the Fiorisional occupation of ‘the country by lish troops continues, be assured that the Advice which. after full consideration of the views of the Egyptian government. they may | feel it their duty to tender to the khedive shall be followed.” &e. | Here was a new kind of “advice” with a Vengeance. Ul we are going to give you is advice. Mr. Khedive, but if you don't follow our advice—well, you sve these troops and you know what they can do. | Tt must be sa: t the English occupation | of Egypt has done wonders for the country in | the way of developing resources, increasing | the water supply. which is the breath of life to | the land, making a native army aud stopping | } abuses. |E nae eee | There are other things that prick Egypt | @eeper than the presence of a few thousand | Fed-coated soldiers. As has {heen said, Egypt | lea part of the ottoman empire and para the sultan an annual tribute of about €3.400,000. The payment of this neat little sum cach year fe not the worst of tho evils which her con- Bection with the ottoman empire entails nm the land of the sphynx. By reason ef this connection she falls heir to what are} wn as the “capitalations,” which were orig. | small concessions made bg the sultan to | THE SPHIN} foreigners living the empire. but which have grown to mighty size; and the small affairs which at one time were given by the | sultans as a favor are now rigorously de- manded as a right by the great powers. By these capitulations all sorts of privileges are granted foreigners in Egypt which are ed natives. For instance foreigners are practically free from taxation, the inviolability of their domicile is almost absolute, and they are exempt from the jurisdiction of the local courts. The state of affairs that such condi- tions bring about in a country where. in com- parison, the foreign population is immense, can only be compared with chaos. For in- stance, in order to enter the honse of a for- eigner, for his arrest or other purpose, the consul of the country to which the foreigner belongs must be present. Again, foreigners charged with a criminal offense must be tried by their consuls or by some competent court of theirown country. Such restrictions ag these result in nullifying to a large extent, and for aconsiderable portion of the popula- tion, the municipal laws of the land. In too many cases when an arrest is to be made the consul whose presence is necessary to effect an entrance has disappeared, and where consuls have authority to try cases they are only too apt to be found partial to their own countrymen. The foreign offenders, it must be understood. are tried by the laws of their own country, and a further complication arises from the fact that often an offense against yptian law has no penalty attached in the Ides of the offenders country, Up to 1876 a like complicated and anomalous condition existed in regard to civil law. but in that year through the consent of all the powers the “mixed tribunals” were constituted. which consist of natives and foreieners, the former always predominating, which are authored to try civil suits arising with foreigners, CURIOUS TAXATION. From an Egyptian standpoint the immunity of foreigners from nearly all taxetion is an evil of great extent aud means a larger loss ry. Up toa short time ago the onle tax to which foreigners were sab- i th land tax. Lately, after years led to all. Afterw was mare to extend the license tax to rs. but sucha loud outery arose from eign popuiation began to draw baek, but found they had already gone too far. The native Egyptians had been awakened by the stir and bustle to » consent of the powers, | nat tl goverment | spreads to a greater extent, something may develop from the nucleus. Although a man may never see his way clear to building a house, always astep in advance to have thegroundali ready. ‘The ground in the case of Egypt consists of a legislative council and a general assembly. ‘Neither of theve. bodie possesses enough power to dazzle'the members, but still some duties pertain to the positions. The council consists of thirty members. four- teen of-whom are selected uy the goverment. ‘This body meets once a month. Its duty is to examine the budget and laws affecting the ad- ministration of the country and to make amend- ments, These amendments, however, are merely advisory, and the government is not bound to accept the advice. The general assembly consists of the members of the coun- cil, with the six governmental ministers and forty-six additional members popularly elected. This body also is limited to suggestions, although no new taxes can be levied without its consent. The assembly meets every two years, ENGLISH INTERFERENCE. But to return to England and the constant friction existing between her representatives and the native officials. There have been so many incidents attending the possession and non-possession of Exypt by England. which have increased the quasi-opposition to English rule among native leaders, that it is impossible to go into detail. The custom of England in standing aloof fora time on a question and then making demands has been the cause of the fall of uearly every minister since the oc- cupation of the country. It began even with the first minister, Sherif Pasha. At the begi ning the English’ governme: they would have nothing to do with the Soudan, thatit was an entirely Egyptian affair and Egypt would have to take care of the mabdi in the best way she could. Gradually England changed her tone on this important question, doubly important to Egypt, as it meant the control of the upper Nile,her breath and life.by a hostile people. During England's wavering policy Hicks and Gordon were sacrificed. | English government,the office was ente RIAZ PACHA, PRIME MINISTER OF EGYPT. Suddenly England changed her tone aud or- dered her minister, Sir Evelyn Baring. who is the preseat Lord Cromer, and still Engli minister, to demand percmptorily that the Soudan "be abandoned, and the Soudan w abandoned, although Sherif, whose dream it was to restore the old boundaries of his coun- try, expressed his disgust by resigning. England’s system of half interference has got Egypt in trouble with other countries also. Sherif Pasha was succeeded as prime minister by one of the ablest mon the country possesses, and a man who would take high rank in any com par Pasha, Nubar’ Pasha learned his little lesson by means of the “Bos- phore Egyptig per published in te This ad been for some time nd vaseemly attacks om the government. and finally, by the advice of the -dand France, however, over the action, and Nubar aper suppressed. raised’ wild howl PLOWING WITH CAMELS. this Feense tax business, and with one shrill voice demanded that tax be either ex- tended or wiped out, aud that a fair show be given the natives, even if they were the nat- Ural possessors of the land. The result of the whole matter was that the government. caught between the two bodies, had to abolish the whole tax altogether and relinquish thousands of pounds income. With this experience be- fore them it will probably be some time before an effort is made to further-extend taxation to foreigners. COMPLICATED FINANCES, Ifa man has to have some fifteen or twenty masters bossing him it might be some little comfort to be allowed to spend his little in- come as he thought fit. Egypt has not this privilege, although the fact results from past extravagance and waste. Egypt has a large debt om ber hands scattered around among different nations, and the fact accounts or forms an excuse for a large portion of the step fatherly interest which is shown in her behalf. In the Egyptian government is n official called “financial adviser.” He is appointed by the English government and {s of course an Englishman. — His authority is wide, as can be sce from the fact that no finan- cial decision can be taken without his consent, In the organization which looks after the debt are representatives from the larger interested powers. The debt under which Egypt is struggling must be credited to that luxurious and gentlemanly spendthrift, Ismail, who was finally deposed. In 1863, for " instance, debt was only ——_215,000.000. Thirteen years later. or in’ 1876, it was $445.000,000. What a tremendous time Ismail must have had in those thirteen years, bur then it must be remembered that his Eu: ropean loaners charged him enormously After Ismail had been disposed of Egypt emerged from the law of liquidation with a debt of #490,000,000. Then the powers took charge of Egypt's finances. and by the London conference. in 184, arranged them in acomplex way. The income of the country at Present is about $52,000,000 a year, und some- thing like #20,000,000 goes each year for inter- est on the debt. The government is allowed a fixed sumeach year for its expenditures, and outside of this certain other expenditures, which have been authorized by the powers, ‘The division of the income is therefore some- that would puzzle even a Congressman tomed to figuring on just how much the District onzht to pay toward its maintenance. for instance, an example. The income for the year is, say, $50,000,900. The allow- ance for the government's use is €30,000,000 nd for the debt. or caisse. as it is called, 220, 000,000. We will say. however, that the caisse does not need for its infterest but $19,000,000. It has. therefore, a surplus of $1,000.00. On the other hand, ‘the government spends over and above the $20.000.000 allowed it. $600,000; but we will say that 500,000 of this expendi- » has been authorized by the powers, This 000 the government can draw from the surplus in the caisse, but the poor government is still $100,000 to the bad and the caisse $500,- 00) to the good. The eaisse $500,000 is then divided equally between the government and the caisse. It will be seen then that for every expenditure outside of the authorized list which the government makes it has to really pay two dollars for one doliar expended. This will come home to residents of the District of Columbia when they recall acts of Congress taking certain appropriations entirely out of District funds, Such a system of finances is both absurd and unjust. It is absurd from its complication and unjust in not allowing the Egyptian govern- ment a proper elasticity in expenditures. To end the authorized expenditures in any di- ion itis necessary to get the consent of sixteen powers, no easy matter, with the pull- ing and hauling going on, and the tendency in European politics to play off consent to any E with s demand for some concession. Certainly a fairer basis would be to teke from the income the sum necessary for the interest and sinking fund of the debt and to al‘ow the government the rest. Any surplus in Egypt could be used with great advantage in internal improvements, especially in extending the water supp! Egyptian request EGISLATIVE BODIES. Egypt has not, and certainly her best friond would not claim that she was fitted for any popular form of government. ‘here ia, how- ever, the nucleus fora popular government and some time in the futuro, when education was surprised to find that while England had advised the action which had brought about the trouble she was not ready or willing to follow the advice up with any assistance against the protest. Nubar in the end, therefore, was obliged to apologize and make reparation, and the humiliation did not, it is reasonable to | suppose, increase his love for the English to anyextent. Atany rate his future course was shaped on lines distinctly in opposition to th English minister, and on the English plan of Feorganizing the police in 1858 he fell from power and was succeeded by Riaz Pasha, aman ina different way his equal in statesmanship and ability. Riaz Pasha served from 1588 to 1891. when he likewise, through rashly opposing Great Britain's will, came down with a cras! Mustapha Pasha became prime minister then, and he was in entire accord with the English, His course was smooth until last winter, when through sickness he was obliged to resign and the famous cabinet crisis occurred which finaliy resulted in restoring Riaz to power. THE CABINET CRISIS. Few people have more than a vague idea of what the trouble in Egypt last winter really meant, although at one time it seeme threaten a serious breach between En: and Egypt. ‘The affair, in brief is well, known that the knedive on reorganizing the cabinet appointed Fakhry Pasha prime minister, and that Lord Cromér protested against the ap- pointment om the grounds that Fakhry was a deadly enemy of England and gave the khe- dive twenty-four hours to withdraw it. After a deal of wrangling the appointment was with- drawn and Riaz was made prime minister. On the face of it the affair would seem to havo been a decided backdown on the part of the khedive. but there are not wanting shrewd ob- servers in Egypt who are of the opinion that the khedive tooled the English in a peculiarly oriental fashion and really obtain nin- ister he was after ali the time, Believers on this line say that Fakhry was put.up for the sole and only reason that he might be knocked down and Kiaz take his place after England had expended her thunder, It is pointed out that England objected to Fakhry because he had opposed the English policy, but if Fakhry had opposed Great Britain Riaz had done 60 also with tenfold intensity. ‘The history of the affair is dragged in to prove this. During uaz's former term as prime minister Fakhry had been his minister of justice, and it is held was simply a tool in the hands of his abler superior. In 1800 Mr. Scott was appointed to examine and report necessary reforms in the system of native jurisprudence. Scott and Riaz immediately fell foul of each other and the latter opposed all of the former's recom- mendations with bitterness and energy. Fakhry, as minister of justice, was pushed to the front, but the brains and force for the contest were all furnished by his superior. | It was really on the question of these reforms that Riaz fell from power. and it was rather singular last winter that England should re- fuse the weapon and accept the hand that had wielded that weapon agaiust her. SUBAR AND EIAZ, And now Riaz has come back topower. Pos- sibly he has forgiven the English and possibly he has not. From the short interview I had with him, I should judge he did not feel that affection for England and English ideas which would lead a wan to follow blindly along a ath marked out. If Risg. however. is doubt- fal in his feelings for the*Euglish, there is no- thing doubtful in his attitude toward his pre- decessor, Nubar Parha. These two men aro undoubtedly the intellectual leaders of the native statesmen, and both have accomplished many things. In methods and in appearance they are the direct antithesis of each other. Nubar is» brilliant man of fine presence. He is a Christian and an Armenian, Riaz is a Mohamedan, although of Hebrew extraction. He is a slight weazened man, Nubar is a liberal and Kiaz a conservative. Nubar plans largely, while Riaz is a master of detail. Both are mentally strong and hate each other with equal strength. ENGLAND'S POSITION. gland has no idea of abandoning Egypt. This much is certain, During periods of tranquility her military force is decreased, but on the slightest sign of opposition fresh troops are hurried in from Gibralter and other con- venient stations. ‘This was the case during the fear of trouble last winter, when the Biack Watch and other famous reginients appeared in Cairo, and almost immediately, by parades annognced that | and skirmish drills, endeavored to overawe the disaffected ones. I have talked with many English oficers of the army of occupation, and the thoughtful ones agreo that the present situation in Egypt will be altered. They argue that the English government did not under- stand the situation when an early evacuation was promised, and thata withdrawal of the forces now would result in the loss of all the good that had been accomplished, Many of these officers say that if the other nations would agree to the abandonment of the con- cessions and in this way show a confidence in Egypt asa separate government the evacua- tion would follow very quickly, but that while England has no desire to. possess Egypt her- self, she does not intend that any other nation shall-grasp the country. From an English this conclusion is perfectly natural, pt, forming as it does one of the keys to India, in foreign hands would place in immi- nent danger England's possussion of the latter country. “Most Englishmen are prone to claim that Egypt is occupied by red-coated soldiers and black-coated diplomats. on purely philan- thropic grounds, and that the sole edeavor and plan is to’ broaden ~— the. educa- tion of people and ad the bright light of civilization, In the wor Artemus Ward, this is “eternal bosh.” During her long career of colonization and occcupa- tion England has certainly accomplished great things for civilization, but that such is the | fact has been merely incidental to the stead- fast policy of her own uggrandizement and profit, England holds Egypt because on tac- tical grounds the Nile is necessary to her. and from the further reason that such possession means pounds and shillings in the pockets of her sons. England takes three-fourths of Egypt's exports and furnishes one-half of her \imports, and she means to hold on to the | Profitable trade. It is extremely doubtful | whether the abondonment of the concessions | by the powers would lead to an evacuation, | Something widely differe&t is much more likely | to happen and ‘last winter it was rumored among leading men in Cairo that the English government was seriously considering an im- mediate annexation of Egypt. ‘The rumor proved unfounded as to the actual facts, although the certainty remains, and is freely admitted by English officials, that a disturbance or uprising of any sort in either Egypt or India would result in the Prompt “annexation of the —_ former. ‘That among a large portion of the natives there is a strong feeling in opposition to the English occupation is certain, Riaz Pasha, the prime minister, is a firm believer in the idea that the natives possess plenty of ability to run their own country without foreign dict tion, and he holds, also, that if left to them- selves the Soudan would very quickly be reclaimed from mahdiism. The general com- plaint by native leaders, when they will discuss the matter at all, is that they get altogether too much advice, in comparison with the assist- ance, from England. In case England shou. get into a foreigu war it is certainly possible that troubles would follow in Egypt. EGyPT's RULER. There is anew and comparatively unknown clement which must enter into the cousidera- tion of Egyptian affairs, The present khedive is a young man. too young and untried to make it certain what policy he will finally adopt for himself. He has sat on the throne for only about a year now and is not twenty years of age. | He is a dark, stout young man with an »ffable look and the reputation of considerable shrewd- | ness. Just what the views of this young m: standp are in regard to the future of his country aro | fat the mo known only to himselt and his immediate | | Visers, It is surmised, however, that Abbas, | | while intensely loyal | inclined to tai his own people, any rash steps against En, not sland. His future may develop x His | education has been of the He speaks several ian having at- tendo 8 pool Nechieg to the glish personally, as in his own household he has surrounded himself, to a large extent, with n of that race. His private stor Bey, is an Englishmo bas reaided many Many m in this country, on the continent and in Egypt in regard to the domestic lite of the kHedive, and of the immorality said to exist; with the ad- ditional claim that ‘the khediva, his mother, encouraged the khedive in vice in order to retain atirmer grasp on the reins herself. 1 showed a publication of this character, printed in this city, to Brewster Boy, and he’ secured permission to make a statement for American readers. “You may say,” said he, “that such stories are simply lies made out of whole cloth. In all Europe you will not find a household in which the elements of morality and virtue enter toa greater extent then in the palace here. ‘To wny one who understands the situa- tion this talk of dancing girls is the most ab- surd nonsense. As for the khediva, she is most thoroughly refined and charming woman, ‘A MODEL FARM. The khedive is certainly in one way showing himself a model ruler, as he is devoting a con- siderable portion of his time to educating his people in improved industrial methods. At the palace. just outside Cairo on the Shubra road, be hase model farm in which he takes the greatest interest, and the work on which ho oversees in person several hours each da ‘The work on this farm is not for his own b fit, a8 every short while he has the principal land owners from different sections down to tuke a look at the workings of some new plow or improved method of cultivation and sends them away to ponder. On this farm he is also making extensive experiments on improving the breed of native cattle, horses and chickens. The hens of Egypt have a discouraged way of laying eggs no bigger than pigeon eggs. and the khedive proposes to infuse a little fresh | blood into the stock, stone houses of comfortable construction for the use of the laborers and workingmen, another of the khedive's practical educators o1 this farm which he beli and with reasot will serve asa en to elevate the agricul- tural methods throughout the country. MR. ED. LITTLE. Americans have every reason to feel satisfied with the manner in which their country is rep- resented in Egypt. The consul gi has just been relieved, is Mr. Ed of Kansas, He only arrived in Cairo’ last winter, during the time he has represented the country has made himself universally respected and liked. Mr. Little hails f Abilene, Kansas. and 18 one of the rising young men of that state of curious political growths. If the Americans in Cairo could be consulted, Mr. Little's position would be a permanent er, he will probably return trom diplomatic trammels, doubtiess a rich treat of them, told with a wit and ard Little his friends have stories before sparkle that belong peculiarly ta our able representative. During Mr. Little’s stay in Egypt he has accomplished some vigorous re- forms, and his action in placing thorough safe- | guards around the disinfection of the large quantity of rags shipped to this country will Le especially appreciated at this time. ‘The vice consul at Cairo is Mr. Louis Grant, who, although a young n diplomatic work: lie has been stationed at Athens and at Cairo, and at the er place has for jonz periods remained in charge as acting consul, He has a remarkable grasp on the details of the consular work and is oue of the most popular men in Cairo socie “Six hundred dollars seems a great deal for you to spend on a bit of lace.” “But it is so becoming! And then Bob's salary will be neatly two thousand next year.” Life. A_ model village, with | | \ | | | | greater amount of other kinds. THEY EAT NO MEAR Beneficial Results Said to Follow a Vegetarian Diet. Py FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Induce a Healthier Physical System and a Vetter Moral Tone—The Practice of Vege- tarlanism is Growing Among the Better Classes—One Fumily’s Experience. ——— a VERY NOW AND then a tidal wave of thought or hygiene sweeps over the coun- try which, whether or not it chances to be of lasting character in it- self, nevertheless leaves behind a certain im- press by which its ex- istence can be traced in the minds and physique of future generations. Such 8 wave as this which has been gradually sweeping over the country and at last reached Washington is veg- etarianism. ‘The hold which it has already at- | tained upon the people is astonishing, and, strangely enough, those who are its warmest ad- vocates are to be found, not among the poor and ignorant, but the most enlightened people in the city, whose assured income places them beyond the necessity of doing away with a butcher's Dill, generally the largest item of household expense. It is claimed, with grent show of truth, that a vegetarian will seldom, if ever, be found among the ignorant—that’ it takes an educated, enlightened mind to perceive the wisdom of such a course of hygiene. More- over it is claimed that the twofold effect of this tidal wave upon posterity will be to develop finer physiques and engender a healthy moral state generally. Though the primary cause for conversion to vegetarianism is not economy. as many suppose, vet that is a potent factor which will undoubtedly have much to do in winning over the masees to the doctrine which is making such unmistakable headway. MONEY NOT SAVED AT FinsT. ‘The amount of money formerly expended for meat can, if so desired—and generally speaking it should be—used in the purchase of fresh fruits, vegetables and ereams, since the system deprived of animal food to which it has been for years accustomed naturally requires a Pamphlets on the subject, which ure easily obtainable, set forth such 'a multiplicity of advantages to accrue from this course of living that the wonder is after reading them any one would ever have the temerity to again totich meat of any kind. ‘The most zealous of these prohibit under the head of meats anything which has been endowed by the Creator with life, but so rate course pursued by the W and the one most likely to become general, does not allow chicken, game and fish tocome under the ban. ‘They are to be partaken of sparingly, but by no means avoided altogether. ‘To substantiate the claim that a vegetable 4 beneficial iewng effect upon rough coarse natures is ie marked difference of dis- Position noticeable between such aniaals as feed upon flesh—human and otherwise—and those to whom this food is unknown: or denic Vegetarianism is declared tol 2 uature’s edict by which digestion is strongthened, the com- plexion beautitied, the vigor of the bir 0 in- creased that it no longer falis ont, a healthy condition of mind results, the brain is cleared and capable of greater strain, a craving for liquor is destroyed, a generally’ healthier con- dition of the body ‘perceptible and rheumatism & complaint unheard of. Last, but by no means least, the decay of teeth is thereby arrested, as attested by the cow upon whose tceth no an malculm is discovered, because the animal sub- sists so largely upon a vegetable diet, A STRONG RFYORT OF WILL To adopt this diet of course,.as is the caso with all other radical changes, a strong effort of the will is required since no one can give up without a struggle that to which they have beon accustomed from early life. Horace Greely held the most ultra ideas upon this subject and certainly isas fine an example as could be named of the mental, moral and physical ef- fect. Gladstone is strongly inclined to a vege- table diet and cats but sparingly of mest at any time. Enthusiasts claim that so far frot this meat abstinence being a modern idea it quite an old one, but whether or not they are prepared to cite Adam and Eve, who fed upon the fruits of Eden, as the first’ shining exam- ples does not appear. Certainly there are no inck Of pasenges in the Scriptures which ean be construed im support of their theory, as Nebu- dnezzur who browsed _on grass, and in the New Testament John the Baptist subsisted upon locusts and wild honey, By the exercise of a iittle thought and frequent visits to ‘the markets it is really surprising what a palatable meal can be prepared without meat, as well as the variety possible to be procured in the way of fruits, vegetables and cereals. One of the first most direct effects of the ation of a meat bill from the housekeeper’s expenses is an increase in the amount expended for milk. A | rich woman of this city, who became a convert to vegetarianism sore six months ago, states that while it has resulted in a very perceptible diminution of ranning household’ expenses her family are more than satisfied with the greater | variety observable in the meais served. Having succeeded in winning over the autocrat of the kitchen to her theory, the cook now takes a genuine pride in making entres and concocting appetizing littie dishes that before would have been thought impossible, ‘The meat bills average $3. a day, and thongh that amount is allowed for the additional vege- tables, milk, oil and butter, it is seldom if ever so expended, half the sum aug. It must | not be imagined that appetites are stinted or the family forced to leave the meal with hunger Not only is the table supplied in the greatest abundance, but individual tastes are consulted quite as much as formerly. jopt this mode of living it is almost a neces- sity that the person keep house during the in- intory period, as in boarding houses and hotels meats are always set out and naturally the temptation is often too strong to resist. After a short while people will discover that quite as savory dishes can be concocted without as with meat. A VEGETARIAN BILE OF FARE. In this connection it will be of interest to give a vegetarian bill of fare for breakfast and dinner. Beginning the first meal of the day with fruit, followed by cereals, with or without cream, according to taste. A very good substi- tute for meat can be found in eggs or fish, though both of these articles of diet are ab- jured by the most rigid disciples. For dinner when so desired oy can be served at the outset. After this the choice can bo made from a multiplicity of soups in which “stock” is conspicuons by its absence. These are clear vegetable soups, cream of to- matoes, a pureo of beans, corn oF peas in milk, potato, chieken and so on to the end of a very Tong list. For the third couree fried vegetables are so especizlly rich and savory that a de- lightfal reoépe for cooking egg plant. is given, Aiter cutting the vegetable in inch thick # ‘they should be placed in a pan of hot salad oil, or it that is thought too expensive an excellent substitute is found in butterine, and quickly fried a rich brown, ‘The pan should now be covered and set at the back of the stove, where it literally boils slowly for half an hour, at the end of which time it is ready to serve, the center having been transformed toa delicious jeilied consistency. ‘The yellow-neck squash snd salsity ean be cookéd in the same munner, or they can be Boiled, chopped fine, seasoned and baked in small individual shells for an entree, With re- gard to beans as an article of diet, their heaith: fulness has long been so well known as searcely to need reiteration. Either made into soup or baked, they possess nutritive qualities equiva- lent to their corresponding weight in meat. ‘This has been abundantly demonstrated by ex- periments of the physical endurance of man and Austrian soldiers on the march at different periods when beans have been substi- tuted in their rations for meat. An important feature of the vegetarian diet not to be disre- garded is dessert. The effect of this is benefi- cial and therefore not to be overlooked on the score of economy, since the big difference made by doing away with meat will make this possi- bie, and even then leave a balance of funds in the consumer's favor. Frits in season—with or without cream—are commended, and after these pies, cakes and puddings ad infinitum, ‘The following interesting letter has been re- ceived by the writer in response to one of in- quiry on the subject to one of the best known women in Washington: SE WOMAN'S EXPERIENCE. Dean ——: You ask how I converted my family to vegetarianism, First, I converted myself, Iread up what the most intelligent and scientific writers had to say on the subject. Learned @ great deal about “tomains” and ters or clams “microbes”—enongh to be certain I did not want any, especially in my inside. I always admired Horace Grecley’s complexion and his strong brain, He was a vegetarian of the most radical kind. Step bystep the light dawned on me, and you know vegetarians never go back to their flesh pots. The next step was to convert my family. Three stalwart boys, two children and a grown daughter had all to be broken in. I succeeded. They thought at first it was “‘one of mother's it would blow over, &c.~ But it had come from pork is to the Jew. Weare not rich, and | a vegetable diet. we hoped, would give us a| larger allowance of pleasure money. ‘That was my first argument, but, I regret to say, this is not the case in the city. What we raved on salt and fresh ments we expended in cream, olive oil, fruit and nuts, but we gained in serenity, health, pence of ‘mind and a sense of | personal purity such as no one can understand, except they haye gone through a strong re-| vulsion of feeling on the subject of eating dead animals: | Insome of its aspects it is a most lonthsome | habit and we feel that we are rescued and done | with it. It was begun and continued in ignor- | ance, but light has come to us. ‘To make the le attractive to hungry ones accustomed to | meats, I consulted the best books in vegetarian | cookery. I learned how to fry vegetables | economically and well in olive oil and butterine. | ‘The meal was always started with a puree of | vegetables prepared usually with hot milk. ‘The place of the roast was taken by various forms of fried egg plant, stuffed tomatoes, | baked beans, corn fritters’ with stewed vege- | tables, served with sauce, and always a good salad followed by a dessert of, fruit, pudding, | pastry, nuts, melons, cake or ices. -‘We do not give up eggs, they are wholesome and nutri- tious, and I couldn't see any objection to them, as they are perfectly alive when fresh For | breakfast I find them essential in various | dishes, cereals with cream, griddle cakes and | | preserves, always beginning with fresh fruit. For the purpore of converting my children T started out with most elaborate meals, My usual butcher's bill was $1.50 to €2 per day. | This amount I expended in the delicacies mentioned, and more savory dishes were pre- pared, more flavorings used, such as parsley, shopped celery, thyme, marjoram, bay leaves, SOME OF THE GOOD RESULTS. From the first day until now I have had no complaints; nothing but gratitudeandsome un- Jooked for results. My sons do not smoke so much—bardly atall. They do not care for wine. They are more amiable. The atmos- phere of the house is wholly different—a change not easy to explain. The bath is a necessity to the meat eater. Without it he is foul with odors and his bed room smells like a menagerie. The exerctory system is very active in a vegetarian, conse- quently the secretions from his skin, kidneys and bowels are never foul nor his breath un- | pleasant. He knows nothing of bile. constipa- Hon nor dyspepsia, so he. is cheerful. happy | and than! for the privilege of living on | His lovely footstool, where fruits, flowers and | | natural foods are so abundantly provided. While he lives he lets live those kindly creatures | God has put into the world, since we have no more reason to believe that animals were in- tended to be eaten any more than that man was | created as food for the lion. As to the results on the children, they are [even more important. They are never cross, and have passed through several epidemics of scurlet fever, whooping cough and measles, wholly escaping contagion. Whether this coincidence or a result I cannot sa} We | animal; | We are like most converts, ex- tremists, and believe that system will, greatiy increase with the widening intelligence | of the world. It does not take with ignorant | | people, yet my servants after being compelled | to accept the family menu are now as z | aswe. Mycovk came to me rheumatic and | gouty, but is @ changed creature, a better | | Servant, healthier and perfectly content. |Meat may be essential to the Esquimaux, i fuel to counteract intense cold ina |and unprovided by nature with other food, | but in this climate, especially during our torrid summers, the consumption of meat isa iolent transgression of hygienic laws. I be- lieve it accounts for the great increase of mortality this summer. When I see a red, blowing, perspiring creature mopping his face and fanning like a wind mill I kuow is fall of the heat of some other animal and is trying to blow it off. Vegetarians do not suffer from the heat. It is not natural that dny one should dose. ire adapts all her children to climatic conditions, but denies us the instinct to guide choice of food, substituting a reason which we do not exercise. In England 1 visited several vegetarian restaurants, They abound in Manchester and Paris. The food was cheap. delicious and most delicately served. The restauraute were 80 crowded at certain hours that it was difficult to find «table. I sincerely hope that the in- terest already aroused on the subject will con- tinue, grow and spread throughout Washing- ton. ———— MR, BILLTQP’S GRASSHOPPER STORY. How the Hopper Jumped and Freddie's “Oh” Startled the Congregation. From the New York Sun. “Pop,” said little Franky Billtops, “tell me a story.” “Well, Franky,” said Mr. Billtops, “once there was a little boy whose name was Freddy. His real, fall name was Frederick Timby, but | everybody always called him just Freddy. “Freddy lived in the city, but every summer he used to go to see his aunt, who lived in the country ina little old village. ‘There was an old church in this village, and every Sunday morning Freddy used to go there. Generally his father and mother aud ome of the other | folks from the house used to go, too; but one Sunday just Freddy and his aunt went alone. “It was a warm day and the windows of the church were pulled down all around at the to to let in the air. Freddy looked out through | these open windows, and saw the sunshine and saw the branches of the trees swaying and | heard the leay i 1d somehow it all and the first thing, you know, he was fast dsleep, But Freddy aunt knew that children go to sleep in church sometimes, and she was looking out for him all | | the time, and when she saw him nod and nod and nod she fixed it so that when he finally nodded clean over his head tell against her, where he was all safe. “After a while Freddy woke up suddenly, folks do sometimes without knowing just what wakes them, and he looked along the vacant part of the pew in which he was sitting. You know there were ouly Freddy and his aunt in | the pew and they sat at one end of it, so there was a long vacant space between them and tho other end. Right square in the center of this space Freddy saw a big grasshopper: he was sit | ting there perfectly still and with his head pointed toward the pulpit. Freddy didn't know whether the grasshopper was asleep or what, but he kept on looking at him,and pretty soon’ he knew that the grasshopper wasn't asleep for he saw him run his right leg up and down against his side and then he saw him rab | his left leg up and down against that side; then the grasshopper stood perfectly still in, Then he turned balf around right where he stood and faced toward Freddy and just stood there, very still. But all of a sudden the grass- hopper made a tremendous Jomp and. landed right on Freddy's shoulder. Freddy said, ‘Oh!’ “Lt was only a very sinall word with only two letters in it, but it startled the whole congrega- tionand made the minister stop preaching. Everybody looked around toward Freddy and his aunt. “But Freddy's aunt is one of those people who always’ scem to know just what to do when anything happens. The first thing she did was to put her arm around Freddy and | draw bim up nearer to her and sort of turn his | face in toward her, for she knew that if Freddy | should see all the people looking at him in that way it would make him feel bad; and when s! had done this she just looked straight ahead as though nothing had happened, as though she | had never heard of anything happening, and as | though she didn’t expect anything was going to happen for the next 00 years. “The minister bad seen right away that noth- ing very wonderful hal happened, and he had | Sone right on preaching again. When the People saw Freddy"s aunt looking ahead in that Way they turned again and faced toward the ulpit once more, and then everything went on Just as it wan before.” . “What became of the grasshopper, pop?” asked Franky, ee But that was something that Mr. Dilltops could not answer. pura What He Saw. From the McKeesport Times. “Isn't that a beautiful scene?” asked a man in an orchestra chair of his male companion, a8 the curtain rolled up for the first act. “Oh, I don’t know,” was the reply. “The framework is probably wire, and it is covered with a good quality of red plush. Those bows of ribbon are of good quality. and the ostrich plumes are extra tall. I presume it must have cost some- body about $12 or $15. *Hello!” he exclaimed, av he craned his neck to look past the hat, “the play is on!” Horsford’s Acid Phosphate Is vitalizing in its effect on the nervous system. SONS OF WELL-KNOWN MEN As They Are Known Among the Students at Yale. “Like father, like son,” has been exemplified in thecourseof Harry Payne Whitney, son of ex- Secretary Wm. C. Whitney, says a New Haven correspondent of the Richmond Journal. Dur- ing his three years at Yale Harry Whitney has made a brilliant record, socially and politically. America, and a possible future President, young Whitney is as popular and unassuming a eral allowance, but makes no show of spending | it, and in this has always shown the true “Yale spirit.” His rooms in Lyceum, one of the “‘old brick row” buildings. are comfortable and well located, that is all. He prepared for college at | Groton, Mass.,a smal! but famous institution, and will gradute from Yale next year. He was on the sophomore german and junior prom- enade committees and led the junior german last winter with his sister, Miss Pauline Whit- ney, who had recently made her debut in New York society. Whitney was also floor er of the junior “prom.” ‘This shows ability as a society leader, but doesn't meke a popular Yale man alone, or the New Haven college would not be the manly place it is said to be. Whitney is | not a hard student, but he has the reputation of being the brightest man in his class, and Wears the coveted Phi Beta Kappa key, which is bestowed on the highest stand men, after the scholarship is computed on the first three years’ work. He is also an editor of the Yale Daily News. « position which requires six months of hustling competition to obtain. Whitney is « member of the Psi Upsilon fra- ity. Harry Whitney is one of the best polo players in the country, and bas played in the Newport team for several summers. He has just returned to college after a two months’ absence, owing to the sad d@ath of Mra. Whitney last winter. Ex-Secretary Whitney is a Yale man of the class of 1867. YOUNG M'MILLAN, Whitney's roommate is a young man who is also backed by the paternal millions. He is Philip Ii, McMillan of Detroit, son of Senator McMillan of Michigan, and one of the wealthiest men in his state. His present residence is in Washington. “Phil” McMillan has shown an executive ability and a genius of direction that have made him probably the most prominent man in his class, and he is apparently destined for s political career. He came down to Yale from Andover, the greatest “prep” school in the country, and has roomed with Whitney during his ‘three vears here. He bas always | maintained a good scholarship stand, despite | the many offices and social honors that take up the time of the popular man. of the Yale navy, was on the “junior prom” committee and a'member of the political com- mittee of D. K.E. In the hot political eam- paign of last fall McMillan was the major com- manding a division of the Phelps battalion, the republican army, which marched « thousand strong. McMillan is also the junior member on the executive committee of the University Club. EX-REPRESENTATIVE BUITER‘YORTR’S SOX. Frank Butterworth is @ sophomore and is well known to the epart loving public through | his brilliant work on the Yale foot ball team | last fall in the great championship battles against Harvard and Princeton. He prepared t will invariably havea teach them that it is cruel to kill and eat | fr college in Washington, where he wee full back on the team of the Columbia Athletic Club, and brought a guod reputation with him. In the fail of bis freshman year be was tried on the untversity team, but was young and light and lacked the necessary experience. Fie was the fastest runner on the Seid, and promised to make a good half back, which position he played on the freshman cleven. Last year he started in and showed remarkable imprcvement stonce. He was put at full back about the middle of the season and kept the place, His rauning, kicking ‘and, above all” his line breaking and ri were better than has been seen at Yale for several years. Butter- worth was a prominent candidate for foot ball captain next year, but Hinkey, who had one Year more experience, was finally selected. The fall back is a noticeably henicome can, with sinewy, graceful physique, and was taken on the athletic team last po for bis remarkable sprinting ability. His home is in Washington. Edson F. Gallandet of the class of °93, who stroked the Yale eight to victory at New ‘Lon- don last June, and who is again rowing in the ‘varsity boat, is the son of the it of the National Deaf and Dumb Institute at Washington, D.C. He is a bigh-stand man in his studies and a man who commands the great- est respect of all who know him and is uni- Yersally popular. He is ® member of Skall and Bones, —_—_+o--—___ AEBOR DAY THE WORLD OVER. A Custom That Has Resulted in Planting Millions of Trees. ‘The forthcoming annual report of the Secre- tary of Agriculture contains an interesting ac- count of the progress of the Arbor day move- ment in this country. Arbor day was instituted and first observed in April, 1872, in accordance with a resolution of the Nebraska board of agriculture, formulated and introduced by Mr. Morton, now Secretary of Agriculture. Its observance was quickly followed by other states, especially those deficient i trees, and it has extended to every state except Delaware and Arkansas and every territory except the Indian territory and Alaska, It bas also passed the Atlantic and gained foothold in Great Britain, France and in other portions of the old world and lodgment upon the islands of the bens. : Ths yf etched by lew tn thirty sates, in others it has been recognized only by usago or by boards of education and village improve- ment societies. In several states it has been made a legal holiday, while in nearly ail it hus become a holiday for schools. In 1882 the public schools were invited to Participate in the observance of the day, and thus it has come to have an important educa- tional influence, cultivating a tree sentiment, as it may be called, which promises to raise up soon a generation that will be lovers and tectors rather than destroyers of the forests. Reports of the number of trees planted are very incompiete, but it is known that it reaches into billions. Several millions of trees were planted April 22.1808, in Nebraska alone. April 2 is Secretary Morton's birthday. In Texas, Ala~ Dama and Oklahoma, February 22 has been adopted as Arbor day. ‘The observance occurs most frequently in April, though in many of the states the date is variable, dopending gen- erally upon the action of the governor or the logislature, and sometimes of the superintend- ent of public instruction. ——+e asters ang Tobacco. From the Manchester Times: A good story related by an English bishop is going the rounds. He says that at one time he entertained to dinner party of American bishops. Before retiring to rest he visited their bed rooms, and found all the bishops in the same attitude—kneeling on the hearth rag and smoking up the chimnes Apropos of this tale, an Edinburgh contem- porary declares that any one visiting the smoke Toom of the assemblies of Scotch churches would be surprised to find how many ministers | smoke. Dr. Norman Macleod, who is fond of his cigarette, has been heard to observe that if smoking were allowed in the assembly there would be much less talking and business would bo greatly facilitated. +o. —____ An Exhibit, From World's Fair Puck. For the woman's work department of the world’s fair. 3% | that NO TROUSERS FOR THEM, Chicago Girls Object to Wearing the Real ‘Turkish Garb. Julian Ralph in the New York Sun. But these Turks here in Chicago will find out that however peculiar onr fashions may seem they follow our convictions. ‘The great Levy, the suzerain of the sultan, seems about to give himself a peck of trouble by failing to respest ili | our ways, As the Sun bas pointed out, he has $0 stay, and ‘i Although he is the son of millionaire, and of i Poi new religion, for it is to So of the most prominent statesmen in| the most considerable foreign village in the | Midway Plaisance, the Bowery of the faire | whole town, in fact, of shops, theaters, drink. | man as there is on the campus. He has a lib- | ing booths, a temple and latticed domiciles for the seclusion of the Turkish women. These Women are not employed, but in their place Sahib Levy has engaged a lot of young Chicago girls. He has seen, as we shall, that im | Chicago, more than anywhere else, it is honor. |ableand admirable for women to work and to be imdependent of the men, but not even his master, the eultan, can introduce the emall- ‘est wedge toward making Turks of them. These amarinda and vio- | gaged todo because they speak English, | they wear their accustomed Chicago clothes. It | is true that their dresses jar upon the Turkish | effect which Sahib Levy desires to prodnce.and the girls did not protest when be intimated the | other day that he meant to provide Turkieh, goods for their workaday frocks. In fact, itis nowecret that the girls hugged leach other with delight over the | They could scarcely credit their good Inck. ‘To wear those soft-hued cloths. those striped silks—perhaps even the slippers golden warp and woot that they eam them. It seemed too good to believe. right eye of the sun, was pleased. He ‘acquaintances that the American girls tractable as the children of the harems at and far more easy to please. “I will dress like my master's favorites,” he said. trousers sbali be wider and finer than Mohammed's beloved.” The acquaintances of the right sublime ruler of the faithfal rej | to the maidens who sold violetta, to | who bartered attar of roses for moon-taced daughters of the | “Wha-a-a-t?” screamed the found her voice. “We wear trow- us in things that go only to our horrid bags that are worn by the | women? ‘Well! he'd better never subject where any of us girls can | Ben Ali Levy would not be | eye of the king of kings if he was not a | man. That goes, as they say here. | thought him and be jollied the girls, as the language of this prairie folk. He his acquaintances that he bad ecen portraits of dove-ered prophetess, by name Mabel Jen- | ness, a houri among damecls. Her face resem- bied’a peach in the orchard of the sultan, and eho was clad in Turkish trousers. Nay, | she scatters printed leaves extolling the nether | garb of th: Turks and commending it among | Women. But when bis words sae normed © the girls in the bazaars the; “We'll strike! Mabel Jenness or any other ret: ‘ers we'll hold her down her and send her back where ‘eth, If the girls set their Said Ibrabim Levy, saying, “The: be Turks, but they must look like the end is not yet. It will be interesting it comes nearer. Already # sullen tinguishes the girls who work for fair faces are forever clouded. slop out the tavarinds aud the vicletta remark: “Oh, is nothing but sugar | It won"t burt you. Yon won't drink it to hart« fiy.” To the women who stuff the girls ear: “You might a= well but you wou't like ix. The only ones it are the Turkey's wives—those Wear two mealbags instead of a dress.” Ina word.as they say on the dove-eyed hour's are said to be soft drinks of the faithfal. +2 —____ ‘What Are Household Duties? Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher in Godes’s. A thorough knowledge of all that is thought necessary to good housekeeping, arf@ the mantal labor included, are too often accepted as the sum total of all that is called household duties. ‘This is, unquestionably, very important, and d & : i & § i i fi il e EE : i ine E s i fit il Pity fife: id ce iy tee fe EE demands a clear and definite knowledge of every important item. Butit fe « to Test satisfied that this isall. Itis but s very mall of the duties which, we think, Good housckeeper should feel imust be “To keep every part of the house clean, or to direct servants 60 as to resulis—to have the whitest and most bread—the tenderest pastry—the ae ss wings to casemate. not the easiest ings is capable of doing, or ‘this begun well. It is of importance, quict indispensable, yet it is but rudimentary, laying only « small ‘of the foundation, If, stopping here, be er ia antintid that it is enough to have proved ‘cape ble of performing this part of her duties an unexceptionable manner, let her remember that hireling might be found love, but a suitable compensa lish all this equally well. But juties belo: to her ance of which no money can To build a house—there is done than to dig the up, and to do this the st mortar to hold all together provided. Is that all? No. are to be laid, and whatever must be beld fast by some si power. On this foundation the ascend. But can they stand beams, the joists, the Inths, the are all indispensable. If, then, all this fitness and absolutely necessary when one of inauimate substances, how when one attempts to construct sentient, living materials, in which, in any other structure, every part individual im) , and to be ‘aust be harmoniously blended, | harmony the depends for Ss thle building tists in fate penperennn ree Reem ry gs will soon learn that its safety must the strength and durability of the properties of each individual part, alone can bind it indissolubly ——ree- How the Thief Must Kick Himself, From the St. Paul Daily Giobe. Herman Stone, the pawubroker and jewelee, ‘who has a place on Jackson street near the cor- ner of 4th strect, was looking over a quantity of unredeemed pledges yesterday, when be found something which made his ‘bair fairly stand on end. Abouta year agoa young man called at the store of Mr. Stone and said he de- sired poceoney some m¢ from the office on some property. ‘con sisted of a valise, an overcoat, a of cloth ing ands gold watch. The amount loaned om the goods was $45, and the man who secured the — maaies ene Od in the ss few days and redeem perty. The were placed in the voult’ and have remained there undisturbed ever since. When the musty old satchel was taken out of the vault vesterday it was found to be in the | sume condition as it was at the time it was placed in the room for safe clothing had been made into a age. ‘The valixe was broken open was found ared leather belt, r worse for wear. The belt was taken in handling, it was notice@ that heavy and had little pockets along Mr. Stone took the pelt out int Foom of the store and rolled gold pieces, doubl ber of thirty-four. They ehiny as the day they mint, and they looked as the been taken from the bank. of the same date, 1890. ‘The Jongs to the finder unless whom it was taken, as it was Proves his property. ——__+2-—___ Where the Telegraph is Least Used. From the Hartford Coursnt. ‘The four countries in the world which i F H i bE ! HH if F 1. 8 i i z i i i rie i j i fy 8 E J i ul eeiagl T anelly g s i 0 were were i #3 § E prt 7 i i | wire. In the territory of Paraguay there are only 510 miles of wire in operation and the en- tire telegraphic service of that country requires the services of but twenty-eight persons. One line of 360 miles, owned and by the government, runs from Asuncion to Paso de Patria, the limit of Paraguayan territory, the other 150 miles by the railroad from Asun~ cion to Pirg Owing to high water and ‘campfires in that country the line is often ine terrupted for davsat a time. At Paso de Patria the line breaks, there being no cable over the Alto Parana river, which is throe miles wide. Communication is therefore by canoe, takes messages over in the morning ‘to the Argentine side and returns to the ye side at night. An important telegram is delayed ten or fifteen hours, nel Re ee te