Evening Star Newspaper, May 9, 1891, Page 8

A DETECTIVE The Treachery of Italians Who Come to This Country. cus much counterfeit if there is any, so the Sicilians have acquired have been in this country.” ‘THE STORY OF GIOTANI ROSSO. ‘The old detective was asked to reints some of his experiences with the Italians, “Well.” said be, “I am not now in government service | and I don’t know that I am bound to secrecy in this particular case, inasmach as the men I have in mind ts now doing twelve years in Sing Sing. I think his character bears out every- that I have said of the Italians as a race. His name is Giotani Rosso, and he is known to bes murderer of three or four 8 jil- | breaker, a traitor, a counterfeiter, an _incendi- id if there over was Mafia in New York would take all night to tell the history of that man. He was fast steeped in crime: and still his conscience ras 0, blunted to all feeling that he did not M EX-CHIEF OPERATIVE OF THE | think ot ne bok Some serene oe United States secret service has been {2 | conceived s more Villainous character. ‘Washington fora week. He has been n detec- | ‘Hossa had to leave New York for some tive for over twenty yours, and in the comrte of | crime and went fo New Orleans. Whilo there hele service hae displayed remarkable aptitade e & man and was sentence ng, | SUCCESS AS COUNTERFEITERS. ‘They Hate to Work and Think to Get Money Quickly by Shoving the Queer—The Mery of Giotant Rosso and How He Ac- complished His Revenge. im ferreting out Italian counterfeiters. Per- but the governor commuted his sentence haps noone in the United States is so well eequainted with the characteristics of the | Malian race as is the ex-chief. Itis not often |,” After Rosso gos f . organized a scheme to get that he can be indaeed bil etic tno aa | away. The plan ineluded the whole prison and sional experiences, partly, on seco: | had beea worked up very successfaily. The dieal position that he/has bed, end partly Pe; | night before the excepe was to have been mad esuse be does not want cur Rosso went to the warden formed him ir stilettos so freely. | of the proposed plan. Upon investigation it Sr ree ee Bek ce he lot loons tho | was foudd thes Baked had Vol toe toeth at other evening, . . | for his part in the disclosure the governor par- strings on his reticence and talked unreserv- ‘aa ta etter im. "Soon that he came back to edly about the Italians ass class who are now | New Yorkand started @ small store on Baxter living im this country. | street. It was not long before the store was set | cas’? TRUST AN TTALIAx. i = totes the e: eee burned. a “ | His claim for insgrance was resisted by the in- “Ten knew. Lopancty os —— | france companies on the ground that Rosso my New jonally seer & good deal of the Italian race. Asa peo- | had acted as an incendiary and wae therefore | guilty of arson. It wasafunny thing about ple I wonld not trast them any farther than T | uh Goald throw « bull by the tail. They are it. It was brought forth in evidence that vindictive, impetnous and re- Howo's previous history was thoroughly bad, vengeful. Now, if I should call any one of you | but still the proof was not conclusive that he had set fire to his store, although it was almost Bere s d—d scoundrel, which of course I/ certain that he bud done so. Nevertheless he wouldn't, we would have it out right bere and now, but with those infernal Italians it is gota verdict for $250. I asked the foreman of the jury afterward how it was that they had Gifferent. They never forgot an insult.although | brought in a verdict in favor of Rosso. ‘Well.’ | it may be years before an opportunity is | he 54 's lawyer was s mighty good fel- | offered to wipe out the disgrace. ‘Tiey will | low and we knew be wi ot get a cent for ask you to their own house and there wili mot what he had done if we didn't bring in a small Be the slightest indication that the insult is re- | judgument in favor of the Dugo.” membered, yet while you are drinking to the Bealth of the host end your glass is at your tion of their treachery at all. HE GIVES 1XFORMATION. “= that is no}. Well, later on Rosso came to see me one day You think thatthe Mate exists in this country?” was asked. imprisonment for life. HOW HE GOT PARDONED. “After Rosso got into prison at Baton Rouge in my office. Iwas then working on » gang of counterfeiters who had been turning out some very good work and the queer was circulating bs : “No, [do not. I may be mistaken, but I irge quantities. He said, ‘You da chiefa?’ have bad many yearsof experience in ork % him the instant be came in. sad 3m dealing with Italiaus. and {oua knows me?” : 1 never yet have found any tion your picture in my rogues’ nature. In New York there are a xrea: many I bowel it ohimand holed the to deny that he was the original. gota soma informash. Me knows pisos da maka dz haffa,da quate, da nick. | Youa coma witza mo. I shown da placa. You! coma alone 1 showa. You coma three, four | ind yet there is no | men I no showa.’ relationshi “I said to myself this is trap om the part of tween the inhabitants cf those settlements. | that old villain to get me into his clutches, but They don't seem to know each other. Now, | T asked him where the place was. He told me with the Mafia it is a secret order and it has its | that it was on 153d street, on the east side. A the city. One may be situated on Baxter street, another on Avenue C and Lith street and still another on East 1534 street, or commavi ation existing be- | fail comple: to- | bad locality, and I thought to myvelf that he gether it | wanted to get me out there alone and then is im Sicily, the only pin2: where the Mafia is | slash me. I must confess I felt rather timid Known to exist. It is in full force there aud is ® powerful organization. ‘ORIGIN OF THE MAFIA. “Perhaps you know that it was originally « Political society founded on patriotic princi- ples. It was established in 1943 oF 1850 to op- pose the rale of the bourbons and the very best Men in Sicily were then numbered among its memberr. But after Garibaldi put Victor Emanuet on the throne of Pee 1861, the lofty purposes of fafla as a political organ. iaation ba been aceomplished, it soon lost ite standing of respectubility. The society was | © thoroughly organized, however, that it was | tn nd was taade a | about going, not so far as my personal safety | Was concerned, but I was timid because I did | not want to kill Rosso, if he attempted to | cut me [ made up my mind to kill him Just as quick as I would shoot a mad dog. MET HIM, BUT NO GOOD RESULT. “However, I told him that I would meet him it the station of the elevated on 150th street the next day. I had him shadowed, and he went back toa house in 1534 street, where he stayed sometime. Tho next day I'kept bi waiting half an hour. My mer were watching him the time and noticed that he came alone. I met him, and as I passed by told him to goshead and when he got tothe place to Grey luis handkerchief, pick it ap and then | walk on. I followed him with my hand on my | gua, which I carried in my trouser’s pocket. I kuew it would shoot by just pulling the trigger. However, Rosso did nut mean any treachery toward me. That was not his game. I learned afterward that he had a friend who lived there, 4 brother Sicilian, who had been » pupil of Rosso's in making images of the Boh aa i ? i f 3 F E H aggregation of brigands and the cutthroats and Fobbers. in as strong now as it was in its days and the whole island is governed ‘through fear by this society. “The local goverument of Sicily is powerless to break up the influence of the Mafia. Oc- casionally a police officer is murdered and it is | quata, and da halfa.’ The success of this man, then made too hot for the assassin to remain in | who wus called Colandrino, had been so great ici | that he had taken all of Kovso's customers away from him. So you see Hosvo came to me to get | Colandrino arrested and sent to prison so that he might get back his old trade and at the same time get his revenge on Colandrino for having Tuined his business. I had Colandrino’s house watched for six days. I could not find that the four or five men who lived there touk anything away with them or brought back anything in the way of plaster of paris, acids oF metals, NOT SUFFICIENT EVIDEXCE. NO MAFLA IX TEE PEMINSULA. a sometimes « plato, | Many of them are Sicilians and the most of} « ‘that class are members of the Mafin. One may | Setabesy ge perry tmke to base my 0 to Boston, another land at New York. an-| ™spicious on that the men were the counter- o to Philadelphia or New Orleans and so | feiters I had been looking for, consequently I re is no distinet understanding where | couid not get a warrant for their arrest. If I to locate when they leave Sicily. | had been certain that they were engaged in they get here there is no arrangement on | counterfeiting I eould have broken in the house, of the Matia by which they are taken | but if | had broken in without a warrant and care of or sent to some particular city. it may | found that they were not breaking the law and that they may meet in St. Louis or | if I had been obliged to kill one or two of the They of course will talk over the | Italiuns I had nothing to fall back upon except oid times in Sicily. Probably they are without | the word of an inceudiary, eutthrout, murderer money, for they never work if they can help it, | and all round villain. You know a man's house a put up tu rob or kill some one Of their countrymen who has little mon 1s his castle and you must have guod evidence of rascality going on inside before you As Ihave learned, they make no specific plan. Rosso sly say we will de it ms we used to in can force an entrance. Well, old ‘Means a stad in the side from be- came to see me again. In the mean- tume he had been going to the house of Colan- generally are bad, but these men are unmitigated villains. They | drino every day. He said: ‘Colandrino maka himself a richa man. He have 400doll in image. ve Ro conception of morality and | of any of the refinements of modern | He sella da image and saila back to Messina on a Saturday night He taka his one wife and two child. lou knows resta Colandrino I giva civilization. They have no compunction what-| no more informash.’ I did not tell Rosso I about stabbing one of their countrymen, it is the rarest thing that they will attack who iv notan Italian. Among them- | would uot set in the matter upon his word, but solvent they qnarrel and fight all the time. So | 1kept a watch on the house and on Friday | Colaudrino went over in Brooklyn to the office longas they are left alone to settle their diffl- culties in their own sweet way they do not | of a steamship company, provably to secure | his paemge. Lhe next day he and his wife went molest outsiders, but if they are teased and Worried they will cut and shoot any one who is to the house of Howso. At my last interview | with Hoeso I told him that I thought it would 8 foreigner as quickly as would if the — a f be much better to let Colandrino get out of the country with his family than to arrest him and send Lim up for a long term and then oblige the governunent to support bis inmily. Rosso must have taken that as my ultimatum. On Saturday he invited Colandrino to his house to take @ bottle ot wine und drink to each other's EVER WOBK 1 THEY CAN WEEP rr. “You suid that these Italians, or rather Sieil- fans, were averse to work for » living.” “Wes; that ie true. They never work if they Hy. ibis Learned afterward from my an help it. You see the very nature of their | italian , Palats Colandrine went makes work repugzant to them. | wae accompanied by his wile. ‘They live upon the grecuhorus who come from ‘ROS8O GOT HIS AEVENG! ‘the rural districts of Italy, and these Sicilians aoe >a i “Tm telling the story Palate said: ‘Mr. de consider ther to be ti ttm Spoemmabie cae ae ee We S nsie he vex seiart max. Ne vermed AIG. iste between the Ituliaus and the Sicilians. They | Colandrino. He tink he ne geta even wid Mr. wutually have the greatest contemgt au motually have the grea pt aud hatred ‘Have you ever found any Italian or Sicilian ani ore.cs a nation they are a it | ing. treacherous. revengeful people, and in that relation [have no usc for them." Sti Bmave found some men from that country whom Teould trust. One of the best men I bad on Colandrino, so be say: “Mr. Colandrino, you taka a dinner wid me.” And Mr. Colandrino he say: “I be glad to « coma.” But Mr. Colandrino he var smart nian, too, and taka bis (Palate would always prefix the titls mister. He seemed to have a great respect for the amactness of two men and would pull down the corner of his eye with his finger to emphasize their smartness.) Mr. de Rosso he no like Mrs. Colandrino coma long. and Mra. Rosso she say: “Coma wid me to da Chinese Inumdry. Iam fraida of da Chinaman.” Den women da go out and Mr. de Rosso he say: Take offa your coata, Mr. Colandrino, it is 20 hota.” He was doing | when he was by bis former col! eof the | he had forsworn, to contribute to weapon. Oh, Mr. de Then he say: “Inks glussa beer.” He su: your good health, Mr. Colandrino,” and the both drink, and whila Mr. Colandrino drinl Gates that the man is a muspect nd. of rosnck, | swish come da stilets Mr. do Rosso, and Mz. = . * | Colundrino is euta from da brow down the pt yay a Mr. de Homo run away. Ho great wifa | of of THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D.C, FLYING MACHINES. Travel Through the Air, HOW BIRDS MANAGE TO FLY. Advanced Thinkers om This Subject Have No ‘Faith in Balloons or Flapping Apparstus— ‘They Believe That Aeroplanes Will Be Employed to imitate the Soaring Bird. ‘Written for The Evening Star. EN WILL YET LEARN NOW TO FLY. IVE Prot. Langley, secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution, v0 declared the other day in an address delivered here before the National Academy of Sciences, a synopsis of which was published in Tux Stan at the time. ‘This ought to give much encouragement to thinkers who hope that mankind will some day sccure domain in the element of birds, just as it has already done, thanks to the evolution of sub- marine boats and diving gear, in that of fishes. The distinguished scientist referred to expressed confidence that the contrivance of the future for aerial navigation would be on the kite principle. ELEMENTS OF BUOYANCY. ‘The air possesses elements of buoyancy which have not been recognized hitherto. There is no truth in the popular coneeption that a body heavier than the atmosphere cannot be sus- vaded in that medium without motion. A Eite, of ‘etichs and paper, ts much heavier than the fluid whieh ft places, but it is sustained You can find an Roger much ich, more, striking, age or the frigate animal of consid poited in the sky upon ¢ ‘ionless for hours together, ope may be trained on it. Thousands of feet above the earth, it is sustained without movement of feather, though i josh ‘This is possible because the susp. hasan instinctive knowledge of the way in which to utilize the air currents for its support. When man has d how this can be done, he will be able to fly. The most advanced investigators in this subject re- Ject the balloon and all other such lifting de- Viceaas impracticable; » gas lighter than air can never be safely confined within arecoptacle that is not weighty, and the same objection CA plies to a vacuum today about where it was when it was first invented, and the nature of thin, it can never get mach further. Aiuminumislight for a metal. but it is soveral times too heavy to be successfully utilized for such _parposes Pray, what has become of those aluminum trains of cars that ‘were to be rin through the air from Chieago to New York six months ago at sixty minutes the trip? THE SCHOOL OF “FLAPPERS.” Thore is » schoot of flying machine inventors who may be designated as the “fiappers,”’ in- asmuch as their idea is to sustain their con- trivances by the flapping of bird-like wings. But they doubtless forget that the best fiyers among birds do not su; themselves by On the contrary, they only resort to t performance when it is for a. ‘start. cngle, if launelr himself from level evs then, to take quite » run ; then, flay ~ Bay wings with @ violent muscular effort which he coula not keep up for long, he gains a sufficient altitude to render it pos- sible for him to strike along the plane of an air current, which holds him up. Floating with librating pinions from one air current to an- other he is lifted, with an occasional broad sweep of his powerful wings, to the upper aerial regions, where he simply floats, opposing to each movement of the sus mded ether the force necessary to mainta: aamouny Position. . UEDERSTOOD IX THRORY. These principles which the eagle applies for purposes of flight are perfectly understood in the theory of mechanics. It is only necessary to adapt them with suitable apparatus in order te give to human beings like powers. True, the is lighter in proportion to its size than is ‘re hollow man; ite bones and filled with = warm from the lungs. But the difference in this respect is not very material, aud it may easily be com- pensated for by bigger Power to flap them is not what is inasmuch as the start can be made from ‘a t; what is wanted is the knowledge which inherited ex- vulgarly termed “instinct,” has Given the fowl se to how to adapt the jos of the wings to the wir currents. this is precisely what Prof. Langley has been experimenting with. What he is attempting is to produce a machine adapted to flotation upon the air currents, like @ kite. You can find ery simple illustration of ‘the principle, he is working on, in the trick dono with playing cards z, the prestidigitator Hermann, who throws f.om the stage inte the highest gal- lery of the it theater in the United States, distributi one after another among the “gods” of that select circle. How does he do iit Simply by skilifally utilizing the air cur- rents. The scrap of pasteboard is heavier than the atmosphere, but judiciously projected it mounts to a great height and distance very little force. It would stay up, too, if thrown outdoors, supposing that it possessed i to accommodate its Dt AUSTRALIA. What can be done in this way msy be ac complished on a larger scale. Lest this propo- sition be disputed it will be sufficient to refer to = flying ine recently patented in ustralia. It weighs altogether nineteen ands and it ir. Th dit i “a small “ongine, weighing’ ten dot the ratus resembles a big butterfly, with two fans for tail. This contrivance has been made to fly horizontally 360 feet. Of course, it is only tet spproath to the practicable Sying ‘nastins approac! e practical machine Of the future thus tar attained, oe PROP. LANGLEY'S MACHINE. With the help of « money bequest from a Aeceased enthusiast, Prof. Langley has con- structed recently a machine for producing an artificial wind, which he is able to vary in ‘ftrength all the way from the gentlest zephyr to a storm of sixty miles ity. He has been experimenting with this for the finding out how air currents act in support- <a ‘that he covery uch a ee edgewiso less power is required to au astonishing fact is this! water the Cry power required to produce it; bat in mosphere the case is the very Tequisize, Thess weneecabceutiling f ad z i z F i 2 Bel se THE FASTER THE EAsteR. In like manner Mr. Langley has demonstrated that the faster the flight the less is the sustain- ing power necessary. You esn convince your- self very easily that thie is so by the same simple experiment that he ead to illus- thingie and’ drop it upoa the groned. “ieee flies PaGtal ots tested. fi e Fees | de tomo. Jie the ‘most remarka! Shing native of ome, who translated it f¢ . oo, ee ~ Bin Ealware found this man to be trae to me, but i | *18edl on one another. They have’ wo moral he was actuated more by u device to | *eTuples on the subject, but they know that a ‘that aliens become | ‘eisnia will be the means of Mling his ™ ee Tip rae “Well, you see, there are varicts reasons. Sank Of Quarantine, Baltimore. One is that those who do counterfeit are natur-| The brig Edith, Capt. Pierce, while lying ally inelined to crime because of their revenge. |** smehor of Quarantine, Hawkins’ Point, ful dispositions, wikich have been formed by | "¢*T Baltimore, wae ran into and sunk by the Generations of Yendettas andaggravated bythe | Schooner Henry S. Little shortly before 4 spirit of the Matia and brigandage. They dou 't | o'clock yesterday morning. No lives were lost. Know how to work honostly and they won't | Loui hand on the schooner, work if they ean it. They have got tolive| had both badly mashed by the! some way. They are unedneated and ignora: on him. "THe Batth was ‘end perhaps they find that the ‘tne in consigned to the Baltimore @uige in of murdering for the sake of plunder ‘The Litde was light and was ef some cue of their countrymen is tvo luxh- Baltimore from York Fious as well as too dangerous to be continued of the Henry 8. Little fe thie country. | Moat ail of them are able to faceldent to the Latte “He very day of their skill in that direction in the gna “Secacely Foie. "hoy eve enteraliy samrgeeraed iow ‘not he eet are natarally narrow-mii could not have pac may fF Semin re You rarely cargo of 3,579 bags of sugar ever hear of them as being notorious as — eonpaay oad lars, thieves, forgers or check- raisers. haven't enough intelligence for 44 pot that Kind. | Well with their ability to plaster of parie it be an matter to Porat eG mover oF call it counter. imply say, ‘I maka da imag of Prof, Langley Says We Will Yet| scm": SATURDAY, MAY 9, 1891-SIXTEEN PAGES. powerfak will suppl force. Sec ondly, the motive force required will be least for the greatest and so proportionately. AM IMPORTANT DIFFICULTY. Prof. Langley’s notion seems to be this, that such a contrivance as he conceives, elevated in the air, would have no trouble to uphold iteelf in motion supposing that its engineer kn how to defloct ite 0% ~onaees Pe ek ge mm nt juman has no. Knowledge ‘whatever of the art which the birds have transmitted to their progeny for thousands and thousands of ever since, as the scientists say, ey, were first evolved from reptiles in an an cient But the honorable sec- retary of sonian Institution is of the opinion that it with Js posible for humaa bein Tactice fortified by their superior in' learn bow to tse wings in this wa boys acquire the art of walking’ upon stilts, although such members are altogether artificial, When this art has been acquired, man, hitherto untutored in the science of navi- gating » will Iaanch himseif abroad and chase tho fugaciogs meteorites on tireless motor-acti pinions. Seriously, however, there does not seem to be any good reason wherefore such mechanical ciples as these should not be successfully applied for navigating the air. At the begiu- ning the problem of steering and the weight of ‘the motor present themselves as the two most serious obstacles, Prof. Langley has proposed to get over these preliminary dite ultios by running the first flying machine on a wire, such as is used fora certain sort of ce, tas ae nee In this ose, however, the machine is to fly above, ata heigl runs alon; tops of tel like: A motor at ot endo kd liue vill do the propelling. fo us there will be no engine to carry and the wire will do the steering. aw nop 2am brand txiar to fly originally? To escape from their carnivor- ous enemies they developed wings and acquired the art of navigating the air through practice. Now that the bole) ore of fight has been diseovered it would seem possible to ly it to mechanics so as to secure for man, wi sufli- cient experience, the same power. The muscles of the human being are not strong enough for the purpose, and so he must con- struct a chariot of some sort to carry him, with a machine on board to do the work. Prof. Langley’s ideas on this subject are shared by the foremost scientific men of the day who have interested themselves in seronantico—a branch of research to which a great deal of at- tention is being paid at present. Their al- most unanimous conclusion is that the soaring bird must be the model for the success- fal flying contrivance of the futare. The in- vestigation of problems respecting aerial voli tation is no longer relegated to cranks; in fact the foremost investigator in this line now liv- ing, Mr. Octave Chanute, is president of the American Society of Engineers. He took eeceasion recently to attention to some rather absurd conclusions reached by certain French theorivts who promuigated astonishing statement as the result of their calculations that a swallow in fiying forty miles an hour must exert one-tenth of one horse power. an eagle ten horse power and a forty-pound crane about forty horse power. To suppose that an cagle or a turkey buzzard is as strong aston horses he deemed a trifle ridiculous. ‘Regarding the rate of propulsion of the future flying machine, Prof. J. Elfreth Watkins, the distinguished mechanical expert, declares that it simply depends upon the size of the er usedand the et which the peshesy re- volved. In his opinion the old theory that the atmosphere was too tenuous a medium for a ropeller to uct upon has been demonstrated T""he “nonsense, "Gulficient Secistance “is offered by it to render possible an enormous so that it would not be too mu surmise that a properly constructed air ship might accomplish the dis- tance between Chicago lew York within ‘ould be s limit to the rapidity of flight, inas- much asa propelier ceases to propel after a certain number of revolutions per second has been reached. It is open to any one's observa- tion that a vessel's propeller, operating in the water, often revolves much faster when the craft is moving slowly than when it is going OFFENSE AND DEFENSE IX WAR. Attention was called only the other day by Mr. Hazen to the tremendous revolution which the introduction of practicablo sir ships would work in the methods of offense _and defense in war. Fortifications, on which it is suggested that Uncle Sam shall expend $20,000,090) as soon as possible, would be of little use against flying machines that could drop dynamite and other explosives from aloft. Likewise ships of war, however heavily armored, would be at the mercy of hostile aerial navigators. In such a cave batteries of a description altogether new would have to be dovised for shoot- ing vertically, and the general defending a position on terra firma would be obliged to as- sail the winged foe with volleys of bombs di- rected upward, as one would shoot ducks on the wing. Should such a state of affairs come to pase, it seems likuly that the conflicts of the fature between nations will have tobe fought out in the air between squadrons of flying men-of- war. About that time, one would imagine, it would be considered that the period hid ar- rived, so long looked for by military thinkers, ‘when there could be no more fighting because it would be too vastly destructive. BARLY ATTEMPTS TO FLY. Having achieved the conqnest of the waters it is natural that should likewise desire the mastery of the air, and thus in all ages the human race has been’ ambitious to fly. The earliest attempt in this direction recorded by tradition is the mythical account of Daedalus, who, having constructed the celebrated laby- rinth for Minos, King of ‘Crete, was so unfor- tunate as to offend that monarch, and be- ing imprisoned, escaped with ‘the aid of wings made of feathers cemented with wax. Another ancient story is of Archytas of Tarentum, Who constructed a wooden pigcon that hud power to fly, so nicely way it balanced by weight and put in motion by inclosed air. Tf there is any wrath in the account it’ scoma robuble that Archytas was a fakir and worked Bis bird with e string. as is dono on the stage. ‘The ancients, generuily speaking, made no at- tempts in the direction of aeronautics, that the power of flight conld only appertain to the most powerful gods. Four centurios agoan ingenious gentleman named Lauretay Laurus published a statement to the effect that swans eggs filled with quicksilver, whon exposed to the sun, would ascend in the air, but it 18 not recorded that the experiment was ever subjected satisfactorily to weientific test. In 1670 « Jesuit, Francis Lana. proposed to make tour copper balls, each tweniy-tive fest in diameter and only four one-thousandths of an inch in thickness, trom which the air was to be ex- Lausted. "To these balls « basket was to be sitached, with a mast and suil, aud the caleu- lation was that the contrivance would carry 1,200 pounds. Unfortunately, it was discovered that the excessive thiuness of the copper epheres cause them to be broken when a Yacaum was created inside of them by the pressure of the atmosphere from withou! Nevertheless, this 6 ‘approached more nearly to a practicabie idea in werostatica than any other otfored up to the time of the in- vention of the balloon in 1783 by the brothers Montgoltler. 80 late ax 1775 Josoph Gulien, a inican friar and professor im philoso- to} it ar as mm ib as Noai'sark. Funnily enough, noariy all. the ‘early theorists on the atmos y r shallow ocean, on which the aerial vessels they had in mind were intended to float, like shi; in the diffuse of Fight, refrain seated the two sitting members from Suwanee 's friends the con- that | good Seme of the Subjects Occupying the Atten- tention of Gothamites. PREPARING POR THE WORLD's Path—wUEIC Tt EW YORK—DR. BRIGGS 18 FULL oF FiCRT— PROSPECTS OF SHELLIXG THR METROPOLIS— NOTES AND COMMENTS. ‘Special Correspondence of The Evening Star. Naw Yous, May 7, 1891. PREPARATIONS FOR THE WORLD'S fair are taking tangible shape in this vicin- ity, owing to the arrival here of Alexander D. Anderson, with whom you are more or less familiar in Washington. He is the special commissioner having in charge the eastern headquarters, with Mr. Delmore Elwell as sec- retary. Rooms have just been opened in the Stewart building, and at this point the work for the exhibition will center for the next two years. Mr. Anderson is alrendy meeting a stream of visitors making all sorta of inquiries, and undoubtedly he will be a very busy man nd will require all the capital stock of good health and good nature with which he seems to be plenteously provided. Next week he will meet, by invitation, the dry goods trade, to ex- Plnin to them what it is proposed to doat the exposition, and subsequently he will put him- self in communication with other important business\elements. Referring to the cabled accounts of Italy's unwillingness to be repre- senied at Chicago he tells me that he is confi- dent that Italy will be very well represonted at the exposition. He has asxurance to that effect from many of the leading Italian manufactur- ersand merchants, and whatever the govern- ment does or neglects to do Italy will have a brilliant showing at Chicago. ‘THE MUSICAL OPENINGS. This has been » music week in New York. Beginning on Tuesday, we have had a notable series of musical entertainments in the Carne- gie Music Hall. The dedicatory services of Luesday night were of the most impressive order. “Bishop Potter made an excellent ad- dress, and the music rendered on that occasion argued well for the future usefulness of the en- te:prise. Wednesday night oratorio was given on a grand scale, and the rest of the weok has | been devoted toa series of entertainments of | the finest character. Tschaikowsky has made | a most favorable impression ay a composer and a leader and Mr. Damrosch has also covered himself with glory by his able conducting. Evidently the new music hall is to find a place for itself in the maltitudinous atiractions of the metropolis. Thenas an incident of the week we bad a most charming concert by Sant- ley, who strayed into this city unexpectedly, after an absence of nearly twenty years, revi ing memories of the great past by singing a few | ballads with his own inimitable grace, before he took the steamer home. His sudden app: rition among us and as sudden vanishing had | something almost ghostly about it, and filled the air with memories of that famous combi- nation which twenty years ago amazed the country. What a galaxy it was! Carl Formes, Santley, Wachtel, Parepa Rosa and Adelaide Phillips. It will be long before New York, even with all her modern musical improvements, is favored by such a conjunction of stars of the first magnitude, ONE OF THE GooD RICH MEX. Charles Pratt, who died Monday, was the | type of millionaire that would not offend Bel- lamy or anybody else who took a tolerabty wise view of the use of money. Althongh he was one of the oil kings his ruling object in life was | to help men to fight the battle of life, and the | institute with which his name is linked is doing 4 noble work ou agrand scale. The Pratt is tute isthe product of wise thought directed in the line of practical usefulness, and if we conld only have afew more such institutions scat- tered over the country we should go far toward solving some of the most troublesome social questions of theage. The foundation of the in- stitute called for over i of dollars, and this is merely the beginning. Fi tunately his eon sympathizes entirely with the motives and plans of his father and will carry on the work in the spirit in which it was under- taken. THE APOSTLE OF TRE RIGHER CRITICISM. Early next weck Dr. Briggs will publish his inaugural address which made such a stir in the religious world, adding to it copious notes called out by the discussion which the addre: has occasioned. The book would have ap- [rox earlier but for the fact that Dr. Brigga a8 been very ill for the prst four weeks with the grip and is even now very much debilitatea. book is certain to be the cente> of religious controversy and will probably more than equal as a literary event the famous mphiet, “Whither,” which Dr. Briggs pub- lished lust year and which hed an extra- | ordinary sale. Although still an invalid from the grip Dr. Brigg is in fighting mood, and as he is a delegrte to the general assembly from the New York Presbytery he will be decidedly on hand in case his orthodoxy is eatled in question by that body. The New York Presbytery meets early next week and this will also be a most important event, at report will then be submitted from committee selected last month by the presbytery to consider Dr. Briggs’ case. Probably, however, no actior willbe taken of a kind forestall the action of tho general assembly, which Detroit in about a fortnight. OUR AERIAL TOLL BRIDGE. So tho Brooklyn bridge is now free to pedes- trians. This marks a new epoch in the life of this great public highway in the air. Little by little the charge for pedestrians hus been re~ duced until one could buy a package of twenty- tive tickets for five cents. After the int of July, howorer, the gates will be open and anybody can walk across that cares to do so. ‘The charge for vehicles and for the railroad is still re- tained. ‘THE PROSPECT FOR SHELLING NEW YORK. The report of the New Orleans grand jury has revived interest in the Italian incident, but few believe that Italy will do anything bey: what Senator Plumb terecly calls“ letter writin Ican say, however, apropos of this little un- pleasantries, that the city ix not so much at the mercy of tie first ironclad that comes along as some think. I get it on very good authority that ina quiet way the government has control of torpedo boats #0 complete in their ability to under water as to make them very formidable. ‘This is being kept very quiet, but is said to bea fact. Of conrse the problem of a submarine boat is an old one and several nations have accomplished good results in this field of invention. But I am told our government — has practically solved the problem, and that we have a boat which can attack at will any ship, attach a torpedo under its keel and steam away with perfect safety to itself, is respectfully submitied to the indi dini. “Iwas also talking with Capt. Kirkland, who has the dredging of the harbor in charge, dhe said that within forty-eight hours the ‘ouches to New York, both by way of tho \d Hell Gate, could be 80 vbstructed ip could pass, and that outside of these obstructions there’ could b no effective shelling of the city. He said the trouble was to keep the channels open, not to shut them up. Bat, as Thave said, nobody droams of hbostili- ties between this country and Italy. METROPOLITAN NOTES. Mr. Blaine bas been having a very good time here this week and should have stored up some ozone against diplomatic hard worit on his return to Washington. He has taken a keen personal interest in the success of the new muvic hall, both from his’ intimate friendship witi Mr. Carnegie and also becatise his gifted will meet at | existence before | Her daughter, who had turned as ASSASSINS LURED BY LOVE. Sophia Guneburg, Charme to Organise Regicides. SHE FALLS IN LOVE HERSELP—HAVING GATHERED AROUND HER A BAND OF TOUX@ MEN SWORN To KILL THE CZAR SUE [$ AERESTED 4XD cox- DEMXED. ‘8t, Petersburg Letter in the London Telegraph. No authentic account has yet been given of the late political trial—or rather condemna- tions—of Russian nihilists for high treason; for trial, in the English sense of the term, there was none. I have just had a long conversation with one of the dignitaries who played the part of judge, jury and counsel for the crown dar- ing the brief ceremony. which began by accusa- tion, was continued by volantary confession and ended in condemnation to death: and the details communicated to him—which are worthy of implicit credence—throw a strong, if not lurid, light upon Russian nibiliste in par- ticular, and the Russian character generally, and if properly worked up by a Zolaistic realist would make most sensational novel. ‘The ringleader of the couspirators and now the chief of the prisoners ie—as is frequently the case in Russian politics—e woman; in this case a woman of excellent education, of iron will, of ravishing beauty and of undaunted courage, s woman in many respects superior to the celebrated Sophia Perovaky, who directed the operations that culminated in the foul murder of the late enrperor, whom she soon afterward followed to the grave. This person, Sophia Gunsburg by name, narrated the event, ful story of her checkered life to her unsym- pathetic judges and narrated it in a most calm- i ‘objective way, which the most mpartial of historians might well env wasa Jewess by birth, she said, and had been brought np in the pale of settlement out- side of which Jews are not allowed to wander atlarge. Her parents had given her the best education that was to be bad under the unfav- crable public and private conditions in which thei lot was cast. SOPHIA GUNSBURG'S PLAN. Sophia saw many of the most estimable men and women of her nation compelled daily to barter their religion for ® mess of pot- tage, or, for lees still, the barren right to work for it. After having graduated in the ordinary establishments of | interme- diate education Sophia left her birthplace, to which she refuses the name of fatherland, and went abroad to breathe the bracing air of free- dom. In Geneva her va inclinations and ten- dencies were gradually molded into a perfect stem of cruel, cold-blooded revenge which as scarcely its parallel in history. It was in that historic town that she meditated and brooded over the wrongs inflicted by Russia until, at last, she hatched a plot, the bare ont- Kines'of which make one shudder,andwhich was certainly more worthyof a faryin human shape than of a beantiful maiden standing npon life's hreshhotd, with all the Jors and ures of ment responsible for the that deluge the country she _ the auto- cratic principle to the extent of admitting that the government is the czar, and the czar she determined toslay. Such was the object of the plot. She resolved to gather together a sclect band of young men, and, dazzling them by the almost irresistible charms of her beauty, to ad- minister to each, unknown to the other, a solemn oath binding him to do her behests and to assassinate the emperor on a day and in the manner fixed by her. She was determined that if one failed another should take his place, and still another after him, until at ‘the foul deed should be done. The emperor's successor, too, unless he struck out a new line of policy, was to be stamped out of existence in foe extas rathlons way, and thus red terror was to struggle with white until the evils com- Isined of were either abolished or intensified CE com ac octet Gus fhe mon blegmatic Russian peasant could no longer endure them. FELL IN LOVE HERSELF. Sophia Gunsburg had no difficulty in attract- ing a sufficient number of love-sick young Rus- sians, who were smitten by her beauty and | grace or made enthusiastic by her eloqnence. | She sacriticed without hesitation or regret all that a pure woman holds dearest in life in order | to maintain her hold over these young Cata- lines. She was not, however, wholly a mon- ster, nor was she exempt from all human weak- | nesses. She herself fell in love with an edu- cated young Russian, whose paramour she be- came, but whom she never initiated into her Political plote, so that he continued down to | the moment of his arrest in complete igno- | rance of the part che was playing as regicide. | One of the unsuccessful attempts on the ezar |life early last year was the work of one of Sophia Gunsburg’s body guarde,and, had she nov been arrested when she wus,the prevent year of | grace would probably bave been the last of the Teign of Alexander LiL. When the prisoner bad finished the im- | pressive discourse containing the history of | her life and erime, which had been occasionally interrupted by the questions and rebukes of the presiding dignitaries, the prewident asked her if she felt no compunetion for the abomina- ble deed she resolved and attempted to execute, no remorse for the cynical way in which she had divested herself of all female modesty. Her reply was an emphatic negative, which rang through the hall like the peal of a musical bell’ tolling for the death of & musical bride, and was juickly followed by the solemn sing: ong of. the judge pronouncing tbe sentence sf ignominious death. Her companions are condemned to various terms of hard labor in the mines—a sentence surpassing in severity the most painful kind of death—all except one, her lover, who because perfectly ignorant of ber criminal plans was finally released after having languished in sol- itary continement for a length of time sufficient to make him wish for a release into the life of this subluuary world or into the next. The emperor wheu informed of the death sentence commuted it to imprisoument for life. A MOTHER'S SACRIFICE. Sophia's parents are still living in the pale, and when her old mother heard of her con- demnation she offered to abandon Judaism und become @ Christian in order to obtain the needful authorization to leave the pale of set- tlement and come up to St. Petersburg to see her deurly beloved daughter, who hud gone so far astray from the path of daty since last they had met. ‘ihe interview took place « few da; ago at the fortress, and no more heartreading spectacle was ever before witnessed by the phlegmatic Jail officials, whose tears fell iike Tain. ‘Lhe trembling mother approached her daugh- ter, whose beauty was brought out in greater reliet by the somber hue of the prison —_ and who moved slowly and with digaity towar her aged parent without the least symptom of tenderness, compunciion or other einotion. Fanaticism bad crushed out or at least re- pressed ali tender sentiment. “0 Sophia! Sophia, doa't you love your poor old mother, who bore you and nursed you so? bs me have not torn me from your Leurt, child. Ili go to the end of the world with you, Sophia, my darling. Don't you remember the old times when you knew no evil? Ob, will they never come back again? I'll be @ Christian, any hing you iike, it they only let me live with you and Jove you in Siveria. Iii never leave you again. Pll go with you to the mines of siberia.” ‘Lalking thus and sobbing aloud she staggered tothe wall and was supported by the juiders. pate ag a sheet during the scone, but had manifested no | osher sign of emotion, suddenly broke down, aii control of herseli—the sobl AT THE GIANTS CAUSEWAY. Impression Upon the Veteran Guide. It's many a wan av gare country- min Oi ve taken ov “low do you know what couatryman Iam?” “Thrust me for knowing the American sc- cent, sor.” “Thaven't the American accent. You have it. Go to New York if you don’t believe me.” “There's many an Oirishman there, I'm tonld, sor. “More than in Dublin.” “Do ye tell me thot, sor? Well, sor, Oi took Gineral Grant himself over the Causeway, and © fine mawn he was. An’ Gineral Sheridan, too, sor. Many's the great mawn Of've taken over the Causeway, sor. Connaught himailf down this very road, and do you know what he says to me, sor? He . ving yer prisince, sor,’ says Oi, ‘except a bite at broakfast’—an’ before the words were out of my mout’, anys the duke says he, ‘Sit down wid us,’ says be; an’ no soouer said than done, an’ Oi had moy lunch with the Duke av Connaught. Do ye moind thot now? “An’ Oi've taken great professore over the Causeway, sor—min that knew more m minute, sor, than you and Oi wad know in our loives,'sor. Don't yoa know that there nothing in'the whole wurrold loike the Giant Causeway, sor?” “What for—for mud?” Ot Maay comes to we it in “How much further away is this C “Is it the Causeway, sor? Buta . Ye'll sce it the minute we turn that bitav r sor. Sure an’ for there is no p) Causeway, sor.” why I came. “De ye mane to say, sor, that ay the Giant's Causeway till ye Well, sor, Of ve taken tins of thousan ple over ‘this ground, sor, wan that iver be " id me he never hoard av the ye brought up?” Troth! “De ye mane thot? Oi don’t think yer prisince, sor. “Where's your old Causeway’ that rock now.” “Where's the Causeway, should it be but just before yer two eyes? “You don't mean that ‘What foundation. sor?’ started a big stone tabernacle and went rupt when the foundation was laid.” hat—— jever mind what the greatest men said. t is, sor.” ‘Let's get back.” Back. is it, sor? Troth, ye'r not there yet. Divil a fat will ye paid for, 801 to please you, you know. i'm afraid ye'r hard to plaze yersilf. sor. It’s wan ay the wondhers av the wurrold, sor.” “That people come here? It is a wonder. T'll bet they don't come a second time.” beggin’ ye'r pardon, yer wrong there, sor. Not the sickond toime, toime have Oi known educated min to come, |sor. And the aftener a mau av since sees it, Sor, the more wondberfal he thinks it. sor, yer fut is on the smaller Causeway pery under fut. sor, the Great Causeway and that we'll come to in “What is it used for? “The Causeway, is it “It's used for nothin’ at all, sor.” There are three Causeways, bein’ in the centher, # minute, sor.” “What expinee, sor “The building of “Oi see ph | ginnin’ wid y It was built by a mighty conynision av , thure, sor.” pers at the time. It was the beginning of the | voleanie and th: “Oh, you ean’ Was he there?” “He was not.” “Well, then !” “It you, sor, will exeuse in recommending ve what « professor says. as ye can sec. And if yer measure the eight t you my nobody chiseled it?” Oi do, scr.” “You evidently think I'll believe anything. But ne matter. Go on, go on.” “Now, if ye il notice, around this octagon are eight other pillars, forming an octagon group, as we call thim here, or, all the columns being aqual in size. Now, sor, if ye follow me here, ye will see a septegon column, irom the Latin word maning sivia, and around that there are sivin columns.” ‘Are there any sixtogon ones?” ere is not, sor.” @ sort of seven-by-eight Causeway, sor. A man broke his ieg there once. Are ye hurt, sor?” t in the lenst.”” Thank the powers for that, sor. notice that the quieter a man attention he can pay to his futin’ nd you're paid todo the talking, too. I hadn't thi bout that.” “Now, sor, ye ace from here the Grent Cause- lin't tat a grand soight, sor?” Yell, that depends on woat you call a—" the more yh! tare an’ ‘owns, sor, ye've kilt yernelf entoirely this toime. Don't attempt to roise, sor, tili Oi get down to ye. Dear! dear! Are ye badly burt, sor?” “Gi t still in the ring. Say, are my ey are torn a little, sor, Oi to way.” “Why the old Harry dida’t you tell me this place was so slippery? Do you want to break « tnan's neck over this Causeway of yours!” “Sure, sor, Oi warned ye the very first a go. Beggin’ you're pardon, sor, if ye'd pay as much attintion to yer fut as you do to your “Who's been doing all the talking? Have I opened my mouth since we started? Well, now t we're down here, what's there to see?” “You sce these columns, sor. tallest in the Causew: ¥ I took the Duke av) shave you had anything to | ile muddy at this time av u're the first Kk, | orra it’s well worth the walk, e that is as noted ax the | “Xes. They told me about it at Derry. ‘That's d yure the tirst the professors are the biggest loiers, saving We're round is it, sor? Where jundation, do you?” # like as if a building society had nk “The Sreatest min in this wurrold, sor, tould Is = the Causeway? That's what I want set-/ g0 back till ye've seen what All, right, Til go on—under protest—merely ut the twintieth be careful how you stip, far it's mighty slip~ “Then why did they goto all this expense?” the be- “Oh, yes, I remember reading about it in the | “It was at the beginning of toime, sor. Prof. | Gneiss of Edinburgh tould me its orgin was call yer atiention to the ind av this column. | That we call the octagon, meaning eight-sided, | sides, sor, yer ll feind them the same to a hair's there, sor. Qi tould ye ye would slip down, | Bassin, Uses Mer | An American Visitor Makes an Unfavorable | Oi always | Ovex Au Nuon. For the arcom:metation of ome the Public'we will keep cir sere eyes cll taht ta etaes _ PRU@OISTS, Te MPLS a ae ~e TONS. BILLTANS & ©. UNDER MARONG ‘Cor. BD anal reduced tt © use only, the purest ve Hair Si Ader sc athar rd as 4 beautifier of the com aabie Teyitiette to the Lames Ts the Sun Wiklle, SunOtl gBe wor, ws. wing. Every lady should wwe mor QUININE. Casa Ox Crznre BEAD THESE PRICER Fens Mak Antione-finislied Bed Room Sultes, Spies 817 cash, oF £18 on credit. mece Farior tuites, solid walnut frames, upbo!- rene putin Ur bem wesrciuier Gademen oF Bea credit. Good WOVEN-WwinRt BED SPRINGS tr @2.25 cesh or $2.60 on credit. BRUSSELS CARPET, ene. emt on he, on credit. Good INGRALN CARPET, ie. cash or 0c. on credit. \ cuew and lay all CARPETS tfee of cost anu deus ALorwe for the waste in unateling figures. Curternm are tWeeasiestof any bousein the ety; <2} «Mpa payzent ut thme of purcbase and the bal- s2cein EASY WEEKLY or MONTHLY PAYMANTS, Xo notes required and 6 per cent discuuntallowed Wadd secouiite wetties us tury ware crocams CREDIT HotUse wate ne Tur Bios Or Spnixo, If they cowid be weary of their some, would Ona tm OUF preat stock an alivest infinite variety of mew ielodies. 40,000 kinds of our vid mume vailed for, and thenew are auore BuWeToUs thaw the vid. FARMERS, Sareent (40 . doz.) New, bright, easy, farmers and Ubeir friends will #1. or $4doz. | Trowbridge, for 4th of July; NEW FLOWER QUEEN (00 cts., $5.40 duc. for flowe- time ly send for our Octave Muxte—8,000 Auten, Sacred Selectious, etc., 58 Send for lists, ORGANISTS furnished with Voluntary and other a TONE and BASS VOICES (61.50) (perior method Any book mailed fur retail price. OLIVER DITSON COMPARY, BOSTOR 4. BE. DITSON & 0O., 1228 CHESTNUT ST., PRILADELPEIA, oon a Gaater ot_Comronr TNO. EPPs's Cocos BREAKFAST. athorough know! ponmtbeey md od . seareitu arriieatien sieved Cocou, ME. Ba tables with a de aver fave us 1uany heavy coctore’ bills. by Cows use of euch erbcles of diet that © ally built by be era ‘int mdeucy to Leudedue Sa “es tn unit joule las by groseres eben! JAMES EPPS & CO., Hemeopethie Chemists,