Evening Star Newspaper, March 21, 1891, Page 14

14 ll 3 THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D.C, SATURDAY, MARCH 21, 1891—SIXTEEN PAGES. EARLY SPRING STYLES Some Saning’ iatenie for Fash- ionable Women. ABOUT BROAD-BRIMMED HATS Dainty Little Gonnets Bonnets — Metsilie Ornamen Wedding Coxtumes—Dresses for the Street and House—Nores. ‘Written for The Fvenine Star. [Copyriehted, EFORE THE WINDS of March have ceased to blow spring styles will be upon us. Men bave always insisted that fashions are quite as changeable as the weather. Of course they are, for it is the weather which makes them change. A single warm, sunshiny day in Mazeh has power and potency enough to ban- ish the fur toque and cloth capote and cause the broad-brimmed felt toappear on the fash- ionable promenade s. Pale grays are to be decidedly modish, and they will be trimmed with ostrich feathers set off by a bow of -woven gulloon, fc of ofuamentalpins. The broa Ui have all their width in front and the b: be cut off or be turned Up against the crown in one or more flutes and fastened there by a portion of the trimming. A little later flowers will burst apon us in great rofusion. either piled up bigh behind or jrawn ont in sproys or stalks toward the front over the tops of crowns. But no matter how big- these felts may be, there will be plenty of room those dainty tie bonnets which the woman of le knows so well how to perch on the topmost twist of her lofsy coil. There will be the crownless straw filled in with flowers and the gold spotted tulle: in fact, gold will be everywhere: goli psmementerie, “gold, epat- lettes, gold ince. gol treliis work. gold orna- mentsand gold pins wilt be seen on these graceful bits of head cov In some very dressy bonnets the crow 7 composed of gold aatin anc por of palest lilae ribbon set in a row in front and surmount by a biack aigrette and a knot of violet velvet. Or, if you choose, the bonnet may be entirely made of gold chiff the edge of this material being embroider with gold thread and set with sapphire beads. Several jet stars hoid the folds to the founda- tion and a «mall plume of black crosse feathers is placed behind. Still another style will con- sist of two triangular pieces of rich passemen- terie, which form the sides of the bonnet and meet nearly in front. A bunch of yellow velvet primroses serves as garniture. METALLIC ORNAMESTS. Small toques and smell plaque shapes with- out crowns will have gold wings fitted at the back and the intervening space will be filled in with flowers or other trimming. But the craze for gold ornaments will not keep the state: dame of fashion from setting a jet bonnet upor her beautiful head. Some go so far as tos that this craze for metallic garniture will tak> the form of quivering serpents in gold ang silver, twined around bespangled aigrettes. His snakeship. however, has pretty-nearly beex done to death. and I'm not so sitre that the daughters of Eve may not grow so weary of the glint of his jeweled eves as to resolve ‘to cut him quite dead. There's no denying the fact, however. that he is very decorative. and the reason is that his sinnows body possesses in the highest possible degree the genuine curves of grace known as Hogarth’s line of beauty. In the initial illustration wili be seen a very simple bnt sltogether charming visiting cos tume fora young person, the gown being a pretty-colored Pekin silk, with dark green Velvet ceinture and enfis and white lace jabot. The hat is a dark green felt lined with velvet of " “wwthe same tone as the dress. brimmed for ere will be se will give a very cor- lish broad-brimmed hat. ‘The material is a gray blue cloth, the crown being gracefully draped and trimmed with cock's feathers. SIMPLE EUT RICH WEDDING cosTr™MR. One need never apologize for describing a swell wedding or the faneral of a great man. No grand wedding march has yet been com- posed which has not a tinge of sadness about i Flowers are showered upon bride and hero. ‘The two charactera represent such vast ex- tremes that they touch. There have been « number of brilliant weddings this season, and you will no doubt be glad to havea correct Fepresentation of the wedding gown worn at one of the most distinguished of those mar- Fiage fetes. The third illustration sets forth this pet attire. The costume was strikingly Band simple, but of great richness. im- Pea towing robe of gleaming ivory satin |, may covered. ith » most delicate of old English point ‘ace, not only ew cling the front and sides of the skirt ina d flounce with « narrow garland of orange flowers, but also drape! over the corsage. then continued up to the hair, and falling veil-like entirely over the train. The lace was fastened to the hair by «small spray of the nuptial Ddlossom. At another brilliant afternoon wedding the bride was arrayed ina gown quite string in ite originality. The material was a beatific Sttoman faille embroidered with wily corsage ended at bebind. <The front wos quite plain, the simulating orange leaves, being laid enin figaro style with a larger branch exterd- ‘across the bast from armhole to ar:auole. back in, cut ton point. Ceintere of ottomey, ribbon embroidered in +:!ver, having fong ends, iso richiy embroidered. Mleoves plain and not too lerge. Straight coi- lar, scalloped andembroidered. Tr: ound & sdictaton, consiing of fxr bree eaole NITRATE OF SODA. as to fall open fanwise. Bottom of skirt in front having orange flowers richly embroidered in «ilver. On the lett side two branches of the natural orange tlowers reaching from the hij to the embroidery. Veil of silk tulle, scalloped ou the lower edge with silver thread. MOUSE DRESS. Some Interesting Facts Concerning This Very Valuable Co.amodity, The bride'smaid wore a pink failie with Ry LEN . knrnitare of lace in corn yellow silk tulle. The | @REAT CHANGE IN IQUIQUI, waist was double, there being a figaro of faille ~-— opening upon the corsage of crepe de chine. | From » Peaceful and Prosperous City the World’s Principal Nitrate Port is Burned! und Battered Ruln—Revenue From the Ni- trate Industry. From the Star's Traveling Commissioner. Tgvrqet, Cat, March, 1891. Ww WE FIRST SAW IQUIQUI. little more shun haifa year ago, it was one of the most penceful and prosperous cities in population and commercial importance, ia wide contrast to the burned and battered ruin the rebels made of it on their recent raid. As most of my readers are aware it has long been the great shipping point of the world for ni- trate of sody—a vast business, prac tically con- trolled by English capital, and therefore in the exes of Englishmen Iquiqui is of more conse- quence than all the rest of Chili put together. By the way, the queer name, which on foreign tongues sounds like the quacking of s duck, is of Aymara Indian origin and should be pro- nounced E-kee-kee, accented on the middle syllable. HARD FIGHTING IN THE STRERTS. On the 19th and 20th of Jast month there was hard fighting in the street the rebels “and government troop: attacked by soldiers in the rear and bombard by the fleet in the bay—both parties struggling to gain possession of the Intendencia; and the doomed sity suffered little more from the foe than from the friends who were trying to defend it. Every building in the six principal squares was completely destroyed. ‘The insurgents seized the custom-house, pillaged private Tesi- dences, and. finally set’ fire to the business quarter and reduced it to ashes. The terrified women and children, who were hidden in the inner rooms of their houses to escape bombs and flying bullets, had the walle burned or puiled'down over their heads during the sack- ing process, and in this way several hundred defenseless creatures perished like rats in @ nt ‘The last illustration represents a very charm- ing interior costume, consisting of a j plum-colored ‘striped silk, bordered with pale blue silk. The skirt is in embroidered cream tulle, the flounce being headed with pale blue silk." The Charlotte Corday fichu is in white silk crepe, while the sash is of pale blue silk, making up an ensemble strikingly picturesque and graceful. * Another charming original indoor costume may be made of iron gray cloth in combina’ with either dark biue or black velvet. The velvet serves to make the straight collar and | plestron, the point of which reaches to the | hole. | Rais dace, "The belt is also of velvet and the SOLDIERS WORSE THAN SAVAGES. bottom of the skirt has a velvet border. The 2 7 sides of the skirt, the corsage, each side of |, 40W-class Chilians are provorbinlly crael, and the soldiers, having once had a taste of blood, are worse than so many savages. This was many tinies proved in the war with Pern. After one or two disastrous battles, the Peruvians— knowing what to expect if they fell into the hands of the merciless enemy—when defeat the plastron and ‘the upper portion of the sleeves, ax high as the elbows, are ornamented with frog-like silk cord trimming in graduated sizes. The front breadth, which is cut | the top, is slightly gathered. The back bi jis pleaied, and the p i band, which is hooked to the 4 was certain, leaped into the sea or kilieé them- sage bats — by hooks in frontand the basques | selves with their own bavonets. ‘There is small are rufiled. need of # hospital service on the part of an army engaged against Chili, for if the latter country comes off victorious there are never any wounded to be nursed. Disregarding all rules of civilized warfare, as well as the com- mon instincts of humanity, the bloodthirsty wretches, assisted by the rabonas (degraded NOTES OF FASHION. One ces many stylish outdoor dresses made up with jacket corsages. They have velvet plastrons and Medici collars. The bottoms of the skirt usually has a deep flounce of hollow pleats. Feather trimming often borders the| women ‘who follow the army) make it Jacket baxque and also the edges of the bertha,|a point of duty to go over the which frames the velvet plastron. field, rob the dead and murder their The suede glove will continue to maintain its popularity. Fora morning eal the ultra-fashion able wears a two-button white suede glove with white stitebing. If she goes out for aft airing in her pony piaeton and drives herself she must wear two-hutton English gloves. In the afternomn for the promenade or for call making hez hancis shonld be clad in suede gloves of natural color, or if she little moze styiish, in.pearl gray y | mous;uetaire styie, no buttors, no opening on The city dame of fashion affects mm mousquetaire in glace kid. For full mourning, black suede: half mourning gray | gloves with black stitching. For ball, soiree o- | ceremor.ious reception, white suede mousque- wounded enemies. The term ‘“entthront” ap- plies well to the Chilian soldier, for evei of them carries a short. curved knife: ened on the inner side of the curve—that just fits a human neck and is terribly expert in its use. Not long ago we were entertained in the house of a wealthy citizen of Santiago, when he showed me, with great pride and sitisfac- tion, a glass case containing upwards of 200 gold and silver medals, such as these southern governments delight to bestow upon their sol- diers for distinguished bravery, and related how they were uli torn from the breasts of dead or wounded officers on the battle ticlds Today there is hardly » famil that is not mourning for some of i member: taires. The hospital® are crowded to their utmost The glovo box has gone tho way of many other | capacity, and so are all the churches and | boxes. Tho sachet, delicately perfumed with | bonses that remain standing, for everybody in violet, heliotrope or some odor which manifests itself in fitful breath., is the only receptacle for gloves which the fashionable woman now affects. ——_~eo—— REVERIES IN A SARBER SHOP. Stenographic Report of a Reporter's Thoughts Before and During a Hair Cat. STAR REPORTER WENT INTO A BAR- + ber’s shop the other day to have his hair cut, and took a stenographie report of his thoughts before and during the operation. Heve they are: On entering: “Homph! same old smell. Soapsuds. bay rum and tobacco. Wonder why everybody smokes ina barber shop. My bar- ber's engaged. always is. Never came in yet that he wasn’t shaving an old duffer with a pink face and no hair on his head. Guess I'l] read this paper. Hello! What's the sense of that up there? ‘Shampoo for headache, &c.’ Ah! not bad—‘te.” Thats it! covers a multitude of sins that does—probably refers to heads. Fellows who have been ona bat the night be- fore come and have a shampoo next morning. Great scheme! I'll try it some time. “What's the sense of reading this paper? Did anybody ever know me to read it, except when Iwas ina barber shop? What do Scare for Jake Kilrain? Well, don't know about that, I would have given £10—if I had had it—to see the fight. Ten dollars! Whew! [could doa great denl with £19. I don't want my shoes blacked. Think the boy must be a fool or he would have noticed | that these shoes are patent leathers—or were om this hour of sorrow is doing all he car to assist his fellow sufferers. A great many women and children, having lost their homes as well as their natnral protectors, are temporarily shel- tered on board ships in the harbor, being still too frightened to go ashore. Comparatively few of the foreign residents were killed,though the loss of properts among them (they being generally the wealthiest people in the place) was mach greater than among the native citizens. eo’ REVENUE FROM THE NITRATE INDUSTRY. For more than a year past the nitrate people have been doing little profitable business, prin- cipally on account of the government troubles and consequent strikes among the laborers, and also because the English market is overstocked try alone the Chilian government has been col- lecting a revenue of about $20,000,000 num in export duties. Some cight months ago, when workmen were striking all over the coun try, on account of hard times, oceasioned by the persistent retusal of Congress to pass the appropriation bills, these Iquiqui laborers made a great deal of trouble. ‘They had no particu- lar interest in the questions at issue, and were affected by them only in the consequent low- ness of exchange: but. the latter phase of the muddle was a serious matter, especially to those foreigners whose families’ remained in the mother country and could receive no support from the bread winners in Chili, ALL THE WORKMEN STRIKE. The workmen had been receiving from €4 to #10 a day in Chilian paper currency (worth about one-third the amount in United States or English gold), and when exchange dropped lower and lower they demanded to’ be paid in silver instead of in pazer, as formerly, which wonld im reality about ‘double their wages. This the nitrate companies refused to. do, be- were making no money themselves and the established rate of ually good—for Chili. Then the laborers ruck” en masse and threatened to burn down the works and ware houses nless their demands were acceded to. There was rot a fhe crumpled old paper was smoothed out that barber-shop paper that one always reals there and nowhere else—that sporting paper | with startling pictures in itof men and women who all look precisely alike. “Now, I wonder who write the texts of these papers." Pictures first, text to suit: that’s the idea. What? ‘He opened « sporting house on Harlem road and done a rousing business.’ Jove! that is grammar with a vengeance. Jake Kilrain aguin. Is there any one elae in Balti- more but Jake Kilrainy Here's his life. Il read it through.” Next!” ‘Now is my turn and Fl have these Samson- ian locks elipped.’ Another mau steps tp and takes the chai. Now, really, I hadn't observed that that fel- ‘ahead of me. I don't believe he was. isa miserable fraud. Well! it is easier to aford the companies any a few incendiary blazes the manager their property from further damage, ostensibly gave in to the strikers, meanwhile importuni the president to send troops to their assistance, But the government was so distrac own troubles and the revolts that were sp ing up all over the country, that aid was not dispatched to Iquiqni in’ time to do mach ood. ‘The consequence was that severat of the d after to nave protection, a pretend it is all right than to have arow. [| largest nitrate companies were compelled to wish he was somewuere else, though, and I wish | *uspend work entirely, to their own ruin aud Ios Seah sails Chaee Gadews a casas Neda? the suffering of hundreds of poor {«milics and ‘The sketch of Kilrain's life is read through | the lossy to Chili's weasury ata © 1 time | when she can iil afford i AN INEXHAUSTIBLE DEToS: Perhaps the greatest natural curiosity on the southern continent is this inexhaustible de- posit of nitrate of soda. Beds of it ave strewn along ‘the western coast for 500 miles, and throughout all that distance the physical aspect of the country is the samo—everywhere an arid and it is a graphic account of the distinguished burgiaries of an ill-favored gentleman whose position is given. Nex ‘Now, it's my turn for good. It isa beastly operation—almost as bad as going to the den- tist's. Iwish Lhad brought my pretty consi along to hold my hand and give me courag Having taken the chair and the big towing bib having been adjusted, the musings are in this wise: “Snip, snip! There you go, pushing my head around as though 1 Was « porcelain Chinese mandarin. I wonder what you are going to say?” “Saw you on the streets yestidday, sir!” ‘Ob! did you? Wonder why the man always | says yestidday, instead of yesterday. Gens | its because he has no brains—ehy What's the ‘matter? Great Scott!” range of hills from four to six thousand feet high, rising abruptly out of the Pacific, backed by a desert pampa (plain) from 50 to 100 miles wide, ich gradually ascends to the foot of owy Cordillera. Nowhere else in the world except in this particular pampa are nitrates fonnd in quantities worth mentioning. And here they exist under variable conditions. For example, in that part of the desert known as the Pampa Tomarugel —where ull the great English companies have their factories and the | The bey that brushes the coats in delusive | British public has millions of pounds sterling hopes of getting dimes ha» discovered a mouse. | invested—the deposit is found ouly on the sea- | AU bands join in the chase. ‘the vermin whisks | ward edge of the desert ou the first slopes of his wil in the ir and darts into a corner. Six | the coast range. In the Noria district they lie men and two boys are at him with tongs, poker, | in the most depressed portion of the plain, in a walking sticks und razors. He succumbs co | kind of basin between the hills, and ubove saperior numbers and perishes miserably, The | Antofogasta they line the sides of a dry river huir cutting progresses and attera time the | bed. rubbing and bay ramming begins. NO BIRD O& BEAST CAN RIVE THERE. “Haye a shampoo, sir’ Your hair is fearfully | pat everywhere the Pampa presents the same “Oh! I supposed so. Of course he couldn't | desert type. That above Iquiqui derives its | let the time go by without insulting me. No, 1 | name from the tamarugal bushes with which it dom § waut 4 shaiappo.” is sparsely covered, Further north, above “Tonic: | Tarapaca, the bold features of the Cordillera | “What the deuce is the use of these tonics | add some beauty to the landscape, while inside 4nd lotions? 1 know my hew! will smeil for | from Autotogasta, in the great desert of Ata~ | thee days, but I haven't the moral courage to | cataa, there is not even # distant mountain to fect. “Ub, yes, tonic by ail means. | be seen—nothing but brown sand. as far ax the Gike to ‘buy # bottle of my new carbolic [eye can reach. Where is no cloud on the bur- wash, sir?” . | nished sky to temper ghe rays 6f the vertical | sacs, BS, Jove, has it come to this? This | sun; the hot sir distinctly vibrates, and blue | Jackans, Who saw me walking the street yester | mirage Iakes tantalize the thirsty traveler. | day, thinks I'm engaged! No, uo; i don't want | Que can scarcely bear to touch the scorching auy mouth wash.” sand, at 130 degrees, and a light south wind Next! continually raises whiriwinds of dast in every direction. Neither bird, beast or plant of the es eee Heartiens. Jowest type can live in these barren wastes, ¥ . and yet their hidden wealth has led to the crea- er eves ve drcay, tke the atarn Sanituavenl ivaee chen ares - lies sulle’ is like the Light that foods of life is brought from a iong distance. she fairest summer day; A ase stuail wal white like pearls coral strane Ly of tine Nile er than her ands ive has Bo heart, T know, you way this he— ‘a I took her to my Reart, her heart with me. TY Claive Ukic va the N. ¥. Herald. WATER SOLD BY THE DRINK. A few years ago water sold on the Atacama 8h Ct at of Chili—a seaport second only to Valparaiso | with the commodity, and therefore its. price is | correspondingly low. From this nitrate indus- | ran- | yment was exeep- | sufficient military or police force at hand to, was afterward wrecked by a whirlwind, but a smaller apparatus, on the same principle, i now being worked at Sierra Gordo, and realizes « handsome profit, though the water sells for only 30 cents the arroba. Most of the coast towns and inland factories are now su plied by means of condensed steam, some of the condenvers producing no less than twenty-five water for every ton of coal burned in the boilers. More recent schemes have been started for supplying the coast towns with water by means of pipes ranning across the dicsert from springs at the foot of the moun- tains. Iquiqui, Taltal, Autofogasta and Moll- endo are sup m this manner, and other similar aqueduets are being constructed. Betore Europeans came here this region was almost uninhabited. Two or three hundred Changos Indians, who live by fishing, stll rowl along the face of the const range, but until recently they had no idea there was any- thing of value in their territory. In the dis- trict of Tarapaca and on the Tamarugal pampa the Aymara language is universally spoken and all the place names are in that tongue—auch as Paccha, Jaz Pampa, Puntunchara, &e. In the Antofogesta and ‘Taital regions, the Indians speak only Quichua, th they lie further from the home of that language. “Most of the laborers are Bolivians, from the neighborhood of Cochabamba, where Qnichua is univeysally spoken. ‘These men chew cocoa and entertain all the strange superstitions of their brothers in Bolivia, ONLY ONE VILLAGE OF IfPORTANCE. The portion of the pampa in which English- peaking people are most intersted, is that ing between Iquiqni and Pisagua—the cele- brated “Tamarugal Pampa,” where lie the Tarapaca beds. “The encompassing Sierra Huatacondo have their barren slopes inter- sected by quebradas (breaks), or narrow val- leys, each of which brings down a small stream of water, tobe eventually lost in the sandy | desert. By the side of each little river, irriga- tion affords sustenance to « scanty populat | but there is only one village of importance— that of Tarapaca, in the valley oi the sanfe name, which ineludes the province containing | Iquiqui, where a colony of Northern ‘Ni Kings” have aceumuiated their millions. A high, chilly upland, about twenty miles across, separates the outer Sierra of Huxtacondo from. the higher range of the Cordillera, and then the Andes slope sharply down to the plateau of Bolivia, 12,060 feet above the sea. The crests of the seaward mountains retain no snow dur- ing the summer months, but those of the in- ner Cordillera remain white throughout the year. MAFIA AND VENDETTA The One Had Its Origin in Sicily. the Other in Corsica, POLITICAL AND PERSONAL. Difference Between the Injuries That Call for Vengeance—-The Mafia Has Degenerated’| Until Ite Members Are Some of the Worst Characters—The Vendetta is Against ‘Whole Families, LTHOUGH THE WORD MAFIA IS NOT found in the English, French, Italian or, Spanish dictjonaries it nevertheless carries to our minds» pretty distinct idea. It is under- stood to have its origin in the fact that one Mafia founded the order that now bears his ‘name. We associate it with thoughts of a se- cret organization existing for the purpose of robbery and murder. In its extraordinary mystery and unseen power it is not unlike dreaded nihilism of Russia, but nihilism is a political creed and the Mafia does not now, in this country, exist for political purposes, al- though its origin in Italy was probably due to political disturbances. ‘The thugs of India, hereditary stranglers, constituting a caste and foliowing their hidden occupation as a religious observance, were not unlike the Italian assassins of the Mafia. But eventually thuggiani was stamped out of exist- | ence, while the Mafia still exists, unless, per- haps, it received its death blow at the hands of the mob in New Orleans last week. If any- body really knows what are the workings of the Matia, he has not yet dared to disclose them. Ina general way it is # sort of secret vendetta. With the latter we are now threatened by the Italian newspapers as retaliation be- cause of the lynching of the New Orleans assas- sins, but this is probably a mere threat, prompted by the impulse of temporary fury. STARTING POINT OF THE MAFIA. The starting point of the Mafia appears to have been what used to be the kingdom of the ‘Two Sicilies, embracing the province of Naples and the Island of Sicily, and, indeed, this was the place where Italian 'brigandage flourished most furtously in days which have not become so far distant that they are forgotten. Both the Mafia and the Vendetta are mere varieties of Italian brignndage, the most renowned and illfamed hero of which was the picturesque Fra Diavolo, although it may weil be questioned whether the picturesqueness that now »nrrounds himisnota purely fancifulattribute gratuitously bestowed upon him by the poets and musical composers. He flourished nearly «century ago, and when he was at the height of hix power was general uf an army of free booters 1,300 strong, more than 300 of whom he had recruited among the ex-couvicts and soldiers of Sicily. He was conquered and destroyed about 1806 during the regime of Joseph Bonaparte and Murat, and at the same time several other chiefw almest as powerful as Diavolo fell. From that time on Sicily has been the principal refuge of scattered brigand bands, and only 2 quarter of a century ago they contaihed among them some of the best family names of southern Italy. PROBABLY HAD A POLITICAL ORIGIN. ‘That the Mafia had a political origin is highly probable. The present century in Italy has seen almost an incessant conflict there. Wars and uprisings have followec one another in quick succession and parts of the dominion have suffered from cruel despotism. Secret, illegal associations are the natural outcome of such civil commotions. Especially has 3i suffered trials.” ‘The people have participated in revolution after revolution, and even Gari- baldi’s triumph hardly brought balm to her wounded feelings, since the king that was placed upon the throne did not occupy the throne of the old Sicilian kings. The country is « good harbor for brigands for the additional reavon that it is the most backward of the Italian states. Ten years ago over 60 per cent of the inhabitanta over twelve years of age were unable to read and write, and only one out of twenty-nine people went to school, whereas one out of fif- teen goes to school in the rest of Italy. Never- theless, Sicily has furnished some of the most eminent of the modern Italian statesmen. Sig- nor Crispi, lately the premier, sometimes termed the Bismarck of Italy, and his su cesso:, the Marquis di Rudini, are both Sicil- ians. THE VENDETTA COMES FROM CORKICA. While the mafia comes from Sicily the ven- detta comes chiefly from Corsica, and if it should invade our shores we can have the satis- faction of reflecting that the greatest man that was ever born in Corsica, Napoleon Bonaparte, never dared to do 80 much, ‘the popular novel, “Mr. Barnes of New York,” a dramatic adapta- tion of which was recently presented in Wash- ington, es a fair idea of a Corsican vendetta, but the vendetta of today is not such @ terrible affair as it was wome years ago. ‘The word it- selt in Italian means vengeance, and applies to a state of persistent revenge and hate of one family for another for some flagrant injury committed. It is not unlike the family fends that sometimes arise in our southern states, and that Mark Twain has described in “Huckle- berry Fin.” ‘There is the important difference, however. that family wars in the south are waged openly and fairly and do not last for a great length of time, whereas the Italian is fond of armbuscades and the treacherous use of the knife, and bequeaths his feud to his chi dren. What in less civilized stages of our civil- ization used to lead to duels, in Corsica lead to a vendetta. A French author explained this: “In states where individnalism prevails it ia natural that personal justice should take the form of the duel; a man is attacked by one other and he revenges the insult. But ina state like Corsica; witere the family group firmly established, where all the members of the same family hold themselves as closely united as it is posible for them to be, an injury to one member is an injury to the whole fainily HOW THE BEDS GROW. The tamarugal shrubs that grow in places on the Pampa owe their existence to the doods which every few years rush down from the Andes and run almost to the edge of the nitrate grounds. Of course one good overflow or shower bath would ruin all the nitrate, but as the region is entirely rainless, there is no dan- ger of either. The surface of the desert is not sharp sand, but dry earth mixed with a certain proportion of sandy particles, and irrigution would turn every rol of it into a fertile plain. Wherever wells have been sunk, alternate layers of gravel. sand and mud are disclosed, cach series of layers representing the sequence of a single flood in former ages, hence it follows that in times long past the pampa must have been subject to periodical inundation. Water may be found almost anywhere at the depth of from 50 to 150 feet, but no place has yet been discovered where the conditions necessary for artesians wells are fuitilled. Strange to say, the underground waters of the Pampa do not contain the slightest trace of either nitrate, or soda, or iodine, though they hold a greater pro~ poriion of mineral salts the farther westward they ron. In the middle of the desert the water contains too much salt to be drinkable: that wear the western margin (but not in the niter beds), belongs to the calcareo-magnesian class and is totally unfit for domestic and culi- nury purposes. A FICTION EXPLODED. It is acommonly promulgated fiction that the subterranean water of the Tamarugal plain is the overflow from far-away Lake Titicaca that has somehow filtered under the great Cordil- lera. ‘The absurb idea was originated more than three centuries ago by the celebrated but unscientific historian, Don de Leon, who wrote, in 1550, his *Chronica del Peru.” ’ Titi- caca’s only outlet is the Rio Desaguadero. At starting the water contains only about one gramme of salt to a litre, but before the river hus reuched the shallow Lake Aullagas it is so salt as to be undrinkable. A short distance farther on the last renmant of the Desaguadero is lost in the muddy salt marsh, cailed Cienaga de Cotpasa, and it is impossible to believe thi its brackish water can come out fresh on the other wide of the mountains. South of Coquimbo, all the way down to the tip end of the continent. the country is well cultivated or wooded and possesses abundance [ofwater, but the northern deserts are far 2 use of their mineral wealth. The entire province of Atacama ix one vast mine of ores and alkalies—among them being gold. silver, iron, copper, lead, sult, borax, gypsum, cobalt and saltpetre. “The ‘amazin number of mines in this desert may be interred from the fact that in the district of Caracoles alone upwards of 4,000 silver mines have al- ready been ‘The locat- racol, a snail #hell) thereabouts consist mostly of fossiliterous shelly limestone abound- ing in ammonites. Formerly Bolivian political | tronbles interfered with the development of Carucoles resources; and since the territory has belonged to Chili the heavy transit charges across the desert and the high rate of wages demanded by workmen have been obstacles almost insurmountable. — Faswie B. Waxo. oo CANVASSING AS A BUSINESS, because the mountains One Hundred Thousand People at It in This Country, Though It Pays Poorly, 66WOU OFTEN SEE ADVERTISEMENTS for agents to sell one article or another promising 10 a week to a lively man, but there is no such money in the business,” said an old hand toa Star reporter the other day. “Aclever man cun clear $25.0 week as a tra j ing salesman or canvasser, if he has « really irst-rate thing to dispose of; but that is about the limit. Of course, Iam not speaking of the regularly employed commission agents who um for large houses and often get big sal- aries, but of the «rmy of people, probubly | by another family and thus a veritable war en- 100,000 strong, who spread themselves | sites instead of a mere duel.” from the big cities ali over the United] No ORDINARY OFFENSE CAUSES A VENDETTA. States in pursuit o the sun that is orders for everything under table, from a subscription book to a pate; ard plaster. Of that number 50,010 are book agents. It ix that line which is chiefly affected by women, who do not hesitate to employ all the persuasions of their sex in the purstit of | their industry. Opposed to them the male book agent iv at a disadvantage, having neither smiles hor tears that would be effective where with to extort a subscription from the unwilling Corsicans, it must be borne in mind, havs 8 been accustomed to carrying weapons, a habit that was contractedin early times, when the island was a favorite resort for pirates and her lawless characters, aud when it was often neccasary for the residents to take the law into their own hands. It is no ordinary offense that causes a ven:etta. The injury committed aust be the assassination of a parent, an insult to n daughter, sister or wife or the malicious injury of a repuiation. Such an offense having customer. Besides, « woman is not likely to pe | Peet committed the injured family assembles ticked her Un. | #rddiscusses the matter in every phase and : petticonts, | Perhaps negotiates with the offending family | ng books -n woman | With « view to reparation being made. This being denied, the vendetta is declared by an- nouneing the formala: “Be on your guard!” ‘fhen the war begins. Usually members of the family who are without wife or children are lected for specific assassinations and they consider themselves charged with ® sacred mission. Here isa sample note found pinned upon the door of a house in Corsica: “By decree of this day you have been con- dented to death tor your crime. Be ou your guard! “Tuxovoné.” ANY FORM OF INJURY I ALLOWABLE. Any shape or form of injury is allowable to the enemy; any method of secomplishing his ruin and death is allowable. ‘Treachery is legitimate, and years ago when brigandage was the great pest of Italy and especially of south- ern ataly, Corsica was filled vith de ruins of every time. Why town wo do uot hen: tate to go to receptions at private houses n= | asked and tackle any one with whom they may | get into conversition, drawing from beneath gaged in trying to c tage only that P know of ix possessed by the mule book agent which his female rival does not pos- | sess, and that is his opportunity of exercising his fascination upon the servant women where- ever he goas, who are very much addicted to buying book’ in that way: SALESMEN AND C) “In the trad tween the salesman and the ft ter at retail. A traveling agent selis cither on | the installent plan or for cash, or both ways, | the bouses that had been destroyed in these | On cash sales he gets 49 per cent of the pro- | itmily wars. The child that retuses to accept eveds as his commission; if he sells on the in- | ltis inheritance of vengance is an ingrate and stullinent plin, by which the pi so | a object of family execration. When a maa | much on whnt he bua, he receives 20 por tulls by the hands of the enemy the survivors | when the order for the article is delivered by | use his facrwe Sys a means of inspiving further him to the firm which employs him. Goocds | hatred. ‘Title body is placed upon a table and are sent him c. 0. d. for cash purchasers; the | ts women, including iis wife and danghters, agent returns the full amount he receives, ‘and | and all his friends walk around and around out of that is giver: his commission. Agents | the corpse vowing vengeance against the are not lowed to sell goods for less than the | Slayers. ‘The dead man’s shirt, saturated with prices indicated on the lists of the firm, thoug.. | his blood, is treasured as an heirloom and the they are permitted by some concerns to sell tor | Youth who refuses to recognize his obligations tore, if they can. “Next to the book agents, | 10 the vendetta is irretrievably dishonored. canyayers for pateuted articles ure most | No considerations of wealth or rank are per- uumerous, and this sort of canvassing has in- | mitied to interrupt or check the relent creased very iargcly within recent years. Tea, | enemies. They slay allalike and all must. coffee, silver ware and pictures ure extensively | themselves. “So much briefly for the v sold in the same manner. Female cauvassers | exclusively an Italiua institution and found in confine themselves aimost wholly to light liter- full perfection iu Corsica, ature, such as novels or books of poems, pho-| ‘The brigandage of Ital, tograph albums, corsets, silver ware and dress- making charts. “Yeu, we lose @ good deal of money by the dishonesty of people who buy on the install- ment plan.and do uot pay. I suppose that we have to put down 7 or 8 per cent of our sales on that basis as dead loss, but we are recon- Pomp hp! tigger ght charge more for the goods when cash is not paid—enough addi- canvasver, the er selling at wholesale usually and the lat- and they were allowed to go. They returned on the date upon and brought several additional b with them. Again ther wished to go home for New Year's day and were allowed to doso, and came back on the 2d of January. bringing still more outlaws with them. y knew, at the same time, that they were certain of receiving the severest kind of punishment, either denth or long years of service in the But with the sucret wrigandage of the pres- ent day, as manifested by the proceedings of the Mafia, it is pretty safe to say there is no sense of honor wha: rE. MADE LAFAYETTE A REPUBLICAN: ‘The Burning of One of Voltaire’s Works by the Pablic Executioner. James Parton in the New York Leder. HE NEW MONUMENT TO LAFAYETTE in Washington recalls to mind the always interesting story of his stealing away from the arms of his young wife and the seductions of a luxurious court to serve liberty in the colonies f America. But there isa story behind that which is less generally known. What made this young marquis a republican? If, we trace the inclination to its origin, we shall find that it began with the attempt of the Freach govern- ment to suppress.a popular book. The suppression of popular books by the trong hand of the law has been often attempted in Europe and recently the government of the United States tried its unpracticed hand at the business, but the attempt, I believe, has never once succeeded, nor has it often failed to give the obnoxious work an intense and widespread popularity. state freqnently joined in the anathema, the church condemning the book and the state burning it by the hand of the public execu- tioner. In some instances representatives of both attended the burning and took part, in the elaborate ceremonial that preceded 1t. The public burning of the book that made Lafay- republican occurred June 10, 1724, three vears before he was born, and it was done in the manner following: THE CEREMONIOUS BURNING. In one of the squares of Paris a temporary platform was erected, and in front of it at a anfe distance a stake was driven into the ground, as though the author himself were about to be consumed. When the appointed hour arrived the grand inquisitor, in his robes, and severa) dignitaries of the church in theirs, ascended this platform. To the priest highest in rank the clerk of the court which had con- demned the book presented the copy of it with small iron chains twisted about it. The priest handed the book to the chief inqui tor, who gave it back to the clerk. He handed it to another officer, and it passed through sev- eral hends until it ‘at last reached those of the In old France both church and | executioner, attired in his official costume. That functionary lifted the volume above his head, and while thus holding it he turned slowly round to the four points of the compa: after which he took the chains off the book, tore out the leaves one at a time, dipping each in burning pitch and placed them about the stake. Finally, he set fire to the heap and the book was brilliantly consumed. Such was the process frequently employed at Parisin burning a book and several of the most popular works of the eighteenth century were advertised in that way. Inevery the ceremony proved to be the most mode of advertising which had then been in- vented. THE ROOK THAT WAS RURXED. What dreadful book was it upon which church and state thus set the seal of reprobation? It was @ very little volume, containing twenty- four letters written by Voltaire from England, where he had lived for two or three years and made a diligent stndy of its language, literatare, science and politics. No little book could well be more innocent and harmless than this one, in which the author chatted agrecably with his correspondent npon the points in which Eug- land most differed from France. He dwelt much upon the freedom that prevailed there and the honors paid to men of genius and learning. No matter how much an Englishman might differ in opinion from his countrymen or bis king he was free to utter his conviction if he did so with « rea sonable regard for the rights of others. All sects were tolerated and there were thirty of themmin all. At the London exchange men of all faiths and of no faiths transacted their business peaceably together and then went their several ways, to the synagogue, to the club, to the tavern. ‘This toleration, the author showed, so far from promoting dis- sension ond sectarian bitterness, tended to eace and general good will, while the jonors paid to men of science and genius abated ‘the excessive importance attached in other countries to rank. ‘The letter on this subject concluded with e that impressed the young Marquis de Lafayette so deeply thet the impression was uever effaced. REPUBLICAN SENTIMENTS. “In France,” Voltaire wrote, “every one isa marquis who wishes to be: and whoever comes to Paris from the extremity of a ince with money to spend anda name ending in ‘ac’ or ‘lle’ can ‘A man like myself,’ ‘A man of my quality,” and look down with sovereign con- tempt upon a merchant. The merchant hears himself spoken of so often with disdain for his profession that he is foolish enongh to blush for it. I know not, however, which is the more useful to. state—a well-powdered lord who knows precisely at what hour the king gets up, at what hour he goes to bed, and who gives himself grand airs while playing the ps slave in a minister's ante-chamber, or chant who enriches his country, sends ord from his counting room to Surat or Cai contributes to the happiness of mankin: ‘The little book contained many passages of @ similar tendency, expressed with the same in- sinuating tact and adroitness. ‘There were pas- sages also upon the new philosophy of Newton, upon inoculation, upon Shakespeare, Pope. Ad- dison, the great charter extorted from King John and the Quakers of Fox and William Penn. In short, it was just such alittle book as aman of liberal and patriotic mind would naturally write upon England for such a coun- try as France when George II was king of England and Louis XV was king of France. It was like holding up an enchanting picture of freedom to prisoners in chains. So it was burned by the hangman, which fact gave it universal currency in the reading circles of France, and that fact caused it to full into the hands of Lafayette when he wes a precocious nd romantic boy nine years old, reading easy books in Latin. “It made me a republican at nine,” be once wrote. This was not so remarkable, because many school boys by merely reading the Roman authors have been powerfully drawn to repub- lican ideas. The peculiarity of Lafayette's case was that, having imbibed the republican spirit at nine years, he remained faithful to it long as he lived. {in placing the new monument in the city of Washington has done a wise and be- coming action. m the first hour of Lafay- ettc's abode in the United States to the last yur triumphal progress through it in his old ago’ he loved this laud and” itt peopl In the first letter that he wrote to his wifeatter landing in South Carolina he said: LAPAYETTE’S LOVE FOR AMERICA. “Tam going now, my dear heart, to speak to you of the country and its inhabitants. They are as amiable as my enthusiasm had pictured them. Simplicity of manners, a desire to oblige, the love of country and of liberty, a pleasing equality prevail here among the wholo people. The richest man and the poorest are on a level; and although there are immense fortunes in this country I defy any one to discover the least difference in their behavior to one another eet bas aor harming are very pretty, very simple and of a c Glestiines, ‘the latter quality reigns here everywhere with the greatest thoroughness, more even than in England. What enchants me here is that all the citizens are brothers. All the citizens haye a comfortable property nd all enjoy the same rights as the most pow- erful proprietor of the country. The taverns different from those of Europe: the landlord and landlady sit at the with you, preside over the and when you fanny, 708 pay your bill witheu: Any Such were his first inj ee wi — — FUNNY FACTS ABOUT TEETH. RAILROADS Some Curious Information Regarding the RCHYQNP AND DANVILLE kati no aD oa Deatition of Mammals, AD whee terve snd qrepve ahboumnpieeet: MAN NOT A CARNIVOROUS ANIMAL BY NATURE, BUT MERELY BY HABIT—vaRrovx PoRroses To | f WHICH DIPYERENT KINDS OF TEETH ARE PUT CREATURES THAT MAVE TEETH ON THPIR TONGUES—FANGS OF POISON SNAKES. gov WILL OFTEN hear it said thet by nature a carn is shown t the incisors or so-call canine’ tecth with which | he is provided, but st not true. Haman bein; H are carnivorons only by | habit, and not b: ture. teologist Lucas of the sonian Institution who said so tos writ “esapeake and me. Dany», Green i pom. —Western Express si isin vest Te y ‘Tue Stan, and he added Texan om ‘can hea, “You see, it is always from am animal's teeth |!" areal that the dict intended for it by usture is 2 judged. But the fact that it bas in not prove that it is carnivorous. plenty of purely vegetable-eating beasts wi have well-leveloped incisors. the m: key, for example. Monkeys’ sare much | more developed than those wey are exclusive.y fruit ea merely useful for figh scended from anthropoid apes. canine teeth, but, for the re lopger employ them for com they have become smaic {rngivorous, presun he firet began to eat mu far back, judging from the remains of ext mammais found in the caves among the of his cooking fires which burned Landreds of | thousands of years ago. ANIMALS CLASSIFIED BY THEIR TERT by the teeth of mammals that ‘most readily classitied, inasinuch as the denti- | tion illustrates the food of the animal and the general habits which nece: depend upon its manner of procuring food. ‘ihe teeth by which these things are determined are not the | incisors, but the molars or grinders. A man mal asnally bas aeveral kinds ot teeth a its | jaws. Take the monkey, tor exar front teeth are for cai little things. With them it catch parasites, the fleas, ax dues sikewise incisors are for fighting, although in the earni- | vora they are employed to picrce the tlesh | ac deeply 90 a8 to oper the vein» aul bleed the | | victim to death. Shus you will find that a | © tiger will kuow by instinct where tw sirike the jugular yeir of an ox, of the location ot which | 1 dare day that you yourself are not very definitely aware. “Behind the incisors in the monkey, ax well as in man, are fow molars, which are for cutting up w swallowed, while the molars tne form the grinding process. It is re ful, you will observe, how admirably tire apparatus is adapted tor th View. You find the most remar ment of the incisors of canines in the exti saber-toothed tiger contemporary with j cave men, Which bad two knite-hay eu ROYAL ite upper Jaw so nuge that it often ied in con- | sequence of catching theta i the jower jaw, | being thus rendered unable to close its mouth. | } Each of these tremendous wespous bad a keen | ‘saw on its inner edge. cisors doce sands the south vin Cha ceive oh Wastinete AYEOR, Pass Agent > RATLWAN aa t must have been v Car Are oped ey FULLER, or Agent = Gomera! Hosen » RAL ta hoap ry 1, Not ret Of New Jersey Lr AND OW up ane nipp and h ed Larios roms, daily 12.90 3.30, ae the th i XE POR NEW PMAUCADELPHTA nud t YORK AND “40, #8 “10-30. pm same Ua. “The tusks of an cle re the upper in- | cisors of the beast. ot antende You fi *s.00, “10-00, “1204 nary all through creation ™ adaptation of the teeth to nec famuliar, of course, with the mgluy tvory lanc Of the narwhal, ven or twelve feet tn lenzth and | strong and sherp enough to be driven through | the side of a ship. ‘Ihat lane left upper incisor of the mammal. while by a freak both of the upper be developed im the nurwhid #0 that it i equipped with two spears instead of Wem. 12 00n00a oa i] CHAS. 0. NOLL 2 Gen Faw AST Mi GRPA, Manaver VENNeVE tooth in this cuse is designed for a wea porary aS fighting. Ihe female has no lance pit a ss ‘ se Which is a prolongation of the nasal process, is | LEAN WaNHiNGTON D LOM STATION fringed with teeth. Again you have a we ADD merely, the manner of the creature strike right and left for the purpose of wouud- ing its prey. In mammals, however, the tech | are restricted to the jawboues. Lizards and snakes have them on the bones of the pe Well. ‘True bony teeth are peculiar to a which have backbones. ‘the most elabor dental apparatus known belongs to. th urchin, wnose jaws are composed of fo: jeces, Moved by forty separate wuscies. Su: ve & sort of ribbon with which they rasp their | food as with a tile. Anteaters, though they ar mammals, have no teeth at all; but they get there just the sume, having no need to chew their prey. The whalebone whale is another manual that has no teeth, its practice being to swallow its food whole. A FISH WITH TEETH ON ITs ToxorE. “The biggest of fresh water fishes, the ‘arapaima’ of the Amazon in South America, which grows to six feet in length, has te its tongue, so that the latter resem and is used as such. Some kinds of trout also have the saine peculiarity. F that swat low their prey entire have their tecth so sup- ported on flexible bases as to bend backward | but not for@ard, in order that th jams | shall not escape after they nave been once seized. In ages gone by there were ferocio sharks, such as would make a moathiul of» without blinking, seventy tect im length. Pienty of their weth have becu found wuich are five inches long, w teeth belonging to sharks that « present day are a half i Speaking of extinet er reminds me say that all of the early birds—thowe of earls times, that is—had teeth, with wnich | y ptured the early worms of the e | period. Being descendid from reptiles it is hatural that they should possess adental equip- ment, but whei ed to be caraiverous they had no tee WHY A RATS TEETH GROW coNTINCALLY. “Certain animals have teeth which grow uring all their lives, ‘The rat and the squirrel are examples of this. Our own teeth are de- | veloped from pulps, which are absorbed and disappear after the tecth are grown, but rat's touth the pulp is perpetual aul is cor tinuaily secreting material by which the in- cixor gains length. ‘Therefore the animal i> | obliged to gnav' all the time to keep the tooth ground down to the proper length. It is com- monly imagined that the rat keeps gnawing | from pure cassedness, but such is not Sometimes it happens that the beast's upper and lower incisors do not mect properly, so that it is unable to gnaw. and its teeth keep |‘ around ina ral. Causes have bee as “ yee a = Known where a rat's t |__ OCEAN STEAMERS. being to tay et Marriabure wit Lewisville apd. Me Tan! Cnweaso. PALLIMOKE AND POTOMAC RATLROAD. » Rechewter and Niawar Patie Tor ea daily) ’ Ward tuto te Bo ater and Niagara) al Saturday. with Sleeping Use MTOR daly, 3-3 the tile a <OPLPHIA, SEW YORK AND THER. mt 1a 0, 315, AST, rk oniy, 1 “tails +OK PHILADELPITA ONLY. Wan. week days and 4 p.m. Aare y ctily, a0 poe 25 pm. ali trowel, traits A rook yu Anuen, | For | geeks | Sac ! ue aver. (ali) Genera. known where a rat's tooth grew in | jum 1 ROUTE TO LON NOKDUEL To Southa: Fulda, Tacs, x about teeth is that they are harder than most anything else in nuture aud wiil iast longer, s0 that they may be picked up in an excellent state of SS ages after the animals to which they originally belonged are dead. “You often hear of rendering a rattlesnake harmless by pulling out its fangs. Then again Zou, read of cases where a serpent #0 treated | bitten persons fatally. The reason for this | is that a poisonous snake is deprived only tem- FROM NEW Yok £VEKY WEDNESDAY. porarily of its venomous powers by the extrac- | tion of the two incisors in the upper jaw, at the | City of Bs bases of which are the poison glands. Of | (i course you know that the fangs are hollow, so that when the animal strikes the venom 8 through them into the flesh of the person struck. Now, by drawing the two teeth the | snake may be rendered harmless for a few | Weeks, but after s short time the two teeti: just | behind tok poy faugs move up und iake | ir 4 connections with the | ew york poison glands and thus becoming poison fangs | **".,," ion) yam po met aa the old ona” | asd VERP. 8.0 oa F. Dxour, } = whit AN LINK. NEw YORK, QUEENSTOWN AND LIVERPOOL, & SONS, Gen. Agents, Bowling Green, New bork. GW. MOSS, Wel Paave.. Washington, D SIAR LINE. Deleins Koyal aud Unitedtstates Mai. Steamers di- a ietween se PHILADELPHIA to, —____ waRpionbos A Long Felt For Want. . Bran m Beisium, Holland, Franc. wi First cabin, second cabin, steurage at low rates. age Cag LTEN WIIGHT & SONS, General Agente, U Bow Green, New dork, orto G, W, MUSE, WLPe sven rpoors “Tourists can visit Jamaics and her GREAT EXBT TION, vemarn there Beard and Kenda atthe CONSTANT SPiN 3A Date TH YOR woud & 00. Agia Be bare Fi, Fo 200, Apa ge pieuitt THOS. COUR k MON: Tours ksturien de PRINTERS. RGAL, LON, FE NAnd allotber Binks, {tm GW.