Evening Star Newspaper, November 1, 1890, Page 11

STAR: WASHINGTON. Ld D. C. COUSINS IN TREES. Thicgs Explorer Stanley Will Have to Say About African Monkeys. SOME GOOD ANIMAL STORIES. Wonderful Things That theChimpanzee May Be Made to Do—Apes That Wait on the Table and Act Otherwise as Servants—Crow Talk. ———_ Write :for Tae Evexte Stan. : XPLORER STANLEY can tell some interesting tales of what might be cailed the more human types of monkeys, as he himself has seen them in their native forests. Some years ago, whon he first fell in with the curious race of dwarfs in Central Africa, whose ancestors are supposed to have given occasion for the ancient stories of the pigmi be ‘ound that they were in the habit of bunting for food a variety of ape called by them tho “soko,” which was accustomed to render the interminable forests of that region vociferous at night with its unearthly howls. The explorer picked up a number of the skulis of these animals in the pigmy villages and forwarded them to England, where distinguished anat- emits pronounced them human. Cannibalism is almost universally prevalent in the rier of the dark continent and this is presumably responsible for a mistake on anley's part. The skulls he sent were really been satixfa ctorily identified zee. Had the case b other- long-songht “missing link” would been discovered. It was a re- lef to humanitarians all over the world, and more particularly to the missionary so which have no equipment for elimbi: to learn that no branch of the hum dees after all pursue an arboreai exist leaping from bough to bough with every prospect of successfully eluding the distribu- tor of gratuitous bymn books and Testaments. NOT A SURPMSING MISTAKE. The mistaking of what was human for chim- panzee is not so surprising when one considers how nearly this anthropoid ape approaches to man in point of anatomy. Place the skeleton of a man alongside that of # chimpanzee and you will Ve astonished at the resemblance. To panzee so , 2 man of in- ferior bodily and cranial development. In as Mr. Stanley says, there i» no very rial difference in physical structure be- ¢ chimpanzee and the lowest human ndin Africa. Nor is there so very marked a superiority over the chimpanzee to be found in this lowest human type im respect to min Many tribes of people in Africa are to count beyond five or six. Perhaps bimpanzce cannot count as many, but the mal is susceptible of teaching in a very as- tonishing degree, CHIMPANZEES AS SERVANTSO Chimpanzees have often been taught to wait on table and sweep out rooms, the wages given them for such work being usually paid in bananas. Indeed they respoud better for tle tr ent than to be @ with them em to go hungry for a or withholding from h they are most fond. tionate beasts and become to their masters. There story of @ man who zee that waited upon ngly woll. But one he had invited to dinner wanted aciean spoon in place of one he had dropped on the floor. To his surprise he saw the attendant ape, who, his master had said, astomed to wash the dishes, go behind * room door and, after giving the k with his tongue, polish it off wth his apron, thereupon fetching it back with ag afterward discovered that th the dish washing that way, ‘be method easier than the one he had taught. REMARKABLE STORIES. Some time ago a distinguished Frenchman published a book, in which he tried to show w c nzees would sooner or later take ces Of household servants. He himself ssed one of the animals, which was trained fire and to wake its master as soon 2 was hot. This author referred inci- to the use which the ancient Ezyp own to have made of baboons, y yed them to gather oranges, among Other things. Many carvings on the ancient tombs exhibit scenes in which monkeys ara Picking ‘cuit in the trees, while peopie stand Leiow with baskets, Stanley telly a story Emin Vasha, about a ¢ whic #he found in Central tr: a. ‘These intelligent beasts were accustomed to go On forays at night in th are ku « , on the authority of in tribe of monkeys vegetable patches of the natives, carrying lighted torches. Inasmuch ex wild ‘beasts are always very much afraid of fire, this must be considered @ remarkably steep yarn. It might be inquired also where they got. their Lights. Gorillas, however, do often gather about fires that have been left burning and de- might for the sake of seem greatly to enjc ir intellig the warmth, y. But the uce is very apparent for it never occurs to them to prolong pleasure by patting on more wood. An- thing the gorilla docs is, in stealing to try to p p many stalks at + @athering them together in one grasp attempting to uproct them by a single ighty ‘stren for which this animal is noted, never 0 him to take one sugar cane atu time. BRAINS AND INTRELIGENCE. %. in captivity, the degree lligence, because the an.- es all the time when confined and in- year. The intelligence t to be judged by the relative «brains. Itisa curious fact that uirrel monkey bas more brains in its size than any of the higher it has a greater quantity of braia uvely to its physical dimensions Furthermore, the skull of this Key 1s more nearly like a humaa pe than that of the chimpanzee, facial angle being very remarkable. the animal iw not really par- geut for # monkey. It is not ain that tells, you see, but the ons of the gray matter. And yet it © gravely asserted that woman could “s equal in intellect because her 4 weighed a few ounces less. A porpoise a much bigger brain than a man’s, but it is eulted with as much se: it is worth yuing that orang-outangy build houses for ther families very much after the fashion adopted in the construction of their dwellings by the lowest African savages, POWERS OF SPEZCU OF MONKEYS. it is likely that before long further experi- ents will be made at the Smithsonian regard- ing the powers of speech of apes, in which Dr. Garner, one of the honorary curators of the Institut believes so earnestly. He thinks that monkeys really have spcech in the human sense of the term. “We find in the lower forms of the animal kingdom,” he tok a Bran representative ‘the other’ day, “that sixns alone prevail a8 a means of communica, tion, As we asceud the scale of development we perceive that the signs grow more Uniform and expressive, and gradually we Observe that they accompanied by sounds. Among the higher animals sounds are finally substituted for signs. The number of words employed by the monkey is quite jn but the same sound is modified by tion im such @ manneras to enlarge their language greatly. My observations lead iv to betieve that they “8 some ten or twelve distinct roots or cardinal sounds, and ‘tuai by modulating these ia certain ways they have some forty or fifty words at their com- mand. The first and simplest oral sounds are interjections, but I think the monkey uses nouns and verbs with great significance. His wants and anxieties being few, the words at his command are sufficient to nother of his kind the desires to express. Doubt- less monkeys have dialects, although these are not so distinct as ours. I believe that an in- telligent monkey can be taught to couverse with a human being, and it is with a view to accomplishing this result that 1 am experiment- ing. As to cultivating their speech. | think it quite as practicable as to cultivate that of man, though not to the same degree of perfection. Sofar as Iam able to discover, the itellect, reason and speech of monkeys differ from the *ame faculties in man in degree only and not in kind. Negroes have an old saying to the effect that ® monkev could talk if he would, but doesn’t do 80 because he is afraid of being putto work. Certainly apes have almost as much power of speech as some African savages, whose talk sounds like the pouring of water from a long- necked jug. SPEFCH OF Cows. Another Smithsonian curator has made astudy of the speoch of crows, whic realiy do talk with remarkable fluency, it would appear. As they fy overhead you can hear them conversing, vn : “AW-aw-aw, ou-0u, ob- ¢ crow conversation on topics such as the state of the ts for the corn crop, and Bui the birds possess also vocal fa- of common intere weather, the prospe so forth. cilities for the expression of various emotions. When a flock of them is engaged in pillaging a field of grain, sentinel crows invariably stand around on the neighboring tree tops to watch lest any one approach. If they see a person coming, they will cry with emphasis, “Ah! ab! ah!” The note means just as if the idea were expressed in words comes somebody! Look ont now! He ing direetiy this way, and he hasa gun! time we were off!” It's flock stops eating at the first alarm and quickly wings its way toa safe distance. if you care to listen out in the corn fields you will Often hear the crows exchange ques: trom tree top to tree top. The tone of th te tive is unmistak y say any one coming?” The birds are in- urious by nature. Approaching some- thing it is doubtful about,but anxious to inves- », the crow says, “Ab!ah!” ina way that means as plainly as possible “I see it! 1 see it!” PUTTING A HAWK TO FLIGHT, The curator referred to, who is such an ama- teur in crows, saw quite 2 curious occurrence one day while sitting nuder a tree. Two crows were in the tree, one of them near the top and the other on the end of a branch lower down. A good-sized hawk came alcug and only cht sight of the crow in the tree top just as he passed over it. Now hawks do not attick crows, because the latter are too strong for them; but this one, finding the temptation suddeniy be- neath his nose. or rather his beak, acted on the spur of the moment, and, turning in his flight suddenly, dropped upon the unexpectant black fellow. The latter's mato had only just time to ery, “Oh! oh!” but that exclamation said as clearly as words could have spoken it, “Horrors! look out!” A moment later the mate had pounced upon the hawk and the two crows together quickly routed the adversary. These birds are beyond a doubt the most in- telligent of ail the feathered tribe. The crow amateur in question had a pet crow that was a marvel. Lut its most remarkable trick was probably discovered by itself through accident. Itwas given food in the round tin cover of a powder ean, and its favorite game was to take this cover up to the top of a steeply inclined plank, put both feet in it and coast down tothe bottom. This it would do over and over cain with loud of delight. Crows are queer birds. roorta! and the more one sees of them the more he wonders at their ways. eg The Garnering Time. Fair is the world, now autumn’s wearing, 1 ng Abed; the days, now winter s nearing, And all winds feign that the wind is dead. he hedge where the crabs hang yellow s the vlossomsof the sprin, the pe And none but the Cauntless re mellow, ing. Gray Were the days Fair was the summer, So soon his 0'e Here where the rest ii In the garnering Come from the gray old house by the water, Where, far froit ip? of the hungry sea, Green eth the grass o'er the eld of the slaughter, And ail isa tale for thee and mo. —WittiamM Morris. Half Rates to New York via Royal Blue Line. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company ill sell excursion tickets from Washington to ew York city and ali points in the state of New York at one fare for the round trip. Tickets will be sold for all trains October and November land will be good for re Passage until Novembe clusive, —English Iliustrated Manaz “= se. Reduced Registration in North Carolina. The great exodus of colored people from North Carolina during the past two years has affected the registration this year. Many of those who left their native state were teading men among their people, and those who mained have consequently shown very little interest in governmental affairs, The result is there has been a large falling off in the num- ber of colored voters registering for the com- lection, In Raleigh there was a decrease and in Charlotte a decrease of over 1,000. It is estimated if the failing off holds in’ the sarae ratio in districts deserted by the colored people for other climes the democratic vote will show @ majority of 35,000 or more, ze cor Home Misstonary Soctety. The ninth annual convention of the Women’s Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States is in session at Luffalo, N.Y. Mrs. John Davis of Cincinnati is president and among the vice presidents are Mrs. U. 8. Grant and Miss Fan- nie Hayes, daughter of ex-President Hayes, soe Reconciling Western Unitarians. A “conference association” of Unitarians was formed at Chicago Thuraday to effect a recon- ciliation between the Unitarian churches of the wi which have been divided since the attempt was made in 1836 to put the churches on a purely ethical basis, About half the churches objected and withdrew. - soe False Reports of Bualfour’s Reception. United Ireland publishes an article in which it discredits the reports that Mr. Balfour while on his tour through the west of Ireland was re- ceived in a friendly manner by the people, and quotes the words in praise of Mr. Balfour which the tory press attributes to several priests. in order to give the latter a chance to vindicate their characters by a prompt contra- diction, The paper says thatif the forbear- ance of the people from expression of their feeling against Mr. Balfour 1s to be malignantly misconstrued, some of them maybe provoked to make things quite plam by giving Mr. Lal- four a taste of the detestation with which he is regarded by the Irish people, — a te A Center of Crime Near Berlin. Within the last two weeks twelve cases of highway robbery and garrotting and one of murder have been committed in the neighbor- hood of Spandau, about nine miles from Ber- lin. Six of the robbers have been arrested and are now in jail. The gendarmesare kept every night scouring the highways in order to pro- tect travelers, and keep on the lookout for rob- bers. ‘Those who have been caught proved to be workmen who were discharged after the building season was over, The head of the un- fortunate man who was murdered was beaten almost to a jelly, in order to make the bodyun- recognizable. “aie Knew Too Much, From the Whiteside Herald. Intelligent Compositor: “That new reporter Spells ‘victuals’ ‘v-i-t-a-l-s.'" Foreman: “Yes, he's fresh; make ‘er right snd dump’r in here; want to go to press in just 3 minutes.” And this is what the public read when the paper was issued: ‘The verdict of the coro- jury was that the deceased came to bis death trom the effects of » gunshot wound the victuals.” * —————+ee______ Acandied confectioner may soon be heard telling his customers that‘owing to the ot and terra alba on the free lat he ail be able to makea reduction in his goods on and after such a date.—Hosion Zrunscript, ‘ IS THE EARTH FLAT? A Man Who Expends Money and Ink to Prove That It Is, THE EDGE OF THE WORLD. A Periodical Published to Prove the Earth a Plane—All Modern Sci Declared a Humbug—The Nort asthe Hubof the Universe. ———__ Written for Taz Evento Stan, HE EARTH; scripturally, rationally, and practically described. A geographical, philosophical, and educational review. Fynautical guide, and general student's 7 manual,” Such is the all-embracing title of singular publication that made its first appearance in London on the 4th of September, 1856, It was an eight-page quarto, two columus to the page, and was “printed for the proprietor at ‘Ye Caxton Pryntynge Werkes’, 3,4 and 5, Swan buildings, Moorgate street, and published by Messrs. Perry & Co., Paternoster Row, E. C. The word “fortnightly” was printed in the upper left-hand corner of the first page, and for a time at least it was issued regularly, for thirteen numbers were sent out in this form before its publication was discontiuued, The general make-up of these numbers is fair and the typography clean, From a casual examination one would never suspect what a ponderous mass of strangely new knowledge is concealed therein, But acloser scrutiny reveals a free use of exclamation points and italics, premoni- tory flashes and tremors indicative of giant forces and pent-up powers impatient of a too long restraint. ‘The origina! matter is full of strong, explosive senteuces which have a sh-h-h-h—-boom—nah-h-h-h effect that reminds one of the pyrotechnic display lately seen here at the numerous destructions of Pompeii, In- terspersed throughout the pages are quota- tions from well-known writere. These quota- tions usually contain some self-evident general truth and appear to fortify by high authority and to eurround with an atmosphere of plausi- bility the statements of the editor. The price of each number of this engine of civilization was a penny. There wore agencies for its sale in four citios in America, The originator, proprietor and editor of this re- markable periodical intended therewith to revolutionize at least a round half-dozen of ciences. How weil he has succeeded one knows, His name and address— dampden, Croyden, Surrey, England, HOW HE LOST HIS MONEY. In March, 1870, Mr. Hampden agreed to for- feit £500 to any one who would scientifically demonstrate the curvature of the earth’s sur- face. ‘This trath once established, he con- ceded, would prove tue truth of the Newtonian theory that the earth isa globe. Mr. Alfred Kussel Wallace accepted this offer and pro- ceeded to carry out bis part of the contract, A place knowa as the Bedford canal or level. situated ina marshy district on the eastern coast of England, was chosen as the theator of operation, Referees or judges acceptable to both par! were selecte During the greater part of a week cbservations, measurements and calculations were made scien- titic gentlemen of high standing by means of the latest and most perfect instru- ments and by the most approved methods, ‘Ine result was that the judges de- cided against Mr, Hampden and in favor of Mr. Wailace, and conciuded the matter by pay- ing over to the latter the stake of £500. Mr. enounced the whole affair as a resorted to vituperation, de- nunciation and strong invective, Finally Mr. Wallace brought suit for libel against Mr. Hampden and won hiscaso, These two defeats left rankiing wounds, form one of the nuu- bers of The Earth its editor writ “Is the swindling transaction at the Bedford canal in 1870 yet obliterated from the memories of Mr. Wallace and bis associates? Do they insanely imagine we have either forgotten or forgiven ite” Pole HIS VIGOROUS CAMPAIGN. It seoms that for fiftcen years this doughty controvervialist had been unsuccessful in his efforts to induce the scientitic societies to listen toan exposition of his theories or to print thom in their transactions, /Thercfore he concluded to publish a journal of his own, in which he could say what be pleased without being beholden to any one ‘the first number of The Earth contains a card “Io Our Readers,” im which the editor makes the modest assertion that “never since journalism was first introduced has there been @ single sheet headed with this title or devoted tothe subject we propose to discuss in these columns; @ subject, too, which ought to be as familiar to every man, woman and child in the world as the number and names of the days of the week. As soon a they know their right hand from their leit children should be taught the shape of the earth beneath their feet, aud they would know it intuitively were it not for tue fictions and fables forced into their minds from a set of Bible-bating aud intidel astrol- ogers who lived and wrote in the durkest ages of the world.” Some idea of the shape of the carth, as Mr. Been proposes we should understand it, may be had from an advertivement on the eighth pageof this first number, where we learn that for 1s, 6d, oue can obtain « copy of a “coloured map of the world, as w circular plane, with diagram of corrected latitud d longitudes.” Speaking of this map he says, “there 1s no other chart that can be compared withit” To which siatement few persons will be inclined to take exception. But then he adds, “every other map of the worldisa frightful and shameful burlesque of the truth,” the verity of which assertion just as few will be likely to concede, HAMPDEN'S THEORY, This, in brief, is this cosmographer's theory ofthe earth: That it isa great flat circular, stationary plane, its inhabitants living only on the upper side of it; that the sun and moon revolve above it ata mean height of about 2,700 miles, and that there is no such thing as solar attraction or gravitation. ‘The conti- nents and seas are arranged about the arctic region in the center of the earth pla od spread away toward the outer edge of the disk, the meridians of longitude diverging like the spokes of a wheel from the northern center to the southern circumference. It would be weil for the Patagonians and Australians to adopt the precaution to keep a wide-awake seaman up alott as they go sailing about the southern seas or they may sail serenely off the face of the eurth and go floating everlastingly through the unexplored regions of infinite space, With « few extra blows of his cudgel this iconoclast demolishes, to his own satisfaction evidently, tho principles of maguetism, which he ways are as woefully erroncous as are the popularly accepted notions of the ocean’ shape, and the fact of atmospheric pressure, which he considers as Ereposterously false and gross @ delusion as a spherical earth, Lunar eclipses, too, shure a similar fate. In this ease, however, he furuishes a substitute for the theory destroyed. He tells us positively that the darkening of the face of the moon is not caused by a sbadow of the earth, but is due simply to some non-luminous body passing be- fore our satellite at determinate intervals, And thus he fulminates aguiust a projected ex- pedition to reach the south pole: “Could any one in their sober senses be so infatuated, so mentally degraded as to seriously contemplate an expedition toa place which only » set of heathen astrologers invented in an age notor- fous for its whimsical superstitions? geographers know about # ‘south pole It will be admitted that Mr. Hampden knows how to propound some stunning questions, Children often do the same, SINGLE-HANDED IN THE FIGHT, Mr. Hampden recognizes the fact that he stands almost alone in his contest with the scientific world, and that it is his lot to fight, single-handed, what he calls “a combined hos of stupia opposition in the face of existing scorn, ridicule, malice and ignorance.” He asks if, under the circumstances, it can be expected that he will have auy great considera- tion for the feelings of his aaversarian and, to show that he would not, he launches forth in this manner: “‘One of wooden-headed con- tributors on the editorial staff oi the Kensington News has lately been filling three or four columns every week in his absurd attempt to prove the world a globe, by a series of math- ematical figures which would have served equally well as an illustration of a new pattern for floor cloth.” When Mr. Hampden swings out bis right he doesu’t use five-ounce gloves, “All the attempts which have hitherto been made,” says he, “to establish pointslof colli- sion or sntagonism between the Bible and ‘true’ science have resulted in failure. But that a real antagonism does exist between rev- elation and modern theories, falsely called science, none will venture to fonri eat anas- much as all modern science is in antag- onism with the inspired records, all modern science must be a unworthy epusions | counterfeit and as ‘eetandard of reference in determining the truth of the Mosaic records as ® butcher's scales would be incapable of weigh- ing diamonds.” SOME STUNNING QUESTIONS. “The primary and practical question we have to determine,” as Mr. Hampden puts it, “is this: On what possible grounds can a surface, which to any available extent, even on land, can be proved to be devoid of any approxim tion to a continuous curve, while, on water, an absolutely level and horizontal area can alone be discovered by the utmost skill aud the most perfect instruments we can employ, be calied globe or any portion of @ globe or sphere: Never for a moment has he aqmitted that the Bedford canal experiment was anything more than a stupendous piece of scientific jugglery on the pari of a lot of designing men, Mr. Hampden is like the twelfth Jury: who declared that “the bull ‘ieven were agin bim from the start” ‘We have very re- luctantly and very regretfully been forced to the conclusion,” he writes, “that there is no longer any room for doubting that the clergy, the journalist and Profesional ‘classes gene erally have entered upon a determined con- spiracy to assist to the utmost and exposure of the Pagan bla: Isaac Newton's globular theory these tlundermg craftsmen, 11 discussion with specious effrontery, have actually silenced the too timid defeuder of biblical truth, So that the very men who naturally shrank from ex- posing the weakuess of the only authority they their had for occupying the positions they did yielded submission to these braggart geologists and tamely acquiesced in all the blaspuewy they uttered!” * THE BIBLICAL THEORY. “Wo claim no originality,” says this zetetic philosopher, “for the announcement that this earth is a circular and motionless plane in- stead of a revolving ball. This was regarded as a broad, puipadle, indisputable and well- established fact during the first five thousand Years, And the impious and impudent attempt to improve upon or supplant the inspired teach- ing of the sacred historians by the whimsical fictions of the heathen astrologers is all that we are engaged in denouncing. * * * We can- not admit that Newton's solar system or globu- lar theory is partly true and partly false. but we most emphatically declare, and are pre- pared to prove, that it docs not contain one single particle of truth from tie first line to the last. * * * Ihe globular theory is theory ouly, extravagant and unphuosophical, ir- onal and absurd, dependent on ‘laws which have never existe only by bigots who have peal to actual facts to illus: too learned pretensi and is supported . Whereas the indis- putable proofs of the world being a stationary plane are so numerous and so overwhelming aud so palpable [as to convince] every honest > inquirer. Chilaren at play’ may in- duige in fanciful conjectures, but’ practical men should not submit to such baseless super- stitions as to believe that their ships are ever sailing upside down to the docks from whence they started.” Shades ot Galileo, Kepler and Newton! What grinding torments must their departed spirits endure if such utterances as these are ever borne in upon their conscionsuess to disturb their deliberations, as they meet upou the bank of some limpid stream flowing through the Elysian ficlds to discuss the deep problems that once so perplexed them, but which they must now 80 easily comprehend, Ju 1877 Mr. Hampden published a little bro- chure of sixteen pages entitled “The New anual of Biblical Cosmography,” in which he outliues the general system of the universe according to his views, ‘The foliowing is a summarized statement of the leading features of this system: In the first place, all the usually accepted maps of the world, both those showing two hemispheres and Mercator’s rectilinear proje tie all models representing the earth as globe, and all our geograpiics, must be dis- carded ag being in every respect erroneous and utterly misleading. All our acquired learning on this subject must be unlearned and rele- gated to the limbo of rejected theories. THE EARTH AND THE STARS, The earth rests on actual foundations which the Scriptures declare are past finding out. It is not merely suspended in space, but is sup- ported by some sort of substantial base under- neath it. The sun. moon and stars are self- luminous and imponderable gases, and float upon an atmosphere denser than themselves, “The stars are hardly bigger thaa the gas jeta which light our streets, and if they could be made to change places with them no astrono- mer could detect the difference. If every star in the firmament were to fall into the sea to- morrow we should miss them just as much and no more than we should the daisy on our Jawan.” The frozen north is the hub of the world and the southern ice rim is therefore the utter- most boundary of the earth and its waters and is about 32,000 miles in circumference. If two vessels should set out from Cape Horn, one sailing in @ southeasterly and the other ina southwesterly course, they would never meet again round a point or pole due south of both, but would touch the ice border at widely d tant points. East and west are relative terms and always imply @ circular direction, while the expressions north and south always irdi- cate a right line, THE BUN REVOLUTIONS, The sun revolves ove the earth at the height of about 2,700 miles in a plane parallel to the surface of the level earth. Its orbit is concentric and spiral. During six months its spiral course decreases as it nears the June solstice, and increases to its greatest dimen- sions during the remaining six months as it appreaches the December solstice, traveling with greater rapidity from June to December as each successive day increases the length of the radius vector of its orbit, aud at a con- stantly decreasing rate of speed in its journey northward from Rewaier to June. The in- creased rapidity of the sun’s. motion in the southern portion of its course causes a much greater degree of cold in the regious south of the equator. It makes two and # half coucen- tric revolutions before resuming its spiral journey from either solstitial point, Its mean annual course 1: directly above the equator, At the summer ice, wheu it makes its most northern circuit, its path reaches about 1,200 miles north of the equator, and at the wiuter solstice it extends an equal distance south. The circumference of the sun's orbit at the June solstice is 16,200, and it travels at the rate of 56239 miles an’ hour., Over the equator in March and September its orbit is 21,600 miles and its speed 900 miles an hour. At the De- ber solstice its orbit is 27,300 miles and its 1,2373¢ miles an hour. The sun of course makes its circuits from east to west in twenty-four hours, Asit neurs our meridian we have daylight and those on the opposite meridian are left in darkness. QT passing on its ccurse the many thousand f vapors and clouds in the atmosphere obscure its rays till the dawn of another day. The moon is nearer to us than the sun, one hemisphere being light (its own light, not a reflected one) and the other dark. ‘The stars ral also have their own light. The sum may shine on them, but their light is entirely independ- ent of the sun's lumiosity, NOT A CASR OF GRAVITY, ‘The surface of all water under the heavens isadead level, Attraction does not act on water. Rivers do not flow down hill on their way to the sea, Their waters are carried for- ward by the accumulation of the waters behind, and when, as is generally the case, their sources are above the | sudden falls or rapide until they again reach a lower, level course. The moon has no more effect w the tides than upon the ebb and flow of the blood in our veins, How they are caused may be discovered when we grow wiser, Mr, Hi n is perf sincere in his be- —e the sual frvestata of his theory of 6 earth, doubt willing with Milton— sera heed The acta rote Pa gaelerentastic All that he bas written, and he has been aggressive and inde! in promulgi HOPE HELD OUT FOR FAT MEN, Special Gymnastic Machinery for Re- ducing Their Girth. THE GROWING POPULARITY OF ATHLETIC BXER- CIES STIMULATES THE INGENUITY OF INVENT- ORS—SOMB OF THE DEVICES FOR GAINING STRENGTH. From the New York Tribune. HE growing popularity of all manner of athletic sports among the youth of ‘ his land, and among middle-aged peo- ple, too, for that matter, which has led to the formation of large athletic asso- ciations, with magnificent club houses and spacious grounds, has also stimulated invent- ors to produce new and improved forms of gymnastic apparatus. The visitor to a modern well-equipped gymnasium will see a number of machines of peculiar form, the uses of which are not apparent at first sight. them was to be found in the athietic clubs of a dozen years ago, and many of them are still so new that probably nowhere else than in New York can they be seen today in actual use. Moreover, as the science of physical culture ad- vances the knowledge of the sutability of oer- tain forms of exercise to certain constitutions increases. and so does the experience of the re- sults that follow the exercise of particular muscles, EXERCISE FOR ABDOMINAL MUSCLES, Said J. W. Spalding, an expert in such mat- ters, the other day: “Many a man has tried to reduce the size of his waist by exercise, and after he has spent hours every day for weeks in waiking. running. club swinging, dumb bell lifting, riding. » has d that while his actual weight has perhaps decreased percepti- bly. yet bis waist measures about the same as usual. The factis that fatty degeneration of the muscular tissue begins nearly always in those muscles which are used the least. For this reason the abdominal muscles are gener- ally the first to be attacke: ery ounce of fat which fastens upon a muscle is so much dead -weight, closing its contraction or work- ing, and rendering the muscle less active than before. and therefore inviting more fat to ac- cum ¢ upon it, “Muscle alone has the power of contraction, thus approximating its endsand moving the parts to which they are attached and at the same time increasing in the girth, Fat bas not this power. Suppose a man carries thirty or forty pounds of fat. Seo how he is handicapped. If he wants to play ball he is in the same condition as a race horse handicapped with the same weight of iron, and of course it is readily seen that it is not desirable to be fat if strength is to be as great as possible and hence economized. Endurance is but another term for continuous expenditure of strength. Hence a fat man has less endurance than if he had no fat. Besides having fatty deposits around the muscles and thus handicapping by dead and useless weight aione it is found in small amounts throughout the muscles of fat people, even between muscle Aided go fins CAL ey anaes bacaeel except under the microscope. Such muscle in con- tracting cannot get hard, because the large sprinkiing of fat it contains throughout its sub- xtunce prevents the contracted muscle fibers from adjusting themselves in compact buidles 80 as to form the characteristic hard wood-like mass of the trained athlete. THIS REDUCES THR WAIST. Now, the only way to reduce fat is to exer- cise those muscles which are encumbered with it. The abdominal muscles are not brought into decided and strong action by a man of sedentary occupation probably once a day; and many men of active manual labor even do not use these musclesmuch. I remember the time when fat men used to be advised to lie down on a hard table on their faces, place their hands behind their backs, and. while lying flat, raise the head and shoulders as high in air as possible, This no doubt gave the abdominal muscles some exercise, but gave those of the back and neck a great deal more; so that a man’s spine ached long before his abdominal muscles felt any strain on them. In these days there are a couple of machines on the market which are especially adapted for bringing the abdominal muscles into active motion.” WALKING IN AN ARMCHAIR, Cuts of these machines are produced with this article. That part which is the same in both is the iron standard against the wall, up and down which the iron weights run smoothly, as they are raised that run through who is pulling on the ropes with his head is xiving bis abdominal muscles the most severe work. *'The other man, who has a curved some of the iv stomach muscles by means of It is best for beginners to start with this machine and after their musclés, long un- used to action, become a little accustomed to the strain, let them try the direct weight and pull by means of a head stall, using only light weights even then at first. "Half an hour of such exercise each day will do more, it is sai: to reduce the girth, especially if combin with as & degree of abstinence from drinks of any kind as possible, than any other form of exercise known, Speaking of liquids,aman who knows what he is talking about said tly: “Liquids make fat. The character of the li- quids has a good deal to do with it, but the practice of drinking generally leads to un- wieldy bulk. In Spin, where men drink little, fat is unknown. In Paris, where men content themselves with sipping thimblefuls of ab- sinthe or small cups of black coffee, the generally thing like | . SATURDAY. NOVEMBER 1, 1890-SIXTEEN PAGES, soldiers and the cavalry were men of such ex- traordinary weight that they alwars excited | comment from strangers. ie did not eur- | Prise me. Ido not believe in tHe English no- | | tion that riding reduces @ man, On the New | York mounted police force they ret heavy men every year. If I am not mistake | the limit is 165 pounds, As soon as a pouice- | man gets beyond that weight he is taken from | | the mounted foree and is allowed to perform | his work on foot thereafter. 1 do not remem- mounted police of New York obvious, They kno’ they get beyond a cer is that the: The reason is they will be retired if zghtand the result in perfect trim and almost slender men, who presented a spleu- | did appearance in uniform.” | | Another picce of gymnastic apparat | for a special purpose, is also shown in companying cut. It is intended for men who to keep the muscles of the leg and thigh constant trim for walking. “f. may be stened to the bottom of almost any arm chair of solid construction, and 1 intended jfor use in the office mainly, The we under the chair can be increased or le [at and the pedals are not in the way | when not in use, and, indeed, afford a conve- | nient foot rest and a welcome change of posi- tion once in a while. A busy man need not lose a moment from his duties during the day, and yet get considerable healthy exercise out of this handy machine. Base bali has advanced to n stage where only trained athictes of great power can bat fully against tho tremendously ewift pite! or rather throwing, now in vogue. Ac ingly a machine has been invented especially for would-be home-run makers on which they can develop those very muscles which will be brought into play when they stand on the late and prepare tosmash the ball out into far right Gadd. The machine will not train the eye, of course, or keep aman from ‘fanning the air,” but when he dovs hit the ball he may feel reasonably sure that he will hit it hard and hard hitting is the kind that wins, The accompanying cut shows the batter in position j for striking. Accord from the end of bis bat is attached to a weight, which runs up and down a sliding iron standard ashe strikes the biow and recovers his position, The weight may be increased to almost any extent, “but a few pounds will suftice for the stronzest man, Many other machines are already invented. orare in process of invention, which are in- tended to develop special muscles of the hum frame, but there 1s not room to ijiustrate them Within the limits of this article, much of the success of the modern instructor in physi- cal cuiture consists in knowing what muscles of bis pupil most need development and then how to give them what they want. Even ad- TRAINING TO BE A HEAVY PATTER. ditional beauty may be imparted to the face and neck, it is asserted, by developing those muscles of the cheeks and neck which become flabby under disuse and make the cheeks look sunken or the neck scraggy. Speaking on tl head a woman who has dmuch thought and time to such matters suid Inst week: “It is an actual fact that the muscles of the face are as susceptible of development as any muscles of the body. The method is a very simple one, but thorough. Noone can dou fora moment that a full, round neck plump cheeks add greatly to one’s beau . The only way to get this full neck and plamp checks is to go to work in an intelligent manuer and develop the neck and facial muscles, which development, perhaps,eauscs the lines of beauty to exist, Yon may dunk it is unnecessary to develop muscular tissue in order to gain beauty, Kg a litte The but that you cnn get it only by gan more fat: this is a very great mistake, lives of beauty can only exist where the cles are plump and firm, The development the muscles of the face and neck Jsup th holiows and cau-es the flesh to uve a firm and healthy looik, whereas the addition of fat wit out muscular develop will cause the fles! to look weak and fiabt a “Yes; most comfortable chair in the world, Now, if I wish to reclino at ease, all I have to do is to press this little button, and up she—— Harr Rates to Paitapevrara via Roan Bug Lixe.—The B. and 0. R.R Co. will sell excursion tickets from Washington to Philadel- phia at rate of one fare for the round trip for all trains Oct. 31 and Nov. 1, 2 and 3, gvod for fifteen days from date of sale. Similar tickots will also be sold to other points in the state of Pennsylvania, * San Salvador’: w Minister. The New York Herald's San Salvador spocial says: President Ezeta has appointed Gen, Bon- jamin Molina minister to the United States and will leave soon to create a Salvadoriau lega- tion in Washington, Gen. Molina has been secretary of war since Ezeta became provis- ional president. rig pia a ninoanaa A Baroness Who Cheats. Vienna society is greatly scandalized over the result of the trial of the so-called Baroness von Becke, who has been tried and found guilty of defrauding hotel keepersand jéwelers out of 20,000 florins, She has escaped with a nominal sentence of three weeks’ imprison- ment, after having made restitution of the property, on the recommendation of King Charles of Wurtemburg. Ibe woman's real name is Amelia Beck. She boasts that the king is the fatner of her daughter, aged six- teen, who is living in Paris under the name of Frieda Fritz. Both women receive large in- comes from his majesty, but are not allowed to live in png ee The mother’s insane ex- travagance her into crime. She 1 thirty- six years of ago and sant ry beautiful. Alaska Elects Delegate. The election for delegate in the United States Congress from Alaska has resulted in favor of Capt. James Carroll of the steamer Queen, Such a seat does not as yet exist, but the convention recently passed resolutions asking Congress to accord to Alaska seat in that body, Italsoacopted a lengthy memorial setting forth tho injustice of Con- ———--—@e. Erie, Pa., Visited by “Fire Bugs.” A large proportion of the people of Erie, Pa, are lying awake nights watching for fire the | © | ber ever to have seen @ more alert. powerful dct sny at and athletic lot of men than those of the 4 ™- SPALED Suweom 5 ~ | CHAKLIS b citaceed wpwy ap itewe we one tee D SALS WiLL BE BEOATVAD AT et 8 eyeion house CWO PM oy mI jabor ad als beg % that build . BERL « HOP TRI hPa yi pQhONIS. FRONTS Alway mibtugs at MILLE M. J. PRANY . 1320 F st. Marrirou'sa har Goods Hai Laos, Dawane. Shampootng, oe partion eh L v ’ * ols im - « Com a Bost Watkin 604° b i ar NILAITING DONE UP T07 . fhuades ADIES 4 uy im Drennes, Lace Cu spe teliy Vat MADAME VaLbuet DISHING THEIK FIND Lacks es Preach wis PLATING ar SHOE cS SEALSKIN GARMEN ty Newest suspen, New sa » wer. Tbe Misses wet. wv obiuket nw., D aud v. Abs cubEKT Di NN 5 s ECM, sonwerly LON YIscHLics DRA GLEANIN i> MEN Dib WOLwe, D4 LP Ok Kinky dyed aged mouruiig Lisch a. FISCHER, 14 PIANOS, TATED OW#ANS, hh bMS. ones, Duning SANDIES & STAVMAN, 4 vic et Lerthweat IBN ot. ha ML: lis Vaca. Na K OK rok PRR kK RR F KK pon ie ta g% fos’ kee . WORKMANSHIP iY n tay ted te eres SPOON <a K a country, 4 HAND & 3O0A rs. POTUMAC RIVER | Won bok, ot wharf Bop. pro So cS day, Wea CON Noxrerk axp orp rornt, Ou aud afer SATULDAT, AUG. 23. FARE, #2 ONE WAY; €5 KOUND TRIP. Steamers Leave Gth etrwct wheriat 5 pm, Thee wees. PUT ueE ake Lunde at duey ou Fomt exch thy gou. 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