Evening Star Newspaper, December 21, 1881, Page 3

THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON. His Great Electric Light Company. SING THR NAMES OF CORNE! AND SENATOR 3 .ICS VANDERBILT SAS CAPITAL. W. E. Gray, formerly a Treasury clerk in this tity—son of a former chaplain of the Senate—is avain beard from in New York. The Tribune of yesterday says : The standing of the “United Globe Electric 297 Fifth avenue, was Licht Company,” of No. Bill farther inquired into yesterday by a Trilune feporter. It was found that the Mr. Gray, re- ferred to in the Tribune of Sunday as the organ- Wzer of the corporation, Is the forger. W. E. Gray, who caused a sensation in Wail street in 1968 by raising and passing forged bonds to the | ammount of £500,000, and who is at present out | on hail, having succes in seeuring a new | trial on the sand of newly discovered ev dence after he had been sente te the St Prison for ten yea The scheme Gray is now © was apparently on while cros« | After being | yset to work to } n of edue he ocean Was electric released on bail be i carry out his pln: Brig : ie | nue, W fitted the rey e “dupe Then he | | Vietims, plan: Mlirinin: owned one or two patents in rie proposed tof pats. lo conselidate a and in this way to “control tie electric lights for the world.” [ty little diflerence how much capital . it was all to would be Is 2. mips it Company. the M and m, the Brush, any other companies | t night be z ‘TAKI This was his nent ar But how to get pro: Y men interested was the n w elias Vande . Hi. Vanderbilt. Without approachi it upon the subject Gray used his name. hj K. Roberts, the son ot | yberts, that Mr. } sated to be the presis | So thorouzhly eonvit | i: a fact. that h ir. V; vanderb: . the iit, was the nd had been for derbilt had denied to the ase only fifteen min- glibness of tonsue ed and bezan to vt } nH np on of W at of the jonths. Mr. eldest s/ presides | three m s. remembering that he had been a sate of Senator Jones’ fathe -law, Col- leetor Sullivan, ot the port of San Franeise>, wrote glowing accounts of the plan to Mr. Sul- livan ting him that it was a chance sel . and that the stockholders all could ¢ rich without risking a dollar. Mr. Sullivan, knowing of course who Mr. Roberts was, be to influence his sor aw. Bat the Sen was obdurate. He refused to go into theschen saying that he was e rly amining man and ad enough to do. While this was going on in California, Gray was not idle here, Thro the wife of a prom- inent merchant in New York, who had already hing possible for him during his was Introduced to Assistant United trict Attorney Alfred R Conkling. “ was easily won ever. Thescheme was practical, he thonzht, and as he was to be the attorney he thouzht he could see that every- thing was ed properly. About the time ws began to work to promote me Senator Jones came east. The ators name on the Pai He urged Mr. ure to se Conklin te call upon the Senator. Mr. Conk- “¢ did so, and afterward made a second visit. at which time he introduced G The forzer brouzht all his powers of conversation to bear. to show how ¢: successful. wealth ily the scheine could be made edasif he had immense do what he undertook, might be encounter- lace his box at the opera at slot Seuator Jones’ wife and family hey came tothe city. itor Jon ing of the m: id the dispe when t | n mannerand dress, had been introduced to me by 1 tiste to him quite willingly. | had explained his scheme, it seemed to me that it Ss practicable, and that mone: could be made if controi of the various patents eeured. Mr. Gray asserted that he to do this. Then I remembered ather-in-law had said to me in San hat the son of Marshall 0. din it. Twas assured the president: so upon ation I said that | would become a and f signed the This was what Gray w He now had | the names of Senator Jones and Isaac K. Rob- | After | ploy of Austin, Nich tary. Dr. William E. Rice, 3 named as another trust le Edmund 1. | Morse was adled to make up a full board. To | render the scheme still more respectable, the | papers were drawn up by the senior clerk of the law firm of Sewell & Pierce. After this the members of the firm were spoken of by Gray as the attorneys for the company. It was also necessary to have some place to register the transfers of stock. So the services of Mr. Rob- erts were again calledin. He was introduced to the president of the Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company by the executor of his father’s estate. ‘The president consented to allow his company toact. This was another point gained, and it made the scheme as printed upon a’ circular seem still more trustworthy. Then the follow- ing notice appeared in The Daily Register of November 7, 1881: THE UNITED GLOBE ELECTRIC The undersigned, being a maj trustees of the United Globe Electrie Light Company, hereby give notice that a meeting of the stockholders of said company will be held at the office of Sewell & Pierce, No. 206 Broadway, in the city of New York. on the 15th day of November, ISS1, at 12 o'clock noon, for the pur- pose of inereasing the capital stock of said com- pany from £10,000 to $6,000,000, so that there- after the said capital stock shall consist of W,000 shares of the par value of #100 each. CorxeLiws VANDERBILT, Joux P. Jones, 1. K. Rosenrs, Cuartes A. Pratt. Dated October 20, 1881. It Ix needless to say that the meeting was not held, bat the capital was increased. however, to $6,000,000, and so printed in the e:eulars. IDENTIFYING THE FORGER. ‘The identification of Gray as the forger was brought about in the following way: Teporter was directed to look into the history of the new company. As different facts were ob- tained a suspicion arose that everything was not all right. Interviews were obtained with Gray, and one thing led into another until all that re- mained was to obtain a_ positive identitication. | ‘The services of Captain Kealy. the detective who brought him from England, were obtained, and Gray, as he came from hishouse yesterday after- noon, was identified by the reporter as Gray the agent of the United Globe Electric Light Com- | pany, and by Captain Kealy as Gray the forger. | Alfred R. Conkling. United States Assistant District Attorney. was called upon for an ex- | planation as to “bis connection with the com- | pany. Mr. Conkling was somewhat agitated | when informed that the story would be pub- | lished. He said: “Mr. Gray was introduced to me by a mutual lady friend. He talked to me about his plan and suggested that | should be- come the attorney for t_e company. The scheme seemed perfectly feasible then, as, in fact, it does mow, and therefore [ went into it. knowing that as the company’s attorney I could see that every- thing was couducted properly.” “Did you know t Mr. Vanderbilt's name had been used without his authority?” “Certainly not; otherwise I should not have had anything whatever to do with the Neither did I suppose it was Wm. H. Vander- bilt’s eldest son witose name had been used. I as | L was given to understand that it was brother, whose name I now hear is Cornelius J.” “Teannot see why it fs not. It wo Been but tor the mistake in using Mr. Dilt's Dame without his authority. A SKETCH OF GRAY. William F. Gray became notorions through ‘MMs rascality in Wall street, his subsequent ald have Vandery we | gree. The trial result | Was afliry | who was one | wh izht to England, his past life in that country and his final extradition to America. He wasin business as a broker under the firm title of Willlam E. Gray & Co. It is asserted that Thomas H. Pratt was his partaee; and that be- tween them they obtained many thousands of dollars from the Mechanics’ bank and the Bank of the Commonwealth. They did go by deposit- ing as collateral security for loans bonds of the New York State Bounty Fand loan which had been altered and raised from $1,000 to 10.000. They secured from the Mechanics’ bank in one operation $30,000 on December 11, 1889, and it was for that transaction that Gray was arrested. Gray heard of the proceedings against him before the warrant was served, and he went to England. A stock exchange detective followed him and caused his arrest, but while he was in the custody of the London police he escaped to Switzerland. A few years jater he was rearrested. but was again released. fter that he lived a fast life in England until ay, 1879, when Detective Kealy, now captain the fourteenth police precinct, went to Eng- nd and caused his arrest. Gray was brougtit this country, after a brief delay and was tried the court of oyer and terminer before Judge arrett on a cha ‘forgery in the first de- ed in his conviction and rntence to the state prison for ten years. On the day of his senten Judge Donohue granted a Stay pending an appeal to the general term. The appeal was fully argued and the conviction The prisoner was sent back to and was allowed to remain there in. dd of bi nt to the state prison until April Vith, 1581. en he was brought before Judge brady, and Charles Steckler, his counsel, se- red an order declarthg the conviction and zment ille; Both were vacated and a new ‘anted. This was secured on the affi- mself, of Thomas P. Somerville, arrested for counterfeiting, of ay, the king of counterfeiters, ge Abbott and some others. They made affidavits to the effect that Thomas H. Pratt, who Was arrested, but who escaped, admitted io them that he did the forging, and that Gray was an innocent victiin of his wicked deeds. Bail was fixed in $5,000, and Louis Besendahl, a cigar-box manufacturer, went on Gray's bond. A day or two later, however, Besendabl sur- rendered the forger and he was once more locked up. Then the amount of the bail was reduced to $2,500, and Gray secured his liberty. Luther Horton, formerly a United States dep- ut, hall, now the proprietor of a cigar store i je his bondsman. the Tom dayits of A Vexed and Vital Question Variously Answered by London “Truth’s” Vast Army of Hiddle Wrestlers. The p fered a prize for the best brief definition of a kiss. An immense number of answers were received and taany of them published, ‘The following list, con- talng te best of them, makes interesting reading: A language all can understand, Tn any age and any land. A harmony tn red (Grosvenor Gallery), A kiss Is a declaration of love by deed of mouth. My defnition’s a commercial one, - A bill presented, and a stamp thereon. The ever fast lonable seal skin. The right of a mother, The toy of a Mirt, ‘The hope of a lover, ‘The frue one’s desert. Kisses are moths that steal from out the night, Flutter awhile, and perish in the light, A speechless token Of things so sweet ‘They can’t be spoken. A Fiss is merely a contraction of the orbicularis ortsmuscle, Love's proof impression taken both before And after letters. Oddly, too, the more ‘The print’s repeated the Impression’s stronger, And the true artist's best effects last longer. A monosyllabic form of communication, com- only of labials, frequently used as & con- on, although an article, aud more common than proper. A free press, Child and mother's fond delight; Lover's draught of sweetest bliss; Woman’s veil of keenest spite: Akiss. A popular abridgement of an old story, whic! While juticiously curtailing the more tnvolve passages of the narrative, robs it of none of its eloquence, and manages to preserve the author's lie If fit material for a kiss you seek, ‘You need but two lips and a little check. ‘The key which opes the fatal door To thoughts uuknown, unguessed before; But wheter ‘tis for weal or woe Thos? een who use ‘Two pairs of lips and A kiss to be sweet must be under the nose, But sweeter by far when ‘tis under the rose. | The soft touch of a mother’s Up on a sleeping In- fants brow; The impress warm, on a rosy mouth, that seals a lover's Vo In joy or Surrow love’s token sweet, no Wont may speak Affection’s last fond tribute press’d on the chill and changeless cheek. isses are many and hard to detine; skim-miik and water—some maddening wine; But biss, defined singly, by Venus’ dove Suould be the nrst clasp of strong fetters of love. The best definition of @ kiss? Why, barely, two mouthsful of bliss. It may mean little, It oft means inuch, And oftener nothing at x And It’s always off as soon as It’s on, And it is never the same to all, What part of speech 13 1t? A noun some say. Comins Ht no speech it hath, Nor ts 1t , When tongues r, The tr Noun it may be, y To lead tie Ips'to form a sweet “conjunction.” ntitieatly considered earty kiss resembles: in principle nothing so much as the a yheh the lump-sucker fish attaches ftselt to 4 stoue, or that of the leather “suckers” with which urchins delight to lift pebbles. The Ips of the Risser ure pressed against those of tue kissee, slight exhaustion of air is caused by a “drawing 2 of the agent active, and the two farce are temporarily uttached to each ure of the external air. The t the air within his mouth; the attachment is broken, the farce ended. The salute by labial cottion, the sweetness of which depends upon the age of ‘the parties. A most unssthetic result of the close contact to two faces, sometimes exquisite, often dangerous, and ulWays unsatisfactory. What's a kiss? Simply this: Four lips meet, two hearts greet; Sabs deceit, union sweet! Rapture! Bliss! That's a kiss, To pout your lips and place them, sir, ‘To others close; and then By suction to compress them, str, A vacuum within; And, when this doth distress them, sir, To open them againt Humid seal of fond affection, promise of a future bliss; Outward sign of Inward passion, such thy defini- tion kiss. Botanists and travelers have been rather un- successful in attempts to ascertain the origin of different kinds of manna known in commerce. In the valley of Gohr. to tne south of the Dead sea, sixteen hours onward which leads into a long yailey. Buckhardt found what he called manna, dro < from twigs of several kinds of trees. According to his representations Arabs collect it and make it into cakes, which are eaten with their nauseous batter made from the milk of sheep. They churn it thus: A goat skin is filled with milk and suspended between two. poles, swung to and fro by pulling an attached cord till it assumes a new character—a greasy, soapy mass—and that is Arab butter. Mr. Turner found a grove of tamarisk trees near Mt. Sinai in the valley of Farran, which furnish what the monks called manna! “They were bushy. about ten feet high, from which drops of a sweetish thick fluid ooze. If taken early in the morning before thesun is up, it may be kept in earthern pots a considerable time. It is used in lieu of sugar in the convent, Commercial manna, principally in the hands of draggists,is a product of the puncturedstems ofthe ornus Europe, zrowing in Calabria. An article very similar in appearance and medicinal Properties is procured in Sicily by the same kind of process. Both have sweetish taste, are soft, of a pale, yellowish color, and used for their mild laxative quality rather than food. From the foregoing facts it is very clear there is not the slightest resemblance to that extra- ordinarily nutritious artic’e which was miracu- lously provided for the children of Israel in-a barren wilderness on a memorable occasion, while in their forty years’ peregrinations towards the promised land. oe Seizure OF Putman Company Property 1s Caxapa.—A special to the Boston Herald from Montpelier, Vt., says: “The authorities of Can. ada at Montreal wade a hie ipe J descent yes- terday morning on the property of the Pullinan Palace Car Company, which happened to be in that city at the time. Upward of thirty of its most costly parlor and sleeping cars were at- tached and local office books, papers and every- thing else in the possession of the company was also seized. The attachments are made, it is derstood, to satisfy a claim by the Dominion Separtment ot eastotns has bee! defreuied othe oft 8 led the PuHgan Company. by The French treasury tion, the tures by pe edie ee Se is in sy Nelp condi- $ojobn000 ranca +e “Me ePendt- n by; UNDER FIRE. Living Under the Guns at Petersburg. TAKING SHOT AND SHELL 48 A MATTER OF COURSE. “M. Quad,” of the Detroit Free Press, re- lates his experience in front of Petersburg as follows: While Yorktown was invested, Colum- bia burned, and Fredericksburg bombar ded the residents of Petersburg were expected to go on with the daily routine of business with balls and shells dropping down upon their house-tops. When Grant first made a dash for the city and was halted a mile and a-half awa: there was a great panic among the people, and thousands of them fled to Richmond. But many returned after a short absence. Rich- mond was overcrowded, prices were enormous, and want of money obliged many to return and face the greater dangers. UNDER FIRE. Every street and square in Petersburg was exposed to the fire of Grant's artillery from the first, and as he continued to push his lines a portion of the town was subjected to a cross- fire. The federal commander made no formal demand for the surrender of the city, and there- fore gave no warning for the removal of non- combatants. Had he done so, however. it would have made no great difference. Some few families had relatives further south, and a very few had enough wealth to warrant them in deserting their homes, but the great majority reasoned that they would suffer more by leaving the doomed city than by remaining and taking the chances. Thus it came about that women. and children endured and experienced the same hardships and dangers as the soldiers quartered in the town. THE ONLY OUTLETS. The only outlets were to thesouth. Batteries thundered to the north and west, and the coun- try to the east was being continually fought for. Grant kept reaching out that terrible long arm of his after new positions, and Lee keptextend- ing his lines to checkmate, and during the last months of the siege of Petersburg the Peters- burg and Richmond railroad was really the only safe outlet. How sate this was may be judged by the fact that its trains were under fire when running in or out of Petersburg, and at differ- ent times locomotives and cars were knocked to pieces by federal shells. “SCHOOL 18 ovT.” After the first alarm and the return of the fagitives the idea was to effect an air of uncon- cern and feel sorry that Gen. Grant should waste so much ammunition for nothing. Stores were opened, business went ahead, the schools flourished, and when two of the unterrified met, conversation would run about as follows: “Hello! Been hit yet?” “No; have you?” “No, but the house next door had a chimney knocked off last night.” “Well, I guess there's no danger.” “Oh, no, no—of course not—of course not. I merely mentioned the incident to show you how reckless Grant is with his ammunition. (Good morning. One day after the federal guns had got the range solid shot ripped a pathway through the shingles on a school-house, and it was then de- cided to give the pupils a holiday and let the school teachers find other employment. Soon after this the citizens of Petersburg had reasons to dodge by daylight and sleep onthe ragged edge at night. “THERE COMES POP.” I did not find one single citizen who could not remember and recount some ludicrous incident connected with the long months in which every day witnessed the advent of shot and shell. Standing almost in the center of the cityis a brick house which was struck eight times in two weeks, and a citizen who has a stall at the market vividly remembers the first ball which came sailing over. He was a young man then, holding a government position in Ricemond, and was in love with a girl whose parents own- etithe house. The mother regarded him with favor, but the father, who was a colonel and stationed near the crater, had given him the cold shoulder. One night the clerk went down to Petersburg to see the fair maiden. Her fa- ther was away, her mother good natured, and everything was lovely for a time. They were holding each gther’s hands and speaking of a woodbined cottaze and so forth when z-2-7-z came a cast iron ball from one of Grant’s guns and knocked offa gable of the house. “That's pop, and he'll bounce you!” shouted the girl as she heard the crash, and the clerk threw up a window, leaped into the alley, ran for life. iS THAT ALL?” On another occasion a bedroom in this same | house was occupied by a Baptist preacher, who , had seen plenty of war, and was then on a fur- lough. A thander-storm came on in the A and during the midst of it Grant’s euns threw a dozen balls into the tow! One of them ripped off six feet of cornice over the preacher's bed, and he sprang up, rushed out into the hall, and there met one of the servants and shouted: 3et water—struck by lightning—the house is on fire!” “Oh, no, it isn’t,” replied the woman, “it’s | only one of dem cannon balls from de Union army.” ‘Is that a-a-l,” drawled the preacher, with }asigh of relief, and back he went to finish his nap. THE LURKING FEAR. alking the streets by day or in his bed at t, no citizen could shake off the fact that the city was under the federal guns, and that the next missile might claim him as its victim. Men affected a bravado which they were far from feeling. As the days passed, and Grant extended his lines and mounted heavier guns, many houses were entirely deserted, and cer- tain streets were almost. constantly under fire. THE HORSE STARTED. It is remembered bya dozen residents that one afternoon during the investment a negro’s horse and cart were “stalled” on the street running up from the depot. The horse tugged and strained to no purpose, and the driver; in- stead of wearing himself out by using the whip, or straining his muscies by a lift on_the wheels, walked acrogs the street and sat down in the shade. a Can’t you budge him?” queried a pedes- jan. “T’spects not.” “And what are you going to do?” “Tse gwine to wait. In de course ob de next half hour dat ole hoss am gwine to be scart halt to death.” In about twenty minutes the sullen boom of a gun was heard from Grant’s line, and directly a solid shot was heard coming with its ‘‘m-m-m!" The old horse heard it and began to dance, and as the missile sailed above him and knocked splinters from the hotel he “yanked” the wheels out ofthe rut and started off as if death was after him. POOLING A YANK. There was a certain street corner which was under the fire ot the federal sharp-shooters by day,and at least a dozen people were killed there. Citizens would hurry around the corner by night, and a sign of “Danger—Look Out!” hung there by day.. At length the boys hit upon an idea. Procuring a Confederate uniform, they stuffed it with straw, arranged a rope and pulley to work him, and next morning the fun began. The Yankee sharpshooter afar off saw a Peters. burger standing upright on that forbidden cor- ner, as if it were the safest place in the world. Wiping his eyes to make sure he was not de- ceived, the Yankee drew a bead on the reckless intruder and saw him drop. In ten minutes a second one appeared, and a bullet likewise laid him low. When night closed down that sharp- shooter must have thought the war was almost ended, as the boys had let him plug the straw man forty or fifty times. The bullets passed through him and were flattened against a wall, and even these long years have not effaced the lead-colored spots. On the nextday the dummy was killed about twenty times, and on the next he was detected. The sharpshooter had proba- bly secured a telescope and discovered the cheat. Deep disgust prevented his firing another shot for several days. UNDER THE HILL. The houses on the south side of the city un- der the range of the hills were In plain view of one of Grant's forts, and the residents had some wonderful On one occasion a woman who was hanging out clothes in the yard had the clothes basket standing not over ten feet away knocked skyhigh by a solid shot, which continued on through the pig pen, breke a soap kettle, smashed into the w: shed, and brought under the tabi kitchen, se . in the BRAVING IT OUT. Connected with the Tobaceo Exchange at Richmond is a gentleman who was living “under the hill” in Petersburg during the Perilous days. After several shot and she'l had passed over his left it for eafe ev he toreturn.. veining ws quiet for an hour, and then shot came: om, ing over. This was be wind may there toatnigne (Meas eoueret ere the fedest internment yas termed aboee upon him. Half an hour went by, and he was patting himself on the back over his grit, when the federals suddenly got mad and opened five or six heavy guns at the hill. Shot and shell roared and hissed and screamed. and the man’s hair be; there, however, until mm! bish! crash! came @ cannon ball as big as his head plump through one side of the house and out of the other, and then he flew out of doors and struck & gait just a little faster than lightning. Singuiarly enough, that was the only shot which ever hit the house, though dozens fell around it. KEEPING DOWN THEIR SPIRITS. After Grant had his guns in position, and more especially after he began reaching out for the Weldon railroad, he could have knocked Peters- burg to pieces in twenty-four hours. He would probably have done so had there been any ex- cuse for it, but there was none. The confede— rate lines were a mile and a half away, and Petersburg was held only by non-combatants. Nevertheless Grant did not propose that any one in reach of his guns should sleep soundly or for- t his presence. Occasional shots were there- fore pitched into the city to check any enthu- siasm. to crawl. He stuck ONE SHELL'S WORK. One night, during an artillery duel to the left of the crater, the federal guns were for a time 8o elevated that every missile cleared the con- federate lines, howled over Petersburg, and fell among the houses under the hill. One shell en- tered the window of a house and exploded in the parlor. A part of the front of the house | was blown out, one side demolished, the cham- ber floors driven through the roof, and the whole building weakened. The people had removed, leaving most of their goods, and a dog to watch them. No one could say just where the dog was when the explosion took place, but he was not killed, A DEMOLISHED DINNER. In the winter of 1864, a citizen, who had un- expectedly received €2,000 in confederate cur- rency on an old debt, determined to havea good, square dinner, and company to help eat it. Rye coffee, bacon, meal, rice and molasses were about the only provisions in the market, but at a cost of $1,960 the citizens scraped to- gether enongh to justify him in inviting a com- pany of six friends. The guests were in the parlor, the table set, and the cook was over the | stove, when a shell entered the dining room through the side of the house. The explosion so wrecked the room that noone could enter it. The table, pieces of which I saw, could not have been demolished any better with an ax, and the plaster in two or three other rooms was shaken down. While all was excitement, and before anyone really understood Just what had hap- pened, a second shell plunged into a lower bed- room in another part of the house, alighted on the bed and there exploded. All the plaster on that side of the room and overhead was shaken off, the walls bulged out, the window glass shivered into fine fragments, a bureau split to Kindlings, and yet a looking-glass was not even acked. ‘The ‘force of the explosion was up- wards and outwards, and save a powder stain and a scorch the bed was not paged. These two missiles were the only ones which entered a house on that block during the whole siege, and were probably thrown from a gun which had just been put in position. KILLED ON THE STREET. Scores of shot and shell fell upon the streets, and many pedestrians were maimed and killed. A solid shot which hit a chimney and then rolled off the roof, killed a colored woman who was passing below. A shell which fell near a negro who was working in a garden tore him into small pieces and cut the handle of the hoe off within a foot of the socket. A boy on horseback heard a whirr and saw a flash, and the next thing he knew he was seated astride of a dead horse, a cannon ball having torn the animal's jaws off. Es- capes were both wonderful and innumerable, and when one sees the bullets in window sills, the cannon balls in the walls, and the rents made by the deadly shells, he is amazed that any one had the bravery to remain there during those long months, when every day was full of death and every night replete with horror. = pent ee KEEPING WARM. Some Scientific Facts and Principles, Plainly Stated, with Practical Les- sons they ‘Teach. From the American Agriculturist. During January and February, over most of this country and the whole northern hemisphere, a large proportion of the time, effort, and ex- pense of all classes is devoted to keeping warm —a much larger proportion than one would sup- pose without seme thought on the subject. Fuel is only one item; fourfold clothing and dwellings and largely increased food supplies are to be reckoned in. There are some scientific principles involved, so simple that all may com- prehend them, an understanding of which will be of practical advantage. They apply to all warin-bloeded Jand animals, man included. 981g°. The bodies of all human beings are so consti- tuted that while some parts may be temporarily benumbed with cold without danger, the blood that circulates through the heart and through the system generally, must be maintained uni- formly at just about 9814° of temperature (98)¢° Fahrenheit, or 37° centigrad If the heat of the blood rises or talls only 6 or 7 degrees from this normal point, and continues a0, fatal results are expected. Every degree that disease ele- yates the general internal heat above 100°, is a rapid approach towards the danger point, and when only 105° is reached, the most. skillful ef- forts of physicians are usually needed to save life. On the contrary, even in the coldest reg- ions where the thermometer marks 60° or 70°, or more, below the freezing point, the internal heat must be kept up, aud if it fulls only trom 98° to 94°, or 93°, and continues thus, there is great danger that the wheels of life will | stop. (These are general statements, applica b to a healthy condition. Cases have been reported where in tetanus or lockjaw the temperature rose to nearly 111°, while in astnma it sunk to 78°, and in cholera to 67°.) DEVELOPING HEAT. The natural process of maintaining the uni- formity of blood temperature is a most interest- ing study, of decided practical utility to every one. Whatever the nature of heat. its relations to electricity. to mechanical and chemical force, its various inethods of production or exhibition, etc., we all know some of its effects, and some methods of securingits manifestation. We know it may apparently exist in an invisible or inactive form; that in a cold room with cold wood orcoal and cold matches we can develop intense heat: that ice water poured upon ice cold unslacked lime will produce a scalding temperature; that beating cold iron with a cold hammer will sensi- bly warm it; that simply rubbing two cold pieces of wood together makes them hot; that electri- city from a cold battery sent through a tine wire ora film of charcoal will produce the intense heat that gives the electric light. So chemical or mechanical, or electrical action, develops heat that was before latent. or insensibl e, or that existed in another form. HOW HEAT IS DIFFUSED. We know also that heat is raduted, that is. it flies out in straight lines, as from a fireor the sun; we can feel the heat strike us. These heat rays can be bent like light rays, by interposing a reflecting surface in their path to change their direction. Heat is also carried as freight, so to speak, as when air takes it from a stove and carries it to the top of a room, or froma hearth fire out of the chimney; or when water particles carry it pee the bottom to the top ofa kettle set over he fire. "1g Heat is also conducted one body to another, and &lso from one particle {to another inthe same substance. Hold one end or side of a piece of metaPto a fire, and the nearest particles of metal ‘will take in heat, and pass it to the next partictesyand these to the ext, and so on until thé Heat is conducted a long distance. But experience and experi- mente show that diflerent ssubstances diter Very greatly In their ability!'to thus conduct heat through them. This:4s a matter of much practical importauce, ‘as we shall see. Iron, for example, conducts héat freely and rap- idly through itself; wood aid lass feebly and slowly. Air conducts very lille through its ince, though it allows ‘radiated heat (in straiht lines) to pass freely’ ‘and if the 58 oe ticles are free to move, they’ carry heat from one point to another, iy upward, but hori- vontally when moving thas, as In wind cur- rents, HOW HEAT I8'PRODUCED. The artificial heat used for main- taining the warmth of our bodies, beyond what comes from the sun, or from air currents, is mainly derived from chemical action In burn- ing wood-orcoal. One-fifth ofair (of its weight) is a gas called oxygen. Nine-tenths of water Ja oxygen. In the alr the oxygen is t or passed along from ‘ WEDNESDAY seis ieee ae BLE SHEET. | ble bedding as compared with summer, warmer | = another -gas (nitrogen) and very leaves it. In waterthe oxyzen is strongly united or combined with another substance (hydrogen) which it will not readily leave. So, while the free oxygen of the air in- creases a fire, the oxygen is tied up in the water, and water extinguishes a fire by shutting free air oxygen. Coal, hard or soft, is mainly a substance called carbon. Diamonds are pure carbon In a crystal form. Almost all substances that grow in plant form, and all kinds of flesh, are largely made up of this carbon. If we put under cover (to shut out air) wood, straw, grain, flour, vegctables, fraits or any kind of flesh, as lean or fat meat, or almost ‘anything used for food, and apply strong heat, we drive off a good deal of water in the form of vapor, and a little of some other substances, and we have a mass of nearly pure carbon or charcoal left—in bulk usually as large as the original substance heated. This is seen in changing wood into charcoal under a cover- ing of earth, where a little air is admitted at the bottom to burn just enough of the wood to heat or char the rest. The same would happen to masses of ourcommon food put in place of part of the wood. If we admit too much air, the charcoal itself will ppear. Charcoal gives a hotter fire than wood, because this pre- liminary heating has removed the other sub- stances that in turning to vapor and gases ab- sorb and carry off a great deal of heat. SOME PROPERTIES OF HEAT. Other preliminary items. Sensible or active heat seems to combine with some substances denly expand to fill two rooms some heat woul disappear, and the expanded air would fe much colder. If we condense the air suddenly into a much smaller space it will give up heat that was before insensible. If we put a piece of tinder in the closed end of a gun barrel, and with a close-fitting ram-rod quickly condense the airupon the tinder, it will give out so much heat a: to set the tinder on fire. If one pint of water be changed to hot or cold r the vapor will ta and conceal nearly 1,000 degrees of heat, or heat enough to raise 51g pints of water from freezing (82°) to boiling (212°.) (If this heat was not concealed, or did not disappear, the clouds, which are cold vapor, would be mach hotter than melted ong) This heat is simi- larly concealed, whether the water turns into visible steam at 212 deg., or passes off as cold invisible vapor in the air, or in the visible vapor of fogs and clouds. The point is, that the evap- oration of water, hot or cold, invariably pro- duces lower temperature by concealing and carrying away a great amount of heat. We can keep water, milk, ete. cool and render them colder, by wrapping the jus, piteher or other containing vessel with cloth and keep- ing this moistened. The evaporation going on carries off neat. If the vessel be thin porcelain or earthen ware or metal, te heat will pass out- wardly to the eyorporating surface more readily. Damp or wet clothing, for the same reason, quickly cools the body and produces chilliness, and is very likely to induce a cold, especially if not unitormly damp. One point more. When air is warmed. it has the power of holding concealed an increased amount of water in the furm of invisible vapor ; and when cooled it gives out this water asain in a visible form. There is frequently more water in the air above us on a hot. clear sum- mer day, than on other dark, clondy, or rainy ones. In the latter case a cold air wave, or some other cause, has reduced the temperature of the air above us; it has less capacity for con- ceaied moisture, and gives it np; the moisture thus set at liberty condenses into visible clouds, and ifthe uniting of these little globules be con- tinued, they become too heavy to float in the air and fall ‘as rain drops. Heating the air ina room makes it hide water; it becomes hunzry for more and extracts it from the skin and from our lungs; we feel parcied and disacre Lesson: Always keep plenty of ev water surface in any andevery room warmed by stove, furnace, or in any way. 4 FIRE IN THE BLOOD. When the oxygen of the air unites with the carbon of hard coal or charcoal, or of wood. or of flour, meat, or of any other food, acompound is formed, viz.,a gas, which we call carbonic acid. The process of forming this compound sets at liberty heat which was before entirely concealed, or which existed in another form, and when coal or wood is burned rapidly we, have a hot fire. The same process goes on wheh wood rofs away, but the heat is developed so slowly that we do not notice it. Precisely the same thing is tating place in the human body alt the time.” The food we eat and digest, is in part absorbed into the blood. and carried by it shout the body. But at th nd passing thro: the lungs is constantly picking up oxyszen there from the air which we breathe into the lungs. and this, too. goes all through the body, and at mill its one carbon atom of the food is ir, uf carbonic acid, and selling heat at iiherty, precisely the same as takes place in burning Wood or coal in the stove. ‘Thi is only a sinall product of heat at any one point in the but it takes place at'so many points that re enouzu developed to ke Anda we even, this ever burning fire goes on within us, just so as to keep the whole body at about 98 deg. (We speak only of them: imal heat. There are other ' ng on inthe body. which produce more or s heat, such as the union of hydrogen from food with oxygen, whic! apesas water; the union of minute quantities of sulphur and of phosphorus with oxygen, ete. Most probably more or less heat is also derived from the me- chanical movements of the various organs.) If the supply of food in the blood for a time, from fasting or sickness, then the oxygen in the blood attacks any stored up fuel, as fat, fle-h, and other organs of the body, using their carbon to keep up the ver necessary warmth. The weight of the body grows less, and when no more fat or flesh can be found to make heat, cold and death come on. The same result fol- lows if the lungs become so diseased as not to furnish the air supplying oxygen fast enough to keep up the internal fire. Stop the entrance of air for a few minutes by closing the windpipe with a cord, or by filling the lungs with water, and heat production stops in the blood, the temperature falls below 93°, and the human machinery ceases to work. The carbonic acid produced is poisonous. In the stove it escapes through the pipe. That forined in the blood is carried to the lungs and thrown out Into the air. Too many persons breathing in a close room fill it with eo much carbonic acid that it becomes very unhealthful, ifnot dangerous. The blood carries the heat to the surface of the body, as well as to all other parts, and a good deal of heat escapes off into the air. Ifthe air is cold this escape is more rapid, and more heat must be produced within to supply the waste. That means more fuel, that is more food, or more flesh is consumed. Remember that the blood must be kept up to 98°. Of course, then, in cold weather more food is neces- sary or the body becomes emaciated. But any- thing that stops escape of heat from the surface of the body, saves food, or saves using up flesh. Warm clothing, warm air, warm dwellings, warm stables, warm sheds, all help to stop tii waste of heat. FURTHER PRACTICAL LESSONS. As to domestic animals, is not the above a poritive proof, that sheltering all animals from cold weather, from chilling winds which by their rapid motion carry off heat more rapidly, is the way to save food and to save waste of flesh? If by stopping this waste of heat from the surface all the food consumed will not be wanted to make heat. a portion of it can go to increasing the flesh, that is to producing growth, or more can be used in making milk, eggs, ete., within the animal. Dyspeptic persons, those having feeble diges- tion. or a poor appetite, get less ernal heat from food eombustion, and suffer from cold. Such persons need a warmer atmosphere, or warmer dwellings, and warmer clothing to re- tain the heat that is produced. This applies to all animals. Close-fitting garments, garters, lacing, boots, shoes, neck-ties, etc., that prevent free easy cir culation of the blood, each and all diminish the amount of heat produced, and its uniform dis- tribution. Exercise promotes more rapid cir- culation of: the bl. and increased heat pro- ai tated above that evaporation of water carries off much heat. Rubbing wet horses and other animals dry is very useful not only to save heat, but-also to save cold taking. as explained in our last number. For the same reason any damp garments should be replaced with dry ones as soon a8 possible, or enouzh covering be palaen to prevent chilliness from the evapora- io1 a. Free jiration (sweating) in hot weather carries Of & large amount of heat, and kee; down the temperature. If perspiration checked, sponging with water aids in eases of sun stroke or depression from heat. Persons have gone into hot ovens unarmed by encasing themeelves in moistened ents, the evapora- tion keeping down the it about the 5 Green wood, besides its inconyenience, is very unprofitable. A large amountef heat which the | ary portions would yield, islost by being off in the evaporation of the sap. So of any or damp fuel of any kind. CONFINED. AIR 4 PROTECTION AGAINST COLD. ABC . and disappear. If the air in a room should sud- | a | the | stices, tabes,or holes filled with alr, are the best protectors to keep beat from escaping trom the surface of the body. A loosely woven garment or bed coverlidis warmer than a compact, firmly woven one, because the air in the texture of the fermer conducts away heat less rapidly than the more solid ones. Loose-fitting garments are warmer than close-fitting ones, for reasons above given, and also because the air space be- tween them and the skin is a non-couductor of heat. Stone, brick, or wooden walls with perpen- dicular air spacesin them, are warmer thau solid walls, because the air conducts the heat away less than the solid materials. A sheathing of | V¥YDIA E. PINKE: tarred paper, or pasteboard, or of any thick paper even, placed midway between the clap- boarding and the plastering, to form two thin air-chambers insfead of one, adds 1 A MEDICINE FOR WOMAN. INVENTED BY A WOMAN. PREPARED BY A WOMAN AMS VEGETABLE COMPOUND Is a Posrrive Crone all these Painful Complaints and Woekvwessme@ half-inch board: air space betwe wall than the same t | board A common to our best female population. Itwill cure entire’y the worst form of Female Gome plaints, ai! Ovarian Troubles, Inflanuuation and Ulears- tion, Fatting and Displacements, and the ¢ ‘Spinal Weakuess, and is jartculariy adapted to the Changon of Life, It wil dissolve and exp ke wchuess of wood of loose arth bank to the warmt! meshes of tH ing roots or apj winter. Double straw put between the wall Tamors from the Uterus tim ot. The tendency ot Gam eked wery apeedily by tis nan, it removes Faintness, Fis J. destroys all Ore vings for Stimulants, and eves Weakness of the It cures Biouting, Headache, Nervous Pras eral Deity, Siooplessness, Depression amd are several times: ause of the non- | between. So of double condneting sim of ai door Me ing air both carries off heat faster of | The feeling of bearing down, cansing pain, weight | sad backache, te always permanently cured by steam, S7-PHYSICIANS USE IT AND PRESORIBE. FREELY. gt ~4 a draft Tt will at all times and under all cireumet act the Con me in harmony with the lawe that govern the female ayw Wu. For the cure of Kidney Complaints of either sex ite ‘Compound ix unsurpamed, LYDIA B. PIN +. — ‘The Disposition Love Letters. Some peopie, says the Philadelphia Tin never know what to do with their love letters; | and nearly every one has a different way of | x With such missiy To the rentinen girl they are always very nice to have because one always likes to read them o WETARBLE COMPOUNT is prepared at Western avenue, Lymm, Mars. Price $1. Six hotties for $5. Sent by mail im form of pills, also in the form of Jozenes, on #1 per box foreither. Mw Piukb: i letters of inquiry. Send for pamphlet. ad diners ux above. | over, and on stormy days aluiost every ; a tical girl Knows that ing and —innec fomntl; ut LYDTA comntapat 25 oats per bei PINKHAMS ig mhouild be witli LS. They bioumer, ty of the live yn rs and tie them nd let somebody else vet part © time or $4 Sov vy at. Daveaisrs.gs blue ribbon = eo BITTERS. another. Sie knows too mu or that. 1 All girls, howeve actical—very few | girls, in are not de- stroyed with unanimity. In such vali be done with lov ters probleu. If girls have not the en : cruelty to destroy them they ousht to be made BROWN'S IRON BITTERS use of in some way, un waste of sweetness to have th from the eyes of everybody, doing no good to but the dear young thing who fas received them. She can delight herself in turning them over and reading the:a in every sort ¢ tying them with every sort of ribbon to c best suits the tint of the envelope. a . nIrrens (of Streneth. W tha it she te a yout ul a cong Malt you arethus proud, | r she will want’ to have somebody else know Complete them. Away out in Towa a girl has solved the love. | Strengthener. prerves,, "They Females, letter problem. She has done it, too, ina way | Which ought to be highly satisfactory to that | portion of the human race which never writes | ype jove-letters, if there be such. The lowa young | pao. THEM. ; p has “had all her lovedtetters odd in | ——— ay es ares m, and in that way she keeps them on | rite for the her parlor table for the entertainment of visit- | Sure Avpetizer. poerg ors along with the faiily ally es | 2 the young lady’s fortunate visitors an even | chance for a pleasant evening, for there is prob- ably nothing more delightfully entertaining than a series of love letters which lead you through all the ups and downs of a couple of | Nuttering hearts. We fear, however, that the | fowa plan will not be accepted by gies in cen eral, although some plan of dealing with love- | letters must. be adopted. The young woinen can not do with these things as the young men | do—carry them around in their pockets iil the | clothes, ietters and all zo to the rag man. tke a charm on the) ieestive Ongank, emoving all dys- peptic evmaptoms. ity “Saks BEWARE OF IMITATIONS. BROWN CHEMICAL COMPANY, Measuring The Sanitary E meaning ofthe te power, ax applied | | to the illuminating qu: of gas: In this | country and England tive standard used tor de- termining the illuminating value ot any ligbt is a sperm candle, intended to burn 120 grains per | hour. We therefore speak of a burner giving | | the light of so many candles. In determining | Huwinatine pow as it is customary | to burn it at the rate of five cubic feet per hour; | and to say thata is of tweuty candie-power BALTIMORE, MD. } { Ww DE MEYER’S WEI DE MEYER'S WKI DE MEYERS WEI DE MEYER'S CATARRN CURE. CATARRE CURE. CATARRH CURE. i scertaining the iHlumi- | ied a photometor, and con- | prend of which the i s burner are placed. placed on the bar allows point at simple ea!eu! ‘The antidotal theory, now admitted to be theouty treatment which will eradicate Catarrhal Poison. Rev. Cnas. H. Tayzor, 140 Noble #t., Brooklyn, i. ¥.: “One package effected a radical cure.” . Gro. A. Reis, Cobleskill, Schoharie Co., BN. Was “*It restored me to my ministerial labors.” Rey. W. H. Sumer, Frederick, Md., “Fine resulltp in six cases in my family.” Rev. Geo. E. Prat, St. Stephen's Rectors, Phila: “Quite wonderful ; let me distribute your “Treative.’ (nas. H. Stawnore, Newport, R. 1: ““T was too@am, to hear the church bells ring; hearing restored.” Grorcr W. Lawnutont 73 Biddle st. Baltimory, Md.: ‘‘Suffered 9 years; perfectly cured.” Ms. M. E. SHENNEY, 9022 Sarahet., St. Louis: “The Siret natural breath in 6 years.” Mas. J. W. Punceut, Golden City, Col.: "“Usedouly one package; entirely cured ; suffered 24 years.” Dr. F. N. Crank, Dentist, 8 Montromery et., Sem Francisco: **Suffered 15 years; perfectly cured,” da, . A movable disk | the operator to fix th nthe two lichts are equal. and ation zives their relative intensity. Changing Places. | A citizen who had an oftice in the top story of a block on Griswold street had half a ton of coal dumped on the walk the other day, and the eart hadn't yet disappeared when a boy came pufling up stairs and called out: “Say, want that coal I no way to address a person,” the ma Why dow't you add polite tanner: + Dunno how,” answered the boy. “ Well, PI show you. Sit down here and sup- se you are the owner ot the office and Tan a yy who wants to brine up your coal.’ He stepped into the hall and. knocked on the door, and as the boy cried “come in” the man entered the room with his hat in his hand and “ That “Beg pardon, sir, but you have some coal on DR. Ww ERS: “TREATISEY on = up etie btit ooo. sat ee “ H Now York, for el BL than” N 1HE SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. diate, 951. Equity No. touuiet te sine erent ct ot iad ne ia of hod “ ill you px “Well,” replied the boy as he looked at the scanty furniture, boy fifteen cents and shove a bogus quarter on him, but seeing it’s you, and you are the onl: support of a large family, if you'll bring up that coal and put it in that box, Pl give you my whole income for a year and a balf and a pair of old boots in the bargain.” “Boy, what do you mean?” demanded the man, as he flushed up. But the boy doaged him and reached the stairs, and as he patised at one of the landings to look ‘up, he called o . “1 expected every minute that you'd advise me to get that coal Up-stairs before some cred- itor gobbled it! You can’t play boy for shucks!” Detroit Free Press. Owned to Hix Record, The editor was sitting in his revolving cane- bottomed chair, when Tornado Tom, the travel- ing terror of Texas. came in and demanded a retraction of the statement that he had swin- died an orphan out of 4. t's a lie clear through,” sald the Terror, striking the table with his fist, “I'm as good a Mian as smells the ztmosphere in this section.” “Perhaps you are better,” said the editor, meekly. “OM round generally promise a U_ Keyner’s subdivies being the south nine Sept of wixty feet runnt the north elxbteew tmches chase Tm given for sud lot, record’ compare favorably with yourn,” said the Terror, with a sneer; “perhaps there are a few little back rackets in your life, sir, that wouldn’t bear a microscopic investiga- tion.” “Oh, sir.” said the editor, visibly agitated, “don’t recall the past; don't bring up the mem- ories of the tomb; I know I've led a hard life— | Siew the premines. I don’t deny it. 1 killed Shorty Barnes, the Sey come ome Bowery boy of New York—hacked him all to the caure pieces with a knife. Usereusen. this fourteenth day of dustihe dafendsnios the betes of sand Seaae We cause her or their ce to be tered. cause in person or ior SEVENTH DAY OF FEERUARY, 4D, abe aaa man’ log-roll in Kentucky, and bitterly have I re- pented of my folly. I slew a lot of inoffensive | $354 ill of ox citizens of Omaha over a paltry €4 pot, simply | fore said 7th day of because I got excited. Oh, could I but cheat | By the the tomb of the men I have placed in its maw I would be happy. But it was all owing to m; high temper and lack of early training. know that I have been wayward, wicked; and Pry cations as quietly as @ law. Salt Lake Tribune. for a while?”