Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, July 4, 1880, Page 4

| : i THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, JULY 4, 1880—SIXTEEN The Tribune, TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTIO2 BY MAIL—IN ADVANCE—POSTAGE PREPAID. 12.00 y ni ‘per y jay, Wednesday. and Friday, per year. Euturday orsundaydG-pagcodiion peryest | 2.30 Kny other day. per Feats OO WEERLY EDITION—POSTPAID. One copy. Ca Chub o: ers Club of te: Specimen copies sert tree. Give Post-Office uddress in fall, including State and County. a Remittances may be made either by draft, express, Post-Ofice order, or in registered letter, at our risk. TO CITY SUBSCRIBERS. clivered, Sunday excepted, 245 cents per week. y, delivered, Sunday included, :30 cents per week Address WHE TRIBUNE COMPANY, Corner Madison and Dearborn-sta... Chicago, IIL. 12.00 POSTAGE. Entered at the Post-Ofice at Chicago, UL, as Second- Claas Matter. Fortne benefit of our pat who desire.to send tingle copies of THE TRIBUNE through the mail, we siveherewith the transient rate of posi i Eight and Twi Pact Pope Eicht and Twolve Pace Paper... Sixteen Paze Paper. Eightand Twelve Page Pape! Sixteen Page ’aper - TRIBUNE BRANCH OFFICES. TRE CMCAGO TRIBCNE has established branch ofices tor the receipt of subscriplions, and advertise- wente as follows: NEW YORK—Room 2 Tribune Building. ¥.'T.3{c- FAppEN, Manacer. 4 GLASGOW, Seotland—Allan'’s American Nows Agency, ii Hentield-st_ LONDON, Eng.—American Exchange, 449 Strand. Y F. GILLIG, Agent. D, C.—1319 F street. SOCIETY MEETINGS. APOLLO. COMMANDERY, No. 1, 1. T.—Special Conclave Tuesday attornvon, July G 18%, at 2 o'clock. S.uted Conclave ‘Tuesday ev vek. Speciat Conclave Wednesda: {ssvat? oeick. ‘the Order of the ‘Temple will be Conterred ateach Conclave. Visiting SIF Ani nivave welcoue. Ly order_of the iminent Com munder. Ui, S. ‘TIFFANY, Mtecorde:. HESPERIA LODGE, NO. dll, A. F. if Fourth Angual Excursion to ity 1G. ‘Train leaves dey So'clock sharp. ‘Tickets, £2.30, rll jueiuded. | Members of the Eraterntty and thelr jends ure cur invite if JAMES SMITH, W. M. CHAS. H. BRENAN, Secretury. OVAL ORANGE INSTITUTION, U.S. 4.—Union 3s, Loral Orange Lodge, at tll corner SHigand Adanis-ais, Megular Secting to-morruw evening, sth inst 3t 8 rete preteen cordially 1a- pected 10 be present. Visiting bre cordially {a- Fite , ‘Bet RE! s We vit YNOLDS, W. W. iL STAFFORD, S¢ MAURICE MAYER LODGE, NO. 105, 1.0. BB ude The membersof the Ludze are’ requested tu attend the faneral of uur Inte Brother, Jacob Zuckermann, “Sui Deurborn-st. to-day at 129 p.m. ct ei orca TRON WIL, President. CORINTHIAN CHAPTER, NO. , 1 willbe no Cgnvoeation Monday evening: July §. By Order ot OSROBRICE MALCOM, MLE. HL BP. JUIN O, DICKERSON, Secretary. CAGO COMMANDERY, NO. 18K, T.-Stated ‘Monglay evening, July 5, 18) at 7:9) o'clock, ee ines i Ippertances Afall ptrendanee requested, Visittug Sir Knights always welcome. or eee, Hebe ASAIN SN. WITBECB, . C. TURAM T. JACOBS, Recorder. 0. 285, F. & A. M.—Hall, No. ai : pecial Communication Friday evening, July i at 238) o'clock, for huporuant business. Visiting’ brethren ure cordially invited, By order of GEO. A. Walt, W. aL WM. KERR, Secretary. SUNDAY, JULY 4, 188. Persons leaving town for the season, and sum= mer traders, can have Tae Daiwy Trews maiied to them, postpaid, for $1.25 per month, @ cluding Sunday cditton, or $1.00 per month sith- cut it; and the address will be changed as often as desired. ——— ‘A youn lady died at New York yesterday from pulmonary apoplexy, produced by tight lacing. A SEMI-OFFICIAL Russian organ intimates that a partial amnesty will be granted to polit- ical offenders. Hanpencers are anxious to negotiate with Bismarck for the retention of their free port privileges. < Ix the shooting yesterday at Dollymount, the Irish teams bad rather the advantage of the American team , Mrastnes are being taken by the English Conservatives to bring the Bradlaugh case be- fore the courts. _—$—————— ‘Tus French Chamber of Deputies has adopted a Dill to reduce the import duties on sugar 30 per cent AMERICAN Wheat to the amount of 8,245,- 55 bushels was received ut the port of Bordeaux during the yeur 1879. Tne Sioux and Blackfeet Indians had a dispute recently about ponies which resulted in eight of the Sioux being killed. ———— Ereur persons, either Russian Nihilists or German Socialists, were arrested at Paris yes- terday, and will be expelled the country. _—— "Tire Repoblican National Committee have engaged rooms at 241 Fifth avenue, New York, where they will be located till after election. _——_— AN Italian brigand who has lived some time in America bas returned 3-#% old haunts, and to his former, and it seorfs favorit, occupa- don. ———ae Tre Anthracite, the smallest steamer that ever crossed the Atlantic Ocean, arrived at New York yesterday. It left Falmouth, Eng., twenty- six days ago. A stnoxc effort will be made by the Tories and the Whig-landlord class in the British Par- Mamcntfto defeat Gladstone’s Irish-Compensa- tion-for-Eviction bill. ‘fur German Government has ordered a gunboat to the Syrian coast to protect the Ger- man settlers near Mount Carmel from the as- saults of the Mussulmans. Denrse the year 1879 the cotton received from the United States at Bremen was valued at $3,500,000 more than was received at that point during any previous year. PRESIDENT AND Mas. [laYEs, accompa- nied by Postmaster and Mrs. James, of New York City, visited Coney Island yesterday. They left in the afternoon for Washington. ‘Tne Upper House of the Prussian Diet passed the Church bill yesterday by a large ma- jority. ‘The measure will become jaw on re- celving the signature of the Emperor. ‘Tue appeal made by the expelled Jesuits to the law courts of France has so far been un- availing. The Civil Tribunal at Nuncy claims that it has no jurisdiction in the matter. Tus London Times congratulates this country on its happy prospevis politically and commercially, and declares that all mankind gain by such prosperity and should rejoice thereui. Mr. Maren, the Distri t Attorney of Mont- gromery, fAla., who was recently removed by President Hayes, refuses to surrender his ottice to ex-Gov. Smith, who has been appointed his successor. © NorwitnsTaxvrne the increasing distress in some districts in Ireland, and the appearance of famine-fever in many places, the English Government I$ making very slow progress with the Lrish Relief bill. Lorp SMAFTEssuny, the well-known evangelical English Peer, unveiled a statue of Robert Baikes, the founder of Sunday-schools, jn London yesterday. Several American cler- gymen were present Ix consequence of the recent attempts to )ill landlords and bailiffs in the west of Ireland, qhe English Government is reported to be con- templating the ye8nactment of the Irish Peace- Preservation act. Should such an attempt be qpade. there ia no doubt that the Irish members will Tesort to obstruction, and as the session is | rather advanced will probably be able to defeat the measure. : ‘ ———= ‘Tue Rev. Alex. Mackonochic, the celebrated ritunlist clergyman, is again in trouble. Jils Bishop has notified him that he will enforce the sentence of sequestration found against him by the Court of Arches. — Tue census returns give New Orleans & population of 250,239, against 197,011 ten years ago. South Bend, Ind., has more than doubled its population in the last decade. It has now 13,824, against 6,118 in 1870. Keanney has been deposed from the Presi- dency of the Democratic Workingmen’s party of San Francisco, who will in the future act with the Democratic party. The members have in- dorsed Hancock and English. Gun. Franky, of Connecticut, on behalf of the Democracy of his State, is said to have promised $100,000 to the Hancock campaign fund. The Democrats evidently are going to have several barrels this time. Gey. Grant was accorded a, brilliant re- ception in Kansas City yesterday. Cannon were tired and betls rung in his honor. The principal feature of the reception was a procession through the strects of the cit: Casmer Heppes, of the bankrupt First National Bank of Newark, against whom four- teen indictments are pending in the ‘'renton (N. J.) Courts, arrived at New York yesterday from Liverpool, and was immediately taken into custody. Av a dance at Millard Station, on the Union Pacific Railroad, near Omaha, early yes- terday morning, two young men quarreied, pre- sumabty xbuut a girl. Ouc of the parties drew a revolver and flourished it, when ‘the other drew his and fatally shot his threatener. . Tne Township of Evanston. which in- cludes the Villages of Evanston, South Evans- ton, and Rogers Park, has a population of 7,157, belag un increase of 4,073 in ten years. The ‘Village of Evanston has 4,600 people. AppITIONAL reports received by Tie Trmese from various places in the North- western States confirm previous ones as to the excellent condition of the crops, the promise of an abundant harvest, and buppy farmers. ProsrNeNt Democrats assert that Samuel J. Tilden has sent his check for $100,000 to ex- Senator Barnum to help defray the expenses of the Presidential campaign. Another report bas it that Tilden supplied tho money to Henry Watterson to be used at his discretion. 4 ‘Tue French Senate yesterday, by a vote of 3 to 138, adopted the amendcd Amuesty bill, which provides for the release of all participants inthe Communist disturbances of 1871 except assusins and incendinrics. Tho Government's Plenary Amnesty bill was rejected by a vote of 5 to 133. Mr. GLApsTONE will drop the provision relating to wine duties from this year’s budget, if the London Econumist is to be believed. ‘The agitation which the introduction of the propo- sition bas given rise to will seriously affect the wine trade until such a time as a definit plan is agreed on. JuLxs Smtoy spoke in the French Senate yesterday against the Amnesty bill, and charged the Government with pursuing a policy of vio- lence and intolerance, and denounced it for its want of political courage, and its want of re- spect for liberty of conscience and religious in- dependence. ‘Tim: Greenbackers are making such an active campaign in Wisconsin that it behooves the Republicans of that State to be up and doing, lest the Democrats might take advantage of the large Republican vote which the Green- back candidates will receive, and curry the State for Hancock. —_—_—_ Ex-Gov. Nenpnie refuses to serve on the Democratic Central Committee of Indiana a3 long as Mr. English is the Chairman, which goes to show that the ex-Governor has not yet be- come reconciled at his defeat at Cincinnati, and that the Indiana Democrats are by no means & happy family. Focrrm oF Jciy celebrations yesterday were not wanting in the usual chapter or acci- dents, At Jersey City a youth shot a young girl by accident; a man was fatally injured by an explosion at Elgin; at Des Moines a celebrator had his arm blown off, At New York a woman playfully pofuted a pistol at the man with whom she cobabited, when it was accidentally dis- charged, killing him on the instant. eet caroainry SecreTany THosrsos, acting on the sug- gestion of Secretary Evarts, has sent the United States war-ship Tennessce to the West Indies to thoroughly investigate all the circumstances connected with the alleged outrages on the Ethel A. Merrit, of Philadelphia, and the Eunice P. Newcomb, of Boston, by the Spanish man-of- war Nuncio. The Ambassador of Spain at Wash- ington denics that there is any vessel corre-" sponding to the descriptions given of the Nuncio in the Spanish service. Nor less than 15,000 persons participated in tho celebration yesterday of the two hun- dredth anniversary of the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony by Father Hennepin. Gens. Sherman, Gibbon, Sibley, and Johnson, and the Hon. E. B. Washburne. Mr. Hager of Chicago, Secretary Ramsey, Bishops Ireland, Graco, Lefheck2, and Tache, and several Catholic priests were present. Gen. Sherman delivered a brief but felicitous speech, after which about 5,000 persons were entertained at luncheon by the citizens. Tho whole affair was well con- ducted and eminently agrecable to all partics. —————- Tne June report of the Department ot Agriculture shows the following in relation to crops throughout the United States: There is an increase of 2per contin the acreage under oats, and the condition of the crop is excellent, promising a yield of 12 per cent greater than last year. The acreage under rye and barley has decreased since 1879, but the yicld will be about the same. Clover has an increased acreage; the increase, however, is confined to the cotton-growing States and the Pacific Const. The condition of the crop is not good. Fruit of.all kinds will be quite plentiful, much more so than for the previous year. Brapiaver made his maiden speech in the House of Commons yesterday in support of Mr. Parneli’s amendment to the Irish -Relicf pill,—that the money for relief should be drawn from the Imperial Exchequer and not from the Irish Church Surplus Fund. The incident is worthy of note, for, although Parnell and tho advanced Home-Rulers voted for the admission of Bradlaugh, the majority of the Irish Uitra- montane members yoted against him. Tho amendment which he spoke to was not adopted, but another amendment by Mr. Parnell taking the control of the relief funds out of the hands of the landlords and giving it to the Boards of Guardians was adopted. Mr. Drram ArKrxs, Chairman of the Democratic State Committce of Vermont, cor- roborates the newspaper report that Gen. Han- covk was prepared to support Tilden's preten- sions to the Presidency in March, 1877, had Til- den pressed his claims aguinst President Hayes. Inan interview Mr. Atkins states that he was told by Gen. William F, (Baldy) Smith, an inti- mate friend of Gen. Hancock's, that Huncock infarmed Gen. Sherman that he believed Tilden was clected, and that did he tawe the oath he (Hancock) would obey nll orders issued by Tilden after midnight on tho 34 of March. The de- cision of the Electoral tribunal and Tilden’s acquiescence therein alone prevented him from carrying his threat into effect. 39, Tre public debt in April, 1806, was $2,- 827,000,000, exclusive of items -not then ascer- tained, but afterwards charged against the Government, which brought the total up to $3,000,000. ‘This gave usadebt of $85.71 for every man, woman, and child in the country. The debt is now, after deducting cash in the Treasury, $1,982,172,000, or more than one billion of dollars less thun at the close of the War on the basis of a population of 45,000,000 (Gen. Walker's estimate). The per capita is $40.45. We have been reducing the burden of debt, practically, by increasing the population as well a3 by actual payment; and the reduc- tions accomplished in both ways have been further assisted by a diminution of one-third in the interest churge. ‘he Republican party, while 1t cannot claim the sole credit for the reduction, can and docs, deserve praise for the management of it. A’ blundering financial policy, 2 disposition to deal unfairly by the pub- lic creditors, of a policy of wasteful and ex- travagant expenditures would have left the country now in a very bad financial condition. THE FOURTH OF JULY. To-day the American people enter upon the one hundred and fifth year of their Na- tional Indeperidence, and never did the Na- tional anniversary find the country so great in all the elements of Nauonal power and so peaceful, happy, prosperous, and prospering as it does to-day. The world has moved on in the ways of enlightenment and peace dur- ing the century. The stern, rough hand of National violence, though not wholly curbed, has beeri subjected to restraining influences. Might has yielded to opinion, aud the judg- ment of mankind has grown into an impor- tant factor in the law of nations. One hun- dred and four years ago the few feeble and scattered colonists of America, without arms, money, or credit, de- manded of their Iinperial rulers certain political rights and privileges. Thetrdemand was certainly at that time far in advance of what the nations of the earth then recog- nized as pertaining to the condition of sub- jects, or consistent with the safety of Govern- ments. Popular liberty and the right of subjects to control Governments were not then acknowledged by any nation in the world. : ‘The Declaration of Rights and Liberties by the American Congress on the Fourth of July, 1776, was a new revelation to mankind. It was hooted, at and despised by those. who rulod by Divine right and by force, but the good seed sown by that Declaration has fruc- tified wonderfully since that memorable morning when the tidings of Independence was sounded at Philadelphia. What wonderful changes have been wrought in the politics and material condi- tion of the world since that time! While the infant Republic has grown as noother nation has ever grown; while the sparsely-settled provinces along the coast from Maine to Georgia have spread their jurisdiction across the continent; while Florida, Louisiana, ‘Texas, California, and Alaska, far surpassing the area of the original colonics, have been added to the National ‘Territory, and the whole become peopled by forty-eight millions of free, happy, industrious, and prosperous people; while the Republic has given per gonal freedom and political equality to four millions of human chattels, the Old World has been in an almost perpetual stage of revolution. In the American Union alone have there been stabilityjund growth, prosperous increase, and natural expansion of territory by the acquisition of adjacent land first nationalized by an overllow of American population. In the 100 years during which the American Union has. been growing in strength and wealth, and each day adding to the National stability, the changes in other lands have been of the greatest magnitude. The Ger- man Empire, which had come down a thou- sand years, abandoned a title it could no Jonger maintain, and sunk into the mere Austrian Government. Germany during that century passed through various changes. Divided up into numerous States, it passed under the rod of French rule, was largely incorporated with France, then restored to quasi independent King- doms and States, and eventually, but not until within the last decade, has again been united under a new Imperial dy- nasty. The Scandinavian States have had their revolutions, their dismemberments, and their reorganization. France has had a suec- cession of widely-different conditions. The revolution of 1792, changed into a state of anarehy, succeeded by the military govern-. ment of Napoleon, and thence falling into the toils of Imperialism. The succession of revolutions under the Bourbons, followed by the Republicanism and the Imperialism of Napoleon U1, have in the end found rest ina Republic which seems to have a stabil- ity such as has been unknown in French Governments since the overthrow of despot- ism in 1790, Italy has been subjected to a long series of changes of dynasty and form of government, and has at last settled down in a united Kingdom. Spain has during that century been shorn of all her once extensive Aierican pos- sessions, retaining Cuba alone. She, too, has had an almost- constant suc- cession of civil wars and revolutions, includ- ing a short-lived Republic. The once power- ful Empire of Turkey has been practically dismembered, and exist’ only by sufferance and by the-protection of Powers who know not what to do with her. In that same century Russia has risen to be a leading Power, but even her absolute despotism has been seriously shaken. The political revolu- tions of the century have included the Em- pires of China and Japan, opening those countries to the commerce of the world and leading to important changes in their political condition. Even the British Empire has not escaped the wonderful changes wrought by time since the American flag first challenged the recognition of the world. Great Britain has pushed her conquests far into the East, overcoming and subduing the comparative barbarians of India, but has lost her prestige asa military power. The policy of peace has taken the place of war, and the commerce and wealth of England, which have grown to such magnitude under this policy of peace, have led to the taunt that the British have degenerated into a nation of shopkeepers. The progress of the political world has, however, all been in the direction of human liberty and the elevation of mankind. In every nation of Europe except Russia rep- resentative and responsible government has taken the place of the absolutism which was nearly universal 100 years ago. The example of the American Republic has enlightened the world, and at this time our free institu- tions command the love and adinira- tion as well as inspire the hopes of the great mass of civilized mankind. During this century, which bas shaken, over- turned, and liberalized the Governments of the Old World, our progress has been un- broken, continuous, and direct. The great peril to our country was the institution of human slavery, which we inherited from the past. That peril has been removed, aud, though the removal was costly in blood and treasure, and the struggle was protracted, still the Nation emerged from the War all the brighter, all the stronger, and all the more hopeful than was possible so long as slavery lasted. In the meantime the Repub- le has become the harvest-field from which the world is to be supplied with food. Amer- ican bread and American meat are now sup- plied to the less favored inhabitants of other lands. Being cheaper, it is possible for other people to obtain and consume more of these necessaries of life than was possible under the comparative scant produc- tions of their native fields. On more than one occasion the people of this country have been able to give of their abundance to feed the famine-stricken people of other countries. In surveying the history of the century of American Independence, the. growth from the small and weak beginning of 1776 to the power and grandeur of 1880, and comparing it with the century of revolution, of war, of changes of dynasty, of the mitigated but still strong rule of despotism all over the globe, the American people have infinit cause for gratitude, not only to the Allwise Pro’ dence that governs and directs all things, but to the personal integrity and patriotic devo- tion of the men who framed our Government, placing its fouhdations upon the intelligence and affections of the peovle. Governed wisely by’ chosen rulers, the people have vindicated their oft-derided capacity for self- government, and can point with National pride to the Union as it stands as the result of thé great experiment which was begun on the Fourth of July, 1776. ‘ ————_—_—_—__— THE SMOKE NUISANCE AND THE RAIL- ROADS, Now that a majority of the Judiciary Comn- mittea have resolved to report favorably on the proposed ordinance for the suppression of the smoke nuisance, it is to be hoped that the Council will pass the ordinance prompt- ly. The whole matter has been canvassed thoroughly before the Committee. It has becn demonstrated that the amount of smoke can be materially reduced by proper ap- pliances and proper care, and the health, comfort, and material welfare of the city de- mand that this possibility shall be made an actuality by ordinance. ‘The only opposi- tion that has been shown to the ordinance has come from those who think it will in- Volve some little additional expense to them- selves. These people are standing in their own light. Any additional expense of a smoke-consumer, or in the ease of railroad locomotives of a new fire-box and the use of hard coal or coke within the city fimits, will be saved ten times over in the courso of one year by the consumption of the smoke as fuel, and the reduc- tion in the amount of coal consumed. It is ridiculous to urge that the ordinance will be used to annoy the railroads by people who may éntertain a grudge against them. If such an: objection were permitted to govern police regulations and health ordinances, there would be no protection against’ public nuisances. The fact is, that the proposed ordinance, and the Health Officers acting under it, will assist the railroad managers in compelling their engincers to burn smoke and save fuel, and will thus be in the interest of the corporations as well as of the public generally. The law will not be valid if it exempt the railroad locomotives, nor should they be exempted. It cannot reasonably be inaintained that this city should continue to suffer from a nuisance that destroys the good appearance of its costly buildings and does an annual damage rmounting to mill- ions of dollars, in order to save the railroads the expense of asmoke-consumer or 8 new tire-box in cach of their locomotives. Chi- eago will be the brighter, handsomer, and healthier, and the railroads will be the gain- ers, by the proposed abatement of the smoke nuisance. A common interest in the pros- perity and growth of Chicago should induce the managers of all railroads that centre here to encourage every movement which promises to make this city more attractive to people who live elsewhere. ‘The smoke ordi- nance will contribute to this end in a greater degree just now than fy other practicable reform. THE CRIMINAL LAWS OF ILLINOIS. Some days since Tue Triponr directed the attention of its readers to the speedy trial and conviction of theman who murdered the Hon. George Brown in Canada, and con- trasted that case with the slow processes and doubtful result of a hypothetical case of the same kind in this city. A correspondent who properly appretiates the necessity for the prompt and efficient prosecution of crim- inals in this State desires to know how such a result can be obtained. The obvious an- swer is: to reform'the criminal Inws'm such. manner as to cut off”’the existing expedients for delaying and defkating justice. This is tho business for the Legislature. So long as the laws shall render indefinit postponement of criminal prosecutions practicable, it is cer- tain that the use of nioney and the influence of sentimentalists will avail to embarrass the adniinistration of: justice and the protection of life and property. ‘The most obvious improvement that can be made in the criminal code of Mlinois is an amendment of the present law providing for achange ofyenue. As the law now stands, any criminal, with the aid of two nds or hired perjurers, can select for his trial any one of the eight Judges who sit in the Crin- inal Court of this county by making affidavit that all the others are prejudiced against him. This facility for delay is made avail- able in almost every conspicuous case of crime, It serves frequently to postpone the trial of a murder case for months, and some- times for years. The practice of our Judges isto sit in the Criminal Court in rotation, taking three months each. It thus requires about two years to complete the list of Judges. By properly timing the selection of a Judge, and counting upon the individual delays of the necessary transfer from the Circuit or Superior Court to the Criminal Court, shrewd attorney can pretty surely postpone his client’s trial until public in- terest in the case shall subside and the prose- cuting witnesses shall grow indifferent, or be run off, or die a natural death. Justice has been chéated more frequently in this way than in any other. No code of morals and no theory of mercy warrants the placing of such an advantage in the hands of the lawless and vicious to be used against society. ‘The provision is not neces- sary to secure a fair trial to the accused, and it has been demonstrated to bé a standing impediment to the execution of the laws. Asecond change in the criminal code that would assist in the speedier and surer pun- ishment of murderers and other criminals is such modification of the Jury Jaw as will not necessarily exclude men of intelligence and character from sitting in the jury-box. As it is now, any man who reads and keeps up with the events of his time may be prevented by a criminal’s attorney from sitting in jude- ment, The law seems to proceed upon the false and vicious theory that intelligence and information lead to prejudice and promote injustice. ‘The reverse of this proposition is the truth. All that should be required of a juryman is that ‘he shall be in a frame of mind to listen impartially to the evidence pro- duced at the trial, and make up 2 verdict upon the facts thus presented. The inan who can and does read the newspapers is, as a rule, vastly better prepared to discharge this duty intelligently and faithfully than the man who cannot read or does not keep himself: in- formed as to current events. The cause of an innocent man accused of crime ismuch safer in charge of an Intelligent jury than when committed to ignorant men who are ruled by prejudice and subject to outside influences, and the cause of public safety and public morality demands that the community shall havea similar protection in the case of the guilty. | Another contradiction of the criminal code of Illinois is the provision which makes the jury the judge of both the law and the facts. The jury, composed of laymen, should deal with the evidence that comes before them, and with nothing else; and they shgud make up their verdict according to the facts as they are brought out, and according to the law as construed and explained by the Judge. A change in the law to this effect would assist powerfully in accelerat- ing the machinery of justice in criminal cases, because the Judges, educated in the law, would give fewer occasions for appeals and new trials in determining the law of a case, and there would be fewer disagree- ments among jw who are now embar- rassed by different individual constructions of the law involved in any givén case as niuch as they are by varying views as to the facts. ‘There is something manifestly incongruous about making twelve men who are not law- yers thé judges of the law, and thus placing their ignorance above the learning of theman who sits upon the Bench, and has been se- lected for that place because he is believed to know what the law is. These are a few of the more urgent re- forms that should be inaugurated in the prosecution of criminals in the interest of public safety. None of the‘proposed changes would deprive an accused person of the right of free and equal justice guaranteed to him by the Constitution. Indeed; the Constitu- tion expressly provides for “(a speedy public 1 by an impartial juty of the county or district in which the offense fs alleged tu have been committed.” This provision is practi- cally nullified by the devices and hindrances which are provided by some of our criminal laws and improved by criminal lawyers to defeat justice, and thus encourage crime. A new Legislature is to bo’ elected this fall, and the revision of the criminal code should be one of the pledges required from the candidates of both parties. The Citizens’ Association of this city cannot do a better work for the community than by taking this matter in charge. They should place them- selves in communication with influential and publie-spirited men in the other legislative districts in the State, in order to secure co- operation in the desired reform. Opposition is to be expected from many lawyers, since the delays: and intricacies of litigation and technical advantages on the side of accused persons increase the opportunities tor legal services and the excuse tor Jarge fees. But the sanctity of human life and the protection of individual property demand that society shall have at least equal protection with the If the lawyers will not agree to this the people should prevent them from controlling the law-making power. “YPOCRISY ON THE DECLINE.” It is cheering to be informed, “ officially,” by such a staid and conservative guardian of the public morals as the London Spectator that hypocrisy is upon the decline, and that there are not nearly so many Scribes and Pharisees in the world as there used to be. We presume the writer of the article in ques- tions arrives at his decisions from observa- tions in England, but, as human nature fs the same the world over, we may assume that this very disagreeable characteristic is dis- appearing hero as well as there: This being the case, the grounds upon which the Specta- tor bases its arguments will be of interest. ‘The first cause of thegreat chungeassigned by the Spectator is an inerease in the gen- eral perception and comprehension of varle- ties of character. Ordinary people travel more than they did, see more, talk more, and read more, especially in fiction, which widens their conceptions of character, and gives them more real views of it in all its variety. In their former narrow grooves, they could not conceive that persons widely dit- fering from themselves in their views, their habits, and modes of life were not hypo- crits. They could not believe that they were sincere. The Spcetator makes a good point, in the way of illustration, by citing the Quakers, Methodists, and some other sects: At one time the Quakers were universally re- gurded asa parcel of hypocrits, It was be- lieved that under ‘the garb of severity they concealed laxity of morals. The Spectator’ says: ‘Much, perhaps most, of this change is due, of course, to the change of public feeling in regard to Quakerism itself, which isno longer considéred’ ultra-heretical; but some of it arises from another cause,—a very curious and notable decline in the public readiness to suspect hypocrisy. A very few years ago, not half a century, this suspicion was by certain classes perpetually ¢x- pressed both publicly and in society, in every variety of form; and there is no reason to believe that it was only assumed, though it may have been purpose- ly exaggerated in expression.” And again it says: ‘A section of the public did really believe that every Catholic priest used the confessional for seduction, that every Dis- senting minister was either a drinker, a cheat, or a man practicing a poor profession for gain only, and that every ‘professor,’ as the Evangelicalsstyled him, was adebauchee. Comic literature, especially pictorial Intera- ture, was almost based on those assumptions, which were so popular with the mob, that the ducking of a preacher or a ‘Methody’ struck them as being only a fair penalty for habitual lying and deceitfulness.” This un- fairness of judgment joined with a certain degree of personal prejudice produced such characters as Stigyins and Chadband. The world laughed at them then, but it would hardly laugh now. It would be more likely to regard them as sincere, though it might heartily dislike them, since the world always dislikes extremes even in religion. We are much more inclined to regard such people as fanatics than as hypoerits, and outside of their particular hobbies they are trusted as mueh its the ess vehement or radical. Doubt- less, afew years ago, Brother Moody would have been regarded as a hypocrit, but to-day, while there are many people who may differ with him, or even dislike his sectarian views and his manner of expressing them, no one questions his sincerity. The most inveterate opponent has confidence in him. Unaues- tionably Mr. Ingersoll would not hesitate to trust his pocketbook with Brother Moody, and Brother Moody, though in his heart of hearts he believes that Mr. Ingersoll is going tothe ‘demnition bowwows,” would have no hesitancy in placing the sane confidence in the grent atheist. As stated by the Spectator, “The man whe habitually puts his faith for- ward out of season may be, they think, a hypocrit, but is much more likely to be a man who lacks on that subject self-restraint, - ora full sense of proportion,”. and as for a costume or a dialect “that is a Sway’ and in- dicates nothing except a wish to announce very publicly the views that the wearer or the speaker sustains.” ‘The second cause, and to us much the strongest one, isa decline in the practice of hypocrisy itself. It doesnot pay as well. In this country, which is less wedded to forms and flummeries than England, it never has paid, for the disguise is easily penctrated here. The Spectator says: 3f, for instance, a man affects asceticism, the pubiic nay believe him an ascetic, yet not draw the deduction Le wishes,—thut he is utterly dis- interested. No,” it will say, ** all ascetics are not disinterested, though some are; he may be so or not,—asceticism does not prove it. He may like asceticiem best, and strive unfairly for money us & power all the same.” Average men of the former generation did not guite know that that 1 ted, and were forced, us it were, to decide elther thatthe ascetic was wholly disinterested all through, and therefore to trust him, or thut he was a bypocrit. As they did not trust him all through, thoy bluntly decided that his asceticism was merely a hypocrisy. Now they distrust, but consider the asceticism by it- self. The growth of perception which enables men to perceive that other mon, ordinnry in speech, bubit, and ways, may be deeply religious men, has released the pious from ‘a certain temptation to affect devotion, and ut the same time bas deprived the bypocrit of the advantage he expected from the affectation. In the matter of hypocrisy there is an es- sential difference between this country and England. -liere the absolute freedom of speech and thought, the boldness with which opinion can be expressed, the absence of forms and of the costume and dialect to which the Spectator so frequently alludes, and the reduction of all men to one level of measurement, make the detection of hypoc- risy so certain that it dees not pay to practice it The more pretentious a man fs the moré his pretentions are analyzed ‘and sifted. The processes to which sham is subjected are merciless, and & man who deliberately ven- tures into a large city or even into one of our small towns to play the role of hypocrit for financial or any other sort of profit must be a pretty bold man, as he is usually cer- tain to be speedily stripped of his pretenses and exhibited to the com- munity in his real colors. In England there is a larger field for its exhibition, for it is 2 country of forms, and all forms are more or less hypocrisies, though they may be harm- less ones. If, therefore, hypocrisy is declin- ing there, it isa matter for congratulation, a3 England has been the vantage ground for hypocrisy, religiously, politically, and social- ly. With us hypocrisy jis narrowed down to little social: amenities and matters of eti- quet, where we must have a certain amount of hypocrisy, and as this style of hypocrisy does no harm and is very convenient, every one knowing it is hypocrisy, but by mutual consent accepting it as reality, it is much easier to tolerate it than to discontinue it, which would involve a complete social revo- lution. THE NATURE OF “MATTER.” Prof, William Crookes, of Loudon, En- gland, is well known as 2 patient investi- gator of the nature of matter. Ife has been for years past studying the subject, as es- pecially experimenting on the most diffused conditions attainable, asa key to the long- dreamed-of “fourth form”; that is, a form of matter that is neither solid, liquid, nor gaseous. He has recently been attempting to explain his idea of the correlations of these states of material existence, but has really succeeded in throwing as little light upon the topic as did the college freshman under examination: ‘What is inind?_No matter. Whit is matter? Never mind. Nevertheless the speculations of Prof. Crockes are of considerabte interest, if only in helping us to see how very httle we know of that which is all around us and consti- tutes all that is tangible of ourselves. There is a logical method in the presentation of his yiews which commends them to the reason. Of course he takes it for granted that matter is made up of molecules, and concludes that the molecules are the whole of matter, though forming but a very small part of what ig usually called matter. They are sundered by spaces very wide {n comparison with themselves, but that space is no more ‘entitled to be called matter than the air traversed by a rifle-bullet has a right to be called lead. In:solid matter the molecules move, but do not travel from one part to another; they retain a fixity of position about their centres of oscillation. The movement of the molecule is, however, large in proportion’ to its diam- ‘eter. In liquids the force of cohesion is very much reduced; and the fixity of position of ‘the centres of oscillation is destroyed. When artificially heated, the inter-moleeutar move- ments increase as the temperature rises, and at lagt-(under sufficient heat) the cohesion is broken, the molecules fiying off into space with enormous velocities. The “body” is now 4 gas. lts molecules fly about in every conceivable direction; they exert pressure in all directions; and would tly off into space were it not for the attraction of gravitation. Each molecule has millions of encounters with othor molecules in each second of time; and the gaseous state is preéminently a state depending on collisions. By great rarefaction the free path of these molecules is made so long that the “hits” in a given time inay be disregarded in comparison with thé misses; in whieN case the average molecule is ullowed to obey'its own’ motions or laws without interference. ‘The same condition may be obtained if by some extrancous force we can cause the molecules of a quantity of gas to make a methodical IIncar movement, avoiding the apparently disorderly jostling which seems to be the distinctive property of gas molecules. Such a methodical move- ment has been induced in experiments with tho radiometer; and such @ motion has re- cently been made visible in the researches of Prof. Crookes on the negative discharge in vacuum tubes. When, by either of these means, the molecules of a gas cease to col- lide they pass into the fourth, or radiant form of matter. The widely different states of matter, from the lowest to the highest, are therefore only phenomena due to variations in the move- ments of molecules, which themselves are almost inconceivable as entities, That is, the only true matter is intangible and invis- ible. We cannot even infer whether it be solid, liquid, or gaseous; in fact, great diffi- culties lie in the way of supposing it to be either of these. It is left to be inferred that matter is only a mode of motion; for we can scarcely conceive of what would be left if motion should cense. At the’ absolute zero of temperature (about 460 degrees below the Fahrenheit zero) the intermolecular move- ment would stop; and, although something retaining the properties of weight and Inertia would remain, matter, as we know it, would cease to exist. The quantity of space occu- pied by this residual something would prob- ably be infinitesimal. Possibly all the matc- rial that composes our solar system of worlds would take up no more room than a billiard- ball. A NEW MALADY. Since the impertinent discovery by Dr. George Wilson, of Edinburg, in 1! that there wore a large number of otherwise well-regulated per- sous who could not tell one color from another, who would confuse yellow with red and slate with burnt umber, and show other signs of chro- matic insanity too complex to meution, thore has been an immense upheaval of investigation among oculists, the result of which to the human Taco at Inrge bas been harrowing toa degree. The disease which Dr, Wilson had the amazing turpitude to show up was nicknamed Dulton- ism,—which was a wicked poking of fun at Dr. Dalton, an eminent but inoffensive scientist of that day, who was so afllicted with it that when his wife would send him down town to buy her two yards of mauve bobbinet, he was just as apt te return with tarlatan of a vivid but uo- suitable green as to fill her orders satisfactorily, and thus bring about a state of do- mestic hysterics quite awful to think of. Recently, to the cruel destruction of their peace of mind, Boards have been ap- pointed in different parts of the country to examine the eyes of pilots and other nautical persons, with a view to tracing simitriti between them and the esteemed Dr. Dalton; the result of which has been that a large number of them huve been declared incompe- tent on the flippant ground that they: could not tell a green light from a red one, and hence could not be reasonably expected to know whether an approaching steamer at night was going to Inrboard or starboard,—or an- swer, in fact, any of the abstruse conundrums which the reprehensible colored-light system might give rise to. And on this augurd show- ing many of them have been summarily dis- charged, notwithstanding thelr expostulation that the chief duty of a pilot on a river is to. wear a diamond shirt-pin and play poker with the Cuptain in tho texas, and that polyhucd lanterns have no more to do with them than Cincinnati Conventions have with S.'J. Tilden, but are simply to ornament the boat and soothe the passengers. The Boards dlso raised power of trouble with, railway engineers and signal men on equally ridiculous pretexts, and mide themselves generally vbnoxious and censurable. On the emetic principle,—one thing bringin: up another,—the study of ‘color-blindness, - Daltonism, bas led to the discovery by an emi- nent St. Louis oculist of a new malady which Prevails to an alarming. extent among the cen- sus-takors of that city, and is virulently spread- ing to adjacent towns and villages. From his description it appears to bea partial and spas- modfc paralysis of the motures oculorum, the ciliary ganglion, and sympathetic Mlaments, to. gether with engorgement of the erystalling Jens. It ischaracterized by a singular dispos}- tion of the organ to double, or even treble, cen. tain objects,—notably human beings,—and this in so natural a way that the victims are not aware of their malady or its illusions. One py. tient, for example, visited the-oculist in ques. tion with the simple end in view of enumerating hig household at two conts a name. The exact, number of persons in the house was five, includ” ing the oculist himself, but the diseased eyes in- creased them to ten, and the unconscious mind, sympathetically affiicted, promptly suggested ‘five extra names for the supernumecrarics— showing reflex action of the malady on the brain, through the optic nerve. ar Struok by this singular case, the oculiat mada arigid investigation and found that at least 59 per cent of the census-takers he examined were similarly afflicted. Extending his rescarcies, he found the malady existing among the car-- conductors of the city, but with these it seemed * toact inversely, for although by the oculist’s count 761 persons rode on one conductor's car, he turned in only us fares to the Company, showing that the disease with him decreased tho number of objects instead of multiplying them. In bis opinion a large number of human beings were afflicted with this strango comploint, Aggrogating the number of Zulus which Lord Chelmsford suic killed fn his various batues, for exainple, makes 117,00,—while it is well known . thut Cetywayo only had 46,000 warriors ell told, Gen. Hutvh, too, in bis New Mexico caravaigns, has always reported 217 Apaches slain, while itis clear that the truculent Victoria skipped his reservation With only 160 braves to back him, and bas yet a grist or so of them left to worry Hateh with. Prominent merchants and men of undoubted veracity have gone & fishing, too, and have been unable to explain satisfactorily the huge dis- crepancy between their statement of the num- ber of fish caught and the result of 2 clandes- tine cengus of thoir baskets by investigating friends, In fine, the new malady has most singular phases to interest the selentific mind. The dis- coverer’s ‘name is as yet a secret, for he fears if he made it known in St. Louis the people's grati- tude would be more than his modesty could tolerate, but next month he will move his family to Chicago to escupe the heat, and wilt then publish his remarkable investigations in full. —<—<—<—— ASTRONOMICAL, Chicago (TRIBUNE ollice), north 'atitude 41 deg. 52m. 573.3 west longitude, 42m. 18s. from Wash- ington, and 5b. 50m. 30s. from Greenwich. ‘The subjoined table shows the time of risingand settingof the moon'stower limb, andthe ofticial time for lighting the first street-lamp in each clr cuit in this city, during the coming week, unless ordered sooner on account of bad weather. Also the following times for extinguishing the tirst lamp: Day. Moon risea. a Light, Extinguish. 8:10pm. 2:40am. 8:10 p. m. $:10 p. m. pm. p.m. p.m 8:10 p.m. 2340 a. m. July iL 8:65 p.m. 235 a.m. The m willbe in apogee about half-past 10 o'clock: to-night; and new- moon will occur Wednessay next at 7:2 a.m. -Si6 will be with ‘Venus the same morning; will pass 23 degrees south of Mercury Friday evening, and be in con- junction with Mars Saturday afternoon, her po- sition near the time of setting being about 7 de giecs to the left from the phinct. "There will be an nanutar (ring) eclipse. of the sun at this new moon; but it will not be visible from this part of the world. It can be seen from the southern two-thirds of South -America, aad n few score square miles on the southern tip of Africa, with the intervening South Atlantic Ocean. The narrow belt along which the eclipse will be annular lies altogether in the ocean, and south of 54 degrees south latitude, being cust of Terra Del Fuego. ‘ ‘The sun's upper limb rises Monday at 4:30% a. 3 souths at Oh.4m. 2.08. p. m.; and sets at Be". Tm. The sun’s upper limb. rises Friday at 4:3043 a. m.;souths at Ob. 2m.0223. p. m; and sets at 7:36 p.m. Sidereal time Thursday mean -noor;-7h. Sm 13.103. Mercury is east from the sun, and will beat his greatest elongation Tuesday of this week (26% degrees). He will set tu-night at Tuesday at 9:02 p. m., and Thursday at or nearly an hour and a half after the sun each evening of this week. Those who, like the great Copernicus, have never been able to cateba- glimpse of this planct, may be interested in knowing that in the clear skies of Miuncsota bo has been recrgnized with the naked eye exch day during about one-quarterof his synodical’ revolution. This may help us to understand how he cbuld bave been identified asa planet: - some 4,000 years ago by the patient watchers of: Chaldea and Egypt. Venus is a small distance west of the sun dur-- Ing this week, and will be in superior conjunc> tion a week from Tuesday. She will then be! 4914 minutes of are north of his centre. The. position is that described by the uncients as “Cazimi,”—that is, “in the heart” of the sun. Mars is now a very faint object in the western’ sky. Thursday he will south at 2:32 p. m., and set at 9:31, about six degrees northwest from Alpha Leonts, the brightest star in the sickle of; Leo. Jupiter will rise next Wednesday at 11:57 p.m. and south at 6:01 a.m. Thursday. He is now. avery prominent object as a morning star. The’ dig spot will be turned towards us on the morn- ingsof Tuesday, Friday, and Sunday of thls week, and easily recoguized through a small tel- escope if the atmosphere be clear. Monday at 3:83 a. m. the thir satellite will emerge from’ transit, Wednesday at 2:1613 a. m. the first sat~ ellite will be eclipsed, und Thursday at 3:13 a.m. will pass off from a transit of the planet. | Saturn is also a morning star, and quite bright, though less so, and lower down, than Jupiter. Noxt Thursday he will rise at 0:05 a.m. and south atb:i0a.m. His ring system is. slowly widening out, the apparent diameters being’ + about as to 1; and the smallest diameter is about two-thirds that of the planet. : Uranus will south Thursday at 3:24 p.m. and set at 9:59 p. m., or less than 2!4 hours after the sun. He is now practically out of the field of ob + servation. Neptune will south Thursday at 7:36 a. m. AY is yet too near the sun to be studied with ad- yantage even through large telescopes. A correspondent wants us to tell him why the’ sun now rises and sets fur to the north of east and west, while it issouth at midday. We can. . starcely explain it without a dingram. If he has necess ton globe it may be easily under stood. tlevate the North Pole to about de grees above the horizon; then make a (chalk)’ mark on the globe 2% degrees north of the equator; that will represent the position of the sunt midsummer. ‘Then, by turning th3 globe on its axis, be will sec that when on eastern horizon the mark is north of cast; whet on the meridian the mark is south; and wher. on the western horizon the mark is north of west. By putting the mark 23% degrees south; of the equator be may similarly obtain the boris. zon positions of the sun at rising and setting 1m midwinter. : ‘Tre dreadfully narrow eseape of the goed people of Eatonville, Ga., from the ravages 0b” the meteor which fell on the night of the 2X3. of June can only be conjectured from the fol” lowing too Inconie telegram sent to the New York Times: “Meteor fell between two places: meteor observed but did not strike heres OP” peared to go in a-soythern direction.” Nowe suppose the metcor had fullen between three places, or hud fallen between one, or badu't! fallen between any, but gone right through and" struck a Brigadier General? ‘Who of the Eaton= yillians will now be skeptical in regard f° aspecial and argus-cyed Providence when thes: -- awful possibilities loom up, and it is showo thelr meteor fell between just two places, a! even then went skcetering south? —————__— : By all accounts the performance of th? Agamemnon Zschylus by some of the undere . graduates of Oxford was highly successful. Drer Jowett, the fumous houd-master ot Baliol Col; lege, has, besides inspiring his students with® love of Greek Iterature and admiration of 18” best models in Greek art, communicat them some of the ancient enthusiasm for.the--. drama. The performance grew out of a dir cussion among some of the Balliol undergralt! ates as to the capacity of the old playa:for reP” resentation before a modern audience. result was atrinl. ‘Twenty-five young Oxonisns from Baliol, Trinity, Corpus, Merton, and Ne College resolved to perform the Agamemnon {2, the original tongue. After eight weeks" caro= ful nreparation it was brought out 3