Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, June 27, 1880, Page 4

THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, JUNE 27, 1880—SIXTEEN PAGES. Che Gribune. TERMS OF SURSCRIPTION. BY MAU-—-IN ADVANCE—POSTAGE PREPAID. .813.00 Daily edition, one year... Parts of 9 year, per mon 00 Luesday, thursday, and Satur 00 Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, por year 90 Saturday or Sunday, 16-page edition, per year 2.39 ‘Any other day, per year. WEEKLY EDITION—POSTPAID. Specimen copies sent tree. Give Post-Oftice address in full, including State and ‘County. Eemittances may be made elther by draft. expres, Post-Ofice order, or in registered letter, st our risk. 3 TO CITY SUBSCRIBERS. Dally, delivered, Sunday excepted, 25 cents per weet. Daily, delivered, Sunday included, 30 cents per week. Address THE TRIBUNE COMPANY, Corner Madison and Dearborn-sts.. Chicago, IL POSTAGE. Entered at the Post-Ofice at Chicago, 1, as Second Class Matter." Forthe beneftt of our patrons who desire to send single copies of THE TRIBUNE through the mull, we sive herewith the transient mte of postaze: Domestic, Eiht and Twelve Pago Paper. Sixteen Page Paper... Foreign. Eightand Twelve Page Paper. tixteen Page Paper - TRIBUNE BLANCH OFFICES. bas established branch scriptions und advertise- TRY Chicago TRIBU: offices for the recelpt 0! ments as follows: NEW YORK—Room 29 Tribune Building. F.T.3{c- Fappex, Manager. GLASGOW, Scotland—Alan’s American News Agency. #t Renfield-st. LONDON, Eng.—American Exchange, 49 Strand. Hzxuy F. GILuic, Agent. WASHINGTON. 31 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1 XK. T.—Special i MMANDERY, No. Sone tr at 8 o'clock. Conclave Tuesday evening, June Special Dispensation having been obt: lar order of business at a Stated ed, balloting on petitior clave Wednesday evening, June si, comm ‘O'clock, at whlch the Order of the ‘Ited Cross will be conferred. Visiting Sir Knights ure always welcome. f the Er ¢ Commander, By order of the Eminent (2 TIFFANY, Recorder. APOLLO LODGE, No, G2, A. F. & A. M, will hold ts Ninth Annual “Basket Plenic at Washington Heights, Tuesday, June 2 Spectal train leaves Van Buren-st. Depot (via C., H. 1. & P.) at 9a, m. stopping at Twelfth, sixteenth, I'wenty-secund, Twenty-ser- enth, Thirty-trat, Thirty-ffth, apd Thirty-ninth-ste., and it.I. Shops and Englewood. ‘Tickets can be pro- cured on the train. EXCELSIOR (UNIFORMED) ENCAMPMENT, NO, .F.—Hall corner Clark and Washinxton- six. “All Patriarchs are requested to, meet in full Uniform at their hall to-morrow (Monday), at 7:4 a. ‘80 ns to take the 8:40 train for Washington mm. sharp, Heights, to participate in their tenth annual picnic, yebieh stponed on account of rain from Iasi Was postpo £ tig Paecarehs sor stnols: Encampments, and "atriarchs invited. By o rare if 1, B. BALN, CP. ¥. D, REINERS, Seribo. : B.—There will be a mass meeting of. the ooh is (Sun- 1. 6. & B. in Oriental Hal}, 12? La Salle-st., t day) évening, June 7, at §p.m. The President, V: President, and all the members of the General Com- inltee will be present 10 uddress the Brotherhood. the members of the Order are invited. : ADOLPH LOEB, Grand Sreretary, D. G. L., No. 6, L 0. B. B. HESPERIA LUDGE, NO. -41l:—Members_ are hereby reminded of the acceptance | of | the in- vitation of Harlem Lodye, Oak Park. to make a fra-- ternal visit for degree work and sociability, on Tues- day evening, June 2 Sosmthapes will leave Masonic Temple, curner Randolph an sted-615.. prompt Bt 6:5 clock. JAMES SMITH, W. M. UA FAYETTE CHAPTER NO. 2 BR. A. M.—Hall, 7G Monrve-at._ Stated Convocation Monday evening, June, atYo'clock. Special business, to take action ‘on delinquents, Every member is requested to be present. By ord eo * Wve. K. FORSYTH, M. E. LP, Wi. J. BRYAR, Secretary. ji CORINTHIAN CHAPTER, NO.09,H. A. M.—Stated ‘Convocation ponoay, Srenings June 3, for business ‘and work on the MM. M. and ¥.M. Degrees. Visiting Companions are alwars welcome.” By order of ROBERT MALCOM, M. B. LP. JOHN 0, DICKERSON, Secretary. CHICAGO COMMANDERY, NO. 19, K. T.—Speciat Conclave Monday evening, June 23, 1880, at 7:30 o'clock. Work on the Knights ‘Templar Order. Visiting Sir Knights welcome. By order, uf the Eminent Com- mander. HIRAM T. JACOBS, Recorder. ORIENTAL LODGE, NO. 3A. F. & A. lar Communication will be held prday evening, July = at7:S)o'cluck sharp, at ball, 12 La Snile-st. Busi- ‘Bess and work. By order of WM. GAEDNER, W. M. CHARLES CATLIN. Secreiary. §T. BERNARD COMMANDERY, No. 3%, K. Special Conclave Wednesday evening. June 3. at o'clock sharp. Visiting Sir Knights are courteously invited. By order, ‘O. D. M. CARR, Commander. J.O. DICKERSON, Htecorder. WILEY M. EGAN CHAPTER 196, IR, A. M.—Special Convecation Munday evening, June 2, at 8 o'clock. Work on the RK. A Degree, Visiting’ compantons rdialiy invited. Per ord a ina EE NEWELL, Secretary. CHICAGO CHAPTER, NO. 17, R. A, M.—Hall 134 ‘Twenty-secund-et. Special Convocation Monday evening at 8 o'clock for work on the Royal Arci, ‘Visiting companions cordially invited. By order of the ME. H. ELI SMITH, Secretary. MH T PICNIC—The postponed Picnic of Fort Dearborn, Univn, and Eclipse Lodges, 1. 0.0.-F.. witl be held dn Monday, June 3%, accompunied, celsior Hn- Eampment, at Pum Green Grove. Trains feave Rock island depot at 8:40 sharp fur Washington Heights. LADY WASHINGTON CHAPTER, No. %, 0. E. 8., will give 2 musical and literary entertainmentat their hall, 2) South Halsted-st, Tuesday evening, 2h. By order of W. M. KATY CREED, Secretary. SUNDAY, .JUNE 27, 1890. Persons leaving town. for the scason, and sum- mer travelers, can have The DAILY TRIBUNE mafled to them, postpaid, for $1.25 per month, in- cluding Sunday cdition, or $1.00 per month with- out it; and the address will be changed as often as Tue army-worm has made its appearance at Goshen, Orange County, N. ¥. ANOTHER Cuban insurgent chief has sur- rendered with thirty-three officers and 254 pri- ‘vates. Cf Presipent Ha’ yesterday appointed Daniel B. Dyer, of Kansas,and John H. Sullivan, of Indiana, Indian Agents. Tax valley of the Wabush River, Indiana, 4s covered with water, and much damage to property has resulted in consequence. ‘Tne passengers of the steamer Narragan- sett who were so fortunate a8 to escape have determined to bring suit against the Stonington Line for damages. THE wheat crop in Kansas, except in the western counties, hns turned out to be much better than was anticipated. The corn yield will be fully up to the average. Cnorrra InFANTUM is quite preyalent in New York. There were %7 deaths in that city in one day last week, a large percentage of which was caused by the disease mentioned. Cranes ATHERTON, sou of the Ohio Con- fressmun of that name, left home a few days ago, andhrs not since been heard from. He left a note saying that he intended to commit suicide. ‘Tae six Irishmen who will compete with the six Americans in the Dollvmount ritle match have been selected. They are Messrs. Fenton, Young, Joynt, John Rigby, William Rigby, and Milner. Gew. SuERMAN left Washington last even- ing for St. Paul, Miri, where he will participate in the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony by Father Marquette. A WESTWARD-BOUND train on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad jumped the track near Martinsville yesterday, and the engineer and fireman were both killed. It took four hours to clear away the débris. Tuomas B, Hoorer was hanged at Green- field, Mo., Friday for the murder of Samuel C. Hani, near Labeck, in that State, on the 2ith of August Inst. The condemned man professed ais innocence to the last. GEN. Mavone, the Virginia Readjuster, has returned to his first love, and is reported to have said that be will support Hancock and English. The Bourbons could have carried Vir- ginia without Mahone's aid. Panties in a position to know state that the members of the National Republican Com- mittee will tender the Chairmanship of that ody to Senator Don Cameron, and there is now a very good prospect that he will accept, and de- financial embarrassments which troubled him yote his best energies to ‘secure the success of the Republican candidates, the statements of the Democratic organs to the contrary notwith- standing. ” Srrmers at Jacksonville, Fla. had an en- counter with the police force of that town Fri- day night and yesterday morning, which re- sulted in the severe wounding of several of the ” trikers and of one policeman. Tre census returns make the population of Springfield only 20,000. The people of that city, however, think there are more, and the Board of Education last night ordered a school census, 80 as totest the accuracy of the re-‘| turns. : Once when Gen. Hancock wanted to send a telegraphic dispatch he entered bis tent, wrote the dispatch, and called his orderly to band the message to the operator who sat within two yards of Hancock. This was official etiquet with a vengeance. Tur Spanish authoritiesare taking the most extraordinary pains to prevent tho landing of fillbustering expeditions on the Island of Cuba. The recent outrages on American vessels are ascribed to the anxiety of the authorities on this filibustering business. BAYARD’s supporters attribute the defeat of their candidate to the friends of Field, who, in order to gain the support of the South for the Judge, represented that Bayard had no | chance of carrying any Northern State on a7- count of his Copperhead specch at Dover in 1861. A NEGRO Working in a chain-gang at Nor- folk, Va., yesterday refused to obey the order of his officer, whereupon the latter struck him a brutal blow. The negro, treatment, returned the blow and attempted to escape. The officer shot at him, killing him al- infuriated at such most instantly. Mr. J. K. Upto: j the Treasury, hus just published u card stating that Gen. Garfield, on the 24 of April, 1873, re- tufted’ to the Treasury $4,548. being the entire amount of the back-pay received by him through the retroactive provision of the Salary act. This statement settles one campaign slan- der of the Democrats. A WRECKING-TRALN collided with a freight- train on the Vandalia Road, about six miles from St. Louis, yesterday morning, causing the instant death of two men, the fatal wounding of two others, and injuring ten men more or less seriously. Both trains were under orders to look out for each other, and why the engineers did not act on instructions remnins a mystery. ATTORNEY-GENERAL DEVENS, in answer to questions proposed by.the Treasury Depart- ment, gives it as his opinion that compensation due for transportation service rendered to the Quartermaster's Department over the Union Pa- ciftc, Kansas Pacific, and other Pacific Railroad Companies indebted te the United States for the money used in the construction of any part of these roads can be retained by the Treasury De- partment as part payment of the indebtedness of these roads. Tu Berlin Conference has adopted a front- fer line: which would covey the Province of Janina to Greece, but the Porte in a note to the Conference reminds that body that it has only mediatory powers, and that its decision on the boundary question cannot bo regarded as final. ‘The Porte furtber announces its intention of occupying the district which it was intended to ‘cede to Montenegro, as soon as the Albanian agitation subsides, andof compensating Monten- egro for the expenses already incurred in the inatter. with considerable surprise by the Ambassadors composing the Conference. The note will doubticss be received ‘No sooner had the Cincinnati Convention adjourned than the Democratic National Com- mittee set to work to secure the sinews of war. Each State was assessed in proportion to its wealth and population, and as a consequence New York State will pay the largest as- sessment. offered promised $50,000 for Tammany. Tilden was assessed in the moderate sum of $100,000, which itis said he will not pay either in whole or part. Not one cent, it is said, will come out of tho bar- rel for campaign funds this time. not be assessed, but English will have to open one of his barrels, though it be wormwood and “Boss” Kelly is said to have $10,000 himself, and to have Hancock will gallfor him todoso. The Democrats are going to meke thisa barrel campaign. There will be plenty of money for the “boys.” The sooner they get hold of it the better. Mx D. P. NEWELL, a gentleman who was well known in real-estate circles in this city, appears to have committed suicide a few days agoin a very novel manner. He left home Wednesday evening. His wife received a letter from him the same right, written on Tremont House paper, saying that he had discovered that lead was a better floating substance than cork; that, acting on -this discovery, he was about to invent a leud life- preserver, was going out in one of the Good- rich boats to experiment with it, and on his return to the city would sell his patent for $100,- 000 and pay off all hisdebts. There is no doubt that he went out in tho boat and tried the lead preserver, and was of course drowned, for bis clothes were found on the boat Friday on its return to the city. Mr. Newell had met with exceedingly, and which undoubtedly resulted in temporary insanity, during which he committed the rash act. Tue coming campaign will be fought more largely on the principles aud record of the rival partics than on personality of the candidates. ‘The Repubticans are already beginning to com- pare the principles set forth in the Democratic platform with the performances of the purty, and to read certain other utterances in the Hight of its history and practices. The second plank of the Cincinnati platform, for instance, repeats with considerable force the State-right heresy, which is so denr to the Democratic heart, but which has been so frequently repudiated by the people. The resolution which calls for main- tenance of the public faith, State and National, hasbeen repudiated time and again by the strong- hold of the Democracy, the Solid South. The Bourbons have had a majority in the Lower House for the last three sessions, and in the Senate during tho lust session, and the efforts they have made to enforce that plank in their plat- form calling for a “tariff for revenue only” were few and faint, and the results almost mi- croscopic. Our dispatches this morning contain the accounts of a novel and gratifying finale to a duel in Virginia. It appears that Capt. Brown and Maj. Strother, having atfronted each other's honor, met on the ficld to exchange shots. Be- fore proceeding to business, an altercation en- sued between the principals, in which they called each other liars and thieves. The seconds joined in, and there was a general fist fight, iu which all bunds were bandsomely hammered and pounded, aud dno of the principals, Maj. Stroth- er, was knocked hors de cumhat. This. we be- lieve, is the first time that the old-fashioned, manly weapons of the fists have been used on o Southern dueling ground. and shows gratifying progress on the part of the chivalry. It is a much more convenient, economical, and sys- tematic way of settling affronts in a region where everything that gets between the wind and the chivairy is derogatory to theirbonor. At the same time, we fear that the practice may not become very general, 2s it involves consid- erable personal courage, and:somebody is likely to get hurt, which is not the case with pistols, in that part of the world at least. A MOVEMENT which promises to reccive the support of a majority of the Board of Edu- cation has been set on foot looking towards the abolition of the Central High Sehool, and the establishment of one High School with branches in each of the three divisions of the city, the proposed High School to have a three years’ classical or preparatory collece course, and a four years’ general course. It is not intimated whether the Sub-Principals of the branch High Schools are to be under the charge of a Head Principal or of the Superin- tendent. Something ought to be done by the Board iathe matter. The High-School courses at present, and particularly the course in the Division High Schools, are ridiculous in the extreme. In the latter the work of five years is crowded into two years’ course, and the grad- uates so called leave theso institutions puffed up with the idea that they have acquired a snowledge of many fine-sounding branches, when the fact is that they are sadly Jacking in knowledge even of the ordinary branches. Mr. Howland has bad long experience in High-School work, and with bis usual sound judgment will doubtless devise a course and plans for the placing of the High-School system of this city one healthy and sound basis. In this work he will receive large assistance from his painstak- ing and efficient assistaut, Mr. Delano. THE CHICAGO RIVER. The absence of the Mayor from the city and his recent close application to National politics must be accepted as a partial apol- ogy for the want of any attention on his part to the universal complaint concerning the condition of the Chicago River. Now that the Mayor has returned, it is to be hoped that immediate action will be taken on this most serious of all questions pertaining to the health of the city. ‘There are certain points fn relation to this matter which have been. absolutely deter- mined by long experience. One of these is, that the natural flow of water from the river to the lake Is not sufficient to keep the river clean; and another. point is, that the river must be drained by a flow of water there- from through the canal and thence south. The city in 1870 expended over three millions of dollars to so deepen and enlarge the canalas to carry off sufficient of the river water to keep the South Branch and the main river comparatively clean. Since that time, however, the use of the river as a sewer has so increased and the lake level has so fallén that the discharge of water through the canal is no longer equal to what tho exigencies of the city require. It is there- fore an ascertained and determined fact that the river can only be kept clean by maintain-) ing a suflicient flood of water through the river from the lake to the canal. On that point there is no controversy. The next question is, how this flow of water from the lake to the canal is to be maintained.’ There are two ways in which this cau be done. One is to further deepen and widen the canal; and by deepening it the canal and the river will be on the same Jevel and depth, with an inclination through the canal to the south. This will require a widening of the canal at the top and down the sides to the bottom. To do this will re- quire deep and severe cutting through the rock deposit of several miles extent, and, supposing the supply of money to be regular and unbroken, will require several years in which to perform the work, at a cost not less than, but perhaps exceeding, $3,000,000. ‘That is one mode in which the work can be accomplished. . The other plan is sinpler, more direct, and of immediate accomplishment. It is to re- place the gate at the junction of the canal and river, and to replace on the line of the } eanal the pumping-works which had been in use, and which were removed in 1870. By the use of these pumps the water in the river can be lifted into the canal, giving several addi- tonal feet of water in the latter stream, fur- nishing a deeper and broader volume of water in the canal, with an increased flow and cur- rent. The difference in the amount of water moved by that process and that now fur- nished can best be understood by the rela- tive figures of the performance. Thus the water now finding its way from the river into the eanal varies fromm 15,000 to 24,000 cubic feet per minute, according to the direction of the wind and the amountof drainage follow- ing rains finding its way inte the canal. When the rains are heavy, the drainage into tne canal fills the latter to the exclusion of water from the river." Now, the erection of an engine and the pump will furnish an enlarged capacity for the cunal. Closing the gate at the entrance of the canal will permit the increase of water in the canal several feet above the present river level. With increased depth, procured in that matter the breadth of water in the canal will be correspondingly enlarged, and the pump can lift from the river into the canal 65,000 cubic feet of water per minute. That is an amount of water three times greater than the present average discharge, and is equal to the removal of the foul water in the river and its replacement by clear, pure water from the lake every day, even by working less than twenty-four hours, In forty-eight hours after that pump fs put. at work the water in the river and canal from the lake to Lockport will be clear and free froin odor, and by the use of the pump ac- cording to necessity the water in the river and the canal can be kept clear and odorless continuously. The cost of this improvement will be $100,- 000 for machinery, and the cost of operating will not exceed $10,000 a year. This remedy is direct, immediate, and ef- fective. It will supply the water now needed for navigation in the cunal; it will keep the inain river and South Branch clean and odor- less, and send each day’s accumulation in the river down the canal so diluted and purified by the copious flood of pure lake water as to silence the loud, just, and earnest protests now coming from the people living along the canal and river down as far as Peoria. This expenditure has been authorized by the City Council, and an appiopriation to cover it was made last April. It was then estimated that the whole work could be completed and the pumps put in operation in minety days; but up to this time the Maygr has steadily ig- nored the matter, and not one step has been taken looking to the beginning or completion of the much-needed improvement. The condition of the river during the last ten days of hot weather has left no possible doubt as to the immediate and urgent neces- sity for this relief from the foul and pesti- lential bed of disease and death whose odors afilict the sick and the well by day and by night. The whole cost of this improvement will not exceed 20 cents per inhabitant, or $1 per family. Mayor Harrison must assume the responsibility of continuing the present fearful condition of the riverby his obstinate refusal to expend this money. He may de- feat the measure by. refusing to expend the money in order to show economy, but it is fearful economy that locks money in the ‘Treasury and leaves the community to perish by disease and pestilence and an atmosphere polgenad by the most destructive exhala- ‘ions. =~ . —_—_<$_$_$_—— THE LICENSE LAW. Some weeks ago we discussed briefly a proposition made to the City Council to in- crease the rate of saloon licenses to $500. Since then another petition has been pre- sented in which it is asked that the rates of* license be graded, and that they be fixet! at $200a year for the saleof beer and $300a year for the sale of spirits. The only practical difference between these two measures is that the one recognizes the justice of grading the rates of licenses and the other does not. In considering 4 measure of this kind, when the law is invoked as the arbitrator, it should be borne in mind that all legislation to be effective must be practical. Can a law prohibiting the sale of liquor be enforced in Chicago? Such alaw caunot be enforced in this or any other city where public opinion is opposed to it, Such a law would be a dead letter in Chicago, and for the reason that the mass of the people would be opposed to it and would sanction a general disregard of. it.; No Council that would pass such a Inw, nor any. Government that would attempt to énforee it, could hope to live beyond the first -election there- after, An ordinance fixing the rate of li- cense at $200 and $500 a year would be substantially an ordinance prohibiting the sale of liquor. It igs not practical legislation. It is hardly entitled to be sentimental, be- cause it seeks to do that by indirection which it eannot hope to do directly. We repeat what we said some weeks ago, that, so long as men and women will drink, itis better they should drink the compara- tively harmless beer than drink spirits; and the substitution of beer for spirits is in the direction of a reduction of drunkenness and of all the evils of intemperance. Beer does not work the evils that are caused by the use of spirits,and when men drink beer at saloons instead of spirits, and when beer is used in families in place of spirits, the change and the reform are both healthy and encourag- ing, and should be promoted by every friend of temperance. It is a matter of National and individual gratitication that beer as a common beverage is largely taking the place of spirits; and that ina majority of the sa- loons in Chicago 90 per cent of the liquor pur- chased and‘consumed is beer, and not alco- hol. Every friend of temperance should la- bor to encourage men and women to use beer instead of alcoholic drinks; and to the extent that such a change is effected the reform is a healthy one. Beer is becoming a National drink. It would perhaps surprise the extreme adyo- eates of temperance to know how gen- eral is the use of beer, not alone in the sa- loons, but in private families, where it has become a beverage in common use. An at- tempt to prohibit the sale of beer by a pro- hibitory license law would arouse the deter- mined opposition of thousands of temperate people who never visit saloons and who never use spirits, bat who do use beer at their own table and in their own houses. We have therefore urged these friends of ; temperance to confine themselves to practic) measurés,—to measures that will meet with the general suprort, and which, sustained by public sentiment, can be enforced. If these persons will recognize the wide distinction in the effects of the use of beer from. those of the use of alcohol they will discriminate by legislation to encourage the one beverage as against the other. Let them ask the City Council to fix the rate of license for the sale of beer exclusively at the present rate of $52 per year, and then fix the rate of license for the sale of spirits at $100, or even $150. Here would be a broad distinction. be- tween the two kinds of establishments. The great evils of saloons are the maddening effects prodiiced on men’s mentel and bodily health by the use of fery alcohol, and es0e-" cially of the poisonous stuffs sold under the name of liquorin the cheap saloons. It is this kind of poison which kills those who consume it. Nine-tenths of it, if submitted to a chemist, would be declared fatal to health and its prolonged use fatal to life. This is the class of saloons which does the great evil, and any measure having for its purpose the reduction of the number of such places would be heartily supported by public sentiment. If the licenses were graded, as we have suggested, a majority of tiese saloons would be compelled to substitute beer for whisky or close up their business. ‘The large majority of the persons who keep saloons would approve this classification, and, distinguishing between those for the ex- elusive sale of beer and those where alcohol may be had, the law would meet with no serious resisfance, and the resistance would find no countenance among the general pub- lic. The attempt to close all saloons by a pro- hibifory rate of license would meet with a disfavor so general that the attempt would fail disastrously. It would become the main question in city politics, and the combination against such legislation would prove how weak is the publi¢’sentiment in favor of it," THE RUINOUS are oe “CHURCH AND Under the caption of “The Last of the Medieval Church in England’ there is a paper in the Fortnightly Review for June which presents some suggestive statements for Sunday consideration. stance of the article in question is an exposi- tion of the ruinous effects upon a country of the union of Church and State, and these are clearly shown inthis article as they” affect population, industry, wealth, and material resources of every description. The writer confines himself to the period of English history between the Conquest and the Refor- mation, but his conclusions, all things in pro- portion, need not be confined to any one period of gny country. 7 i One of the mosi striking effects of this in- congruous union is to be found in the slow growth of population. In the year 1100 the population of England was about 2,000,000. After the lapse of three centuries it was only 2,750,000, or about 10 per cent in each hundred years. Another century raised it only to 3,500,000, In 1600 it was 4,125,000, and in 1700 it had reached 5,125,000, In the period from 1700 to 1880, freed from the depressing and destructive influences of the Chureb, it has jumped to 25,000,000. From the year 1100 to 1700 the increase was 110 per cent. During the last 180 years the increase has been 286 per cent, And during the pe- riod of slow growth, it isto be taken into consideration that: there were no sweepmg calamities, like epidemics, devastating inva- | sions, or great doinestic wars. ‘Thearticle to which we have alluded supplies the general cause: “The small number of people and their tardy increase can be attributed only to the circumstance that capital accumulated so slowly that each generation had the great- est physical difficulty in maintaining asmany offspring as would just replace it, sometimes with o trifling surplus, and sometimes with a deficiency, And this incessant conflict with Nature for mere life necessitated dense ig- norance, the rudest and hardest labor, the diseases and epidemics which follow close upon hunger, cold, and exposure, and the sweeping destruction of infant and advanced life.” : Coming from general to specific causes, we find that'there were in these four centuries of slow growth. 40,000 professed religious persons in England, anid) adding to these the immense number of attendants, servants, and hangers-on to the religious houses, it is estimated.that the whole number of people devoted to ecclesiastical business was equal to one-fourth of the whole adult popula- tion. One-fourth of the time of the remaining three-fourths of the people was taken up, in festivals and holi- days, and those who availed themselves of these religious luxuries were compelled to pay heavily for them in money and goods. All this was equivalent to actual waste of time, labor, money, and material. In the words of the Review writer, it was “a calam- ity exactly analogous to reducing the quantity of daylight by ‘one-half or adding several months to the reign of winter.” Asoneof the chief supports of his argument, the writer brings the City-and County of York in evi- dence. The erection of the Minster of York necessitated a vast outlay of capital, which was wrung outbdf the people in the torm of alms, and demanded where it was not freely given. In this church there were forty-six chantries, founded in connection with twen- ty-seven altars, endowed with lands, rent- charges, and revenue derived from York, and these chantries Were lavishly supplied with jewels, cups, chalices, tapestries, gold and silver plate, wrung out of the people. Be- sides the great minster, there were.in York, under Henry V., nine monasteries and prior- ies, forty-one parish churches, seventeen chantry chapels, and sixteen hospitals living The real sub-. upon the industry and savings of the 11,000 people who constituted the population of York. Says the Review: There was no more fertile source of warfare, litigation, intrigue, and scandal among the Church and monastic bodies than the unceasing effort to enlarge and aggrandize, without the smallest regurd to the health and convenience of others, lay or clerical, the sumptuous edifices and spacious vleasances of their domicile. In York the consequence of these great ecclesias- tical inclosures was to relegate the ordinary in- habitants into nurrow and tortuous Isnes and #! leys, built up on both sides with tall, overhang- ing timber-houses, the perpetual seuts of fever and plague, and the constant prey of devasta- ting fires. It is quite permissible to say that the overcrowding forced upon town populations by the seltigbness and ostentation of -the Medicval Church wasa chief cause of the sicknesses which every now and then became »estilences of terrible intensity. The influence of this constant aggrandize- ment for the Church was manifest in the pov- erty of the people. When Parliament granted a wool subsidy to Edward LV. of 30,000 sacks at £4 each, which was only a tax of one shil- ling a head on the then population of two and a half millions, the taxes had to be taken in kind, just as they now are in the poorest and most ignorant parts of Eastern Europe. The history of medieval agriculture also fur- nishes some suggestive proofs of the wretch- edness of the people. The rate of seed to the acre in those days was about the same as now, two bushels. It was only at two locali- ties in all England that the farmer reaped tw6 quarters (sixteen bushels) to the acre. Usiially they got less than one quarter. Now farmers get forty bushels. Stock was always starved in winter. The sheep were very small and their fleeces rarely weighed two pounds. The ravages of murrain were con- stant, and sometimes half the sheep and Inmbs were lost ina year. How the peasant lived is thus told: His dwelling was built of the coarsest material, most frequently of wattles daubed with mud or clay; bricks never appear to be used. We, in this age, cannot realize the -privations of a medieval winter, the joy of a medievul spring, and the glad thavkfulness of an abundant harvest. ‘The offering of a candic at the shrine of asnint was a rational tribute because it was a choice personal enjoyment. Few persons could then afford to break the Curfew. . . - Seurry, in its most virulent forms, and leprosy, moditied perhaps by the climate, were common disurders, for the people lived on salt meat half the yoar; and not only were they without pota- toes, but they do not appexr to have had other roots which are now In common use, 2s carrots and parsnips. Onions and cabbage appear to have been the only esculent vegetables. Spices were quite out of reach; sugara very costly lux- ury; Dees Very rure; cloth was coarse and deur; linen very coatly, so much so that sheets wore often the subjects of ostentatious doles, and at Loe a and centuries afterwards were devised y wi It is unnecessary to draw the picture of poverty and general wretchedness under the rule of the Church with any further detail. The bright side comes into view with the Reformation. Thé Papal rule ended in 1530, and with it came to an end the enormous taxes laid upon the people for Romisheccle- siastical expenditure. From that moment En- gland fairly bounded forward upon a career of prosperity. It was like lifting a huge bur- den. Trade and commerce revived. Wealth increased. Agriculture was stimulated. The condition of the people improved. Freed from ecclesiastical control, everything found its natural growth and increase. To-day the State is infinitly better off without the Chureh, and to all reasonable people the Church is infinitly better off without the State. “DEALING IN MARGINS. ‘The Supreme Court of Wisconsin has just rendered an important decision in relation to optional contracts. The case is: one of long standing, and the opinion of the Court will be of great interest to all persons who buy and sell grain for future delivery. About three years ago Henry Backhaus, a country merchant in Washington County, Wisconsin, directed his brokers, Zinckheisen, Bartlett & -Co., members of the Milwaukee C hamber of ‘Commerce, to sell! grain for him deliverable ata future day, which they did in the usual manner on ’Change, in their own name, and not disclosing the name of the princi- pal. | The price of wheat went boom- ing, and threatened to rise still high- er, and Backhaus ordered his agents, Zinckheisen, Bartlett & Co., to make con-¢| tracts for the purchase of grain to offset against the contracts for delivery. They did as he (Backhaus) requested, and paid a much higher price than they had before contracted tosell for. Of course there was a heavy loss, so. great indeed as to absorb all of the money deposited by Backhaus as margins, and he gave ip settle- ment three promissory ‘notes _ besides. These notes were negotiated and sold before maturity to oneSeckel, of Chicago, who after- wards indorsed and sold them to Henry C. Barnard. Barnard brought suit in the Mil- waukee County Court and obtained judg- ment for the full amount of- the notes and interest. Backhaus appealed the case to the Supreme Court, setting up the defense that the usual practice of dealing in grain by members of the Chamber of Commerce does away in fact with the de- livery of the grain bought and sold, and that there is an understanding among the dealers that such délivery is not to be insisted on, and that such contracts are not bona fide bargains, but merely wagers upon the future price of grain. This view was stoutly re- sisted by the respondent, who declared that the contracts were made to be executed ac- eording to the stipulations, and that the q grain is actually received and delivered if it is insisted upon by the contract- ing parties. The County Court held that both Seckel and Barnard bought the notes before maturity and for a valuable con- sideration and without notice of any de- fense. From this judgment Backhaus appealed, and the Supreme Court con- sidered the caso of so much importance that Chief-Justice Ryan required it to be argued orally before a full Bench, in addi- tion to the printed briefs already submitted. The following is the abstract of the de- cision,—the opinion being written by Chief- Justice Ryan, in which the four other Judges concur: : Contracte in writing for the sale and delivery of grain at # future day, for a price certain, made with a boun tide intention to deliver the grain and pay the price, are vatid fa law. But when such contracts are made as a cover for gambling, without jutention to deliver and receive the grain, but merely tv pay and receive the difference between the pee Agreed upon and the market price at such future day, they Dome within the statute of gaming, and are void in law. To uphold such a contract it must affirmative- ly'and satisfactorily appear that it was made with an actual view to the detlvery and receipt of the in, and not an evasion Of the statute of anlag ‘or a8 a cover fora gambling trans- action. Tn the present case it sufficiently appears that at least some of the transactions between the parties which enter into the consideration of the note und mortgage in suit. were mere gaming transactions of this character; were void in themselves, and taint the whole securily, which is therefore absolutely void. The complaint should have been dismissed. ‘Tne CxicAco TRIBUNE once more calls the attention of the Health Officer, in behalf of the people of the South Division, to the horrible cesspool from eighty toa hundred teet in width and two blocks in length imme- diately east of the Illinois Central Car- Works, commencing at the ‘I'wenty-fifth street pier and ending near the breweries and distilleries immediately south. For e year or more the Railroad Company has al- lowed all sorts of filth to be dumped in there, and the breweries and distilleries have added their refuse and filth, As there is no outlet for it, the sickening stuff lies there festering and rotting in the sun, send- ing forth a stench worse than the rendering- houses, North Branch, and main river com- bined, reaching every part of the South Side from Sixteenth to Thirty-first street. Tne stench is horrible, nauseating, and fever- people have to close their windows even in such hot days as we are now having. It has already.been reported in the papers that the Health Officer has inspected the. fever-hole, and that at his suggestion the Illinois Central Company has promised td make outlets through its breakwater so that the horrible stuff can be dispersed. Promises, however, are cheap methods of disvosing of health officers. Nothing has been done, anil the pressing necessity is ior immediate action. The promptest and most practical plan would be for the Health Officer to order the breakwater opened and send the bill to the Railroad Company. Otherwise, and if some- -thing is not done quickly, the indignant and suffering people will take the matter into their own hands, and not only disperse the vile ‘stuff but bring the responsible parties before the GrandJury. They are in no ood for further delay. ry —————— : THE SEX QUESTION. ‘The most remarkable among recent contri- butions to the discussion of the relation of the sexes is to be found in an article in the current number of the North American Re- view, under the title of ‘The Ethics of Sex.” itis written by Miss M. A. Hardaker, and, in addition to the keenness of observation and the grace of style which mark it, the paper has a special value because itcomes from a woman. It expresses, we believe, the senti- ments of the great majority of the intelligent and cultivated women of America, so far as it treats of the relation of women to public af- fairs. Had the same sentiments been written out by 8 man, he would have been charged, and perbaps rightfully, with a lack of gal- lantry, and he would have been denounced, but not with equal fairness, es having taken an invidious and.untruthful view of the case. The keynote of the article may be found in its opening paragraph, which is as follows: The main psychological distinction between men and women is that men think more than women, and that their thinking is of a better quality, because it is carried on chictly in the form of reasoning, and is drawn from a wider field of facts. This is not a random inference, be scientifically verified by any ubsery- approach this question in the same impartit critical spirit which should guide in- vestigation upon every subject. Brain-activity isa constant phenomenon in both sexes during waking hours; but much of this activity is merely emotional in women. A sreat part of the conversation of women Isa helpless playing with facts, a bringing of them together like the words of « dictionary, with little endenvor to found any conclusions upon them; and it is among women that we hear the most positive expressions of approval, condemnation. or pity. An intense personality modifies their decisions on most questions. ‘The scientific spirit which desires to possess the truth and the philosophic spirit which impels to reason upon that teuth are rarely found in women, From this basis Miss Hardaker proceeds to show how and why women-have taken so small a part in framing the constitutions and laws of modern government, but without detracting from their high merits in a proper sphere. Four important contributions to modern civilization are conceded mainly to the work and influence of women—viz.: (1) The preparation of food and clothing, and ministration to the sick; (2) the conservation of the moral forces of society and the home; (8) the care and trainiag of children; and (4) the esthetic development of the human race in dress, decoration, and household art. Pr eminent devotion, vast progress, and gratify- ing success in all- these essential conditions to the comfort and refinement of life certain- ly constitute a triumph upon which women ean rely confidently for the lasting gratitude and respect of masculine humanity, without risking failure in a sphere for which men have demonstrated a special capacity. In estimating the relative adaptation of the sexes to public life and the great ‘nchieve- ments which appertain thereto, Miss Harda- ker contends that the masculine brain, as a rule, is lurger in quantity and superior in quality to the feminine brain. As to quality, she asserts that, with the single exception of George Eliot, no woman has lived who is worthy of comparison with Shakspeare, Schiller, Goethe, and Auerbach in the de- partment of imaginative literature; that, while women do more than men to sustain the churches, the reconstruction of popular creeds and the advancement of intellectual influence over religiomhave always been led by men; and that women incline almost uni- versally to eyiotional rather than logical, to “Individual rather than general, views upon any given subject. As to quantity, Miss Hardaker insists that a smaller brain is a physiological fact in woman’s nature as well as a weaker body, and that the psychological phenomena of the sex must necessarily con- form to this difference. This view of the case is certainly strengthened by. the follow- ing statemeut of facts, not to be disputed: Woman's work has been temporary in churac- ter, accomplished, expended, and repeated day by day. Aluch of’ man’s work has been perma- nent, The principles of mathematics and optics, the invention of machinery. the immense in- dustrial enterprises which feed millions, systems of trade, voyages of discovery, the urt of print- ing, the creztions of architecture, temples, palaces, bridges, ships, tho great’ accumu- Jation of facts in natural science, marine geography, meteorology, medicine, jurispru- dence, musical composition, sculpture, creative painting, and Nterature are, with slight excep- tions, the work of men. ‘The only one of these departments to which women bave considera- bly contributed is literature; here their crea- uons have been mostly of poetry and fiction. In history, philosophy, criticism, and the drama, they bave done nothing of great value or amount. Miss Hardaker sconts the idea that there has been any conspiracy among men during all these centuries to exclude woman from the political, scientific, and intellectual lead- ership in the world’s progress, but ascribes her comparatively meagre contributions in these fields to the smallness of her brain. It will do for a woman to say this, though a man would put it in a different way. He would rather point out the peculiarities of what he would call, not_a “small brain,” but a “feminine brain,”’—a more highly- strung, bervous, sensitive, perhaps fidgetty, but less concentrative brain. It is this prop- erty of the feminine brain that individual- izes, exaggerates smnall things, runs to details, takes a personal and temporary view of af- fairs, and gives the emotions more play than. the judgment. Man is naturally a doubter, and looks for the causes and the rea- sons of things he meets with. Woman, content with a present solution of any problem ‘that ‘confronts her, trusts to her intuition. The masculine habit of mind, when strengthened by education, makes it difficult for him to believein miracles, special providences, supernatural manifestations, while the feminine habit of mind finds a natural pleasure in mystification, in secrets, in faith, in reliance, and a certain character- istic dependence which constitutes one of her chief claims to masculine admiration, con- sideration, and love. 3fan, being an investi- gator, is also an inventor. He is actuated by a desire to economize the expenditure of force and to increase his earnings and acqui- sitions; hence he {s constantly scheming for new labor-saving devices and the extraction of the greatest possible substance from all of Nature’s products. Thé woman’s brain fs rather active in seeking to enlarge the scope of personal comforts, the enjoyment, beauti- fication, and beatitication of human life in the home and in social intercourse. In applying her views about the difference between the masculine and feminine brain in quantity and quality to woman’s suffrage, Miss Hardaker develops a somewhat novel and certainly a forcible argument against the proposition that women shall become Voters and enter upon the ordinary political disputations of the men. She insists that, in the abstract, women have the same right to yote that men ‘have. She also maintains that, now that the great problem of constitu- tional government has been pretty definitly solved by man, woman might safely be trusted to exercise the privilege of yot; She even admits it a3 possible that woman might do something to elevate the tone of Politics, and believes it certain that the new experience would assist the intellectual de. velopment of women. Still Miss Hardake; is opposed to woman-suffrage because she thinks that the desired development can ie obtained to better advantage by‘ other ei ployment of woman’s time and energy, - that she can be of greater service Bea world by extending her influence in other directions. She states the case as follows: The ethical point which remains ered, then, is whether women are in be gansta. of the developing influence of the seme teed to justify them in taking a share in an insite: tlon which bus no need of their colpermie, and which in every department would be 1o? ter administered without them. If they sae Some other way, win the development whieh it suffrage is expected to confer as a matter Hl Tight they should keep free from interest in Stato matters. . . . ‘The danger in exe cising the sulfrage is, that it opens tho way t, contention for oillce, and that women would ‘3 be likely to refrain from entering 2 town aticld. Itisto be hoped that, once having t? moved the barriers and legal disabilities “tm will be content to turn to other matters afte some harmless experimenting bas convinced them that they can gain all the intellectual gq. vantages of the suffrage without committ, themselves to experimental politics. As thes are only so many heart-throbs per minu only so much blood sent to the brain per dient only so much thin cing possible, therofore alling thought expended by women upon political mare ters must be go much subtracted from the sum of other possible experience. What is given to the State cannot be given elsewhere, and moro polities means less literature, less music, and less acquaintance with the physical sciences. ail these flelds women have shown gont 2 and itis « falr inferonce that persistent dewey to these will show still finer results in the tuture Women will contribute more to the clvilization and elevation of the Nution by devotion to literature, esthetics,-and the natural sciences, than by expending their strength in trying to solve problems of stute: while the practical efficiency, physical endurance, and inductive reason of man make such work easy fur him. Nor will women miss the possible benefit of pall ties by declining partieipation in it; for already, without such participation, their knowledge of ie. fees of Beblic Interest is very Serer and whutever reusoning power they possess can. be brought to bear upon them.) Pees ean As to the comparative morality character. istic of the two sexes, Miss Hardaker traces some differences which have impressed them- selves upon all close observers. and balance the account very evenly. To all that has been said may be added the one reflection that man would not have the peculiar char. acteristics of the womanly mind and nature changed for any consideration that-could-ba suggested in compensation. Woman’s intel- lectual power can be developed and her sphere of usefulness enlarged without changing the character that belongs to her sex. There is more real power in woman's social dependence than there would be ina political and industrial competition with man, = Tne Board of Education formulated the general dissatisfaction of the people of Chi- eago, and practically passed judgment there. on, by removing Mr. Doty, the Superintend- ent of Public Schools. The unquestioned decline in the efficiency of the schools gur- ing late years,and the seeming inability of the Superintendent to correct the evil, or even to suggest or apply a remedy, was, without going into detail, the cause of Mi. Doty’s failure to retain public confidence, The large vote against his reflection shows how impressed were the members of the Board with his inefficiency or with his fail- ure, The election of Mr. Howland, the Prin- cipal of the Central High-School, to succeed Mr. Doty was a tribute. to long and faithful service. For more than twenty years Mr, Howland has been at the head of the High “School, and, with great modesty and unob- trusiveness, he has won the confidence of , the whole community, including teachers aud the Board of Education. ‘WE understand that the assessment of real and personal property in the South Division is substantially completed, and that the books will shortly be exposed for the examination of the. taxpayers. There is every reason to belive that Mr. Drake and his assistants have spared no effort to make a thorough and impartial assessment on the agreed basis, and the general result, after the books shall have been finally closed, will probably be as satis- factory as it is possible for any estimate for taxation to pe. This is peculiarly fortunate, for the reason that this year’s assessment on real estate will hold good for four years, under the new law, with the exception of such improvements as shall be added during that term. This consideration should also induce property-owners to inspect thelr own assessments, in order that any errors may be corrected. ASTRONOMICAL. Chicago (TRIBUNE office), north latitude 41 deg. 62m. 573,; west longitude, 42m. 183. from Wash- ington, and dh. 50m. 30s. from Greenwich. The subjoined table shows the time of ris ing of the moon’s lower limb, and the official time for lighting the first strect-lamp in each ci cuit in this city, during the coming week, unless ordered sooner on account of bad weather. Ako te following times for extinguishing the first amp: Monday Tuesdays... Wednesday. ‘Thursday. Friday 0: Suturday duly. The moon willl be in her last quarter Tuesday nextat 4:07 a. m., Wednesday morning aear Jupiter, and Thursday morning near Saturng The sun's upper limb rises Monday at 4:274 & m.; souths nt Ob. 3m. 05.73. p. m.; and sets ab 7h, 34m. p.m. i ‘The sun's upper limb rises Friday at 4:9 & m.; souths at Ob. .03m. 52.33, p.m.; and setsat 72. 333m. p. m. Bi Sidereal time Thursday mean moon, 6h. 4m Tis. ‘The days are now growing shorter. This ms? begome consolation during the heated term which promises to be shorter than usual, though intense enough to meet the most ardent expec- tations, At 9:00a.m Saturday the earth will be at her greatest annual distance from the sua. Mercury {s now enst from the sun, and near his greatest elongation, which will occur & week from Tuesday. Ho will te far enough from the sun at tho close of this week tobe “picked up" in the evening twilight by those who know Just where to look for him. Thun+ day next he will south at 1:52 p. m., and set st 9:09 p. m., or about an hour and 2 half after the sun. z Venus fs still west of the sun, but very neat him, southing next Thursday at only 18 minutes before neca. Her superior conjunction will occur July 13, after which she will be set after the sua. She will not be an “evening star however, for several weeks,as her apparent distance from the sun will increase very slowly. She will only be an hour east of the sun by the muddle of September. itrs is now a rather faint object In tho west+ crn sky after sunset; below the sickle of Leo. He is moving directly towards the brightest star in that group, and will pass it avout the middle of July. Next Thursday ho will south at 2:42 Pp. m., and set at 9:48 p. m.; only 40 minutes after Mercury. Jupiter will rise next Thursday morning at 8 minutes after midnight, and south at 6:30 m, He is now a brilliant morning star; bright enough to pale the small fixed stars that are neur him. The big spot will be turned directly towards us about 3:20. m.Tuesday.. Monday morning at 1:04 the third satellite will pass from u transit of the planet. Wednesday at 1:49 a.m the first satellite will be eclipsed; and Thursday at2:43.a.m. will pass off froma transit. Next Sunday at 3:05 a. m. the second satellite will begin to transit the dise of thé pianct. Suturn is a morning star; now far enough away from the sun to be a“ hobject of binterest.” Next Thursday he will rise at 0:33 a. m, and south at7:062. m., being about ten degrees 8% tronomically east from his big brother, Jupiter. ‘The minor axis of his ring is now about: two. thirds the apparent diameter of the planet, tt