Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, January 31, 1880, Page 9

LETTERS AND SCIENCE, Commanism and Socialism: Present Con: dilion and Foture Prospects—Pa- thology of tho Mind: What Is Sleep?—Uarda, an Egyp- tian Love-Story, Erasmus Oarwin—Faith and Rational. ism—About Grant—Bywords— Andersonville—Magazines —Books Received, Literature, Art, and Solentific Notes —Artiflcial Diamonds Again— Another Relic Gone— Herrings, Eto. COMMUNISM AND SOCTALISM. We doubt if Dr, Woolsey could write 9 poor book If he tried, Us Is 0 scholur be- yoni question; & thinker whose thoughts produce results of practical value; a man whose opinions are universally respected; while, as a writer, he is unsurpassed for clearness, purity of style, and logical reason- Ing. ‘This iittle book before us fs unpretend- Ing iu appearauce, yet we have found it full of gootl, substantial food,—pregnant with timely ‘and senstbie~suggestions on -topics whieh ate constantly assuming greater tm- porlauce, Inthe field of political and eco- nomfeal toples Dr, Woolsey ranks og one of the first authorities, Hls conclustons will therefore be of unusual interest, ‘Tho greater part of the work lias already been published In the form of weekly articles in the Independent, but many additions have been made, The scope of the book is well stated in the prefaces y eatly times there has been felt, Ht fortis ot sllltzation Hoe yell ° a disgatisfaction, with the existing instl- tations ot suetetys which has given birth to the desire of forming, communities within the State, and protected by ft, ya separated fromthe rest of the people. Ideals, also, of refurmed puliticn! socteties have been glyen tu the world, which grew out of this same dissatisfaction with the netual order of things, And, inthe most modern times, these Tie ping huve passed over Into plans for anew social system which ulms at gaining tho control over all civilized States. We have attempted to sketch the leading features of these smaller communitics and Utoplas, nnd of modern Socialism, founded on equalls ty and polities! economy, in the hope of showlng the similnrities und diiferences of the sehemes devised for carrying on the work of society without private property.” ‘As Dr. Woolsey says, the work Is but o “sketch,” the historles of the different Com- munistie soctutles are only outlined,—but enough Is shown of tho principles underlying the varlous orgaulzations to admit of logical deductions ns to thelr effects, Intentions, and success or failure In the ends proposed, After a definition of the terms Communism and Socialism,—which does not dilfer mate rlully from that generally glyen,—the writer draws n distinction between those who think and write earnestly, and those who are mere “dreamers” on Suchalistle subjects. * We must not eall it Socialism when impractical dreamers propose something in the way of promoting thelr hopes, which soberer men of the sect pronounce impossible, Ifa bier schenk reviles the wealthy over his Ingor, und arouses the passions ot the laborers who spend their money at his counter against the bourgeoisic, another yolee comes from thoughtful Soclulists, who profess to tind the evils of soclety in the capital accumulated in a few hands, and would, therefore, make & swooplty, revolution by abolishing private capital. It is these theorists who ure mostto be dreaded.” ‘This lnstremark necds some Ihinitation, Many thoughtful men, who gronotby sny-means “mere theorists,” or “Soclallsts” elthor, belluye that the neeumu- dation of capital in the consequent formation of gigantic mo-; nopolles, the substitution of the tyrannical and arbitrary rule of the few for free compe- titlon and the welfare of tho majority, is not only a vital question, but one demanding o practical solution, Nor ls it exact to permit an inference to be drawn that tho abolition of private cupltal 1s the only remedy proposed by thesa men, Demagogs and blackguards Uke Kearney, if they had their way, would undoubtedly “abolish?! capital anid every- thing else; but modification rather than abolition is the watchword of these writers and thinkers, Communistle forms are divided into those which have been tested by experience and those that exist as mere theories, ‘The former, with few exceptions, haye resulted In falt- ‘ures; the latter apply polltico-ceonomic prin- clyles which will not stand the test of practi- eu) working, Among tho former ore enu- iterated the Buddhist monks, the Essenes of Judea, te ‘Therapeute of Egypt the mo- nastfe ‘system, the Anabaptists of Minster; ‘and, courte down to more modern tines, tha Shakers, the Rnppites, the Separatists of Zour, 0., tho. Inspirationists of Amana, La., and the Perfectionists of Wallingford ann Onelds. From an examination of these dif- ferent forms of Communism Dr. Woolsey deduces the following prinel Hes: 1. That, with equaily good management, a community offers a somewhat cheaper mode of ilving than that which fanilles adopt in separate houses, 3% The unlon of family Hfe and of com- munal life Is not fitted to inake the communi- ty system flourlsh, 3, ‘The more those communities aro aepa- rated from the world by thelr mode of life or principles, the more probable will be thelr permanence, 4, Rellglous reasons for founding com- munal establishments are more likely to In- Allré success than others, 5, Communities consisting of well-educated and cultivated persons haye no assurance of CCUSS,. 4 Communities on the best footing havo minal In their favor us to health and pros- KA The family-nffections are nearly unde- veloped, 8. A wide communistic system upon a vol- untary basis Is certain to fall, These principles comprise the sum and sub- stance of the results atlalned by an investigae, fon of the working Communistie systems within the State. ‘Lheir object was to de- Yelop thelr own soclal ond religious Nberty, Tho Communistie theorles which Dr, Wool- sey considers mora dangcrous—but fortu- nately {inpracticable-rare next discussed, ‘Thess are those of Plata, More, Canpanella, Mably, Morelly, St. Shnon, Fourler, Lae roux, Cabet, Blane, and others, Then thy organization known as the International Work{ngmen's Association,—u Communistica organization intended toembrace all Europe and which was “to serve as a centre of unlon aud of systematieal codperntion pe- feen the workingmen’s socletios in various Jandy, whieh have the common nlm of the Protection, advancement, and entire emancl- ition uf the working classy.” The history of lis organization shows & wonderful growth culininating In the saugulnary deeds of the Commune In Paris, “whieh ‘Identified the International with’ bloody insurrections Against established order, and resulted in eeping Itunder the Lispection of the police Ih aluiost every country in Europe,” ‘Tho elect of this was to compel It to become a te retsocluty; anid, therefore,’ It would have es3 eillclency, would dwindle away, would me principle, and wouldbecomo desperate,” 1 his Ig Dr, (Woolsuy’s oplulun; but we aro purdly Teady to adinlt that because of its seulnlng & seerct soclely therefore It would ecole esyperute, « whet most interesting part of this book is Tutte the author discusses the two ques- { ‘ons: Whethor the present form of society tt kely to be overthrown by Soctalism; and tae fiilure prospects of Suclallgia, In ret Tency to the first problen he says: vioh@thlng, in fact, but persuasion or a lent revolution ean lead holders Rt prop. Hid on country, however ual um e, a co {nso complete an overturning ou! Soclety, and. downtult of, themselves” aa temples! = uodern = Soclulisin = con- tha ates. ining it seem cortuin, ten, aNES 1 Ty \eoted, if eifeeted at all, by “¢loleie vii beslallsts should not wish to appeul to ann Yt neasuTes, SUCH ant Sppeal would come silva the partisuis of oxluting society. ‘The at ta ¢ in favor of such an. peat would rt be greatly in favor of established Cider for, ‘as the Socialists have ulways shown the conviction that thelr quostion 1s hot ational, but untyersal, so the autl-So- muulsts of alt politieal shades. and national ie arn eo “servation. The apirit of Internatlonalisin te hands of tho few, and- violence, If. THE. CHICAGO would then pervade all nations; for not only changes In government, but a -whoulesnia de- struction of property, would be Involved in tho struggle... ‘There would be, then, annadvantago on the sido of existing order Covermment. and property, where thoy were strong, could ald the forces of society whero tho Sociulists were strong... . Could tho result be doubtful? Property and soul: tal would be enone side, and a farge prole- tarlan mass on the othor, without supplies or credit; abla to do vast mischief, without question, but not able to fiz: their end; no nearer to the thie when all men with lands would be elther the agents or the working- nen of the State,” P One quéstion suggests Mself here ‘which docs not seem to be consiitered In the text: If the * outbreak would not be shnultaneous everywhere,”,.so .that governments could wits’ agalnat Soctallém, why could not So- elulists algo unite wherever the fight was mate, or recelve “supplles’? and means from thelr bretiren, whierover they were most needed 2 ‘As to the “future prospects of Socialism’ —n point to some extent invelyed in tho ane swer to tho other questlon—Dr. Woolsey TY te however, that to which wo have re- ferred already more than once should be found to be a Inw of social progress,—that the free use of private property must end in inaking a few cupitallsts of enormous wealth, and a vast population of Inborers dependent ou thom; and if there could be no choles but between’ this digense of free society and the swallowin, up of nll property by the State,— then, we adit, it would be hard to choose between the two evils, Nothing would lead the mass of men to embrace Sochilizin sooner than the conviction that. this enormous ae- cumulation of capital ina few hands was to be not only dn evld tn fact, ff not prevented, ut a aecersary evll beyond prevention, a ee Hf suche tendency should manifest itself, it would ran through all the forms of property. A Stewart or a Claflin would root out siailer trattesnsonle, Holders of small farms would sink nto tenants, ‘Tho bulld- Ings of aclty would belong to 2 few owners. Sinall manufacturers would have to take pay from mammoths of thelr own kind, or be ruhied. .. . Acrevolution, slow or rapld, would certainly bring about w new order o} things... .. But our fenrs do not proceed from any, bellet that governments an the ex- isting fotindations of tndividual freedom cane not go on reforming, while yet the: remain trues to the prinelple of fnidf- yidual freedom, These fears rise from the influence, now mutlfest, of a low sort of wnprinelpled or fanatical demagogs; from the insobriety of workingmen; from the aceay of religious faith; and the sure weak- negs of moral prinelples and the Instability of social hnbits without this great regulator, Our hopes point (in the United States, at Teast) to the conditions and tendencles of society; to the conthiual parceling of estates ainong helrs; to the opening to all classes, by the facilities of education, of all positions and employments,” @ have thus glyen nn outline of some of the more Important topics of the book. "Tha objection that nothing hus been fully -elabe- rated,—that statements made are rather In- ferences than dogmas based .on faets,—the author has met by frankly acknowledging that the work ig but asketeh, and also hopes that ft may lead to more elaborate essays. It condenses a great den! of Information jn a sinatl space, Whieh will commend the work to the general reader, while the student or philosopher would it, nny case goto the nu- thorities themselves from which the author Tas drawn his facts and data, (Communism and Sochilism. By Theodore D. Woolsey, New York: Charles Serlbner's Song, - 1 yol., cloth. Priee, $1.00.) PATHOLOGY OF MIND. This is half of a work published in 1867 by Tenry Mundsley, MI. D,, under tho compound title of “Physlology and Pathology of the Mind,” Tho first part was published as 2 separate volume—“Phystology”—in 1876; and tho second part is now fssued, with the nddition of chapters on “Dreaming” and “Somnambulisin and Its Allied Stes.” As f diseased: mind practically defines ‘the condition of insanity, the work isn treatise on insanity, and as such, we are Inclined to think, will bo read rather than studied. Itis too general,—not compact enough for use 2s a text-book, yet full of valuable suggestions and advice, and coplously illustrated by prac- tical examples from the author’s own experi- ence. A full, analytien! Index renders tho book valuable for reference, ~'The-two cha) ters that have been added will be read with pleasure and profit even by thoso who cannot agree with the author's conclusions. ‘There Js something fascinating to speculative minds In a discussion and analysts of that which presents the.grentest obstacles to Investiga- tlon, and offers particularly knotty problems for treatment, Perhaps this 1s more‘espe- elally true where a uniform solution Is lmpos- sible. There {s always a chance forthe skep- tle to find a difference In condition which might affect the correctness of the answer obtained, Dr. Mandsley defines sleep as “a perfodicnl suspension of the functions of animal Ile, or Ilfo of relation, dur- ing which the organs that minister to tham wndergo the resturation of enorgy which Is necessary after a period of aetlvity.” That this js an accurate deflul- tlon may be questioned; and so uiny any othor, A state of unconsciousness, whothor compulsory or natural,—whether duce to nuesthetics, or the occurrence of fits, or trance-conditions,—Is not a condition almilar to that of sleep, All examinations, and sup- poaltions or inferences drawn from such @x- gminations, must bo made while the patient Is under the Infltenco of artitivial or nccl- dental unconsclousness, Sicep Is the period during whieh’ tho process of repair takes piece. “The organisin is a self-feeding and self-repairing maciing, but it cannot do its repairs. when It ig fi full work; Itmusthave, for its parts as for its whole, its recurring perloda -of adequate rest;, and the tine comes at last when, ke any othor machine, J¢ wears out, is no more capable of repalr, and when the exhaustion which ensnes 1s death,—the sleep during which thore is no ropilr, and from which thore is no awaking.” Auswerlng the question; Why do we awake ?-—Why, once asleep, do wo not go on sleeping forever ?—hy Bayes “A stimulus to the addy of oxternal or internal origin, which woul i) have been une felt during the deep sleep of exhaustion, or would have been, only enough to occasion a dream, Butliees, ay the slecp becomes Hight through resforation of chely, to wwaken tho individual elther directly or by the vividness of the dream which itoccasions. We should not sleep for- ever, Lbelleve, Jfavory oxtremestioulis were shut out, for tho accumulation of nervous energy would awaken us, either spontaneous. ly, or on account of tho least internal stl lus, which, as the orgunic functions are not suspended, thotgh thoy are more languid, during sleop, could not he shut out, Ff thesa functions romulned thelr full activity thoy might directly cause waking, On the time at which wo awake, hablt notably has a Breat iniluence within curtain Hilts; when ‘wo allow the nervous system go many hours for repose we aveustoin it to that allowance, and It learns to do its repalra within the al- Jotted tine,” Of dreams he says that thoy have been 2 neglected study; © nevertheless §L is a stud: whieh is fullof promise of abundant fruft when It shall bo Sarueatly unduyiaken lain palnstaicin and methodleal way by. well- ruined and competent observers.” Ag tothe disputed question whether sleep Is ever quite dreainless, Dr. Maudsley concludes that the wolght oBevidence, “in a case which, by the nature of thtng, eannot be decided, [ he love to bo really on the sida of the opinion that the soundest sleep [ya dreamiess sleep.” ‘Lhe chapter on Somnambuilsia and Allied States Is particularly Interesting, and free from technical obsctirilles. It {3 not 1s exe tended or ug comprehecnalve as we Wish so able 2 writer as Dr. Maudsley had made ity nor are nil of its conclusions falrly proven by the {Ilustrations clted.—for Instance, the paragraph on so-called “ gorial tights” of medlums. As to Splritualisin he says? * Tt has been proved amply by Gxperiment, as ft might safely have beon predicted would 8 the case, that faith fs necessury to the manifestation of tho phenomena of Spiritual- iui: tha presence of a skeptic renders tho conditions unpropitious, and nothing extraor- Nury. tukes place... . ‘Khe Spiritual- ists rofuse to submit thelr marvels to the Huvrous anderitical examination of skeptics who are competent to test them; thoy lisigt upon making conditions which render sutis- factory inquiry impossible, . 2), One thing inay be noted tu regard to Spirituallata, that Inany of thein, especlally tho most eager and intense Binong then), have the neurvdio temperanient which goes along with pllensy or insanity, or othor ullled nervous diseases In the Faull + +.+ To strive by urgu- ment ta imodity. thelr convictions is;a vain iunaginatlon and a futile labor; It ts fo labor to argue away. temperament; and. that by Hepes, ,waleh os wise man does nut, under ty . nae V cd Jally the last (cha, on the treatuuent of Hervous disor ace TRIBUNE: SATURDAY, JANUARY SI, 1880—SIX'T Too Ilttie attention ts pald to them sympathy given to sufferers from thom,—an Dr. Maudsley clearly and forelbly sets forth the duties of physlelans, and others, to this class of patients, ‘To tis closing sentiment: “He fy commonly the best physleian who Ine spires the most fatth fn hls patlent,”? we be- love all enn rites Aten (The Pathology of Mind. By Ifenry Mandsley, M.D. New York: D, Appletoit & Co. 1yol., cloth, 470 pnges. Price, $2.) pee ie VARDA. We must confess our inability to agree with the glowing enlogies pronounced on this novel by the foreign German press, At the same thne we may cheerfully adintt that ft. gives evidence of the profound and ex- tensive study of the author, As na mere novel, we question whether It would take high rank; as an archeological story, or rather aga pleasant fletion which lias been used as a medinm to convey an Immense amount of information about anclent Egypt and the Egyptians, [t will be undoubtedly a welcomo addition to. whut has been written on the subject, It is almost impossible, If not unfair, to Judge of the merits of a translated work without seeing the orlginal, “Uarda” Is a translation from the German book by Dr. Georg Ebers, an Egyptologist of repute, and a Professor In tho ‘Unlversity of Jena, who has already written one other similar work entitled "An Egyptian Princess.” ‘he lo- ention of the story Is at ‘Thebes, and the thie ig somewhat remote,—1400 B, C. We regret to find that, in that ently period of the world’s Ilstory, the “King’s ploneer” could eall a mane “dirty hound? Chat indicates a de- ereo of vulgarity which Rameses 1, should never havo tolerated among his courtiers, The plot of this two-volume story 1s founded upon the record of an Insurreétion against the King while he was absent fighting the enentles of his country, contalned In Herod- otus. ‘The lady who gives her-name to the work comes very near losing her life in the first chapter by being ran over by the duughter of the King; and then only ap- pears occasionally curing the next 275 The Princess Bent-Arat is belove: povt-priest Pentaur, and marrys lilm on page 315 of vol. IL; while Sefert, married to Men, the King’s churfoteer, is pursued by the inachinations, wiles, stratagems, and” love- potions of her rejected lover, Pauker, the “ King’s ploneer,” during sone 400 pazes, In Mr. Lofttie’s “Ride in Egypt” he clang that recently-diseavered statues of Sefert, and her husband Mena are the two oldest statues Inthe workt, and gives a photograph of them, Ancient and modern idens of beatty must have been very different, ur we are ati loss to understand why Parker risked his Ilfe so often to win Sefert. He fails, of course, dles, and virtue Is trhumptiant, Uarda sunt: rieg Ramen, the son of Rameses, Dr, Ebers’ style ns 1 novel-writer ts diffuse, and bls mode of treatment poetic — and rhetorleal, Uls-deseriptions become tedious, while much that is sald fs increly used ng pee on which to hang soine facts about heypthin life, Stor of anelent Rome or Greece—novels like “Rienzi? "The Last Days of Pompeli,” ete,—nre much more In- teresting beenuse dealing with tho customs and manners of 2 peoples with who Tiistory has already nade us familiar, But 1400 years before Chilst Is a dark perlod, upon” which diseovery has only begun te shed its ght. Its known ~ history is unfamillar and strange, aud fs largely conjecture and suppose ion. For that very reason the dissertntionson Egyptology, while valuable to students,.only inewmber the story with au -iminense anount of matter sure to be skimmed over, or to become we sone to the general reader, ‘The story by Itself 1s well written and well told, the ehar- acters strongly marked, the ancient Eeyptian dafly ilfe well Ulustrated. ‘Che portions em- bodying the contents of the Ebers papyrus, the’ essays on Kyyptlan manners, customs, traditions, priesthood, wars and conquests, inagle arts, cltles, tind. frovernments, revel the seholat ant the faithtut worker, aud by themselves are Interesting and notable. Bat, when combined, the story becomes so inuch athreat that tho work appears heavy. and drags. A combination might have’ been mile, with’ less learning perhaps, buts of more general Interest, ‘Lhe’ transintion Keems to have been well dong, and the somewhat Involved style of the author enrefully followed. ‘The first half'of this remnrk does not apply to the transtation of tho preface, which in parts Is too literal. For instance: “The treagon of the Regent, relnted by the Father of History, is referable perhaps to the relgn of the Third, and not of the Second, Rameses, But itis by no means certain that the Halicarnagsian writer was In this cnse misinformed, and [n this fietion no iis y wi be inculented; only as a background shall T offer a sketeh of the tine of Sesostrlg, from a pieturesque point of view, but with the nearest passlule Approach totruth . . . Twish all the facts derived from history, and all the costumes drawn from the monuments, to be regarded 1g fiel- dental, and the emotions of. the actors In the story ns [sic] what I attach importance to,” ‘The punctuation is who faulty In places. (Unvda—A Romance of Ancient Egypt. By Georg Ebers, From the Germun by Clara Bell, Now York: W. S. Gottsberger./ ‘Two volumes, paper. Prive, 70 cents. ERASMUS DARWIN, In one respect this isacurlous book. Its full titlois: “Erasmus Darwin; by Ernest Krause. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, With o Prelliminary Notico by Charles Darwin.’ Now, the “Preliminary Notice” occupies 130 pages, while the part contributed by Mr. Krause takes up 86 pages, We wlghtsuggest.as a more npproprintetitle; “A Proliminary Notice of Erasinus Darwin, With an Appendix by Ernest Krause.” + Erasmus Darwin was the grandfather of Charles Darwin. He was born in 1731, and. died in 1803; was both poet and philosopher, and author of “Zobnunla,” "Botanic Gar den,” “Temple of Nature,” “ Loves of the Plunts,” and others; was a Radical In poli- tles, and appears to have been on the side of the American Colonists in tholr war for ine dence, for, In a letter to Wedgewood in’ 1783 he sald: “1 hopo Dr. Brankiin will live to sea peice, —to sev Ameriea recline under her own ving and fig-tree, turning her swords Inte plowshares,” vte, His blography ling been written before, and. was published in 1804, ‘The chief Interest of the present vole wmo fs In the partion contributed by Mr, Krause, In which he notes the same tenden- vieg In the grandfather that subsequently found so great developmont in the grandson, * In him we find the sume indefatiguble spirit of research, and almost the sine: bicloglenl tendency, usin lis grandson; and wo might, not withaut justice, asdurt that the Intter has sueceeded to an intellectual inheritance, aud. carried out a program, sketched forth and left behind by his grand. father, Almost overy shigle work: of the younger Darwhi may be paralleled by at Jenat a chapter in the works of his ancestor; the mystery of heredity, ndiptation, the pro- teetive arragements of animals and plants, sexual solection, insectivorous plants, and the analysis of the emotions und sactologieal Im- pulses,—nay, oven the studics on infants,— ure to be found alreudy itigeussed fn the write ings of the elder Darwin.” Tho present volume contains some material which wus not necessible to former writerd,— Ne Darwtu's letters, comimonplace-bouk, short pu ished notices, cte.,—ull of which 1s vontatned In_ the pratinluary notice, ‘The contribution of Dr. Krause was in the orig! nal entitled “Contribution to the Iistory of the Desvent ‘Cheory,”—with which It con- nected Dr, Darwin by quotations from his works. Dr, Darwin wig twleo married, and Itlga singular commentary ou the state of Engllsh society at the’ thie that, during tho interval between the two marriages, hie be- came the fathor of Wwo leat tbat daughters who were brought up with his own; audthat his practice as a physiclan was in no manner Injured by his evident Jugmorullty, (Lity of Erasmus Durwin, New York: D, Appleton & Co, ‘vol. Prico, $1.25.) FAITIE AND RATIONAL ISM, In the varly partof lost year the Hev. P, ¥isher, D. D., Professor of Eccleslasticul History of Yale College, delivered an in- teresting and highly instructlye address to the students In the ‘Theological Séniznry of Princeton, on “ Falth and RatlonAlism.” Boe- fore publishing this discgurie/ Dr. Fisher propared several short essays on lopliea related fo the maln theme of his lecture at Princeton, —such as “The Teaching of Theology on the Moral Basis of Faith; “The Doctrine of Nesclence Respecting: God”; “The Doctrine of Evolution in Its Relation to the Argument of Design”; “The Reasonable uess of the Christian Doctrine of Prayer"; “Jesug Was Not an Enthusfust”; “Tho Moral and Spiritual Elements tu the Atone- ment”; “ho Unity of Belief Amoug Chirls- i writes on the * tlans.” ‘These topes, which are presented In the light of the views of tvading {henloginis of dliferent ages, from whose writings large extracts are made, are thrown Into an Ap. pentlx, which constitutes the larger part uf the volume, ‘ Dr. Fisher's discussion of “Faith and Ratlonalisin.”” Is comprehensive and forethle, He contradistingnishes the belleying and the ratlonallstie spirit in several sharply-definedt pacilnulacs, and shows that true faith isthe ruestreason, Itisa point which he Inslaty \ipon with inuch earnestness, that, In order to Renulng falth, thore must be an obedient spirit. Occasionally tig seems to us a Tittle IncHined to mysticism; but lecture Is able, profonn ,, enlighten many renders, ‘The essays in the dix are’ careful. and Jearned, | The son Prayer and tha Atonement are extremely valuable, In the former, he con: alders Prof. Tyntail’s Prayer-Gatge, and shows Its contradiction to the nature and desien of trae prayer. In tho latter, he presents the ratlonafe of the Atonement ns set forth by such nuthors as Edwards, Campbell, Luther, Schleiermacher, Itothe, and Mozley, By way of iniieating his dissentfrom the theory that Christ stoned for sin by suffering the Mteral penalt of the law for sinners, ho says: “The furidiea! conception of this subject, certainly in this meehanteat form, 1s obsoleseent.” ‘The volume consists of 154 duodecino piges, ie will well reward the thought Tul reader. (Faith and Rationalism. With Short Sup- plementary Esmys on Related Toples. By George P. Fisher, D. 1, Profes iinstical [History In Yaie Coll Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1879, Price, — ABOUT GRANT, We have revelyed the advance sheets of a work by John L. Swift, entitled “About Grant”; and {t is, os its name Imoplles, a quusi-life of tho distinguished soldier. But {t fs something inore than that. It ts an clab- orate campaign document of 206 pages, pub- lished to advocate Grant’s renomluntion, hay: Ing no value for anyother purpose, and likely to share the fate of other campaign-Mtera- ture, possibly by next June, certainty before ember. It begins with Grant during the Hence ings no value as a “fife,” es not begin unill its subject was Mi yerrs old; treats of his iifitary cae reer; quotes from his utteranees on ditterent sicatlons 23 President, as delining Lis pus: tion on public matters; lye him credit for orbeinating resumption and advocating * con stitutional moneys discusses Imperiallyin under the head of “Grant as a Retired Cresar”; and finally and at some length coustders “Grant and the Next Emer- xeney.” The book is better written thin most campaign-documents; makes a strong, one-sided: presentation of the ense; nssiunes that Grant ‘is now a National necessity”; and, reasoning on that basis, goes nbout as far in hero-worship ag one well can without chung tho attribute of Divinity for the ob- ject. of devation. dts purpore |s\ so trans parent, and the writer so based, that Itsefi- eney in converting antl-third-termers—if that H) the ubjeug of its publicatlun—may bo ques- joned, (About Grant, By. John L, Swift. Bos- ton: Lee & Shepard.) a4 0 whole, the and-adapted to Keel Yo B12, BYWOnDS. Charlotte Yonge lias been a prolific writer, mutniy of works of fiction, by which ste is probably best known. She has, however, iso entered Into the flelds of history and biography, and at least ones before written acollection of short tales and stories similar to the work now before us,“ Bywords "is 0 collection of ten tales, illustrating different proverbs and bywords. Most of these stories havo been previously published, ‘Those that aro In their nature historical per- tuln rather to an Ideal state than to any con- ditlons that ever existed. Ruy a Broom?! Is ustory founded onone of the niany adven- tures in disguise of Charles ¥, The book ap- bears to be Intended for young people mther Unin for children, althouiz the Utles of some of the storles— The doy Bishop,” * Travels of ‘Two Kite’? “Antobiogmphy of Patty App reeks }—woulet Indivate an intentlon to please a rathor juvenile sonal inuitey The plots are necessarily siinple; the style easy and pleasing; the subjects chosen Interest: ing, and the mode of treatment unodjec able. We de not- find any hidden moral le: son popplug up, liken Jyek-in-the-box, with the lust words of the story. + tls n collection ot pleasln ¢ tales, well told, . (Bysvords, “By Cliurlotte M. Yonge, Mue- milla & Co, 1 vol, cloth, Price $1.75.) ANDERSON VILLE, Tho title in full of this work 1s: ‘Ander- sonville—A Story of Rebel Military Prisons, Fifteen Months a Guest of the So-Called Southern Confederacy. A Private Soldier's Experlence in Richmond, Andersonville, Savannah, Millen, Blackshear, and Florence, By John McElroy, Late of Company L, Slx- teenth Ilinots Cavalry? Much lias been written, since the close of the War, with ref: erence to the horrors of the Southern prison- pens. Itisnot pleasant reading, and this volume of 700 pages 1s no exception to pre vious literature on the same subject, It is well, however, to reenll to mind oceasionnily the eruieltles: penatieutl by a race bonsting o! their “chivalry,” on unarmed, defenseless prisoners-of-war, Private McElroy gives only tho result of his ownexperlence, Even thaé sounds Incredible. “The spectacle and the process of 70,000 young, strong, able- bodied inen starvhig and rotting to death,” ts the pivture for whieh this book Is the frame, Tho story Is gravlileally told; the style open to erlticism, were any pretensions mide to Nterary excellence; the Wlustrations tus: trate, {f thoy are not works of art. (Andersonville, By J. McElroy. Toledo; D.X. Lucke. 1 vol., 700 pages.) * WLIFINSURANCE KNOWLEDGE-LOX, Persons fond of statistics, nnd especially those thirsting for a knowledge of insurance matters, will find this work a handy com: panion. It professes to contain “A careful digest of information relating to fire, marine, life, and all other kinds of Insurance busi ness In the United States, and wherever the business Is curried on throughout the world; also, valuable information on kindred sub- Jegts, and useful statistics on fluance, com: merce, and Government, ete, ete,” We su pose the Heures to be in the main accurate y and carefully compiled, although the wilter frankly admits that he has “no hepe that complete success has been achieved in se arduous an undertakt ‘The Inst consis. reports haye been freely used in this as well ag In the Amertean almanac and other sim: Har publicntions, (tho Lusuraney Knowletge-Box, By d. 8. Bloomingston, Chicago. Price, cloth St, pe per 7% cents.) MAGAZINES, Tho Californian for February contains, ninong others, Interesting articles on “ Wash ington Territory"; “ Ilow Gardens Grow In California’; “Prehistoric Treasures”; "In the Lava-Beds”; “Hoodlums on a Joy Ranch”; and “ Art's Ideals,” , The Banker's Magazine and Statlatleat Register hias some twenty short articles on fianeial subjects, Among thom may bo mentioned; “Our Forelgn ‘Trado_ and the Imports of Gold"; “Congress and Natlonal- Bank Reserves"; “Subsidiary Silver; © Refunding in 1891, and Its Prospects "3 4A New Bankrupt Act”; “The iistory of Afoney"; * Gold-Mining in Brazil’; and “Lia. billty of National-Bank Sharehulders,” Potter's Amerivan Montily for February ebntuins articles entitled: “Down the Penlnsula 2; American Art". * Cline moeria”; “ Liunllity’?; * Leon wnor: A Btory of Maryland in 175") “Phe Holy Monk of Kempis"; ‘On the Rappahans nock”; “ About lasting nS “With Mer retin ends’; ‘The Lost Natlons + “Alnoriea's Bong Camposure." ai ‘The Magazine of American Hlstory for January contains if artlole by Jolin ‘Autsttn tevens, the editor, on the operations af the allled armies before New York fn 2731, and a plographical notlevof Lady and Maj. Acklund, by Willian L. Stone, ‘The orig nal doc mientainthis number consist of the corre: 4 pandence eat ie Clallenge sont to ater ndulph for “agpersing his yornelty,” and How published “for the drat 110, Wo are in receipt of the January number o! the Antiquary, tlie Vol. 1, Ne, i Dt s 4 niaguzine devoted to the study of the Dust,” nnd" edited by Exlward, Wolford, St. A. Anvong other tuples discussed, G, C. Swayne Value und Charm of Anti- Quarlan Study *; Lord Talbot de Mutatide contributes art I. of * Instructions from Jaiues U1, to the Earl of Tyrcouneli "; G, L. Qomuie treats of * Folk-Lore aud the Polk: Lore Sockets"; George Seton notices sume “ Old Parochial Registers of England "; and Mnj. J, Ballle does the same for“ Franking Memoranda.” ‘There {4 also an Antiquary’s Note-Book, antiquarian news, etc, It ts stated that the Februnry edition of Serlbner amounts to 125,000 copies, ‘The most prominent feature, berhaps, is the papers on Kilison’s Electric Light, by lls mathematician, Mr. Franels 2. Upton, whlelt Is Indorded ag the “first. correct and authorl- {ative ” accownt inn letter from Mr, Edison. ‘The firstof Mr, PameneSehavlers Alustrated. pabers on the life uf Peter the Great is givun nthisnumber, In his prefnee, Me. Schuyler offers to reply to any question respecting tho topics he may treat. Mra, Burnett's new story, In four parts, entitled “Loulsinna,” is begun Mn this mumber “Present Phasesof Su 4 by the Rev. Edward) Keg! ny and “The Political Outlook,” hy an anonymous writer, A paper on, Hieyeling Is contributed by Mr, Charles 5, Pratt, of Doston, under the cap- tlon, “A Wheel Around the Hub.! There fre also articles entitled a Walker.” by John Burrough yew En- Jand Fences” (illustrated), by Rowland C, tobingon: and “A Southorn Strawberry Faro” (illustrated), by the Rev, ait being the Cotrrth of his serles on“ Suecess with Sinall Frults.°—the remaining two to be devoted to raspberries, oosebe: rante, and blackberries, Mr. Boyesen, con- tributes a short story of Norway and Chica- go, entitled "A Kulight of Daniebrog,” A poem by Charles de Kay, entitled “ Boozy jatttto Bat? is illustrated by K: ne thers are others by W.C. Wilkin fart ‘avon, Laura Winthrop Julinson, t. W. ders ANOTNER RELIC GONE, Landon Times, Recently there has passed another relic of the London of thedays of Elizabeth, the rest- dence on the western sie of Aldersgate, commonly known as“ Shakspeare's house.” ‘The local tradition gocs that Willlais Shak- Speate Hved in it when he was proprictor of the theatre in Golden Lane, towards the close of the fAftuenth century. In Shakspeare’s tine the hotise bore the sign of the * Halt Moon,” to which sundry inseriptions and hicroglyphics In the ald wood-work referred, Awriterin the Clty Press in 1806 deserlhes thé house as well able to “vie with any other house in the clty for its elaborate carvings in woot and prialtive paneling, well worthy of the attention of (hose curfous fn such inte ters.” Asn prouf of {ts age he mentions that during some recent repairs there was found under the woorl-mark a coin of tha date 1590, It is recorded in Ben Jonson's Life that on one occasion the “rare”? oli poet, feeling an. Inward craving for “sack,” went tu the “Vualf Moon? in Aldersgate street, but, find- Sng lt closed, took himself off to the Sun,* n Long Acre, where he Immediately sat tlown and wrote the following epigrains Since the “Mull Moon" fs so unkind ‘To make me yo nbout, Tho “Sun” my money now shall have, Tho“ Moou” sunll go without. Half a century or more later the artsto- tratic and Hteraty wits of the“ Merry Mon- arcl’s” Court were accustomed, we are told, to assemble at the “ Walf Moon” ‘Pavern, op- posit the Lauderdale IL vhich, usis well Known, stood on the e le of tha street, “Shakspeare’s house? however, with Its heavy projecting gables and quaint orlels and. bow Windows, 1s naw a thing of the past, and nlarge pe ‘of inodern bull Ings is about to be erected on its site. — A PLAGIARISM FROM NWAMLET. Mr. J. O, Halliwell Phillips sends to the Antlquary the following curious plagiarism from “ Hamlet”: ‘vk’ Example of his conversation With such an blzk, ilistrious vigour shone, ‘The bluckest Fangs of base Detruction Had nothing to traduce or fasten an. 13 very Lookes did fuirely editle, Not ninsk’d with forms of iv Hypocrisios ‘A peacefull Aspect, « brow smouth'd with Love, Tho Curls of V1 with tho front of Jove; An Eyo like Mans, ta threaten & command, More'than the Barnish'd Houptee in hia Hund; A standing tke tho Herald Mencunts; A Gesture nanny prciad de towly blghy A Mountalze rooted decpe, that kivs’d the Skle, A Combination and Formatitle if reall Features twisted in a Stein, Of rieb Ingredients, it tomake a King. The abaye Is from Poems by Hy. Tubbe, of St. Johiws College, Cambridge, 118-1656, MS, Ward. 4195, leat 59, back. From leg. Vi. on “The Roill Martyr,” Charies 1. LITERARY NOTES, * The Crace collection of “ Lontontann” has been purchased for tho British Museum for 1,000, Daudet's new novel, “The Kings In Exile,” will be brought out In thls country by Lee & Shepard, ™M, Alexandre Dumns fs sal to be engaged on acomedy, in which one of the characters Will be a contemporary Tartuge, Mine, Guizet de Witt has completed her history of France from 1780 to 1848, the sequel to her father’s (M. Guizot) history. Alady hag been appointed to tho post of Librarian at the Free Library at Blackpool, a well-known Lancashire watering-place. D, Appleton & Co. will next add to their “Tnternntlonal Sclentific” serles “The Cray- fish, a Study of Zoology,” by Prof, Huxtey, Mr, Mahatfy’s “History of Greck Litera- ture,” which will be in two volumes of about 600 pages exch, isin course of publication in London. ° A Mllstory of Boston, to form four largo octavo volutes, Is under way, with Prof, Justin Winsor, EE. Hale, and Dr, Samuel A. Green ag lending editors, ‘Tho late Dr, Cogswell had the reputation of being tha closest book-buyer In| America, He bought a library of 60,000. volumes for 803,000, un ayernge of $1.05 volume. It $s stated that the Pops contemplates qiblishing the various catalogs of the Yiutican Library, and has appointeda com- mission to consider tho best means of carry- Ing his Intention into effect, Miss Amelia D, Edwards’ new novel, has been postponed till the tirat week in Feob- ruary, when it. will burn and continue weekly in. tho London ruphic, under the titles of * Lord Brackenbury.” Dr. J, Hammond Trumbull finds that tt will bs lin posalble to bring the entalog of the Brinley Jivrary Into three yolumes, aid ling declded te make four, ‘The second will frobebly beoutinn fortnight, ‘The solo is likely to take place Iu Muarel, z, Ono of “Jack Sheppard's" haunts, the “Old White Lion,” In: Wyeh street, Strand, the carpenters’ shop adjoliing, in which that young burglar was. apprenticed, and some old rooms in the rear, with carved and paint ed panels, ure about to be pulled down, A new volun by Dr. Sehliomiunn is prom: Ised, to be entitled “ dilos: the Country of the Trojans,” in which the hidefathyable ox- :plorer will give on necountot his latest re- searches In tho Plain of ‘Troy, Four lin (ral plans and Mlustrations wlll adorn the work, Ex-President Woolsoy and Prof. 8. Wells Williams, of Yale College, contributearticles op “Chinese Lintnigration” and“ Inturni- Honal Law,” both as affecting the United States, to tho tenth Journrlof Social Sclence, published by the Anvricau Soclal Selence aAssoclution, It is sald that Burris Schuyler will recelve 83,000 for the right of serlal publieation In Serlmer’s Monthly of his Ife of Petor the Great, reserving ull rights to publish In book- formon its completion In the mugazine ‘The Wustrations of this serial will cost not less thin $25,000, To tho Huguenot Hterature, which Is just now a spec ty of historical writers, Will presently bo added a. work on “Tho Jlugne- nots of Ln Rocholle,”! which fs a transhition by George L, Cutn, United Stated Consul at. Oot place, of Pastor Dehuar's “ Reformed Church of La Rochelle.” Tho Duke of Somersot having somo years agonbollshed Christlunity, In fis own ane lon, says the Atheneum, has now destroyed moder progress. In)" SMonarehy anid Democracy” the Duke has surveyed Repre- sentutive Government, Autocragy, and Pure Demoeracy, and Cound wit bad, "The London publishers, says Echo, wore more active and issued $20 ihore works in 1879 thrn tn the previous year. Theology reads thy dst with 1,086 works, one-third of which consisted of new: editions, and two- ere now books, Novels rank next 113 works, and tho classification there- Educational, classleal, and plilo- loglenl works, B23 iilacellancows, Including pauiphlots, not sermons, 610; history and bl- ouraphy, arty, gelences, and ilustrated works, 53; voyages, travels, and geographical researel yearbooks aid serials in vol- tunes, 285; Juvenile works ond tiles, 3b; poetry and drama, 101; medicine and sure ry, 160; belles-letires, exsuys,: monographs, 713 law and jurisprudence, 167: «uid poiltiea audavclal econoiwy, tradd and commerce, “ing 121, ‘Lac total number of works published Inst year was 6,844, Ex-Minister Washburne {39 ‘a tha New York zeibune), when In Paris, {mproved the fine Spppeiunt hie had for stad sing in the nie tional archives tho relntions of Thomas Paine to the French Revolution, and the frult of hls Investiiyations will soon sce the light, itis sald, in an elaborate paper on the subject. ‘The paper will be confined exelusively to the career of Paine during tho French Stevolt- tlon, and ts written In the Heht of many doc- tunents which have never been made public, ‘The conduct of Paine, Mr. Washburne finds toltaye heen, It is art, “In the Iighest de- gree creditable to his intelligence, humanity, anit patriotism.” ‘The salo of 9 part of the Inte Dr, Latng's Mbrary has just been concluded, The first (Kltmarnock) edition of Rebert | Burns’ hoes fetched £80, Among the other inter- esting lots wero the derlicatlon copy at “Sir J, Thales pls's Institutions of the Law of Scotland,” handsomely bound, and stamped with the arms of Charles IL, £205; Berge’s “Contessire detia Fide Christiana,” formerly inthe possession of Mary, Queen of Scots £140; Milton's “Paradise Hosts ittst odition? £13 593 Paradise Ttegalned,? first edition; £5 2s ‘Gd; Foxe's “Hook of Martyrs,” first edition, Imperfect, £50. The-result of the eleven days’ sale was nbout £14,000, BOOKS RECEIVED. How To Deans Suoumrasp, By taker. New York: 8. 1k Wells & Co, 12mo. paper, Price 25 centa, De Sora, Asp Otitnn Ports. Ry Thomas Manalll, St. Louls: Hildreth Printing Company. Paper, Ampiican Navigation, By Henry Hull aps York: D. Appleton &Co, Paper. Price 3 Hypr Pang Sxercnes, By A. R. Western, Pailadelphin: T, B, Peterson & Bros. Paper, Price 6 cents, City's Carrom OF Coxmon Tiuxas. Ty John Y. Champlin, dr. New Yorks Henry Holt &Co. Price Ww centr, ; How Sn Woy Hist, on Tat Brine of CHARM. nd VALLEY. lly D, A. Moore, Philadelphia: . B, Peterson & Bros. Price 75 cents, Lorb MacauLAy—His Lire—His Wrirrxas. By Chirles H. Jones, New Handy-Volumo See rics. New York: D. Applaton Co. Paper, Price cents, Cremtstny or Cosson Fare. By J, F. W,John- ston. Now Edition, Revised by Arthur Herbert. Church, New York: D, Apploton & Co. 1 vol., cloth, Price #, ART. ART PUBLICATIONS, We have recelved from J. W, Bouton the January number of the Portfolio, This valuable art journal contains articles (Hlus- trated by etchings) on “The Notional Gat- lery of Scotland; “Etchings and Engray- ings by the Great Masters—XI1V,, Rem- brandt'?;) “Cambridge—L, The Mediaval ‘Town on the Frontier of the Feu-Land”; and the usual “ Art Chronlele.” We have also recelved from the same pub- Usher the December number of the Etcher, contalning must admirable speclinens of the eteher's art in pictures of “A Corner at Huy; “Sunset; and “A Quiet Lane.? Short descriptions aeeompany each etehing. The doorway of the Chureh ‘at Notre-Dame at Huy ts particularly well executed, and de- serves espeefal mention. LArt is a weekly illustrated review pub- lished tn Paris, Its iNustrations are of a file order of merit, and its artleles by men ne knowledged as authoritles, We have _re- eelved a bound copy of this Journal for 1879, being Its fourth volume, and aecompanying Iture some fine etehings, ‘Thts perlodical ts An artreview, and rinks deservedly high with thoge jolerested in art-inat drawing its material from urt-cirele ¥ where, Sume of the engravings imerit pare lar notice, and there is also un_etehing of i le. Sure Bernhardt, Sold by J. W, Bou- lon, —— ART NOTES, Mr, Millats has finksled a portralt of Mrs, Jopling. Mr. A. IL Church hasheen eleeted to tha Professorship of Chenilstry in the loyal Academy, Tho Académie des Beaux-Arts, of France, hasawarded the Rosslni“prize to Mine. do Grandval, A monument to Sir William Wallace, tho ‘Scottish patriot, 1s te be brected fn Aberdeen, ) ‘The sum available Is £3,400, . Temple Bar ts to be redrected in Victoria’ Park. ‘Tho sleademy hopes it will not be seraped or otherwise made to look new, hi An English publishing house are issuing. Mr. F. G. Heath’s * Fern Paradise a plea! forthe culture of ferns—in monthly purts, = with Mustrations, In regard to the proposed “restoration ” of St. Mark’s at Venleg, s correspondent of the Portfotto says that the Ltallan Government is notto blame, but that the fault really Hes at the door uf the urehitects and mosulsts, who. try to create jobs fur themselves by Tegtora- tions, Haworth Chureh, where: Charlotte Brontd and her family worshiped, has been utterly destroyed,—the syunre western tower only having been allowed to remain In order to. erect © new edities “in the Perpendicular, style.” ‘The costof the new work is to be about £10,000, Mr, 'T. O, Barlow has finished an engrav- ing. from Sir, Millals’ “Ete Deans.’ ‘Tho gang engraver has made considerable prog. ress with a plate after Mr, Mitnis" portralt of Mr. Gladstone; and he is ubout to re produce this palnter’s portrait o! angry. * Sclienck, the painter of sheep in snow- ators, has gold uw recent work called * An- itlsh to Mr, Agnew, the London art dealer, for $0,000, ‘The subject is a sheep Ina snows storin protecting her Jainb, which has alinost perished from the cold, and for whose death nlotof heartless crows ure waitlng, perched near by. Schenck Is about 55 years old, and Iga Prisstan, married and successful, . > The valuable artistic treasure stored in tho Palacs of San Donato, at Florence, will be gold by public anetion on Mareh Land tho following days, All the important pletures, sewptures, works in bronzewnd other metals, tapes 8, ote,, WH go to enrich the galleries of foreign countries and the hourds of pri- yate collectors, “An flustrated entalug of thissale is betng prepared, and will be sold partly for the benetltar the poor of Florence, aid partly as a contribution to the fund ralsed for the purpose of finishing the great Jacade of the Duomo. The Goupll Gallory in Now York contains none newly-recelved warks by tho leading modern artists, Benjamin Constant ts rep rested by his “ Siesta,” and two fresh ex+ amples of that great draughtsman and jcet. Ist, Gérdine, the Coffee-Honsy tn Culro? nn Unfolding the Pag” (a Musytlinan atunding at the entrance of a miusgue and un furling tho sacred banner), ara of inodernte wixe and charweteristle strength. A very large Schroyer,—three horses and thelr driv era pursued: by wolves; an early and inost leurnedly ani effectively toned 'T Foyorn thy date Is 1852; two Commanding spechnens of that Prince of laudscaplsts, Jules Duprey md asweet little Rosa Borhenr, about elit by aixtuen inches, puluted half 9 dozen years ago, constitute a sutisfying and stimulating exhibition, : SCIENCE. INTELLECT IN BRUTES, Different writors have been discussing the question of intellect In different members of the animal kingdom, in Natire; and the last number of that periodical contains seme Mustrations furnishud by Afr, Mnciear and by Bishop Colenso, Mr, Mavlear says: ‘Some yenrs ago I was overlovking a penguin *‘rookery,’ as {t 1s called, at the Falklands, and watching the goings-on of the numerous colony below me. It was breeding season, and tho birds were sitting on thelr eggs on the bare earth, crowded together with hardly walking room between them, “Amongst tho birds stepped a pretty Sheath-bill (Chionls alba) with 4 quiet founty. stride, picklug what ho could, and apparently perfectly In- diferent to the motions of the pengulns, who drove at him with thelr beaks as he passed, but never struck him, J saw him pass and repass one bird just out of reneh, till the bird could stand {t no longer, but reached off hor nest about an iuch to strike him; he was stlll just out of reach and busy with something, apparontly not notioc- the penguin; she reached fur thor, he crust see aaa ait fase outof reach, andthis wont on he hit (dwn Ter sigout two feet from the leat nai { In one stride he was beside eRe had punthed a hole, and was sipping the con- tents before the slow penguin could tar and hop back to save Tes hg eR In led her away y the anme nunenvyre and Incrensed the hols, * and gotagreater parts a third tld heled « her off and was cat! ing tho ere whey he was + riven right away by anothar pengitin, who wns wandering at liberty, the mate, ft aur pose, being on titrn on the emg,’ sThe pro, . ceetlIng on tho part of the shoalh-bill wis m parfeet trap for the poor foolish old penguin. The other Instance L will give occurred in * the Pacifle, where some albatross were eft- eling about, and frequently settling on the © water in flocks; some sharks were abuut, and I watched to sce $f any albatross would be pulled down; then no- tlced a cordon of sentrics round tho flock, who wero relleved at times. from tho * } flock, a single bird going ott and sitting newe the sentry who flew In.“ Whenover a shark's fin approached the sentry he flew In, and the whole flock took up a iew position, - Hera was distinct organization. ‘Che ship was golng very slowly through tho water, and £ Was nble to study the whole carefully.” Bishop Colenso gives an incident in the early lifeof a South African baboon: It wasn hot day, and a nutnber of baboons Were sunning themselves along the bottom of the LDonga. Thoy lay upon thelr backs, with half-closed eyes, rubbing thelr stomachs ina state of placid enjoyment. ‘fwoor thres young baboons had wandered to a little distances down the tDongu, searching for scornlons from stone to stone just below them. ‘They were not very successfil, and it did not appear that thelr movements were of inuch coticern to their elders, Presently, however, ono of the young ones, turning up astone, litunon a particularly fing and fat scorpion, which, with furtive glance rout nt his elders, he seized and popped Into-his month, having first pinched off the sting. Ie atonce proceeded to turn tho stone over again with great asstilulty, as though in further unsuceessful search for scorpions, He had not escaped notice, however, for down the guily In a sluggish roll came a great baboon, who selzed the young. one by the seruif of the neck, shaking him yigorous- ly until the plump morsel dropped from his pouch. Having gobbled this up, the. elder nboon at once regained lis lounge, and all wenton ag before in the sleepy hollow.” HERRINGS,. From statistics of the Scottish herring-fishs erles, furnished by a writer in Chamber? Journal, we may get a partial {den of the cnorinous productiveness and abundance of that species of fish, During a recent year the herrings taken {n Scottish waters and cured were suflicient to fill 1,000,000 barrels, each barrel containing an average of 700 fish. This quantity, it must be observed, repre= sents cnrcd fish only, and only those whicl are caught In Scotland under the superin-, tendence of the Fishery Board, Itis pretty © certain that as many herrings are captured and offered for sale as fresh fish and “ reds"? as are cured for the markets In Scotiand and. offered for sale as salt herrings; which gives us the prodigions total of fourteen hundred. milfions withdrawn annually from the seas and even this number, vast ns It !s, does not Include what are used ln the form of white bait, or those which are sold as sprats. After dralning the sea to such an extent, I intght almost be supposed that there would he searcely herrings enough left to suffice for a breeding-stock; but the demands of man are a mere fraction of wiint are taken out of the shonls, All that are captured, as well a3. all that are wasted during the capture, and destroyed in the process of curing, sink into insignificance when compared with the yast- ness of the quantities which are devoured by other enemles of the fish. Cod and ling wie knawn to prey extensively on the herrings and a calculation, based on the number of cod and ling natal, caught under the ausplees of ‘the Scottish Board of Fish- eres — (3,500, were fuken Jn 1: assumes that there is on capital stoc! of these fish in the Scottish firths and seas of 70,000,000 Indlyviduals; and that each Indivithual consumes 420 herrings per annuum, which at the rate of two herrings every day for seven Inonths in the yeur snows @con- suinption of 29,400,000, Jndividual her rings. Nor does the tecount stop ut this point. ‘The Commissioners who recently collected information on the Srottish Jer ring-fisheries assume that In Scotland alone the gaunet (a sea-bird) annually draws on the shoals to the extent of 1,110,000,00) herrings! In addition to dogfish, cod, gannets, anit other sea-birds, the herring has many other enemies; porpoises, xcals, coal-tish, ark other predaccous fishes are constantly tylig in walt te fall upon and devour them. “fee vminle herring, we know, ylelds over 30,0W egesn; but at the shonllag-tiine inyrinds of those eggs are devoured by a variety of ene, miles; bestdes whieh hundreds of thonsand of the eyes ure never touched by the fru fring milt of the male fish, und go perish he waters, STONE-AGE DISCOVERIES. The Antlyucary says that great sensation * has been excited nmong savanta In Russia by the discovery on the shores of Lake Ladoga of sundry remains of men ‘and animals bi- Jonging to the stone age. ‘he bones cane to light last summer during the excavation ofa new canal in connection with the Nova- Volgn waterway system. On removing a Inyer of peat eighteen feet deep, and com- posed of vegetable soll covering a primeval forest, the navyles came across suine skulls and bones, Fortunntely the engineer in charge of the works happened to pass by at the thine, and belng a saan of some slight selentitic attalnments, he saw tha value’ of the disvovery, and wrote to his friend Prof. Innostranstet, of the St. Lolerasary Uni- versity, to come and inspect it On the ar- rivut of the savant he mnnotneed, with joy. that the remains belonged to tho period of prehistoric man, Eight of the skulls wore collected by him {excellent condition, one be- Ing provided with a lower jawand acompleta set of powerful teeth, another having, in good preseryation, the osseous. part ot tha nose. Tho value of the discovery muy be estimated from the fact that up to the pres gent moment, recording to Prof. Tagankotl, ouly forty huumn skulls of the stone ago have been found in all Europe, and only one solitary one in Russia, During the stay of the Professor at the canal cuttlng several further pogtions of skulls werg found, anda number of scattered tecth and some human bones, besides sixty bono implements, Ineluds Ing such Interestlig articles ag knives amt needles”? Of the remains of wild aniinals tho Professor unearthed bones of the pre- historic elk, the Bos primigentus, the white bear, and the wolf, Of domestic animals ouly the bones of a small doy were discovered, All these remains, together with fragments ofa prehistorle onk, and numerous speci mons of fish, arrived at Se. Petorsburg a few days ago, and will shortly bo oxamined by a congress of Russiun savants, F ARTIFICIAT, DIAMONDS AGAIN. Nature priuts another communication from Prof. Maskelyne. of the British Museum, on the ariitielal<linmond question, in which ha somewhat modifies his previousopinion. Ha says: “As know that a portion of the pub- lie 1g very much interested in tho diamond question, and in tho result of the interview Mr, Muctear announced that he and 1 wero to have in connection with ft, 1tiluk, per haps, It will be well toe say that I have had the pleasure of working with that gentleman uiuny hours yesterday and today, and that our resuits so far convince me that, while niy © own conclusions, as announced In tho Z'imea, | are borne out ag regards at least the portion of tha substances on which I worked, thers are other portions of those substances that: differ from these In properties and" still ree quire Juvestigution: that, i fact, the material iso mixture of alferunt vodiuy, When £ say thot E have as yet no evidencu.’ of the oxistence of crystalline “carbon, whether as dianonds or in sume other condition, among those bodies, I. fuel that Mfr, Afactcur makes 9 reagonuble request of me In asking that [ should invite u suspen slon of opinion regurding a discovery he be- eves that lo has wade. A portion of tho naterial he has produced {3 vory hard; ond 1 belleve, bears out hiselaimto have res eh topaz und sapphire, Mr. Mactear wishes toudd that the diamond has been also nbradot by lily product, nnd to hiclose to you a-certiAl- cite to that effect, Mr, Mactuar wishes mo also to state that he claims simply.to have produced o crystalline form of earbon Ire apactive of the question of whether this ty tho dlamond." . We may state that {n the London Zimes of tho same date is a certificate from Mr dy Boston, of Glisgow, that hu has been able “to serutch a-diamond aud to engrave two rubles, two sapphires, an amethyst, and 6 ealrugorm "with ‘Mr, Mtactoar's a eryatalllzod carbon sand.” z ra ‘i —— vt ' SCIENTIFIC NOTES. t In Frince It fs estimated that about 18,000, 000 of the population live by agriculture and, 9,000,000 by manufactures, ee ian Crocus, drled gud powdered, when appiled With chamols-leather to nickel-plated gduda { ¥ i t oy Oa Soh ear eK “at. ioe ae 36 a Sn Sn