Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, July 5, 1879, Page 11

ics aus eng EM FE LITERATURE. © “ The Writings of Albert Qal- * latin,” Edited by Hen- ry Adams. “Bonvenirs of Mme. Vigee Lo Brun,” Letters to the Prin- cess Kourakin, “Maid, Wife, or Widow? ”..." Flitters, Tattors, and tho Counselor” ““Maidon Rachel,” “Recreations in Astronomy "---Morao on “Banks and Banking!’ Literary Notes. * Tho Polar Regions Hobitable---Idontity of Heat and Light~-Proteotion of Iron - Burfacos—Sotentifio Items, LITERATURE. ALBER? GALLATIN. Ono of the great mon this country has pro- ducer was Albert Gallatin, His career in Con- gress was short, but brilliant. As Secretary of tho Treasury he wade a name second only to that of Hamilton, Ina diplomatle capacity ho filled the highest places with honor to himeclt and the Government. The leneth of his service, the manv important offices occupied by him, and his commanding abilities make him an interest- ing figure in American history. We are glad on all accounts that’ Mr. Adams has undertaten this edition of his writings. Gallatin was descended'from an old and hon- orable Genovese tamily. He was cducated at the Academy foufded by Calvin, graduating in the law.course. His acquirements were oxten- tive.” Fle’ was an excellent Ungutst. At 78 yearstof age he wrote to Gen. Scott for Mexican dlictionaries, with’ a view to pursuing ‘the sstudy of the dialects -of that conn- try. Ilo wos especially well grounded in the principles of law, political econoiny, and ihe selente of government, ‘The Academy of Geneva had seen to his instruction in the clyil low, a thorough knowledge of which even to this day {sn necoszary condition to proflelency inlegal science. Volitical. economy and the theory of rorernment he secms to bave atudied from a natural taste aid aptitude for {nvesticu- tions of this description. He pursued them far beyond the Hmits marked out for scholars in America’in his day. But he never Inid claim to intellectual suporiority to any of his contemporarics. His method of preparing an opinion on any subject was to collect all the ma- ‘terials and autboritics bearing on ft that he could command; to compare, analyze, and. alt them, snd then to'state the ‘conclusion which they ,scemed .to ‘sugecst, modifying it by the results of his own experi ence, Io was. not a. fluent nor a graceful writer, The neccssity for guarding his expressions, -for verifying every statement, and fortifying every position so that ft might be- come a citadel in caac of attack, was constantly present to his mind. His written style was palnetaking, laborious, preciso, and -neat. It was never impassfoned nor eloquent. But ho was a strong und ready speaker, as we shall Bee. ae ‘The first rostdenco of Gqllatin after coming to this country was in Massachusetts, Ho was for a short time an instructor in Harvard Vollece. lic removed to Virginia,-and remalned there two or three years, part of the timo ns tutor in a gentleman's family. His last move was to »¥ayetto County, in Western Pennsylvania, one -of the four counties of that State actively con- -eerned inthe Whisky Rebellion, Gallatin was leading spirit both in the advance and the re- treat of the rebels, IIo advised reststance and ‘drow up inflammatory resolutious, but afterward saw the folly of tho affair, and. succeeded in obtaining the submission of all the peopic. For Jibs errors fn this connection he publicly apolo- gized, a year or two afterward, pening of them as ‘political sins.” Gallatin was elected to the United States Senato in 1703, but refused admission on the ground that ho bad not been nine years.a citizen prior to his election, The justice of this decision was complatnedof. Gal- Jatin bud resided tu the country about thirtecn years. It was well undorstood that the fact of Me being a Republican had much to do with bis rejection. If admitted, he would have tfed the Senate on party questions. In 1795 he wos elected to the Lower House, where his abilities pushed him to the front, Thougn he wasn youvg man and a foreigner by Lirth, he became “thé Jeader of his party whon Madison and Giles were in the House, and remained so until he “left Congress in 1801 to tako o scat in the . Cabinet. After the publleation of the X. ¥. Z. Alspatches, Gallutin’s nerve was put to a severe test. As a French sympathizer lhe was suspected - ant denounced, Though a vaturalized eltizen, = 1t = was) proposed by somo hot-licaded spirits among the Federal- iste that he should be expelled from the coun- try. Many Republican members of Congress Dowed to the storm and weot to thelr homes. Not so Gallatin, who, though more obnoxfous to the people than any of the others, had a fluer courage. We will let Randall toll the story concernlog Iilins * Whon othera snecnmbed to the torront of excita- ment he neither yielded uor fled his post, With as clear n logicas Madlean’s, he py ed nerves Of & far more steel-liko loxture, “Me was neither pas- wionste nor aggressive; no excitement reachod him, no abuse for un {netant disturbed his serane, cold, intellectual equanimity, Ifhe had no more enthuglasm than a machine, he had no more fear, nor wavering, nor tiringness than a angehine. In. victory or defeat, In a inie feld or borne down by dovperate odde, the bright, trenohant, swift Wade of this un- daunted and consummate debater always taught fovs to beware, and always mado their, aces dearly bought, Tor thy precise position in whic jhe was now placed—to caver the broken rouf—to head the deapcrate charge of a hand(ul of pravo men, to deapisu the threats, and to pase without ‘notice the nersonal insults of an arrogant and inne Jont majoriiy, and to make os fresh a stand on every pew question as If he came to fineh his inalden sword—it {a probable that not another nan exietod In the nation who could have Mlled the place of Albart Gallatin, Galiatin’scrved as Secretary of the Treasury ‘under Jeiferson for eight years, and had the full contidence of the President. lila advice was asked und often acted on fn the preparation of the meseages sent to Cougress. Ie urged S polly of conciliation in deuling with party- Opponents In office, und In tia respect: succecd- ed In carrying Jefferson farther than the latter intended to go, Gallatin prepared and for- warded; to Jefferson a circular to Collectors of Customs, two parts of which should hold an honorable place In avery history of Civil-Service reform. ‘They wore as follows: ‘Tho law having given to the Collectors the an- polntment of a wumber of inferior aiticers anbject to amy upprobation, thery Ie on tuat subject, on which wo must act: in cuncert, but one sentinient that 1 wish fo communicate: it fa, that the door of fice be no longer shut against any inan merely on account of bis political opinions, but that whether ho aball differ or not trom those’ avowed either by ace by myself, Integrity and capacity sultablu the station be the only qualifications that shall direct our chutes. aeate oo ermit nic, sloce T have toadd thut, winlat frecdom of oped ty porte of suffrage at public elections ara considered by the Prealdent us imprescrtotible righty, which, posscesing, as citizens, you cannot bave fost’ by becomlug — pudlle oftcers, ho will regard any exurciae of oilicial {Influence to restrain or control the same righte in athera us injurious to tbat part of the publlcadministration which ie confided to your care, and practicaily deat of the fundamental principles ot Repuoliens coxes atitution, Gallatin preferred war to a permanent om- bargo “iu every point of view~privations, sufferings, revenue, effect on the enemy, pull- Wexy etg."5 but he approved the modified cm- bargo, and ald all that lay in his power to make it effectual. On the accession of Madison to the Prest- acucy, Gallatin was desicuated for the post of of peace that the Unite accept. Gallatin was Miniter to France under Monroe, and candidate for the Vico-Presilency ‘on the ticket with Crawford. Ho withdrew his name when it was represented tu him that ho might strengthen Crawford's chances by offer- ing no opposition to Culhaun. Ho wus after- sword Envoy Extraordinary to Great Britain, and held other diplomatic uppointments. But with ‘Treaty of Ghent was merely pertunctor, conscaucnee of his instructions from hou, and Ifa distrust of the dackeoninn idens of gov- eroment has been fully justified in histo: all respects.what we sliould fully a Gallatin, BSeefetaty of Btato, then esteemed the first place In the Cabluot, and the natural stepping- stone to tho White House. Owlne to a cabat composed of friends of another candidate, the Intention of Madison {n this respect wna ilo feated, though he offercd to join iemue sith {ua Senato on it, and to determine on for all whother the Preafdent. had the right to choose his constitutional adylscrs or not. At the requeat of Gallatin hiinself, who slirank from the hunillation of a rejection, this plan was abandoned. Callatin wen retained as Secretary of the Treasury, and Robert Smith was inade Sceretary of State, The choice proved to be unfortunate, Smith had been Seeretary of the Navy under Jefferson, but had not bech severe: ly Urfed In that position, Ie was not equel to the dufios of the Btnto office, He quarreted siolently, or os ylolently ng any man could, with Gotlatin. Is only” polley, one historian says, secincd to be opposition tu every meagre sropused by the Sceretary of the Treasury. Madison sympathized with the Intter. Smith ne Jast becaine intractable, nnd Madison attempted to depose him {1 ns kind a manver o8 possible by maklig bim Minister to Russia, He tudly- nantly dectined, anid retired into pcivate Hite. During the War of 1812 Gallatin assisted Matilsot to the best of his ability In the Treasury Department. The financial situation was per- plexlay., ‘The demand for funds was iinpera- tIve, while the ‘Treasury as exhausted, and te ercdit of the Governtient was at the fowrest th ebb. Gallatin dld the best he could, Me strain- ed‘ every resource. stopped all the gaps that could be reached, and ralaed noney bp every means that’scemed to hint avallable. 1 not ap optinist in finance. He belleved fu no expedicnts for raislug reyentte that were not Approved by expericuce. Ho was opposed to a © wads paper-curreney, and to any loans that would lay aheavy burden on posterity. Ho carried the Treasury through this, crittest period with less injury than mit douvtl to leave it, when the @emunds made pon bun wer tnore this ave been expected, He was ess Glad, nevertheless, of an opportunity ho or ony man could meet; and he accordingly accepted a peace lesion to Rus elo, on the promise of mudiation by that Vower, with olacrity. ‘he Senate refured to authorize the retention of a place tn the Cabi- net nnd a diplomatic office by one man, tis ap: pointinent a» Penco Commissioner was elected, nnd, hts absence in Europe being prolonged, the President was obliged to nominate another Sec- retary ofthe Treasury. But Galluth was alter ward inade one of the Commissioners to nero- tiate the ‘Treaty of Ghent, aud under tostruc- tions from home signed the hunidliatin terme dd States were obliged to the defeat of tho Crawiord wing of the party and the supremacy of Jackson the political i+ ffuence and pubile life of Gallatin came to an end, "Lhe character of Gallatin has been drawn In yarlous colors. ‘The carly part ot ifs carecr, particularly is sharo in the Pennsylvania cucule, wave a basis to the charge that he was a dema- gogzue, When ho was in Congress Ho proposed the withhoiding of appropcintions for the Mint with w view to.exercising duress on the Pres{- dent, precisely as the Democrats In the late ses- sion of Congress attompted todo. Ils conduct inthis matter was harshly commented-on at tho time, and deecryedly so, Butas he grew older he todk broader and inore statosmanilke views of public questions. He was not only a Ciyll- Service ‘reformer, but a hard-money man to tho’ core. Me differed from his party gn the Bunk question when to to do so Was to endanger lig political future; and he maintained iis views to the end uf his life, ff 1849, though his party had long before made opposition to the Babk nm fundamental artivic'in {ts creed, Galiatin enid that he had fotind the Sank yery useful to the Treasury in bis own experlence. “fle had no donbt of “ite constitutionallty under the genernl power of the Government to maintain and carry ona financlul system. His views as fo the constitu- {lonal questions Involved wero Jong ago adopted by the best authorities. If he bad lived to sea the Sub-frensury in successful operation, he might perhaps have madited his opinion os to the.expediency of a bank. Some of the Inst lotters printed tu this collection express the eatisfaction of the aged writer with the 8ub- ‘Yrenspty, as‘Jaras the plan had then gone into operation. Gallatin’s political influence was de- stroyel by iis adhealon to the Bank, bls par- tclpaticn in the Treaty of Ghent, aud his strong disapproval of the clement in fils party which irnnpliet du the election “of Andrew Jackson. 1s ©) error, Was sliared by some ut the best ininds in ror in recard to the Bank, If it was an the country atthat the; his signature to the iy ry. Yhe_ writings of Albert Galluuin, edivod by Mr. Henry Adame, are ombraced in three yol- umes. ‘Tey include many letters to Jefferson, Madison, ‘and others, and the replies to the same, extracted from the archives of the Goyern- ment. at ‘Washington; ane or two iniportant apeeches; the “Sieten of the Finauces”! (170); the “‘freatiso on Banks and Curreney"; an arti- cleon “Tha Oregon Question; a plea for “Peoco with: Mexico’; and other interesting matter not before publianed fn any permanent form, ‘Tho most yvatunble part of the present work ig the tivo ‘volumes of correspondence, which throw Ilght not only on the fe of Gallatin, but thnt of deffergon and other contemporarics, sind {liuatraté 1 perlod of history as yet little understood. We reeret that Mr. Adams hus not preiixed a suflicient me.noir of Gallatin to his works:” With this excepts the work ts In expect to fod it. It has been executed at the expense of much Jabor und money, and we hope tt will mect with the appreciation among the people whieh (t su TES. “The Writings of Albert Edited by Henry Adaino, "Taree volumes, large bya. Cloth. Philadelphia: J. B, Lipplucott & Cu. $15.) . VIGEL LE BRUN. The Souvenirs of Mme,-Vivee Le Brun, just reprinted-in this country by Worthington, will afford ontertalument tomost readers, but Iaruely atthe expense of the author, 14 isdifcult to de- cide which is the more prominent tvature of the book,—the ecotiam of Mme, Lo Brun or the viyacious goaslp of which lier letters are wholly composed, We cannot even award to the author’ the merit of good nature. Hor matico ig conapiehions and self-confessed, She writes of Lady Mamilton with» bitterness that can only be explained by supposing Fomo personal feeling ou her part; for, though Lady Hamilton was bad cnougb, she was morally no worse than others who enjoyed Mme. Le Brun's frleud- ship, Nearly all the persons mentioned in the volume sro friends or foes, Moe, Le Brun’s srdent temperament pernilited no uther relationship to heraclf, She carried her prin ciples in this respect even tuto her own family, and writes of the vices of her father, her stepfather, and her husband with as mueh freee dom ag if they were public chiracters, Next to her agnunciatlo nof persons abe dues know, her declared hostility to those she has fad no means of Knowing is the most remarkable quulity of her judgments, She cansigns to thelimbe of the condgmacd whatever is dlstleasins to her eathetle taste, ‘The want of beauty ts to her inind a more fatal defect than the waut of any moral dignity, a 3 Mine, Le Hrun was the most popular por- tralt-palnter tu France in the years immediately preceditg ahd followhys the Revolution, Shu painted a total uf 69 portralts, fifteen pictures, aud uvarly 200 Jandscapes in Switzerland and, da Enelind. By means of her ert alope she umaysed on immense fortune, nh prea qart of which was dissipated by “her | husband, who wos ulso a painter, ‘The portraits of Marie Antulnette and other members of the Royal fumily by ier ore perhaps the best known of hur works; and tbnt part of the present volume devoted co reminigvences of tac unfortunate Queen will be found the moot valuable of all, Mine, Le Brun died tn 1818. Shu is litle esteemed now os anartist. She worked tuo rapidly, and with too avident a straining after eflect. {ler method was faulty, und sto bad neither tho tudustry nor the honesty to improve it, Mer Souvenirs will be esteemed not as a, contributlon to ure, but as. a new chapter tu the ever-fresn romantica of the French Mevolution, (“Souvenirs of Mme. Vigue Le Brun," with steel portrals from an original paluting by the author, New Yorks ie ANOELBIntOte Tsit, 893 pages, B8yo, cloth, ala ‘ -RECENT FICTION. . Mrs. Alexundge writes with agrecable smooth- ness, but without any epecial vigor, She busno remarkable powers of [uyention. She parades no moral purpose, nor docs she frradlate her swubjects with the gloams of a bumor, Htful or otherwise, Yet her books tind many readers, und {t Would be rash to assert thut the latter aro hopelessly foollah, Sler narratives run along like mountain brooks—babbling brooks. ‘They are cooling and evothing. They do not fovigorato; of, if they do, fs ty only io home- opathie doses. But bappily nobody hopes or desires tu be stimyluted by novela In eumme., Perhaps Mra. Alexander's vooks answer well cnough the purposo for which they are con- THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SATURDAY, JULY 5, 1877—TWELVE PAGES,’ ceived. Arousing a languid Interest, and dl- verting the attention while the reader is in the perilous pass between alecp on the one hand ond cnoufon the other, they fulfill their hurm- bis duty well, The motive of the Inst book by the vperploxity arising from quartered upon to the statas of his charming hostess. wards nanpears that ehe has contrivuted to his bewikterment by instructing the servants to ane swernone of his questions or those of hia order- i ‘The frat ecene is Saxouy in the war of i The accont fs the same country after the war of 1870, Wien resentment and hatred of the invader were exhibited in the former period, fellow-feeling aud national pride were beciun to be developed in the sccond. part of the book the nilsunderatanding between the hero and the heroine arlees from a different cause, but Is equaliy trivial. ‘Thetr reconcile- ment Is from the begiuntug a foregone conclu- sion, (Maid, Wife, or Widow P? Series, Now York: Henry Holt & Co. ‘¢ Piltters, Tatters, and the Cuuneefor " js ona of the strongest short Mahts of fiction thit wo remember lately to bave seen, Ilfe of the neglected pour of Di cipal vharacters whose names appear in the title areehiidren, Without parents or homes they valu u livelihood by slnging fn the streets, beg- ging, etealing, and—tt secins appropriate to say The morale of the Irish poor, in ace cordance with which pauneriain is organized nnd encouraged, 1s exemplified in this iittle story. There fx no false sentiincnt init, and no evi dence of an undue ambition to maken bla book. «]iltters, Tatters, and the Counselor.’ Paper. Palladetphta: J.B. Lippincott & Co. 16 conta.) Ello A. Giles, author of “Bachelor Ben" and “Ont from the Stuadows,” has written o third iden Rachel,” in which she en- he two Important truths that malden ladles need not bo wholly useless members of the communities fu which they live, and that unfortunnte criudnals should not be tuo hiarebly treated, Migs and, on the whole, tells {t well. eyer, that it fa too didactic to be much sought (Maiden Rachel’? Chicago: Jansen, Tn the Iatter It deals with the book, called ‘Mi deavors tu enfore Giles tells a sad story, by summer-renters. Etla A. Giles. Clurg & Co, $1.25.) RECRUATIONS IN Harper & Brothers have just {ssucd s work under the nbova: title, writtes by Henry W. Warren, D. D., with many good illustrations. it fs on Interesting book, and promises to be a it handles the most prominent facts in the astronomical science of to-day in auch n way that the general reader miay materi- ally Increase his stock of knowledge, and at the same thine will bear closer study by those who. wish to attain an intimate acquaintance with Ate chilef merit Iles in the fact that, it presents [n popular form the truths of us- tronomy, with little of the misrepresentation su often found in books written for the multitude. Thero ore, however, 1 few faults fn the work which sugecat, we will not say what. Tako for instance the alarming statement on pages $ and Wer of the sun drawing sixty-cight miles per If accompanied thut shall send it 180 miles n second, gives -ns a consequence that “the now world circles round the other to tho starting voint.” ‘The fact is that euch 9 forward velocity would be consistent with a fall of only twelve ans one-fourth Inches In one second to- and that the actual fall is less. redth part of that amall quantity, as the lineal velocity in the orbit fs only about one-tenth as much as stated by the author. ASTRONOMY, that the attractive wards the sun, BANKS AND BANKING. ‘The work of Morse on “ Banke ant Banking? fs too well known now to need any oxtended review, it Laving been first published fn 1870, A new edition, with a Jarge atnount of new mat- tr, has just been prepared. Thts contalns about 400 new cases nnd 125 pages of additional mat- ‘The svopo of the work is broader than that of Thompson, the latter being confined to a discussion of the Inw as to National Caro has been taken to maka this work useful to bankers and other non- professional men by extended citatlons of eluckiniion of the | olementary it is quite extensively used by others than members of the bar—n good fortune of which but few law books can hosat. work will bo found a very satisfactory exposl- Hon of the Uranch of the law to which {t relates. Law Relating to Banks and Bankinys with an Appendix Containing the Na- tonal Banidlug Act of June 3, menta ‘Thereto.” By John Second edition: revised, Chee, E. B. Myers. “A ‘Treatise on the 1864, and Amond- lurac, Jr, of the Little, Brown «& Co. Law sheep, pp. Out. $0, ANT NOTES, It Is proposed to hold in Dresden, in August and September, a Raphael Exhibition, which ia to be as compicts as possible. originals of paintings, sketches, otc, cannot be secured, good copies, photographs, and cngray- ings will be extitbited. The esto of pictures contributed bv his brother artists for the beneflt of the French painter, Louls Mouchot, who recently lost his alght, was an unusual success in Paris, the total Meissonier's “Un Etat- Major," a sinall oll painting, brought more than 24,600, aud 9, portrait of Henry M. Stanloy, by Mr, G, P. A, Healy, the Amerlean, $41. The “Venus of Milo” seems to yicld unfail- tug 'matter for atscussion. A member of the Stockholm Academy, Merr Geskel-Salumon, ns just published ob elaborate und richly ilus- trated monograph upon it, in which he en- deavors to show that this celebrated static nelther stood by itself nor formed part of a eroup of two flaures, but rather that ft belones to a group of three flzures, of which the ecntra was Heraklea,wiio stood between the Goddesses of ¥icasure and Virtue, after the fable of Prodl- ‘The figure accepted as Venus represents, acording to this latest bypothesis, Pleasure or receipts being $30,214. ‘The general tendency of art-criticism of late Years, observes the Saturday Levicw, une heen toward skepticism; more careful investigation has shown that the duration of human Hfo ta in many cases Inadequate to the labors ncribed to Accordingly many of the imulehudinous freseoes Jong passing under the nano of Qiotto are transferred to his school or in like manner, Rafacllo is no ed with handiwork that is worthy only of bis scholars, ‘The wholesale manufac- turé carried on by Rubens {3 too notorious to require comment, SUEPHERD VS. the ‘old masters, THE ATIENRUAL Laudon Times. Mr, Shepherd, the gentleman who brought an action against the Atheneum for writing disre- specttully of his Hterary Indors, has been moro fortunate than most authors who appeal tothe law courts for rodress atalost thelr critics, has persuaded a common jury to award him £160 damages, ‘Tho fmpulac of most of inankind isto think that quarrels of mon of letters oro best settled with the pen, and juries usually act Ono is, therefore, paturally curlous to know the grounds on an exception, Mr. Shepherd, {* fs adinitted, treads a humble, { useful, walk of Mterature. living chiefly by editing the “worke of well- It was stated in evidence that ha hud edited from itcen to twenty vol- umes for Mersrs. Chatto aml Windus alone. ik called ‘The Hibliog- raphy of Mr. Ruskin,” and hna done some otber work of laborious character. shown zeal in republishing forgotten works, which the public may be curious to see, but which the authors themaelyes might not always care to havo dragged into light; and dt scers thathe got into trounlo with the Court of Chancery fur proposing to republiah str. ‘Yenny- wo yeara ago he ens of Mra, the copyright. in For this ho was taken sharply a reviewer in the who complained thut the “bolderdash” of a ovt's youth could not be suffered to rest In the linbo of oblivion, but was dragecd Inte Hht by bookacllers’ “hucks*? and * prylng blograptiers.'? er ruturued to the charge edition by Afr, Shepherd of the early poems of Mr. Longfellow. It spoke nbination of chiffonnier and reaurrece nd of M. Shepherd's “uneasy pro- indomitable zeal for bunting up rendera have forgotier, and which by the wayskle, or wished. ‘The critic made a ros, und added that hangioan is vacant, on this view. known authors. He has compiled a “Lover's Tate.” Moucht it to edit the early Barvett Browning, Last voar the same {n reference to an authors lave dropped they bad never produced.” passing sllusion to vara whenever the afice oi competition Is brisk). LUPERARY NOTES, J, (, Awbrose, fu the August oumber of Sunday Asteruoun, will present a paper discuss- ing the “ Election ot College Studies. A “Life of Albert Hoptiua,” who for forty years was u Professor in Willlains College, which bas been caretully’ prepared from hls let- tets, Journal, and published articles, supplo- mented by contribntions from ex-Prosident Mark Sopklus, President: Chadbourne, and others, is ready at A. D. Fs Handolph é& Co.'& ‘The one hundred and sixth number of Haney Holt & Cots Leinnre Hour Series is Just ready, Delng a new novel. called Coustus,” by the aus thor of * Mr, Ainith.? The Augnat Adantie will contain a paper on * Preaching,” by the author of “ Certaln Dan- gerous ‘Tentencles In American Lite.” In an early nuinber of thls magazine witl be Issued the first of naeries of papers, by Hugh McCutloch, embodying his financial views. ‘The new work on whicl Canon Farrar has for some vents been engaged ts entitled, The Life and Work of St. Paul.’ and will be ready for publication very soon. Two editions are he published fn this country by 7. P. Dutton ds Uo., one bolug in two volumes, uniform with the Horary edition of Farrar's “Life of Clirtet,"! aud the other a low-priced, one-volume edition, ‘The praise which Mr. Froude gave the works of Bret Tarte a short tine oo ata London inner led the Literary World, of Voston, to underrate Mr. Harte, remorking that, he had written very litte that was a credit to American Wtorature except the ‘Heathen Chinee. From this the Traveller, alao of Boston, sharply dis- sents, and makes frank admission of a state of affairs [In Boston which the cuter world did not think was quite ro bad: “Jt In Mr. Ilarte’s tem- porary intafortune that he docs not belong to the mutual admiration Iterary rug, which has, its headquarters in this city. wud bas for long been engaged with more or Iess sucess In folat- ing a lot of very second-ratu writers, whose tal- ents principally consist In a facuity of finitation and {he observation of certatn conventlonal rules, upon the public as the representative lit- erary menof America, Mr. Marte bas tore pathos, hurnor, and originality than all the “society novelists, mechanical poets, nnd dilettante critics whom the World and those of its kidney delight te honor, combined.” HOOKS RECKIVED, Lrrs Questions. By M. 4. Sayare. Boston: Lockwood, Brooke & Co. Imo, $1. Our AutumN Hontwars on Frexci Riv- wns, By dg. L, Molloy. Boston: Roberts Bros. 10ino. $1.25. Advance sheets. Vinaiws Exrip. Translated by J. D. Long (ex-Goyernor of Massachusetts), Boston: Lock- wood, Brooks & Co. 1879. 431 pages. Octayo. Cloth, &2. Davin Fursino's Fonoivr. ret M, Robertson. New York: dolph'& Co. 5415 pares. 16:0. Serfes.) Cloth. $1.25. Procrrpinas AT A Recurtion 1x Honor or tue Rev, 0. B. Frorintsonam; together with the report of the Farerell Sermon delivered by him, Paper. New York: G. BP. Putnam's Sons. 50 cents, Poruran Scuoon History or tng Uniten Brarss, in which are inserted aa part of the narrative selections from the writings of cml- nent American historians and other American writers of note. By John J, Andersun, Pl. D, New York: Clark & Maynard. SPARKS OF SCIENCE. THE POLAR REGIONS IMABITABLE. At the reception given the other day by the San Francisco Academy of Scienves to the mem- bers of the Bennett Explolug Expedition to the North Pole, Mr. Charics: Wolcott Brooks dis- cussed the questions of the extstenco of an Arctic Continent, and the probability of its be- Ing Inhabited, If we carefully examine, rays Mr. Brooks, the almost universal features of all Jand known to us, we find a prevailing form wherever wo turn. Ench territorial area of magnitude secins to have an appendage tend- ing southward, If wo apply this rule, by turn- ing the North Pole of a globe towards us, wo readily see at a glance that Greentand, which 14 known to us, may bear to an unknown Arctic Continent the same re- lation that South Anierica does to North Amer- fea, or Africa to Europe. ence {t is perfetly logical to infer, by the creat analogy of nature, that an “Arctic Continent exists bencath the North Pole, extending three aud a half to four degrees aouth frum* the northern nxis of the earth, As previous Arctic expeditions have ad- yaneed to $3 deg. 2% min. north lotitude—or within 304 miles of the pule—the distance thence to such acontinent would not exceed. about 150 to 180 milos. This intervening space, Leerer, {6 difficult to traverse, os it pre- sents o very rouzh surface. If the sea, during the “heicht of a gale, when waves ran mountaina lich, were instantly frozen, it would present much the appearance licre en- countered, For cthnolugists, the question is, Can on Arctic Continent be iuhnbited, should one exist? This may be met by the well-known favt thut tho Intitude of 78 degrecs is about the Paine of lowest mean temperature. ‘The earth 3 about thirty-seven miles less in diumeter at the equator than from pole to pole, having en- larged at ono point and Nattened at auother, be- cause of Its revolving motion, Now, it is well Known thut lower temperatures are encountered a8 we ascend high altitudes, and the depression at the poles may, by lessening the distance of the surface from ‘the earth's centre, afford a warmer temperature, which will enable the hardy Esquimanu, Ainos, or somo Hypervorean race, to exist upon an Arctic Continent. By Marga- D. F. Ran- Spare Hour IDENTITY OF MEAT AND LIGHT. In a recent Iqcture, Me, W. H. Preece, the English clectriclan, tmade the following futerest- ing remarks on heat and light: ‘These two,” he safd, ‘are identical in character, though dit- ferent in degree; and whenever solld matter has fparted to it motlon of a very high intensity— In other words, when solld matter fs raised to a vory hich temperature—it- becomes luminous. The amount of light is dependent on the hight of this tempernture; and {t fs a very remarkable fact that all eolld bodics become se}f-Iuminous at the same temperature. ‘This was detoriniued by Damell to bo te dee., by Wedgwoud 047 deg, by Draper 077 deg. 80 Uhnt we may ap proximately assure the temperature at which bodies beefa to show a dull Heht to be 1,000dee. ‘The intensify of light, however, increases in nerenter ratio than the temperature. For ine stance, platiium at 2,000 deg. cmits forty tines more light than at 1,000 der. Hodies when raised to incandescence psss through all stares of the spectrum; as the Cemperature inereases, go (loca the refrangibitity of the rays of light. Thus, where o body is ata temperature of 25) deg. {t may be ealied warm; at 600 deg., hot. At 1,000 deg. we have the red rays; at 1,200 deg, the orange rays; ot 1,30 deg, the vellow rays; at 1,500 deg,, the bine rays; at 1,700 deg, the indigo raya; and at 2,000 d the ylolet rave, So that ny body raised toa Lemperature above 9,000 deg, Will cinit all the rays of the gun, ins versely, Ue spectroscope imiy thus be enabled to tell us the temperature of the different Hghts, and it fs arias because some Hichts do not ex. coud 1,9 ig. that we have all the rays beyond the yello PROTECTION OV IRON SURFACES, Anew process for protecting frou from rust has been itivented by M. Vode. It consists In coating, either by means of a bath ora brush, any objects in cast ar wrought fran (irced from. the damp they nay contaly) with a composition of borate of lead, oxide of copper, and spirite of turpentine, ‘This application soon dries on the surface of the tron, aud the objects are then passed through the furnace, which 1s heated from 600 to 700deg., uecordlug to the thickness of thy articles under treatment, so ae to bring them to a cherry-red heat when passing through the centre of the furnace, At thle ~ point the fusion of the metallle pigment takes place; it entera the vores of the tron, and becomes homoge ously adherent thereto, coverlag the objects with o dark coating, which is not Mable to change under the action of the alr, cases, alka- ne, or other yapors, nor to seale off from the surlaces to whien it hus been apalied. When guy considerable depth of inoxidation * Is de> sired, the abject be finmersed tn com position for the thie requisite to absorb a suill- elent quantity of It. This process supersedes patty and Varnishinz, und fron objects thu wated are fmypervions to rust. ‘The cost of ap. plication is abuut hail a cet per superiiciat square foot, INVENTION OF ITH 'PRLESCOPE, Concerning the tnvention of the telescope, Descartes, in 1097, wrote as followa: 'Ehis In- veutlon, as illustrious as it ia useful, is, to the shame of our science, due to chunco and mere experiment.- About thirty years age there Ilved in Alkmaer, in Holland, a cortalu Jacob Metius, who had never studied, though both his father and his brother were Mrofessure of inathematics, He found bis greatest pleasure fu inaking bura- lng-elasees and mirrord; and when he wus thus once fn possessiun of a lotof glasses of different forms be happened to look at the sume time through two giasees, uf which the ous wasa little thicker In the middie than on the and the other thinver fa the middle. fle afterward Axed them ina tube, and ji that way originated o teleacope, from which afl the luter once have been made, for as far ual kuow nobody as yet has eulllsiently explained what form these ulasses by right ouzbt to bave, On the 17th of October, 1008, this Javub Aletlus(utherviw Adrlanuz) applied to the Btates-(iencral af the Netherlands for a reward as the juventor of the instrument two vears previously. Dut one of his own countrymen lad anticipated bim in thle application, for Fan Lanproy (otherwise Hans Linperehielin) had some days hefore presented to fhe States a eimilar instrument. ‘Thus, then, the firat authentle yeblieation on record of this grent invention was nado when Lapprey deliy- ered his telescope to thé States-Geacral,”’ THE SIZE OF LIGHTNING-RODS. An calculating the relative sectional areas of covpet nnd fron Ightning-roda, certain !mpor- tant factors are commonly overlooked, and thus of necessity jucorrect results are obtained, The relation usually given, that an iron rod should have four times the sectlonal area of the copper rod, fs based on the fact that copper condacts electricity six times as wellas iron, while the melting-polnt of fron is about 30 per cent higher. than that | of copper, and G divided by 1.5 fs equal to 4. ‘This aims ple treatment, 18.18 ponted out by I Brown, In the —PAtorophteal May- ¢, 1s tneumplote, Lecause it neglects theac ctorst 1, ‘The influenve of the rise of temper: ature in Increasing the electrical resistance of the metal; 2. ‘The difference between thespecitic Leats of the copper and fron; @ The fact that the Iron rod being made several times more mas- tlve than the copper one, it will require a pro- portionally greater quantity of heat to Increase its temperature. Taking these considjrations {nto account, Mr. Brough finds that the sec- Uonal area of an tron rod should be to the ree oval orca of a copper rod in the ratio of 8 to 3, WHAT CAUSES ‘TIIUNDER. A correspondent of Nature writes: “I have Intely seen it stated ina text-book upon elec- tricity and magnetism that the phepomenon of thunder is not fully accounted for by auy the- ory as yet brought forward. Whether this bo 60 or not Iam not suffictently acquainted with the supject to eny, 1 belleve the commonlys accepted theory is thata vacuum fs created In the path of the electric rpark, and that the sub- tequent inrash of the air produces the detona- Mon. If, however, it be allowed that the elec- trie spark fs not 2 material substance, but mere- ly a natural force or mode of motion, the possi- Dility of this theory {§ at onca disposed of. “It isa well known fact that the passage of electricity inn hich state of tension through a mixture of oxrgen amd bydrogen not only causes wn explosion, but alzo causes the furmation of water, ant it recins to me that, given the exist- cence of free oxygen unc hydrogen in the reeton of the electric ‘disturbance, the phenomenon of thuuder ts suflicientty accounted for. Whether the normal sinount of hydroven inthe alr is euflicient to cause the atupendous nolse of thunder, I am not competent to judge, but it not, I would eugeest that the presenco of an abnormal smount might be accounted for by the process of the elec- trolysia, which would probably occur between the ‘two poles of the thunder-cloud before the tension became so great os to cause a rupture of tho eireult: and cousequent Aischarge of the electric spark. I would also draw your atten- tion to the fact that every thunder-clap is tm- mediately followed by an increase in the quan- tity of water deposited in the sbape of rain. Does not this point to the formation of water by the explosion of the goses! Jt is a frequent experiment of Dr. ‘Tyndall's to show his audi- ence red clouds. I feel convinced that, by fol- lowing thia line of inquiry, he could give'us o real thunder-storm,"? GAS AS A DOMESTIC FUEL, Puputar setence Monthly, T do not wish to be understood as intimating thatthe use of our common burning-gas would be a panacen for ail the fle 1 haye narrated, for its cost would preclude its general adoption for industrial purposes to take the place of coal or wood. For domestle purposes, however, in the form of gas-stover, even at the present high cost of this form of gas, {t bas been already largely adopted, and with advantage and ccon- omy: while for every form of Nght work, where power ls only required futermitteutly, as in printing-ollices, elevators, holste, and the Ike, gas-engines, using ordinary coal-cas, arc, even at present priecs, decldedly more economical than etcam, since ! may be etarted and Btonpel instantaneat Hh aud when {dle are wastlug nothing. And in the case of a steam- engine the steain must be kept up all the time, though the engine may uot be wanted more thon an hour or tio in the day. 1 look forward to the time, anid I belleve tt ts not far distant, wken we sball bavo "heating- gos" Jald through the streets of our citics and towns, side by side with Nehthys-gas and water- mains, and when our wills, and factories, and workshops, our parlors and kitcheus, will be supplied with heat from that source, and when fires of rood and coal, with their sboming- tions of dirt and ashes aud extravagance, will be Jooked upon as n nuisance of the “good old thnes” when they knew no better, WRITEIVS CRAMP. Dr. George M. Beard, in a paper on “ Writer's Cramp,’ published In a recent number of the Medical Record, concludes, from a study of 125 eases, that this disense occurs mostly in those who are of strong—frequently of very strong— constitutions, nud Is auite rare in the uervous amt delicate; ahd whenit does occur in those who are nervous, it is caster reljored and cured than when it occurs fm the atrong.” . . ‘That tt far less likely to occur th those who do original work, a8 authors, journalists, compas- ers, than in those whodo routine work, as clerks, buokkeepers, copyists, agentsetc. . . . Like all nervous diseases In this country, it diminishes: In frequency as we go South,” Jt is uo longer an incurable direase, electricity and massage belng the best remedies. Uyuienic measures consist of ring penholders, a0 1s to re- eve the thumb and flngers; large penholders, or fastening a plece of sponge to the peuholde: so tut the museles may be less restricted: changing the hold of the pen between diferent fingers; the use of auill or other Hexible pens, or pens with brond pointe, which run easily, Hie quill pers, and taking pains to avold tuo long confinement to one position, RECENT EARTHQUAKES. Nature, Earthquakes would seem to be plentiful and wide-spread at present. A Reuter’s telegram, of date Meesina, June 17, states that continual ehovks of carthquake, attributed to the volcanic action of Mount Etna, lave occurred in the neighborhood of Saute Venere and Guardia, causing serious damace and considerable loss of life, Vesurylus fs stated to be showing siuns of actlyity, A distinct shock of earthquake fa re- ported to have been felt on Monday at Tober- inurey, und other placed in Mull, in the Hebrides "The shock passed from northeust to southwe: On the th inst. an earthquake of short dur: tion was observed at Versailles at 10:55 p. im, There wns a severe shock of earthquake th Costa Rica on the night of May 29. ‘The eathedral and many of the principal buildinggof Sun Jose were sliatiered, snd much damage was done in other parts of the Republic. ‘A SUMMER-CLOUD. Hersoiied by broad boughs from tho too potent peut, In ‘awect-do-nuthing" reverie T lay, Nalf-tncying | raw the Summer-day, In air enmbodied, and with wing-ed fect, Gilde (award the Weat with step bath light and fivet, And garments glittering in the Sun's bright ray, SUL musing, on my inattentive ear, G'er the woft wvening-hish, bezan to swell A longedrawn muttering lu, that seomed to tell ‘Of far-olf trowule tn the atmosphere; ‘hen, euddenty, a roar, that fur and near Kchoed across the aky, dispersed the spoil, ‘Anil pitltul the sight | now beleld! Down in the South a hage and huary cond. ‘Towering aloft, white-faced, with shoulders bower), That fauy woukd ty, bul, ‘vy sume power com- pelled, Lavged-helplenaly along tho courre It hold, While, atrict:en with sure pangs, {t bellowed loud, All euthlosaly the hidden foe pursued, Mis deadly presunco momently, betrayed. When from Its sheath flashed forth his levia Ulade, And to the giant'a very vititls hewed— Who answered cach whurp thrust with roarings rude Of raging pain and impotence dismayed, ly astrange fascination thriited and bound, © J watched tho strife of the aerial foes— ‘Tho vengafol stab, the victhn'a slinddering thrpea— Saw the AER Mood pour through the gaping wound, And beard, or eeemed to hear, tho rushing sound OF hiv violent breath, aw wren a awitt wind blows, So bussed the crue} tragedy in alr, And 1, ite witness, gazed nnd Hvtened still, ‘nid my brooding pity lost ite will folldw the unequal contest there ‘oi sure und—a glant prostrate, whero Tho East wind spread ite pall of vapor chill, Owalta, BD er Adherca to Principle. Mrs, Parker (late Jutla Smith, of Glastonbury, Coun.) still gud bas had her cows seized once inore for her taxes, Her husband asked the amount of the tuses and costs, and being told 878.57, bid $78.57 for the cows, which Were Kuovked down to lim, and be und’ bis bridu departed, happy fn the cansciguencss that they ind aagerted Ubelr principles ut the expenee of $14 costs, 9 — SAPPHEO AND ASPASIA. Influence of in Ancient The Position and ——i—— Divided into Two Classes: the Citizen- Women, and the Strangers. The Former Kept Under Rigid Domestio Restriotions—The Latter Allowed Great Social Liberties, What Sappho and Aspasta Taught—Thelr Efforts to Arouso Their Sex to Higher Mentality, James Donaldson tn Conlemurrary Review, After the Spartan women. we shoul! natural- ly dlscues the position and Influence of women among the Athenlans. Buta singular phenom- enon chronologically anterior arrests our at- tention. ‘fhe Spartan Constitution rewatned nearly {n the same condition from theNluth Cent- ury tothe Fourth. Our knowledge of the life of the Athentan women relates mainly to the Fifth and Inter Centuries. In the Seventh and Sixth occurred the movement among women to Unfortunately, many features The ancients did not feel much tnterest fi it, and the records in which its history was contained hayo ncarly all per- ‘The centre of the movement was the POETESS SAPEIHO. She of herself would deserve a passing notica In goy account of ancient woinen, for she attained aposition altogether uolaue. She was the only woinan [0 all antiquity whose productions by untrersat consent placed heron the same level as the ereatest pocts of the other sex. Solon, on hearing one of her songs sung at 2 banquet, got the singer to teach tt to him immediately, say- ing that. he wished to learn it and¢die, otus, sPlato, Aristotle, refer toher in torins of Piato called her the Tenth Muse; and Strabo seems to express the opinion of antiquity when he says that sle was somc- thing quite wonderful; **for wado not kuow,’? he uss, ‘in the whole period of tine of which there fs any record, the appearance of a single wornau that could rival her, cren in a slight de- grec, in respect of povtry.”” This wonua determined todo her utmost to The one method of culture open to women at that time was poetry. ‘There was no other form of literature; ingly she systematically trained her pupils to be ‘poets, und to weave into verac the nubleat max- ims of the intellect und the which I allude, of It are obscure. Drolotnd respect. elevate hér sex. deepest emotions of Young people with richly-endowed minds flocked to ber from all quarters, and Jormed a kind of woman's callege. ‘There can be no doubt women were compelled to Sappho from diszust witnahe low drudgery and monotonous routine to which women’s lives were sucrificed, aud they were anxious to rise to KOMETINNG NOLEN AND BETTER. We learn thie from Sappho herself. that she addresacs an uneducated woran: Dying thou ehalt lie in the tomb, and there ehall be no remembrance of the afterward, partakest nat of the rorcs of Pieris; yea, undis- thoguished sheit thou walk inthe halle of Hades, fluttering about with the pithicss dead, And one of hor most distinguisicd pupils, Ertna, who died at the early age of 10, sang in ber poem, “Tho Distaff,” she surrows of « girl wham her mother compelled to work at the Joyin und the distail while she herself longed to cultivate ihe worship of the Musca. Did she attempt any other fanovstion in’ re- gard to the position of woment What did ebe think were the relations which ought to eubsist between the one sex and the other! questions that we should tain wish we could an- ut history remains silent, and we can only furm conjectures from isolated facta and state- A late Circek writer, Maxiinus Tyrius, compares her association with young wotfien to the association which existed between Socrates It bas to be remembered that even in Sparta the nen were thrown into very. close and continual iutimacy: and that this was stil] more the caso in other women wers keprin'strict confinement. Even in Sparta the men dined tugather alone; they were often away on military expeditions for ‘whole nionths together, and men were the instructors of the youths. In this way passionate ‘Intlin- cles aruse between old and young,—the old man atriviig to tustruct tis favorite youth fn all manly and virtuous exercises, man serving and protecting best of his power, iat these younz K the society of and young men. States where the and the young old friend to the ‘These attachments were like the luves of Jonathan and Davi, surpassing it (8 Hkely that Sappho did not see why these intimacies, fraught na they were with so many advantages, should be canilned to the male sex; nnd ele strove, or at the love of women, ons stories, which gathered vileness till, at Philarete Chasles remarks, they reached a cll» max {n Pope, scem to mo as indleative that she ventured on some bold innovations in re- gard to her own nex which shocked the Athenian mind, = Amd perhaps von- firmation fs added to this oe Q reliable inscription that she waa bariished and fled to Siclty. She may, tndeed, have taken part in somo of the numerous political morements which agitated ber native fsland, but it secms more likoly that she would give offense by try- ing to strike off some of the restrictions which, tn her opinion, harassed or degraded her sex, We come vow to the Athenians, Tho phenomenon that presents itself here ts ns peculiar aud striking as anything we bayo yet examined, In Athens we find “oS TWO CLASSES OF WOMEN who were not slaves. There was one class who could scarcely move a Hae from thetr own roots, and who were watched and restricted fit every possible way, ‘There fran another class on whom no restrictlons whatever wore Inld, who could mova sbout and do what ever seemed good in thetr own cy And the unrestricted would in all pro bility have exchanged places with the restricted, and many of tte restricted envied the freedom of the other membors of their sex. We pro- ceed to,the explanation of this phenomenon, Firat‘of all, the anclent idea of, a State bas to be firmly kept in mind. The anclent Greckadid not dreatn, oa we linve said, of any political cov- stitution more extended than wcity, Athens was the Iirgest of these City-States in Greece, il sab it probably never numbered more than 180,000 citizens. ‘These citizens, accordiins to the Greek idea, were olf connected by tes of blootl, more or Jess distant; they all worshined the same godsin the same teinples; and they pus- sessed many rights, properties, and privileces incommon. Tt was therofore of sapreme tin- Dorlance that, fu the continuation of the State, only true citizens should be admitted; and accordiuety the general principle was laid down, that none could becomo citt zeus but those whose fathers aul mothers liad been the chiluren of citizens, Froin this ft fo}- lowed that the utmost care’should be taken that no apurfous offaprings should be patincd upon the State. The women could not be trusted in this matter to thelr own stnse of propriety. It waa natural for a woman to love. Even men were powerless before irresistible Tove, and much less self-control could be ox- pected from weak women, Means must theru- lore be devised to prevent the possibility of anything going wrong, and accordingly * THE CITIZEN-WOMEN had special spartmente assizned to them, generally in the upper story, that they wight have to come down stairs, anit men micht see them {f they ventured out, ‘Then they were forbidaca to be present at sny banquet. ‘I'he meo preferred to dine by them- selves, rather than exposu thetr wives to thelr neighbor's gaze. And, in order to defy all posalbility of temptation, the women must wrap upevery part of thelr bodies, In nddition to these extcrnal arrangements, laws were passed such as might deter the most venturcsome. ' A. eltizen-wotnan could .have almost no other asso- ciation with a citizen than marriage. ‘The most transient forcible connection {uposed the duty of marriage, or was. followed by severe penal- tes; and she could not marry any but a citizen. Association with a stranger never could becomo a marringe. And, atter she was married, infldctity was punished with the inmost territle’ dfegrace. Her husband was comme peiled to send her airay. No mao could marry her again: for, if any one ventured on such a course, he was thereby disfranchised, She wan practically expelled from society, and excommunicated. “If she appeared in a temple, any one could tear her dress off, aud multrest her to any extent with impunity, provided he stopped short of kiting her, Her accomplice alsu might be pat to death if the husband caught nlm, Restrictlous of the most. strin- gent nature and puntsliments the most ferrible were employed to KEEP THE CITIZENSTIP PORE. To help further to realize the position of tha Athenian wife, we have to add tbut she was generally married nbout the age of 15 or 16. Up to tlits time she had seen and heard as little a4 possible, nnd badginquired ‘about nothing, Her acquaintance 'wHh the outside world had been made almost exclusively in rclicious processions. ‘ Wifen I was 7 yeara of age," eay the chorus of women in the ‘Lysis- trata,” “T carried the mystic box in pro- cession; then, when I wes 10,1 cround the cakes for our patron goddess, und then, clad in a saffron-colored robe, I was the bear at the Brauronian feattyal; and EF carried the encred basket when I became a beautiful girl’? Such wore the creat external events in the life of high-born Athonien tid. When she married. her life was not much more varied. Her-dutics Iny entirely within the hot They were sum- moned up in the words, 0 rematn inside and to ba obedlent to ber fuaband.” Ske supcrin- tended the female alarcs who carded the wool; she mace, or assisted in making, the carments of her husband and children; she had charge of the provisiona; and she was expected to devote some time to the infants. If sho went out at all, it was to somo religious proccesion or to a tuncral; nnd, if old, she micht occasionally visit a femaie friend snd. tuke breakfast with ber, or help her tn somo hour of need. For the discharge of the duties which fell to an Athenian woman no great fotel- least Maximus ‘Tyrius thought she strove, to es- tablish much closer connectious,—such wrong DETWEEN MEMBERS OP HER OWN BEX as would unite them forever in firm fricnashlp, 4 soothe them fn the time of sorrow, and make the hours of life pasa joyfully on, poetry expresses an extraordinary atreugth and dust us Socrates slmost swoons at the sight of the exquisite beauty of an Athenian youth, so Sappho trembles all sho gazcs on ber | And she weaves all the beauties of Nature {nto the expression of the depth of her emotion, She seems to baye had arurcly intense love of The bright sun, the moon, and the stars, the inus{e of birds, the cool river, the and the golden-sandal- er ministers of luve,~of this intense love for her poctical pupils, for ove of whom she says she would not take the whole But, though this ussoctation may have been one great object, it cannot be affirm. cil that she formed any {dea of making the love of women a substitute for the love of inen. Rome of her girls unqueationably married, snd Sappho compoued their hymeneal sones, She entered into thelr future destinies, and sympa- thized with thei throughout their career,—fol- Jowlng them te the grave with ‘the sad Jamient which they only can utter who have felt in- tensely the joys of life, and seu in death the entrance to a cold, shadowy, and pithlvss oxist- wartnth of affection, shady grove, Heaperits, ed Dawn, all are to It {6 possible that she may haye ventured on new opluions as tothe nature of marriage, When we come to treat of Athens, we shall see that the restrictlons on marrlage In the anciout world BIERNEST AND MOST NARROW CHARACTER, Mer Leabian country women enjoyed considerable berty, atid Heracles Pouticus suys that they But they were surround ed by Touians, among whom the position of wormat wus almost geryile. opened her home to the girls who were tired of such close restriction, and may have counseled uarriago from choice. Probubly tifa circum. stance would account for the treatment which the character of Sappho recelved in subsequent times,—for ull women who hive dared to help forward the progross of their wex, und all men aided them, hays almost uote formly been slandered and reviled in all ages, All tlie notices which we have of ler from con- contemporary suurces speak of her tu birch terms of i her felluw-tawusman, sings % were darling and bokd. Suppho nay haya who have bold: ‘ot her as “the vio- chaste, sweet-siniting Sappho," and approaches her ju verses whieh Imp! Herodotus tells how she bite terly rebuked w brother who squandered all iis. money ona beautiful courtesan, citizens honored her by staupiug ou their coins," honored her,’ “though she was a wonan,’” Incnta of her own poeme bear testimony to the sum fact. ‘Shey show, judeed, the warm blood ofu Boutbern girl who baa no concevalments. ft tu verses thas vibrate with emotion, that tremble with passion, Aud she was no prude, sex of Wat Uay, she thought thut it was wauran's dvstiny to love, umd thatthe woman who tried to resist the impulse of the god trled an inipos- But there fs not ove Hue to show fhut she fell in love with any man have doue so; shu probably did wo, BUT THERE 18 NO CLEAK POO, ‘There ts only one reference to o mau, nd It is most Ukely Uiat she 1s celebrating not ber own passion, but the love of one uf her girls. tebo wrote many abymn to the volden-t Aphrodite, sue Wrote alvo hymns to the Artemis, uid prayed to the chaste Ciraces, But, when we pass from her contemporaries tothe Athenian cole writers; No less than six comedies, wril cut poets, bore her vane hor loves, und four oiler the same subject. was represented = aa Nef in ber purity. her figure ap- Aud tha frog If Khe loves, the rest of her alt is changed. ten by atx differ. pet waniblted ploys pro! Ja these Bn Joving =& poet who poets who were born alter sue died. But cape- Glally sho fell into an iutatuated love, at the of 50, fora kind of mythological who was gifted by Aphrodite wit! driving any woman he liked {ute desperation for ‘Old Suppho became desperate, accordime ed fo Lie sea Lo cool other she over revched rmly udheres to ber priuciplea * to these poets, and plun, this mad passion; but w the bottom, no coimic poet or subsequent bisto- ruu bus youcheaged to tell us. AU inves villain, lectual power was needed, and accordingly the education of girls was conilned to the merest elements, Such was the treatment of Athenian womens WHAT WEN® THR RESULTS f Onecan easily perceive thit there was very lt tle of tove-making before marriaze. A girl of 18 or 14, preparing for a life of sewing, aom- Nog, vroyislon-getting, and child-nursing, fs not generally an object of much attraction to grown-up men, ‘I'he romantic clement is decid- edly defleicnt. And then, even ff thero bad been some romantic element, the young men ‘had no opportunities of freo lotercourse. Accordingly, matches were managed to a large extent by olf women, who were allowed to go from house to house, and who explained to the young woman the qualittes of the young. man, nnd to the young man the qualities of the young woman, A marriage concluded in such ‘way might or might not bo hoppy, but thero cottld be little {deal love about it, Nor ts thero any reason to believe that the Athenlaus wero very fond of their wives, ‘They Mked them if ey managed thelr houses economically, and {thy children, especially sous. But they nt from them the most part of the day, they did not discuss withjthemn subjects of the highest moment, they did not stare with them thelr thoughts and aspirations. ‘The do- mestle soutiment was feoble; this comes out in yarious ways, One tustance will sufice. Sopho- cles presents one of lila characters os regretting the toss of a brother or sister much more than thittof awlfe. If the wife dies, you can got another; but, if brother or sister dics nnd the mother is dend, you can never get another brother or sister. “The one Jose is casily reparable, the other ia irrcparable. This atate ‘of matters had a powerful cifect on the wives. Many of them consoled themselves in their innetinass with copious draughta of unmixed wine, ‘They often mado assiguations through their slaves, and wero fond of stealing out of the louse whenever they could flad an opportu nity. And faithlessness, though tho punish- ment was so terriule, WAS NOT UNCOMSION. In fact, their human nature could vot bear the strain laid upon it. No doubt tere were many alnoug thent who wero good and taith(ul wives, aud we tnust not always jude Southery cirls by our Northern constitutions of body sad soul. 1 have known o tireek cir! who attalned to peerless beauty before whe was 14, Every feature wus perfect; ber dark eyes twinklsd ot one thine with the wildest morriment, at gu- other gazed witha strauge and weird-liko mvl- ancholy, ag if into lotinite darkaess. She could gpeak flueutly four languages, und sho had read largely in the literatures ot each. Aud, when | ie Upon her ta her sad, melancholy moods, would tell me that she was puzzled with ihe mystery of life, und was wonderlug what ft all vant, Ihave vo doubt there wera mauy such girs in old Athens, and many up Athenian wife could discuss the highest subjects with her hus- band, In fact, it Is avarcely possible to conceive: that stich a tnarvelogs erop of remarkable ten, renowned fu literature aud art, could have arisen, irall the Athentan mothers were ordinary house- wives, But clreumstauces cdrtalnly were exceed iuyly uufayorabia- to them; und, thouxb there never was fu the history of the world such o nutuerous race of great talukers, posts, sculptors, patutera, and architects, tu one city at one time, us{u Athens, not one Athenian wornan ever ate tained to the allghtest distinction in apy ove des Dartivent of literature, art, oracleuce, ** Great, says Pericles, tu the famous funeral oration whitch "Thucydides puts {nto bis mouth, is te clory of thut wornun who ts least tatked of ainone, the men, elther iu the way of praise or blame.” And this glory the Athenian women attained to pere fection,” Wo pase from the citizeu-women of Athens to the other class of {ree women,— THE STRANGKIS. A stranger had ‘no rlebta or privileges tu any of the ancient States. Any justice that he might obtain could be cained only by the friendly eerv- feea of some citizen, If this waa truc of the inan-stranger, it wasalso true of the woman. stranger. She was tat entitled to thu protec tion of the City-State. No laws were made for her beneilt. Sho bad to look ufter her own in- terests herself, or uet some mun to do ik tor er by her own arts of persuasivn. ‘Thu ona ob- ject hut the State kept before [t fo regard to ‘Unese struuger-womcen was to seo to ie that ‘they did pot in apy war corrupt the purity of the citizen-bivod. ‘The states nen thought that geeay daugere algo ae