Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, March 17, 1878, Page 4

THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY. MARCH 1 1878—SIXTEEN. PAGES of the voters—Mr. Daxve attributes the co: The Teibyne, TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. . BY MAIL~-IX ADVANCE—POSTAGE an::m eckly, one year.. Partsof a ycar. per nioy WERKLY EDITION, POSTPAID. Cibof fobr.. ‘Spectmen coples sent sxee. Give Post-Oftice address 1o full ncludiog County. emitances may be made elther by lratt, espress, ‘Post-Ofice order, orfn registered letters, at ourrisk. TERMS TO CITY SUDSCRIBERS. Datly, deltvered. Subday excepted, 25 cents ner week. Detly, dcitvered, Sundsy included, 30 cents yer week. ddrees THE TRIBUNE COMPANY, ‘Corper Madison and Dearborn-sts.. Cblcago. 1L Orders for the delivery of Tax TEUNE 5 EVansion. Englewood, and Hyde Park left in the counng-room N tiireceive Drompt atteatton. State and P CHICAGO TEIDUNE bas established branch ofiices for the recelptof subecriptionsand advertirements as follows: 'KEW YORE—Room 28 Zridune Butiding. F. T. Mc- Fappxs, Massger. PARIS, France— I MayLxr, Agent LONDON. Eng. Ko. 16 Rue de Ia Grange-Bateliers. Americaa Excbange. 449 Strand. SOCIETY MEETINGS. APOLLO COMMANDELY, XO. 1, K. Zonclave on Tuesday eveninz mext at elock prompt. S oclock, The ider of the Temple wil be conferred. Sir Kniglits “uniform are requested to wearlt. Vistors wel- having come.” Byorderof e &G ¢ pyxLoP. Recorder. CHICAGO COMMANDERY. Xo. 19, K. T.—Stated onelave Slonday evening, Mirclh s, 17y, atasyhin, Corner of Randolph and Hatsted-sts. A full attendance Somacaten. Vitins Sir Kaights gourteouly lnvi By orderof ° T L.1.BOND, E. JAS K. MEGINY, Reco LAFAYETTE CHAPTEL N Convocation Monday eventng. Tor work ongclie M. and P. Degre 1avited to meet with us. 1y order, E. N. TUCKER, Secretary. D. C. CREGIER LODGE. ‘Hall, 106 ana 8 Milwaukee: ¢ i Slaren 26 u of W. Il REID, H. P. Wednesday events _at #harp. Work oa the 3 M. Degree. Visitiag Brecbres cordlatly fovited. By oraer of JAMES KEATS, W.. JOHY GINOCHIO, Sc BLAIZ LODGE. NO.13, A, F. & A. M.—egular Communicstion Sonday evening. 15th fnst.. at T80 p. mfi:‘flrl{ O;I &E {hh‘rfld DL‘IKI’\'L‘. Visting brethren invied.” Dy orcer o cordlally tnvied. By 0% 1. prokivsoN. ¢. w. o'po NELL, Sccretary. CORINTHIAN CHAPTER. Sl e N e elock. Work Coun s of o G, WOEHRNA, 3. 0. DICKERSOY. Secretaty. SUNDAY. MARCH 17, 1878, In New York on Seturday greenbacks were worth 98¢ @987 82 unsentimental is the average English mind, so oblivious, one might sy, to the finer emotions, that the House of Commons Iast Wednesday rejected ihe bill abolishing capital punishment by a vote of 263 against (23 Rrovr Pasha will probably have to ask the Czar meny times before obtaining his con- sent to the restoration of Varns to Turkey. That town is the most importent seaport on the wost const of the Black Ses, and is & railway terminus, besides. Until the Franch Government makes gome alterations in the existing tariff on goods imported from this country. there is little hope—so says our Consul-General at Paris—of extending our commercial reln- tious with France. Tke present Tariff laws give England gn advantege over America in tho French ports, In placing the English army on 3 war- footing the Government has found a lack of subslterns. Hence orders have been issued that cadets at the military academy of Sand- hurst, whose period of probation would ex- pire in July, shall be passed ont and granted commissions next month. This is 2 most anusual departure from the British militery formula. Deadwood, in the Black Hills, hos finally been dug out of the buge snow-drift that descended o week ago. The snow reached a depth of five feet, and mail and telegraph communications were inierrapted. As there is o cloud without a silver lining, Dead- wood comforts itself in its temporary diffi- culty by reflecting that the snow-fall has alloyed all fears of 8 searcity of water quring the present season. The suffering mail contractors of theSouth have been denied o chance to prey upon the National Treasury. The bill to reimburse the mail contractors whose profits wera in- terfered with by the Rebellion might have stood some chance of suceess with the Dem- ocratic heuse, but for theprompt production of the Rebel archives, showing that they had already been paid. The infemous claum csms to an ignominious death yesterday. Navigation through the Straits of Alacki- nawopened carlier this year than ever before, sofaras the records show. Yestorday the first vessel of the scason passed throngh. 1In 1871 the Straits wers opened as carly as Apnl 3, and that was commented upon at the time as a remarkable circumstance. The exceptional character of the past winter is shown by the fact that the Siraits have at Do time been completely frozen over. ——— It appears, after that Rassia bas re- fused to allow Greebs to be represented in the Congress. It is difficult to see why objection should be mude by Russia, as the sympathies of the little Kingdom are all with the Czar's Empire, as opposed to Tur- key. Yet, perhaps, the motive of the re- fusal is simply a desire to still further irri- tate Englond, and, from all reports, 1t would seem us if the sttempt had been successful. —_— " The sensationsl element of the McGazns- Y business now before Congress has been destroyed by the admission of Judge Bracx that the list of stockholders presented last Snmninlf', and comprising the names of many living ard dead Congressmen, was false. Itwould be intercsting intelligence if the co\fnscl for the New Idria Compsny :;uld h:fdlyt explamn a little mora clearly who manufactured the lists, and authority it was presenzeds' G Mr. Bexxerr, of the New York having bad his Bl pased oy Gugrecy nfxtung the dues on the Pandors, and pro- ~viding that that ship shall be commanded by naval officers in the pay of Government, shonld now open up to the public bis Pplans and theories of Arctic exploration. Thus far we have had only the bsre sunouncement that the Herald proprietor intends fitting out, an expedition in search of the North Pole, ‘We are not informed whether e has engaged Mr. Sraxrey to accompany it, or whether he bas selected some one else out of the hun- dreds of equslly capsble journalists in this country for the important task. True, it bas heen intimated that AMr. BENETT bimself proposed to go along with the Pandors, but this we gre inclined to regard & mere idle rumor, as his predi- lection for the comforts and Juxuries of life 1 too well known to- admit of any supposi- tion tending to separate him from them for 5 moment. The public, which naturally takes great interest in the schemes advanced by Mr. Bexserr for advertising the Herald, is snxions to hear something definite re- garding the conduct of the proposed expe- dition, Will Mr. BexsETT plense cxplain? English journalism is not without its sroenities. A recent srticls in Vanity Fair alluded to Lord Denpy as a ‘' drunken thief,"” and said that, while it had long been known that the head of the house of STANLEY wes a confirmed kleptomsniac, it had not until recently been learned tbat he was & confirmed drunkard. It was further stated thot the Russian Ambassador was & great friend of the Minister, was a constant visitor at Lis house, ond that Lord Dexny talked in Dbis cups; bence the Russian Government was kept supplied with the freshest infor- mation regarding the Cabinet moves and intentions. No one who has resd the extracts from {he London Z'imes cditorisls in our cable dispatches of the past week can bave failed to notice the estraordinary chango of front which they indicate. ~ During all the excit- ing events of last summer, while the Tele- graph, Standard, Post, Adrertiser, Pall-Mall Gazettz, and o host of smaller papers, wera shouting for war, the Times stezdily declared that England had no cause to interfere with the Russion conquest of Turkey. Thissenti~ ment has been adhered to even since the terms of peace have been made known, and surely nothing has since happened in the general sitaation in Turkey to induce the Times to *“flop™; yet, for some unexplained regson, thet manenvre has been been exe- cuted Iately with neatness and dispatch by the great Liberal newspaper of England. Perhaps the failure of the recont peace dem- onstrations have had something to do with it; perhaps thoe frequent accidents to Mr. GrapsToxE's windows have acted as an argu- went to show the strength of the anti-Tus- sian party; perhaps even thio blackballing of the proprieter of the Zimes by a prominent London club contributed to the result; ot any rate, the *Thunderer” is now ponder- ously roaring against Russia, just as, until a few days ago, 1t upheld the Eastern policy of the Czar. It is now filled with alarm at the position of the Russian army in the vi- cinity of Constantinople, although less then one week ago it was laboring to show that the occupation of the Sultan’s city would in nowise affect the so-called * British inter- ests.” THE ELECTION OF CITY ALDERMEN. On the first Tuesday in April,—the 2d day of the month,—or two weeks from Tuesday uext, there will be sn eclection in this city for township officers, and also for one Alderman from cich of the eighteen wards of the city. After the scandalous and whole- sale abuses practiced at the town elections in 1876, the people of this city were sufficiently eroused to take interest enough in the elec- tion of the Assessors and Collectors, and during the years that have intervened we Love had reputable men in those offices, who have honestly and efficiently performod their duties, and at a cost greatly reduced over thatof former years. Growingoutof the same -excitement there hos been a com- paratively honest, intelligent, and patriotic City Council. The election of & year go somewhat wenkeuned the moral strength and character of the Council, and the old class of pensioners have confidently looked for- ward to the coming election ss certain to give them a controlliog mnjority in the Gity Council for the yoar to come. The city is embarressed by complications of vsrious kinds, financisl and judicial. The laws enacted by the State for the government of the city, which laws the City Governmeut whas not cuthonzed to treat as nullities, and which we wero bound to obey, have been declared void by the Court, and that, too, after the city had acted under them in good faith. The City Government has never had judicial powers; it could not decide whether this or that Iawof the Legislsture was the superior; all it could do wasto obtan the Dest legal advice it could obtain and follow that. The action of the City Government, when not sanctioned or approved by the judgments of tho local judiciaty, has been fortified by lawyers known to the State as among the ablest aud mast experienced men of the profession, several of them having at times held office on the Supreme Bench of Illinois. Beset by complications of these kinds, the City Government bas struggled to maintain the credit of the city, and to pre- serve for the public, 50 far as was possible, the institations essential to auy Municipal Government. There are two opposing policies urged : The one is the practical disbandment of the City Government and s resort to voluntary goverument. That thero shall bs no police, no TFire Department, no public schools, no street-cleaning, no small-pox hospital, no Lridge-attendance, no street-repairing, and no sewer-cleaning; that the city must run itself. This is a city of uearly half a mill- jon of population. Last year thers was sold here at wholesale over five hundred millions of dollars’ worth of merchandise. [t ig the centra of business for eight or ten tributary States. It iuvites hither and is visited an- nually by six millions of people, mostly upon business and lergely for pleasure. To do this business, to receive these people. to en- tertain thew, to enable them to buy and sell here, the city must be habiteble. It must have good streets, and clean strects, and lighted streets; it must have bridges aver the ziver; it must be kept frec from pesti~ lence; there must be safety and protection for life and property from violence and rub- bery ; there must be protaction from fire: ond there must be a government having the suthority and the means to enforce tlo laws. It is ensy to say close the schools; but there can be no greater calamity than to turn 40,- 000 children upon the streets. The destrac- tion of government means the destruction of Chieago; for six months of such an exist- ence would render the city uninhabitable; the streets would be as undisturbed by busi- ness as if they wers open prairie; and uo store or dwelling would be free from the un- opposed invesion of any thief or ruffian who might think proper to enter. The policy of abandoning government in Chicago mesus the abandonment of Chicago for ell pur- poses. We do not suppose that there is one was in ten thonsand who favors anything of th_is kind, yet, in fact, every man i'lm Ean‘ tribates to the cmbarrassments of the city is directly forcing matters to the abandonment of the city to the government of a lawless mob. (?n the other hand, the city has to be maintained by revenue from taxes. Taxa. tion is limited to the appropriations. Of the taxation, not exceeding 85, and possibly not more than 75, per centcan be gollected. There must then be a deficit of from 15 to 25 per cent between the authorized expenditure and the possible income, This deficit must be reprosented st ihe end of ihe year byanil- legal debt ranging from $600,000 to $1,000,- 000, or the expenditure must be reduced. Tho Mayor has dirccted that ihe illegal def- jeit must be avoided by reducing the ex- penditures. At the first step in this. difec- tion there comes a violent protest against the discharge of faithful men on the pay- roll, and we are surprised to seo that o ma- jority of the City Couneil join in that pro- test. One fundamental principle is always over- looked in such cases. The City Government was not created nor intonded to provide em- ployment for eny person. There is no ob- ligation, legal or moral, to employ any par- ticular number of policemen, or firemen, or tenchers, or clerks; certainly, thereisno obligation to employ men which the city bas and can mot bave the money to pay. No business wman will employ bookkeepers, clerks, salesmen, workmen, or others in ex- cess of his means to pay them, and when the means to pay fail then he must reduce his force to the means at his disposal. If the city can have money enough to pay the salaries of only 300 men, is it rational or just for the public, and especially for the mem- bers of the City Council, to insist that 400 shall be employed? We do mnot think the police force toolarge; but, large or small, it must be reduced to that number which the city can pay. If there be any law more strongly enforced by reason, justice, and the Supreme Court than that the city cennot incur a debt beyond its possible ability to pay, it has never been disclosed. The city espenditures must therefore of necessity be limited to the sum of sctusl rovenue; thers is no choice. We must keep within the means to pay,—or suspend. It is a question of 300 policcmen or no police- men; of & reduction in the cost of gas 25 per cent, or no gas; of paying $100 with $75, and that can only be done by reducing the expenditures to & Two weeks lence the voters of the city must, at the polls, meet this question in the election of o new City Council. Itisnot s question of national politics, though the party machinery may bo conveniently used to select candidates. Already the demand for repudiation of past deficiencies is mede. Shall there be other deficiencies, when in- junctions threaten the total suspension of paying anything? If tho people of this city want reduced espenditures, let them elect Aldermen who favor that policy; if they want snother deficiency of a itlion, and the winding up of the Municipal Govern- ment by the Courts, let them vote accord- ingly. Wo commend this vital question to the carefal deliberation of thoss whose in- terests are bound up in all that pertaivs to the welfare and permanent prosperity of Chicago. THE SOUTHERN MAW. The Southern maw appesrs te be as deep s a well rud os wide as a barn-door. South- ern jmpudence has reached that degree of colossal dimension that makes any jocular allusion to the Government mule simply an uudeserved insult to that spirited and hardy snimal’s cheek. Hereafter let the nunmens- urable in greed and the maximum of audaci- ty find their parallels in Southern claimants, whetler they be States or individunls. The list of bills and resolutions introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate prior to the haliday recess for the purposo of securing public improvements justifies us in our assertions. There are bills pending in the Senate asking for §4,247,108; in the House for $27,240,741. Of this total of over twenty-seven willions, $17,599,742 are asked for the improvewent of rivers and harbors alone. Rivers of all dimensions, from the Mississippi down to the smallest creek ; swamps of all arcas, from the Dis- mal Swamp to & bogholo; har bors, bayous, cut-offs, chutes, canals, ditches, and puddles are represented in these multitudinous bills, Every State in the Scuth, almost every county in every State, nearly every town in every county, if not cvery man in every town in every county in every State, cither have a claim for something, or are contemplating a claim, so {hat when all the claims are in they will rep- resent pretty nearly everything, from a peck of pesnuts to a Texas Pacific Road. "The situation would not be very distressing or alarming if Southern claims were confined to the improvement of rivers and harbors, or if $27,240,741 represented the sam total in dollars and cents that the South wants, This amount is only 2 drop in the bucket. No private claims are included in the list to which we have referred, and there are numerous bills for the appropriation of in- definite sums. For instance, each of the Texas Pacific bills calls for £30,000,000 of bonds more or less. The refunding of the cotton tax will call for $60,000,000. Here are a few of the bills with the amount of approprition loft in blank, which every veader of Tre TRIBUNE can fill out. We take them from aa official list printed in the New York Tridune: By whom presented, Title, tion for tobac- co weized. «esee [L R.] To authorize the Secretary of the Treasu~ Iy to pay to the owners the value of ail cotion and tovacco seized un- der thw direction of the Treasury or any Depart- ment since April - 10, No. Pet... Uarris (Va.)....Compensa 867....Cabell... 18 «eev[Pet.) Authorizing pay~ ment for gl -1, R. ] To awhorize and 1o provide for the pay- ment of all debts con- tracted by the Govern- - ment with certain States gince the close of the ar. [1. K.] Authorizing the Secretary of the Treasu~ Ty 10 pay thie awners the value of cotton seized Dy the officers of Trensury since May, 'G5, [H.R.) To refund the cotton tax, {11 R.] To restore to the pention rolls the names of all soldiers stricken therefrom for disloyai- 1y, ete, 1684... Riddle.... ...... Dl R.] To repeal the Joint Kesolntion prohib~ iting the payment by any ofticer of the Gavern- ment to any person not known to have been op- ‘posed to the Rebeilon, c. 1670.... Robertson .. 1653....Riddle. The gbove are but a few samples of the nu- merous bills with blank appropriations for the passago of which the Southern Briga- diers are lustily clamoring. The New York T'ribune estimates the spproximate amount to be added for blanks at $123,000,000,which would swell the grand total asked for by the South to $150,000,000,—an awmount which, when private relief claims are considered, is probebly far below the real figare, If this sum morked the final limit of Southern greed, perhaps the country conld endure it, although it is a ridiculously high figure for conciliation, and far more than the goods are worth. If the North could feel, when the Southern Brigadiers vack uo their 8150.- 000,000 nd march South with it, that the cormorants would let the Treasury slome in the fature, it might present them with the olive-branch, dove, ark, and all, and take 8 receipt jn full, with some degrea of hope that it had heard the last of Scuth- ern cloims. But if snch things sre done in the green leaf, what may not be done in the dry? If the South could come in before the holiday recess alone, in ouo little month, and demand §150,000,000 (not to spesk of the large number of bills since introduced) when it only has the privilege of asking, what will it do when the Democrats come into posses- sion of the Government snd it has the privi- lege of taking withont asking? Kemembor that this hundred and fifty millions of dol- 1ars is only the first demand of the South that, sincs this demand was made, numerous others have accumulated ; and that Northern and Sonthern Democrats alike aro constantly secking to mature legislation which will let in still other classes of claims, enlarge the period of time in which claims can be made and collected, and clear the rond to the® Public Treasury of every obstacle that now stands in the way of the Southern clasimants, claim-ngents, and lobbyists. The pending bills represent only o tithe of what is to come when once the way is opencd. They are only the few drops portending the coming storm. When {hat storm comes, it means the utter deple- tion of the National Treasury snd national boukraptey. And this is Democratic reform and economy! This is the earrying out of the pledge upon which the present Northern Democratic members were elected that Southern claims should be opposed. Is thore vitality enough left in the North to mako a bold stand agninst thi§ raid upon the national finances, or will it stand idly by and, without even so much as a protest, see Treasury, Government, and all pass into Southern possession? Is the limitless, bot- tomless Southern maw the chasm over which we ore to shake the band of reconciliation ? THE GOSPEL OF EQUALITY. Ar. MarrHEW AnvoLp's address on Equal- ity, originally delivered before the British Royal Tnstitntion, is sccorded the first place in the current number of tho Fortnightly Reciew. 1t is well worthy of the honmor. It possesses a double interest. First as an en- tertaining discourse, without reference to its intrinsic merits; and, secondly, as an illus- tration of the socisl submissivoness of the English gentlemen in the class below the highest, ineluding the professions, the mili- tary men, literary men, and a certain con- tingent of business men. In point of enter- tainment we find the paper up to MarThEW Arvorp's usual highmark. Everybody knows by this time what to expoct of MiTrmEW Anvorp. He inherited his taste for study from his father, the famous Dr. Azxoip, familiarized to Americans by Tox Hucmes ‘even more than by his own eloquent pulpit discourses, or by lis suthority in Greek history snd literature. The younger ArvoLn has just finished a term of ten years as Professor of Poetry ot Oxford. He hes produced poetry which, thongh it is sometimes frigidly cor- rect, has frequent inspiration; and, as a master of English prose, be is believed to be without an cqual. How far this latter belief may be deemed conclusive, or even compli- mentary, we are obliged to doubt ; for when a man like Jayes T. FreLps assumes to con- fer o similor honor on T. W. Hicgrvsoy, the sourco of eritical suthority is contaminated. Whatever may ba the final judgment on Marraew ARNOLD, it is safe to say he writes with copiousness and grace. This very dis- course on Equality is pleasing almost for its want of continuity. Begiuning with a seri- ous statement of the law of bequests in va- rious nations, it ends, with sowething like persiflage, in an admission of the inapplica- bility of the usages provailing in other ma- tions to tho conditions of the English peo- ple. This is a clear concession of the pith of the argument to the prejudices of the aristocracy. It serves, however, to point the moral and adorn the tale. Defining inequality rs difference in woalth and socinl position, it becomes a question Low this has been produced. Chiefly, no doubt, by laws of bequest and entail. The origin of these laws is hidden in remote antiquity. We only know that their naturo in olden times was different from what, 2 priori, we would suppose to b the cuse. Marse poinis this out clearly in his ** Ancient Law.” Wewould suppose, he says, that the first testaments were made directly, that they took effect nfter the death of the tes- tator, and that they were secrot; whereas, they wera mado by proxy, they were publie, and they took effect immedistely. Both the patriarchal and tho feudal systemscaused a concentration of estates, for each made the Fomily the unit of saciety, ond constituted the head of the family a responsible chief- tain. In imposing this responsibility they provided that the means of sallsfying it should bo kept together, sud banded down unimpsired from eldest son . to eldest son, or from matural heir to nataral heir, When the feudal tenure was abrogated, the necessity for fendal organiza- tion coased, but it continued novertheless by virtue of the momentum it bad received, It was not broken in Europe till the French Revolution. The social forment that ended in that mognificent emancipation of man, thougl it was attended by monstrons crimes, did one right grester than all its wrongs. It swept away the ireedom of bequest. The Code Napoleon forbids entails, and leaves a man free to dispose of but one-fourth of his property, of whatever kind, if ho have throo children or more, of one-third if he have two children, and of one-half if he have but ono child. Belgium nnd Holland adopt, pure snd simple, the provisions of the Code Napo- leon os to bequests ond entails, Italy and Switzerland have adopted them substantially. In Germany entails and settlements are gen- erally permitted, but thers is 8 remarkable exception in favor of the Rhine countries. These countries refused to part with the Code Napoleon when they wero restored to Germany. In the United States and the Euglish Colonics the sentiment of equality patural in Republics virtually accomplishes what a law was required to do among the nations of Europe. The effects of this limitation of - bequests are notewor- thy. MurTERw Anxoup takes pains to show ‘that they have been solntaryin France; and that, to quote Sir Erssrxe Mar, “she is ‘higa, if not the first, in the scale of civilized nations.” Her civilization is specially ex- hibited among the lower and middle classes, who, without much education, enjoy a higher degree of comfort and show a finer intelli- genco than persons in the same class in En- gland. Mr. Anvoro qualifies his argument by contending that civilization is * the humani- zation of man in seciety *; aud that man's advance towards his full humanity is not along ono line only, bt several. Thus the great element in Hebrew humanizstion was the power of conduct; in Greek hamaniza- tion, the power of intellect and science, the povwer of beauty, and the power of soci life and manners; among ~the Germauns, the strong sense of the necessity of knowing scientifically; amongthe French, the poswer of social Jife and manners; among the TItalians, the power of benuty ; and among the En- glish again, like the Hebrews, the power of conduct, Advance along eny one of these lines is not complete civilization. Failure to advance along more than one has made Frauco and England uneivilized in some im. portant things. But & community with the epirit of society is eminently a community with the spirit of equality. Hence, the French have come fairly by their system of equality, and it bas dome well by them. England wants both the genius for society oand for equality. This is MaTTHEW Arvorp's justifieation for saying: * En- glish inequality materinlizes our upper classes, vulgarizes our middle, brutalizes our lower.” Again hesays: “Our love of in- equality is really the vulgarity in us, and the Lrutality adminng ond worshiping the splendid materiality.” So much for tho drift of the argument. Its subjective bearing remains to be con- sidered. Is it not 8 wonderfnl thing that o man Jike Marrmew Arvopp should be a slave of the social system which he con- demns? 'That be should show in every page, olmost in every line, .a super- stitions roverence for the splendid fobric of the [Epglish aristocracy? That he should adopt an apologeti tone and bearing even in the act of declaring his independence? Yet it is even so. He quotes with ill-concealed exaltation, and re- pestedly, Mr. Cusnues Suamsen's tribute to the worth of the English * class below the highest,"—~the class to which Mr. ArNoLd himself belongs,—ts if that were some sort of testimony to his own rank and authority. The shadow of the aristrocracy seems to rest upon him even as it did on literery men befora him, who, while they Wera admitted to the best society in their own right, never carried their families with them. It was 60 with Sioxey Surrs and Tox Moozs, and helf & hundred literary men in this century besides. The literary classes of England, in- deed, can pever wholly divest themselves of the glamour which their superior social class throws over them. They deny it and con- fess it in a breath. They fight against it continually and reproach it, but they see it still imperfectly and worship it. IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA. The Rev. R. W. Dare, of Birmingham, Tog., who delivered the course of lectures on *“Preaching™ befors the Yalo Divinity Scbool last fall, has begun a series of papers on America in the Nineteenth Century. His first article is devoted to a review of Ameri- can eociety. He was two months in this country, and traveled s for west ns Chi- cago and os for south s Richmond. In the true spirit of a philosopher and s searcher after truth, he cultivated soclety wherever he could find it,—in drawing-rooms, sssem- blies, steamboats, and railrond-cors,—and bis observations are consequently thorough as well os impartial. They are, on the whole, extremely favorable. Though he found no specimens of the idesl American a5 drawn by Dickess and other caricaturists, he found many specimens of the ideal gentloman. He was particularly struck by the gentleness of American mpuners. Nor was it merely the gentloness that impressed him. There was something of the old-fashioned, formal courtesy, which hasnow almost diseppeared in England. Agsin sud sgain MNr Dare was reminded of the characters in Miss AusTeN's novels. “ Politeness ™ still sur- vivesin Ameriea. Mr. Dare cams to the conclusion—a very unexpected one—tbat the Americans gre a reserved people. Manu- facturers, except when he asked them, did not tell him how many men they employed. Merchants were not anxious to impress him with the magnitude of their business trans- actions. Nor were strangers, s a rule, anxious {o talk at all. Among the more well- to-do classes, which he found ropresented in the palace-cars, there seemed to be a gennine indisposition to conversation excopt among sequaintances. In the smoking-cars thers was rather more freedom; but even there the passengers who had come from the first-class cars sot and smoked in silence. He was led to believe, from what he was told more than from kis personal ob- servations, that this undemonstrative- pess is characteristic of the New Englanders, and is not common in other parts of the country. He thought, too, that tho manners of the people he saw in Chica- servative tendency which he everywhere discovers. To an Enghsk Radical the con- servatism of the people generally is very siriking. Mr. Daze believes that, if a couple of million American voters were suddenly transferred to British constituencies, tho conservative reaction would probably receive o great accossion of vigor. The respect for the rights of property in America Le regards as * positively superstitions.” The conserv- ative instinct is also decidedly visible st the institations of learning. From what ho knows of Oxford and Cambridge, he is in- clined to believe thet in neither of them is the conservative temper so strong as at Yale. At Harvard, however, there is for loss reluctance to try new schemes. Mr. Darz’s observations were tolerably superficial.. He would have been more just if he had been less lenient. There is no question that the tone of American society is lienlthy ; that its temper is at least as good as that of English, or French, or Ger- man society ; and that its progress is in the right direction. But it is not perfect. It is full of the mammon of unrighteousuess. It adores success. As-there is no other sure test of success, it makes wealth the first and principal one, - The vulgar rich are s power in American society. This is not saying that American society is worse than any other, but that it has its faults. If Mr. Daie wes so fortunate as to mect all the agreenble peo- ple and none of the disagreesble ones, he fared better than most travelers. He ought to spend a few years in this country as pastor of a flourishing city congregation. Then he might find that Americans stand in need of go, Philadelphis, avd New York, though quiet, were freer sod more cordial than the ‘manners of tha people he saw in New En- gland. *'The New Englander is apt to keep luis heart where ho keeps the furnace swhich heats his house—underground.” He was struck with the admirable temper of the people. Though ho traveled several thou- sands of miles he never heard the noisy quarreling which some sketches of American mannors had led him to expect. It is possi- ble, he believes, that the War produced a great effect on American manners. The dis- cipline communicated by military regula- tions to an immense pumber of men may gradually have diffused itself through the mass of the people, and the effects may be still lingering among them. But the chief causa of the differ- oncd® between English - snd American society i3 the waut of an hereditary aristocrecy in the Iatter. There is no reason why an American of averago good sense should feel ‘‘uppish.” Neither wealth nor education confers upon him any marked superiority over his fellows. The want of class distinctions is especially noticeable in the relstions existing between domestic servants sud their employers. Theso are friendly and cordial to a degree unknown in England. Szxeca says that slaves should be treated not like beasts of burden, but as “ humble friends.” *Sexeca would have found himself quite at home in America. If he thought that the slaves who waited on him should be treated as ‘Zumble friends,’ he would have treated free men and women who waited on him es friends that required to be described by another epithet.” In the course of his rambles and drives 12 Now England Mr. Dazx had occasion to expmine the system of land-tenures which prevails there, and to visit a number of the farm.-houses. He found that the average quantity of land which ench farmer was cul- tivating amounted in 1850 to about seventy- seven acres, in 1860 to about eighty acres, and in 1870 to about seventy acres.- Tenant farmers, he learned, were almost unknown in Americs. While the census of 1870 showed the enormots agricultural population of 5,022,471, only 2,565,996 of these, or con- siderably less than half, are described as agricultarsl lsborers. That is, the mas- ters are more numerous than _ the men. To this large ownership of, the population in the land of the country—which excludes the frecholders in towns and cities, constituting a majority | saving grace no less than their neighbors. THE VEBDICT IN THE GAGE CASE. After a long and well-contested trisl in the suit brought by the city to recover on Davip A. Gace's bond as City Treasurer, the jury _have brought in s verdict for the city, and assessed the damages at £507,703 against Dsvip A. Gace, Witay F. Tucker, Avn- sEnr Crosny, Jomy B. Saemiay, Jures H. McVicker, and Narsasmn P. Wiopen. George W. Giaoz snd Jomx A. Rice were also on the bond, but the former is deceased and the Ilatter has been adjudicated bank- rupt. The city caked for $538,302, which was the amount of the deficiency Dec. 17, 1673, when Gacz went out of office, with interest added, ond less the amounts which Gace subsequently paid in; but the jury were able to agree only on the amount of the original deficiency, which was $307,703. It would be good news to the taxpayers of this city, which is now so seriously em- barrassed for want of money, if this verdict could be accepted as an indication that the defaleation will now, or even within o reasonable time, be made good by the pay- ment of the money into the City Tressury. But, unfortunately for the city’s prospects and for the relief of taxpayers, the present verdict can only be regarded as the first important step in what will probably be & long struggle, the final result of which can- not yet be foretold. If the city shall bo able to secure a full and final confirmation of this verdict, it will be still a question as to how much can be collected on the bond, as it is believed that the property and affairs of gll the bondsmen except one are in such a condition as will render tho collection of damages very difficult, if not itpossible. Butthe proverbial delay of the law can only be said to have begun with thés verdict. It has required more than four years to obtain a trial on the validity of the bond. Of course, a motion for a new trial has been entered, and, even if this be denied by the Lower Court, the case will prove to be a notable exception if the trial thereof has not furnished enough exrors ou which to secure a reversal from the Supreme Court and an order for o new trial. All this will exbaust, perhaps, as much more time, or at least balf as mnch more, ‘as bas already been exhausted. In the trial just finished, the counsel for the defendants seem to have based their efforts mainly on the fact that the bond was signed in blank, and on the evidence they introduced to show that it ‘hadnot been properly acknowledged and deliv- ered afterward. The bond wasgiven to the jury to pass upoc, and it seems to have been mainly on this point that the verdict against the bond was rendered. If the law laid down by Judge Rocess, and the correctness of the verdict as to the validity of the bond, be susteined, then wo presume the counsel for the defendants ot the next trial will urge us o sot-off the compromise which the city made with Gaer, by which certain property was accepted and placed in the hands of a Trustee for the benefit of the city. This compromise was made, it will be claimed, without the consent of the bondsten, and that tho property thus made over for the ben- efit of the city was much more valuable at that time than it is now. It will prabably be urged that the bondsmen must be eredited with the value of GAGr’s property at the time he abandoned it to the city. The ques- tions of the interest-allowance, the elleged sgreement between Gaae nnd certain city authorities that the money should be lonned, and the amounts in the broken banks, will also hiave to be passed upon by the Supreme Court, so that the final issus of the contest must still be regarded as open for judg- ment. Wo heartily wish it were otherwise, but it is useless to disguise the real facts for the vain privilege of looking for relief to the city’s financial distress from the immedi- ate or even early collection of the damages thus swarded. TECHNICAL EDUCATION. In a recent address delivered to the Work- ingmen’s Club in London, Prof. Huxter touched npon a subject that ought to inter- est overy person who hss anything to do with the cducation of boys. 'The views of the learned scientist are decidedly utilitarian and practical, and they challenge the atten- tion of the public at an opportune moment, when universal edncation, especially in Amer- ica, threatens to ssume the form of a socinl epidemic. If everybody is to be liberally educated, some fow of them at least onght to be educated aright, and Prof. Husrey endeavors to point out some essential poiuts in the technical training of boys which are specinlly adnpted to the needs of those whose business in life it is to pursue some kind of handicraft. These essentisls are very few ond very simple, and would most likely be scorned by the average woodsawyer in this country whose children are being educated at the public expense. “If any ‘of you were obliged to take 4u spprentice,” said Mr. Huxuer, “I suppose you would like to get & good, healthy lad, ready acd williog to lesrn, hendy, sod with his fingers not all thumbs, . . . who could read, write, and cipber well, and, if you were an intellgent master, and your trade in- voived the spplication of scientific princi- ples, you wonld like him to know enough of the elementary principles of science to un- derstand what was going on.” He would add tothis alittle skill in drawing, and, 1n some instances, the ability to read French and Germay, in order that the lad might find out for elf what foreigners ara doing gz bave done. In short, the Professor would require just about such s degrec of training as azy of our American boys conld ensily oh. taw at 2 common district school in any Stata in the North. For, as & geneml rule, ha holds it to be inexpedient *“to hava schos) instruction carried so far as to encouragg. bookishness," or to mislead the pupil “with the mischievous delusion that brainwork is, in itself and apart from its quality, a nobles or more respectable thing than handiwork," —a delusion, we are sorry to say, that is very common and wide-spread among the Yyoung people of tho United States. Hero thy: learned professions are all overcrowded, and the young man who wanis to become a farmer or mechanic is looked upon by his ambitious associates os haviag o Very com. monideal. Esidentily, we need more of Prof. Hoxtey's wisdom. There is the samo waste and extravagance in our methods of edueat- ing our children that is observable in our domestic affairs and mnnktipfl administra. tion. Too many young men are graduated without any object beyond * getting an edn. cation,” and aro 28 helpless after obtaining their degrees—so far as earning & living ig concerned—as they wers before. This ig precisely the reverse of what education ought to do for a man, for, according to our lecturer, * The most vatable result of education is tha ability to make yoursel do the thing you have to do, when it onght to be done, whether you like it or not.” The salient points in this sdmirable ad. dress may be briefly stated thus: (1) That boys designed for trades should mot be crammed with too muck uscless learning, (2) That * thoso who have to live by labor must be shaped to lebor early.” (3) That, “while not more than one boy in fonr thousand attsins distinction, and not morg than one in a million ever develops that’ intensity of instinctivo aptitude, that burning thirst for excellence, which is called genins, - - - it is, novertheless, the most impor. tantobject of all educaticnal schemes to catel these exceptional people gud turn them to account for the good of society.” In thig connection the Professor added that * If the nation could purchase a potential Warr, or Davy, or PARADAY, at the cost of s hundred thousand pounds down, he would be dirt cheap at the money.” Manifestly, Mr. Hox. LeY kmows the market value of a man, and, while he would not favor over-education, ha would * provide a {adder, reaching from the gutter to the university, along which every child should have the chance of climbing 23 far as he wes fit to go.” e THE TURKISE FLEET. Asn demand for nccession of a portion of the Turkish flect has at lenst been contem- plated by Russis, and the disposition of the fleet promises to come up in the Congress as ono of the subjects for discussion, any su- thentic informstion concerning its strength will be of interest, pending the action of the Congress. The London ZTimes furnishes this information at an opporiune time. Before the war, thera were six frigates, nina corvettes, and seven gunboats, but twoof the corvettes were destroyed on the Danube, and it will be remembered that five out of the seven gunboats which were shut upin the Danube by the Russians were handed over to them under the terms of the prmis- tice, so that the fleet now consists of six frigates, seven corvettes, and two gunbosts, The most powerful of the frigates is the Massoudieh, of English build, and now per- forming the duties of a guardship in the Bosphorus. Her armor is a foot in thick- ness; and her armament consists of twelve 18-ton guns in central battery, three 120- pounder Armstrongs on the upper deck; and four Gatlings for boats and topwork. Of the remasining frigates, there js bzt ane that can be called powerful,— the ~Assar-i-Tefik, the flagship of Ho- saeT Pasha, of French build, carrying four 12.ton aud four 6-ton guns. The weak- ness of the otbers is in their armor, which is but 4} inches in thickness, although they carry henvier armaments and are larger than the flagships. Of theseven corvettes there ars but two that are formidable,—~the Fatteh Bulend and the Moukadem-i-Hair,—which carry four 12-ton gans in central battery, and are pro- tected by 9-inch armor plates. The two guuboats are for river work only. The rest of the fleet, which is wooden, comprising four stenm.line of battle-ships, 25¢ guns; four frigates, 105 guns; seven corvettes, 108 guos; and the steam-dispatch boats, are, of course, of no account for war purposesin these days of heavily-nrmored vessels, one shot from which would sink any one of them, but could be made very valusble ss transports. Summing up, the Turkish pavy now comprises fifteen armor-plated vessels, carrying twelve 18-ton, twenty 12-ton, eight Gton guns, six 300-pounder, sisty 130- pounder, eleven 120-pounder, four 40- pounder Armstrongs, snd four Gatlings; and twenty-five wooden vessels, earrying 527 cannon of various small chlibres. ‘Theso figures will serve to correct the very general impression which has prevailed since the war broke out, that the Turks haves powerful flect. Of these forty vessels, thera are but four that are in any way formidsble, aod it is said that even these four are vastly inferior to the average of tho English vessels now in the Mediterranean. They also s2rve to explain the hitherto incomprehensible foct of the insignificant pert played by the feet in the war, although the Russians had no navy to oppose it, and it had access to the Russien Black Sea frontiers. The ouly two vessels that came in tbe neighborhood of the Russian forces alorg the lins of the Danube were destroyed by the gallantry of Russisn snilors in incignificant little boats, who ran up to them in the night aud exploded tor- pedoes under them, and sithough HopagT Pasha frequently cruised of the Rassiad const henever dared enter important harbors, and never made any warlike demonstration except in attacking ead destroying some kit~ tle insignificant villages on the castern shord of the Black Sea, which availed nothing either in helping the Tarks or hindering the Russisns. The most powerful of the four available vessels, slthough in commission @d no cruising at all, but was retained 8s 8 home-guard, with nothiag to do, in the Bosphorus. The chief value of the fleet vins for transportation. But for the erse and celerity with with large bodies of troops were transferred back and forth from Asia linor to Roumelia, and from Constas- tinople to the eastern shore, keeping Up B fira in the rear, the Russians would undoubt- edly have materially shortened the period of the war. Still, even taking into sccount the wenkness of the fleet, it is not remarksble that the Russians should look npon it with an envious eye, as it would prove the nndgu! of a fleet for them, which, with their im- mense resources, they would soon develop into & formidable branch of their war serv- ice. That Russia will meke a strong efiort to secure it can bardly be donbted, and, 85 it is for England’s interest to prevent such & cession, she will make an equally strons . P ———_