Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, April 14, 1877, Page 9

TIIE CHICAGO TRIBUNIS: SATURDAY, APRIL 14, 1877—"T'WILVIS PAGIY, LITERATURE. The Remarkable Life of a Scotch Naturalist. Henry Cornuschi’s Now Book on the Silver Question, Russia-—9ormons, Orthodox and Hoterodoxr—"" Lady-Help." Form-Drainage---Charles Cowden Clarke---Art-Gossip---WWoman in Persin. An Autograph = Collector===Capt. Burnaby’s Recall===Coal Areas and Pro- duction. What a Cod Eats---Manna---Cata and Caterpillazs-~Female Medical Studenta, LITERATURE. A TN NATURATIE: ToMAl COT! ALIST: MAS . BAOCIATE . OF THE L1SYNON SOCIETY, Dy Sawurt, 8 Anthor of i Tivesof the Engincers," etc, _Portralt and e & ot Chieada: iradiey Tron S e ton, MeCInrg & Co. 1itsn.s bo: 400, Price, One ofthe most herole lives of which history has sceured o record Is that which has peen led in obscurity and unsconsciousness by ‘Thomas Edwnrd, the Scotch naturalist, It is not yet ended, though so compléte that the years still 1eft to tho survivor will probably add nothing of consequence fo the marvelous tale that em- lodlesn history of its strugeles, trials, defents, anlsiccesses, Tho story I8 one of the many Hilustrations of the soverelgnty of genlus over matcrial circumstances, of its fuyincible sway over the human being it posscsses, and, when most potent, of {tsdefianca of every limitation thet hampers its dovelopment, of every obstacle that would hinder its freedom of actlon, ‘The father of Thomas Edward was a hand- oom MNnen-weaver, but, at the tima of his son’s birth, In 1814, hie was scrving as a private in tho Fifeshlro Militia, stationed at Gosport, Ports- mouth. On tho dlsmemberment of tho militta, heremoved with his family to Aberdecn, and thero resumed his trade, Tho little Thomas displayed in infancy that passion for animals which was to bo tho masterful trait of his char- acter. Whence he fnlerited the propensity is not related, but It wns a gift that camo with his Lirth. At four months old ke lcaped from his mother’s arms In the effort to catch somc flles buzzing In the windows; and, ns soon as ho vould walk, he toddled about with the cats, ond dogs, and pigs, and ducks, in the neighborhood, the whole day Jong. It was fmposaible to keep the child fndoors. The sanla to be out among the Jiving things that people the carth, watch- Inz thelr dolnga, and making closo friends with thein, was overpoworing. All the dirt-heaps and mud-holes fn the vilinge wers scarched for thelr tenantry of worms, bectles, tadpoles, 1eoches, snalls, and so on; and, not content with examining the creatures in thelr native habitat, they were captured by the youthful observer, and taken home to be watched nntil they had ccmpleted tho round of thelr exiatence. Tho hoy kept hls mother’s house crowded ‘with these miscellancous pets. Every day snw fome new accesslon to the swarm of fleld-mice, moles, hiedizchogs, birds, froga, crabs, and othor such lively nulsances whichho hiad adopted. Re- moustranceon the parents’ part was ofuoelfect} the ¢chlldwas tncorriizible. Beatingsdid no good, Thelaw of ls nature was stronger than any outslde pressure; and the return of every day's sun found him at his haunts in the woods, among the bogs, on the sea-sands, scarching after ani- mals of every kind, and bringing as many home with him at night’as ho could manage to catch and enrry, The nttompt was made to keep the boy In schiool; but, whenever he wet, he was cer- taln to bear nbout with him a collectlon of soma sort of wrigatlng, creoping, flying, biting things, that mado his compantonship anything but con- genlal to reasonable persons, Threc times befors he was 6 sears old, he was expelled fn - dlsgrace from a8 many different schools, becauso of the dise turbance his portablo menugeris created among the puplls. s lecches would wander from his vocketa and erecp up other Loys' lega; lis cal- low birda would lcap out of thelr nests, hidden undcr thebench, and flop around the school- room floory'and hls tama jackdaw, that ho smuggled around with Iiim buttoned between his breecltes nnd yest, would pop its head out at fmproper tines, and throw thy school into & riot by its lond cawlng, The poor little fellow suffered many a unlh whipplog with leather straps ua puulshment for theda nfedoiugs, hut the cvll was beyond correction, iis existenco was {nscparuble from the lower anfimals, and a company of harnless or venomous beasts, it mattered not which to him sigred somewlers ot him. A 's finnl dismisaal from scliool was a plece of el Injustive. A centipedeone day bit the :?u- er's arm. Tom was aceused of brinelog it, and Waa heaten until the blood streamed from his back because o would not cunfe of which he 'was really fnnocent. cn ot of the school-riom by &0 gross 8 wrong, the bu‘{ resolved mueyer toenter auother. Nordidhe. The next day o fafnted while his mother was softening tho Dblaces where is blood-stulned shirs waa fasten- ©d to the raw spots on his back, aud o was now asked to try the tender merey of the school- master again, _As Tom would not go to school, he was allowed, ot his own entreaty, to go to Work, and for tho next two-years wis employed in niobaccofactory, earniniz 14 penco al Qirat, and at the last I8 pence, v week, Whew he was '8 years of aze, o and hls brother entercd a factury at Grandholw, two alles from Abeidecn, “The hours here'were from 0 o'clock In the morning until8 fn the evening. The boys had 1o bo up by 4 i ‘the morning to get thelr breakfast and reach thelr work fu lhue.fml wera never homo before 0 ot night. But Edward was happy so long os he stuyed at this employment, fur the walk to and fro wus through 8 heautiful valley and atong b water-sourses whoro plant and anlmal “nfu' abounded, and his craving to study nature Liad munifold opportunitics for satisfa tler: After two years spent ut thefactory, Tom was spprentleud lor six years to & shoenisker, Tho muster waa a good workinan, but addicted to drunkenncees, and poor Tom met with brutal Arpatment whenever the man was fu his cups., After u speclally re beating on acconnt of & niest of moles which Tom had “eusconced fu his uuct, be vowed never to serve another day under the heartless Lrute, and kept bis word, ticlunged now to beecome o satlor, but his L’muu were resolved that he should complute ml:‘t‘n.de, which Le-flually did with another er, When Edward was 18, be eulisted In the Abor- decu Militle, which was cmbodied for a few we While the reziment wus st drll ouo day, u butterily flitted past the ranks. Edward Lad never scen vne of the sort before, and sprang after it like s dart. Drill, discipline, soldicry, were totally forgotten as he dashed after the retreating lusect i wild zig-zaz dues over the grass sud sand, Just as he was mnak- {ug a final clutch at bis came, ho was roughly [l by the neck, and, looking up, lio saw a torporul with four militlamen behind him. Nothlug short af s 1t uf maduess could explaln the surprisig fresk of a sotdicr bresking rauks tochass & butterly, anduguard of four had been sent to Lring back the arrant lunatle, The ot Bl MY 5 oty sy y to Ly, o the cn Ppardoned bl for tho cecapade, becauso thls Waa bis irst offcuse. Two years later, Edward went to Banff to and in thres years more met to _that . Driv- Work at Lls trade, a luss Whom he liked, courted, sud marricd. te :uuuvr able to carry on his studies In natural Istory without molvstatiou. His huursat work Were from ¢ fu the morning untll Y in the even- ug‘ and bis wuges were 40 swall—nluo shilliogs o —that be could not afurd o abaic say of theost ¢ auy of them; but the remaiulng part of tho timo Wwas hia own. . He had, o0, & housg Where be waa at liberty to store aby mmount of Ratural-blstory objects, and & witd who syw- pathized with his tastes, and cheerfully boro with vvery fnconvenience they might oceasion, Tn 1334, n year after hls “marriaze, he be- can to make n collection of thy plints aml anfmals found in the region about him, ¢ Oy returning home from his work at nliz'it,' says his blographer, *his usual course was Lo equip lulm-ufi' erlh lils nsect boxes and hottles, his botanical book, and his un, and to act ot it T supper in hand or stowedaway in his p The nearest spring furnished hin with sufliefent drink. 8o long as It was Nuzht, hie scoured the country, looking for moths,” or beetles, ‘or lants. or birds, or any living thing that cama rn hisway. When it beeame 8o dark that o could nu{omrcr obserye, he dropped down by the side of a bank, or a busl, or a troe, whicl- ever came liandliest, and there he dozed or slept untit the light returned, Thea he got up, and agaln bezan his observatlons, which he contin- ued untll the thne arrived when he had to re- turn to his dolle labor, 1t was no unusual cir- cumstance for him—when he had wandered too {ar, and come tupon some more than usuatly ate tractive spot—to atrip limsclf of lis pear, gun and nl}, which hie would bide In gome hole; and, thus lightencd of everything except his specl- miens, take to hls heels, and run at the top of hls"umc;l'. In order to bo at his work at the prup- er thne. For fiye months {n the year, for fitteen years, Kdward pursucd ‘this' hab- It of” spending his nights out. The weather was nover s0 wikl os {o prevent his golng, When storms overtook him, ho sought shelter under the stuncs In the grave- yand, or In some hole In o bank, or In a ruin, or a thicket. Many were the strange and exciting adventures he passed through in these nocturs nal expeditionsi but Edward was o man of nerve and shrewdness, and came out of every cxperlence with some gain of & material or intellectunl nnture. 1le. somectimes bad n tought contest with the wild ani- mal ho was determined to capture, amd not unfrequently ne met with a severe fall among the rocks on the coast; but his pluck and resolutlon wero sbsolutely unconguerabie, ‘On one veeaslon ho saw a strange bird {n a flock of gea-fowl which camo within his ranze, and, bent upon adding the nuvelty to his collection, he spent two days and o night chasing it from one huunt to another. Tle aid not taste of foud duriug the affalr, and spent the night on the shlnele of the sca-coast; yet it never veeurred to bim to pause until he had attatned his object. When once {n pursult of a thing, he waa oh- livious to oil clse,—his scnses were rapt by the absorbing passton. Ho contiuued to prescrve his specimens dur- Ing ineal-thnes, and put them up in the winter- nights by tha lght of the fice, as ho could ot afford thie cost of candles. Huw he managed to do with so little sleep, or to endure the inces- sant toll by day and excrtlon hy night, Is a won- der; but ‘even his stunly constitutlon Nnnlty broke from continual exposure mml hardabip. “i 1845 ho had preserved nearly 2,000 specimena of the faunn about BonfT, nbout balf of which conslsted of guadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, crustacea, star-fish, zoovhiytes, cornls, and sponges, ' Tlo had ateo collected an iminenss number of plants, The cnses to contain then ho made liimsclf, manufacturing the frames from old boxes, and dolng the painting and glazing unnided. Thrfee he oxtillited this callection fu Banfl witls cons{deratle profit, and, enconraged by the success, he dechied to try the same experninent in Aberdcen, It was his nuxiuus desire to ob- taln means to exchange his arduous and un- remunerative trade for some employment that would allow him niore leisure for his beloved pursuft, and an oceasfoun! sum for tho purchase of appilances. Mitherto he had studled Nature under every disadvontage. He ad no books, amd no_ friends who could lend Jiim nny, He koew nothing of the obscryations of other naturalists, and every bit of informas tlon be had procured as to the structura snd habits of -anlmals and plants was galned solely from tne objects themselves, The exhibitlon of his ngflulmcnu, which were put up in a remarkn- bly ekillful manner, attracted the attention of o few scientific men, and, by corresponding with them, he recelved help inclassifying his collee- tions. and suinetimes the loan ul” needed scien- tifle books and perlodieals. Thoe exhibition at Aberdeen was o inlserable dleappoinment, ami Lidward was obliged to sell his eatite collection to pay the expenses he had Incurred. 'Thu trial temporarily upsct hls reason, and he ran down to thio sea with thie mad intentlon of connmitting sufchle. As he stepped Into the water, o flock of birds with a forelgner nmong them atighted near him, and his sorrow and his sesvlve to arown himself were diverted while watching thelr movements. 1o followed them for above au hour, and, when at last they flew away, he was bimself once more, ond “ready to renew the battle of Hife. 1o went back to Bandl, and touk up Lis inst again to earn a support for his futnily, and resuioed his night-wanderinga In order to replave his lost collection. But his mode of Itfe began to te)l upon him. Ho was now subject to fevers and rheumatism caught by -leuplnfi out in fair weather nnd foul, ond n portlon of his sccond collection had to 1o to poy doctors! bills and tosustaly his household during lis fllnesses, 118 third and best collec- tlon waa completed In 1858, “The preserved Uirds were fn eplendid order. Most of thom were in thelr natural condition,—flyingr or fluttering, pocking or feedivg,~with thefr nests, thelregys, und sometimes thelr younz. IHo bud alsu a largo colleetion of Inscets, lucludlufi many rare beetles,~together with numerous fishes, cruse tacenns, zoophytes, nollusks, fossils, aml plauts.” A large part of these had soon to be eacrificed, for Edward had made such heavy drafts on his_strencth that it was no tonger ef}lml to the demaud for meeting tho exizencies of_his situation. < From this thne be was oblized to give up al- most wholly his night-excursions; yet he conginued his out-of-door studies during the Tetsurc of daylight for many yeara on. In 1860 huwas clected o member “of the Linnwn So- ciety, and afterward wis admitted to several lo- cal hocleties, But these barren honors, withthe recognition of his discoveries by selentltle men, wasall the recompense he evér received from the great world, ke haid lived In extreme pov- erty; yot bis cloven chlldren were well tralned, ueatly dressed, Anil given advantares for cdu- catlon, One of then is spoken of us having 'fianu through college, Thelr famlly fare was umble, and sometiunca narrowly ptfited. Bd- ward lived wholly on oatmeal-cakes, aud water frum the spring, whilo out un his exeursions, 1u luter years hie could earn oaly eight alnllings a week; but bia chilldren wers then growing up and able to give bim help. Wiicn asked once how ho had been able to ac- complish so much in his adversa circnmstances, herepled: By uuver fosinie a sinile minute, norany part of s ivinute, that L could byany means fmprove.” And agaln ho said, in answer to siml- Mar inquirles: "Slm\y others have woundered like Ktmrmlf. ‘Tho only auswer I can glve to such wonderers Is, that I hud the wifi to do the little that I have acomplished, . . . Had the ob- i‘wt of my lifo been maoney Instead of nature,— add I pursucd the one with balf the ardor and erscveranco that I did the other,—L have no hesitation In saying that by this thne { would hive been a rich man, But it is not tho things 1 have dono thot vex mo so much as the things that I have not done. 1 feel that I could have accomplished so much more, I dd not want the will, but 1 wanted tho means. It s that conslderation that hurts me when I think agou®. t,as I somctimes do. 1know what I have done, and frow that L can concelve how much more L might have done had 1 got but alittle help, Tinnlk yuurncl(—onl{ think for afew oments—of o poor, Dliterato workingnan ruggling azainst cvery sort of privation lor so any years, with po other object I view but alnply ta gatn u little knowledge of the works of creation; think of that, and say If I cap bo Llamail beeauso I oceaslonally gricve that [ had 0 help, when it would have' enabled mo to do 80 much more than I have already done, For thesu reasons I somietimes conilder my Mo to have Lren a blastod one,—like a dinnond taken from the ming, and, tnstesd of being lished, crushed to the earth 1n & thousand ragnents. Edwurd's wifo was In cvery scnse o help-mate, and thorcefors descrves miention, When askel Low she felt about his wanderings at night, shy replled: **Weel, he took such an Interest in beasts that [ didna compleen, Shoctakers were then a very deuckea set, but Lis beasts keeplt hitn frue them. My man's been o sober man all bis life: and he ucver neglechit bls work, 8ao [lot him be." vjowell Scotch ?curln are yery reticent,” says Mr, Bmlles. *They rurel, uf love or aflection, It s all fundurs ! Itissald that o Scotchiman will never tell bis wifo thut ho loves her uutll ho is dying, But you can always tell from the {uside of & house what the woinan s, aud how ber husbaud regards her. In thess respects it m:{ Lo wald that Edward, though pacr und scrlmped Iu weaus, has always l:uéoyml @ happy bowu; and that ia saying o reat dual,” Alter Edwunl had” beon saing years making collectious, ho began to publish Lis observations n the local papers, and then (0 scientifc jour- pals. Although ucarly destituto of book-learne Ing, he wrote fu a correct and vivid style, for ho budf thought much sud felt deoply,~ By his pro- tracted and entbusiastic researchics ho was cua- bled to contribute a large body of facts to Beicnce, and hls nawmo has been glven to wany new specles which be discovered,” But now, at theuge of 62, with lutirm healtn, yet unavated courage aud paticuce, Lo Is still workiu: at his trade, w humbly shocinaker in the Village of Banll. In July, 1815, hu wrolte to hls blozrapher: 4 Here 1 am still on the old boands, dolug what Metle £ cau, with the ald of my well-worn kit, to wafutaln wysell sud fumlly, with the certuluty that, fustead of 1wy gettfoe the Letter of the lapetous and lesther, they will very soou get the better of me? A portrait of tho rough, strong, keen face of the wan, and a bumber of tno "cugravings of wcenes bout Bant, together with waty vxtracts from Edward's eraphlz aceount of his experl- ences, render his ulography exceedingly at- tractive. CERNUSCITI'S NEW BOOK ON THE ; SILVER QUESTION. oy ten; ul New York: D, Appleton & Ca. There are no Lvo countrics to which the siiver question s of more importancs than Ureat Britaln and the United States, In both coun- tries, the mubject, being one of leglslation, has appropriately been taken up by the Legislature; but the differance in the results is couslderable. The Parllamentary Commiaslon was voted on tho8d of March, 1873, and on July 5 it had ready for the P'ublle Printer a report of 245 pages, containing a masterly roview by the Committee of tha situatlon in all its aspects, and the teatimony in full of the witnesses examined, among whom wero such authiorities as tho late Waller Bagehiot, editor of the London Keonomist; Fre. nest Beyd; 8ir Hector Hay, the leading stlver- broker of the world; Mr. G, Pietsch, the Lon- don flnancial agent of the Uerman (overnment.; and others atmost as good. Tho United States Bilyer Commission, after having heen in oxist- ence nearly a year, gives the pabliconly the ar- guments of majority and minority reports on different sides of the silver question. The Ene glish publie, In the report of the Par- linmentary Cominlssion, has the materials for forming its own apinlon; the Amerlean pub- le must take its opinfons ready made. The shortcoming of Congress Is portiaily made good by ttenr! Cernusenl, tho well-known Itat- ian banker of Parls, as well Intormed as any ol tha disputants in thy battle of thu standunls, who came at his own expense to this country to testify Lefore tho Commisslon. Ie has gath- cred up In book-form the evidence he wave, ‘This fills 107 pazes; nnd thero are with it the paper read by M. Cernusehi In October last be- farg the Trade and Economy Scetfon of the No- tional Soclal Sclence Assoclation of Great Brit- aln; somne of his articles In tho Parls Siecle; and thirea letters on the sliver questlon by Sam- uel Smith, President of the Liverpool Chiamber of Commerce. . The tie, “Nomisma; or, Lezal-Tender,” brings to the front the monotary theory which lies at the base of Cernuschl's bimetalilsm. It Is, ns he explained at length to the Comtnittee, that ** Money Is a valto created by lnw,** It ls in his view as truo of gold and sllver s it s of paper money, that thelr value s the creature of law, The fal) In the price of sliver after the German demoncetization was but a foretaste of what would follow if the colnage of gold and sliver were universally abandoved to make place for some other money. The superiority as motcy of the precious mnetals over other sub- sances, like paper, Cernuschi atiributes to the fact that the fssuo cannot bLe controlled by Governmeat. When we have paper moncy we (an never sure of the ity to be lssucd; but the fssite of gold and 18 au automatiey o notural (ssue, which no one can control, Wo cannot agres with M. Cernuschl In this statement, that * Money s o value created by law;” und ke can hardly ex- peet that we shoidd do so3 for a few poges further he says, In the most explivit manner, that * Governuient glves no value to the inoney. The Government wlopts o monetary unit, for fustance a dollar welghing o certuln hunber of geradns In sliver or golily « + . but tho Gov crmment does not” fnterfero in determining the urciisine power—d, ¢, the value—~of the dol- o The value of money, whethergold, sitver, or paper, o makes depend on its quantity, In nuother passage there Is an explapution of the. inconsistency we hava poluted out above. The legislator creates tlhe value of money by chiooslig—"* clecting,” o8 Justinian saya—thio materlal out of which money shall be made; but, that done, there Is, in the case of metallie moucey, nothiig mors tor the Govermuent fo do, Lu other words, “The warrantes of the value of metallic muney fs, that nubody has control of the quantity.” ‘The coufusfon in M. Cernuschi's utterances here {8 moreupparent thanreal, By *“law? ha means what Locke caljed the *common consent of munkind ;" and n this way the value of nioney created by law {s resolved into the value given 1t by general us- age, recognized and formulated n law, Tho power: of law—lezalized usage—is the founda. tlon of Cernuschl’s schiemie, for it §s only by the united actlon of the Leglslatures of the dlifer- entcouutries that he expects to sco silver asud wold universally reunited in clreulution, 1t I8 hiere that hils bouk Leconies invst useful to the Amerlean reader, Althourh sn uncoms promising advocate of bimetallism, Cernuschi fraukly states that it would be fdle for the United Btates, or any other country alone, to attempt, in the ‘)n:scnt condition of affalrs, to malntain a double standard. At the first ino- went all our gold would disappears aud, when the thne came ut which it was necessary to re- mit to England the balancg of trade in her fuvor, wo would find ourselves In the condition of Indin. We could not Fn{ exeept by sustaine Ing heavy losses In the sale In the London mar- kel of our silver dollors; and what that would costus wemay learn from the declaration of the Council of Indly, that famine and floods did ot cost Tndia sodeur as the deprecia- tiun of silver. A bimetallle cureency of gold and sitver would b absolutely cestain to main. tain fteel? if all the leadlng Furopean nations and the United Siates were to agree upon o common ruth in which they were to be em- w.r ed; but the United Btates and tho Latin on could, in Cernusehi’s opinlon, by acting together, keep up & bimetallle currency, But heré nealn he presents Hmftations, The bond question, the ailver question, aud the resump- tion of specic-payments must bo settled to- rether, 1t would bo dangerous for the Unlted tates to nueull;c to resume specie-payments until {t had obtalned a common inoney- standard with Europe, or with part of Europe. A common standand with Eumrm can Turdlybehad except by soine internatlonat agree- mente Frauce, with o dollar In specic on hand for nearly cvery dollar of jts paper notes, post- poues tho resutmption of specls-paymenta, uthers wisg entirely practicable, becauseof this difi- cnlty, ‘The” Unlted States hns a threefold difil- culty in its path, Its resutmption of specle-pay- mcta with tho present standard s Iutpossiblie; the gold canuot bo gut; and a change in the munetary mdurd fuvolves the queation of what voiln the bonds are to be pald fu, and also whether the resumption of speclo payments shall be a rellef to this country, or an ugeravds tion of its fluancial troubles. Cernuschi fu- slsts that, as a matter of fuct, the United States cannot obtatn tho $300,000,000 of gold necessary for resumption on A goll basis: that rosumption. on o sliver basts will put this country In the position of India; and that resumption on a golid and sitver standurd can te sately attempted only alter an unders standliz with thy” Latin Unlon,—f, o, it Great Britaln und Gesmany are looked upon &s un- changeable {n thelr decision to adhers to gold. M. Cernuseldd lald beforo the Sliver Commis- slontho druught of a plan for the resumptlon of .ruclu-pnfnwnl- In wold wnd silyer, which would, in his opinlon, bLring about general bimotalliam without tbe neccesity of {nterna- tlonal conferences. It wonld give the United Btated s lead which other natlons would have to folluw. Thio $300.000,000 uf specio with whichs the preenbacks must be reptaced are to be procured y the sale fn Europo of bonds payable, privelpal ainl interest, in pounds sterling. This now nieans uuhl'.iu the past, it meaut ut one timo gold or sllver, ond then paper, and may voine to mean sliver or gold, 1t 1 Jess striuizent thun a gold bond, and more salable than a eliver bond, After the loun 18 uegothated, the United Btates i8 to ve-catablish bimctallism; the interests uf Fraues may be certaluly counted upon to lead her to foliow, and renew the colnage of sliver, ‘Theso two countrics, with the other members of the Latin Unlos, will be able to maintaln tho Qouble standard, The paper cursency of thy United States will huve Lecn got vid of, the bond question will be settled, and England, dralned of hier zold, will perhiaps recoenize the daneers of her monowetallism, and “consent to an juter- national peace as to zold aud sllver, +This plan Is certaluly lugenlous, and, coming from @ practical aud successful’ baker, do- serves careful conshleration, The chict valuo of M. Cernuschi's ovidence before the Silver Comnnlsrfon luy In his famnillarity, s a bsuker and o man of uflulrs, with the actiul worklng ot applied prineiples of currency and tfinance, 5[« has closely studied the tduaoclul system of the Uulted Stutes, and his book must be regarded asa valuable and futeresting contribution to the literature of the wost luiportaut subject—alter the Southern questlon—uow belfore tho Amert- cau people. T RUSSIA. ESSA, Iy B, icketor Wacce M. A, Soclety. New York: Henry lolt & Co. Chi- §if0; Janacn, MeClurg & Co. ™ Bvo., . 600. ‘Tho runior which precoded the appearance of Ahils volume—that 4t is tho best hitherto written upon Russta—Is Hkely to be confinaed by every reader. Its suthor went to Bt. Petersburg for the first thoo fu the spring of 1870, with tho fa- tention of rewoinluy u few months; but his stay was prolonged to nearly six years, durivg which thme be was saslduously studying the past history sud tho preseat conditlon of the coun- try. Ilis firet concern was to acquire the lan- giage of the people, which he Ald by exline Wmsell to an ksolated village, where, as a pupll of the parish-priest, the companlon of a landed proprictor, and a friendly acyuaintauce of the more Intelligent peassuts round about, he en- Joyed the most favorable upportunitics for quickly attatning o practical mastery of the natlonnl speech. Once in possemsion of the means of communicating with sl classes, his winters were spent cblefly in 8t. Petersburg, Moscow, and Yaroslafl, and his summers were given up to travel and ‘sojourn in the rural dls- tricts, with the object of collecting Informatlon regarding 1ife in the small towns and on landed estates, the working of the communes, and the stato of the peasantry and thelr habits and enstoms, Mr. Wallace's gonerosity In tho expenditure of time and of pains In the study of Russia was No more pralseworthy than the splrit of en- lightened liberality with which he tonducted his Investigations. Ile carrled no prejudices nor preconcelved opinfons with him out of Eu- gland, Nor had bhe any pet theories which ho wished to substantiste. To him Russla pre- scnted the attractive phenomenon of a great natlon inoving forward with marvelously swift steps in the path of progress, and, like a man trained to scfentifie methods, he divested bhim- self of al) narrowness and persuual bias that he tnight scan the actions and judge of the motlves of the Guvernmept and the people falrly and understandingly. An alm pursued under such circuinstances (s apt to achieve an honorable mensure of reward, and such has been the case with theattemnt of Mr, Wallac, ‘This present volume, he Informs us, contains only in part the materisls collerted In the course of Lis obeervatione, It is soon to b followed by anathier, which will compriee an aceount of specinl Investigations concerning the rural commune, the varivus systems of agricult- ure, the fAnancial system, public fostruction, recent Inteligctual movements, and other slil- lur topies. ‘Tue subject which Mr. Wallace hias undertaken to expound s vast and trieate, and it i not tu be wondered at that, s he ac- knowledges, he found it pizzling to sclect the B“mu fur_preliminary discussion which should e of the first interest to the public. In cousdderation that & second Look is ta - fol 16w, there [8 1o reason to complain that in this the author lias chosen to_give shove a third of the space to an aceount of the serfs and of the elfects of thelr emancipation. Five-sixths of the population of Rusafn belong to the peasant class, which only twenty yvears azo was [reed trom sluvery, und thelr numoers give them great promitience us au element in the pohitjeal existe enes of the State. This lare proportion of the Emperor's subjects arc unuble tu read or write, and are suflering from an inberitance through centurled of the deplorable traits which chiar- acterlze a ruce debased by bondage, That they inave not yet Jearned to take advantage of thele newly-acquired rights, and m.-.'hludl{' better their vondition, Is not surprising, Within a sinzle gencration A class suddenly emancipated after nizes of thralldum cannot éomne to an un- derstanding of its altered clrenmstances so o8 to make the most of them, unless It receive el clent help from the ranks above ft. Aund Russin {s not fu_n condition to afford such help ut present. The nation I8 in a transi- tlon state, and it Is In making this peculiority of lier ease prominent that Mr. Wallace shows es- peclal sagacity, The fmmmenso difllcnities with Wwhich she I contending fn the etfort to har- monlze the relatiuns between the peasantry and the higher clasees, whilo at the game timo co- seavoring to institute reforms In every depart- ment of the Uoverninent, are set forth ywith very minute detall, Althouih glossing uver none of the weaku 8 or fullures i the plans or pro- visions of the Inperin) power, Mr. Wollacu does full justice to its clevated alm: to thy ene lehtenment und Mberality with which, in vari- ous and successive ways, it Is eecking to render them practical. The chapter which teeats of the territorial ex- Pmmlnn of Russlu, andof the Eastern Question, s une of the most fmportant in the table ot contents. Indealing with these themes tho nuthor eminently shiows hil pacity lor exams infue o subjeet fn ail its aspeets, und allowing duc welzhtin his judgment to cvery feature enterinz intoft. Ho belleves that Russla las no desire to exvand ler aren, 8he understands that extent of lcrmur{ ocs not constitute na- tlonal greatness, aud that furthor accesslons are s Jtkely to prove a bunlen as un_ advautage. Her aequisitions In Asia have been forced upon Llier by the neccssity of self-defense, and she must cont'nue to puah her frontier eastward 11 her boundarles meet those of a nelghbor 0 Wil respect treatles mnd avold depredations, wisfehu respectable nation s buund to resen and punish {f pussible, Enzland need no more | fear un nssault upon India I the ovent of Rus- aja’s roming up to ite frontlers, than does Ger- many or Auatria, which touch her horders on the west. Commercial Interests demanded an witlel to the ses, henco the sunezation of the reglon lylng at the mouth of the Neva and about the Gulf of Finlaml, Tnls, however, dova not suflles for the accommodotion of the trade of Hu Bho requires un open passage to tbe Mediterranean, which now Turkey has the power to closs wiiea It pleasce, Nodoubt Russia desires to have tho key to this water-way In her own posscesion, and this is the true motive of her casting an envious eye upon Constantinople. Yet not to nequire the cuveted prize would she enter upon 8 unright- cous war. Bhe hns tou beavy ‘a task on Jier hands already In attending to the exigencies of her soclul and political couditlon, to fncur will- nzly the expenseand effort of maintaininz o hard fight with o forelgn Power, But tho peo- ple of Rusala deeply sympathize with the Clirls. fans beld under thie yoke of the Turk, aud di mand of the Emperor that, for religlous ar cthnleal reasons, he should funterfere for tho preservation of thelr rights. Tho subjects in revolt agamst Turkish oppression helong to the Blavie rave, and Russians revand {8 as o sacred duty to take part with them (n the strugge agoinet o barbarous despotism. Russl was the firsb of the Slavic na- tions to bo cnalaved by tho Uttoman, and the first to sccuro freedom from his douls uatfon, and now it is the reneral feeling that sho should asslst the weaker ones when they ure fnspired to throw off the hateful tyranny. Mr. Wallace fs of the opluion that “the Im- Purlnl Government hos been fn a certain sense * forcod " to assume its prescut attitude toward Turkey. It has mulxhz 10 cecapo the responst- bilities of a war, and has been ready to make all manner of mm’uululp,’ but has ylcidod to the Importunities of the peuple In promlsing to se- cure Justice for tho wronged Servians and Bul- gurians, though ut the polnt of the bavonet. In clostng hin dissertation, Mr, Wallace exhorts the English to beware, in thelr treatment of Ruasla, $ o lnlshkln‘%lmwglunr for real inter- and of fightiug about o misunderstanding. iwhile,” hie adds, *our duty s clear, We ought to kiow Russia better, and thereby avold unnevessary collisions.” nd it 1s coll= tribute to this imost deslrable object that ho bas written the proacut able and fustructive work. SERMONS, SALVATION HERE AND HEREAFTER. Ffzene HONS AND Eusav) Ly the ltey, Joux Sguvice, Minlster of Inch. Becond Kdition. London: Mac- milian & Co. 12mo,, pp. 207, Price, Xl. A, THE SPIRLT OF Tiile NEW FAiTI, LIMES or Seunoss, 1y Ocravics Brooks Fiotuina. nau, Now York: utnain'd Sune, cago: Junsen, McClurg & Cu. 12mo., pp. 2 Priec, 81, It s 0 gzood deal of surprise tn find a set of sermond dellvered from the pulplt of a Beotch Presbyteriay Church pervaded with o splrit of |. the brundest cathollclity, It sets ono querying about the clrcumstances of a strictly Orthodex cougregation which is In the babit of MNstening to such latitudlvarlan dlscourscs, © ‘There s no doubt that the miuister who preaches them is o power In bis sphere, for they betoken a strong, clear thinker, & frank, fearless rea- soucr, and an bnpressive speaker, Argu- meuts 8o fresh, so rutlonal, so convinclng, as these ho sets forth, must have weight withopen and sensible minds. M, Service fs, by right of Iutetlect as well as prolession, aspiritual leader, aud he guides his Sock by no uncertsin sounds. With all bis free thought, ho holds Hrmly to the csscutlal doctrines of Christianity, to a faith i God and {mnortallty, and lu the great principles of rightevusnsss that wero cuunclated by Jesus Christ. The wminor teucts, founded upon the commandments and traditions of men, which divide bellevers into sects, and wust ever remain obscure and subject to dis- putes he ruzands as of very tetvial hportance. *Away with attempts to serve God by long prayers uf tiauy prayers, by fasts and peaanct h{ sacritlees, by Orthodox belicf, by wurks ol the law which hive no root 1o the sofl of truts ood gooducss. . . o pure, true, be just, be genucrous, bS wuprnanimous, be uuselfabh sod uoworldly,” This, ho de- clarvs, is the sum and substance of what Christ teaches; aud this, thercfore, is what mankiud :‘mlmhl Tegard as tho ouly law for thelr daily ving. A Thi entire collection mav be read with profit by the couservative und the liveral 3 yet the ser- 1008 treatiug of ¢ The Church Beneficent, and of the ** Authority of Truth and Authority of tho Beribes,"” wisht be choscn as best repre- senting the enlightencd creed of the author, if a selectlon Were utiessary, Anothier dozen of tho ecrmous of Mr, Froth- Inehiam are asgembled under the goneral head of **The Bplrit of the New Fualthl ™ Ji s =»attn e fve thtle, and g0 also are _many of the ptions of the eeparate (ssavs, aa lial's Tieal’* % \Wisdoi a Loving S nstituted and Jieal Relizion,' Ay the Tadleal gmr{n kes o Delieve fn the eliftuey of gowd works rathier than of prayer and of vicurioits sacrifice, and fuculcates a lofty morahity Inface of the doctrincs amil nrwticcs extablished by Esanveical desominztions, there i # prevalent fnterest amoner those who arc out- side of the churches to lrarn definitely his motive and Inepiration fn all matters relative to his religions faith. Mz, Frothingham, heing a prominent expounder of Rulleallsm or Ratlon- alism, Is always Joolied to with attention when he.addresses the public and set he often falls to convey entire satisfaction in his writings, He Isinzlinell to expend too much -of himeelf in mere wonds, One goes, In folluwing bis dise course, through page alter page, constantly al- lured by Lhe prospect of coming Lo the pith of the arzument; yettoo oftesn. when the whhile Ia ended, there has been no distinet and p e conceptions ained ; or, If 80, it has been witha wenrisume effort at selcetion amd construction on the part of the reader. When ong has the gifts of a rheturician, there {s a dangerous tendency to compose striking gentences that bLave not much beyund sound in them. Thiscrit- fuism may be made without detracting from the real merits of Mr, Frothingham’s sermons. Thelr vigor and originality of thought are not ta be forgotten, even whin these are obscured by vagucuess of expresaion. " HELP.Y MY LADY-TELE, AND WIIAT SHE TAUGHT ME, Iy Mre. Wannex, Bostont Lotlng. Chie ::5‘1‘-. lladley Broa. & Co. Paper. I'rice, b0 Into the texture of n story of Inferfor quality Mrs. Warren has woven the expesfence of & ‘housckeeper who ventured to employ a gentle- woman In the position of cook. The experiment prosed to be In every way delightful, for the lady-lielp united thorough efficlency in her work with a perfect understauding of the demeanor becoming o domestle. She was a woman of In- tellect and of culture, who had been trajned to regard tha humblest rervice faithfully per- formed as compatible with the dignity sid sell- respect of o true ladyhood. When necessity forced her to earn her support, she chose to take the place of o servunt o n wellordered houschiold, where she would recelve the court~ cous treatment & lady merits fn every clrcum- stauce, aud where ahe could perforus valuable ofllces that are in great demand, The Influcnce of this example of uncommon womanly wisdons gives a grood deal of worth 1o Mrs. Warren's llttle pamnphlet, It Is suzpest- Ive, presenting ndirectly u model that may with advantapge In many cises be finltated. nldes the effect of & mioral lessen, there I pre- rented In the sketeh of the Tudy-heln aidy nin- ber of novel hints regarding the manazenent of a kitchen, and the preparation of food, which are useful even to the moat udept [u the art of housckeeping, FARM-DRAINAGE. Mr. IL W. 8. Cleveland, the landscape-nrchl- tect of this city, has written a little pamphlet on the subject of farm-Iraluage, that oucht to be in the hands of cvery farmer In Iliinols. Ilow much Is annually Jost of the agrlealtural products of this State by the want of drainage, can never bo exactly known. Someapproximate {den can be got froms the Iust report of the Il nols State nc]'mrtmcm. of Agricnlture, which shows that, owlng to the flooding of the bottom and flat prairlc-lands, last spring, the corn ‘-‘J) fell from the averaze of 61,506,060 to 24,0075 bushels,—a decline of more than 50 per cent. Thisdecrease Inthe product hus inads a differ- ence to one rallroad of over 1,000,000 {n its freieht-business. Mr, Cleveland publishes ex- tracts from his correspondence with farmers in all parts of tlic State, ziviny the results of thelr experinents with drain-tile, which hove been very fuvorable, IHe describes sncclnetly the advantages to be derived from dralufng, tells what kind of tlle s lest, where It can e grot, how much it will cost, and rives the names of books [n which the farmer can study the subject’ thoroughly and in detall. “The psmphlet s for sale by Hazlitt & Reed, 172 Clarl: atreet, Chi- caigo, at $2.50 a hundred, or §20 a thousuud, BOOKS RECEIVED. NORA'S LOVE-TEST. A Naovi Ceeat 1Ay, Author of **Old My w York: llarper & Biros. .. Ty Many dleton s Mon- oy ete, N Chleagos TTadte Tiron. & Co. - Pupess ric, G0 contas PICKWICK. AROA MPAKION TO THE St PeRwie Pareia ' (by *Flioz ). iy drotur W, 3, Reysotne Author of ary Price," cte. With Tusteations by GEonnn CACIKEANK, Thiladelphin: T, B, Peterson & Iros. Chicag: lladley Biros, & Co. vo.. i TIIE CARDINAL'S DAUGHT! wRenNe Frevixe,” " Hy Mre, Catneuies A, WAnriELD, Anthor of **A” Danlle Wedding. ™ cte. Ubiladelphin: T. T Petermon & lras Chicagg: Hadley Uros, & Co, 12mo., pp. 300, Price, 81,70, MISS O NKS, ? Dy Wikir Cotoaxe, Chleago: l‘tr:ma Printing Company, Paper. Price, 10 ennts, YEARS AT WOLVERTON. A ScnnoL- onY. Iy a Wolvertonlan, Phlladelphis: J. B, Lippintoit & Co, Chicagu: Huilsy DBros, & Co. " 12mn.. bpe 510, Ll TIE ASITAGULA A Ergust T0 1,50, . By tho Tier, eruex ), Prgr, of A<hlabula, 0. Tilustrated, fengo: J. 8. Goodwan, and Loufs Lloyd & ino.c I 200, Price, 81 TEMUERANCE. New York: Nutlonal Temperance and Toblleation liouse, 12mo., pp. 114, D TRUE LOVEjon, Tur Davs Axnp Moxsixin_ AxToise, Dy GEownt laduiphia: T. W, Peterton & eod, Madley Biros, & Co. vo., pp, 228, DISAST Trice, 81, PERIODICALS RECEIVED. GALAXY for May (Sheldon & Co,, New York), Contents; A\ Trogrersive T by. by 8, F. Jlopkina: **The Cllmbing Rose, ' by 11, N, 1. 47 Mina Misanthrope, ** Chap! X.. XI., XIL, o XIV., ond XV, by duetin McCarthyi Chegan-Hadson, by~ James "~ Manuhise \\'Iu:lmh: ¢ Pablic Libmtles i the Ualted Etatew,” by John A, Church; ¢ 1ow Natlonal- Bank Noi ary Itedeeme lv{ Frank W, Lautz: ** Unknown Pureony, \' by ur{ Muridoch Mason; **The Dead Stir," by Jobn Juwes Tatts London Theatres," by llcnry James, Jr. 0 “*Rounding [zuust eing n Righte "Truthfol lo.t.JXA)'l Auclent Tinte, by Lizzle oo Roman Piclure,' by .\In’ry H i i anl Grant Whit nglisn Women, e LAfe o Ureat Sewl of the Unifed States: Concernitig Souo Ieregularitios in 1t, by dubn D Champlin, Jde.s el Wood," by Phiilip quillbets Eelentific Miecellany:" *Current Literaturoi™ Nebulwe, by the Editar, Sp el CATHULIC QUARTERLY REVIEW v & Maliony, Patladeiphiar, Cone tenls. ‘The Church and the Princes of Eugupe," by tho Itev, Aui. J. Thebaud, b, v+ What the United Owes to Jan by John tilwary Sh **The Liberallstlc View of (e Fublic-5chool Questlon: Second Artlclo— 1fave Cathiolies No Itights in Revard to Publio ducationt by tho itev. P liayma. K. J *+Last Sumner » Expeditlun Agninst the Sjoux, and Its Great Catastrophe, ™ by Gen. dohn (ibe U, ho Ited Mun Guuged by THs wurd Juckers ¢ Schulte’s The Plea uf an Apostate,™ James A, Corcoran, D, D.{ Tho Immortality of the Soul: In Answor to o Curreapondent,” by the Very liey, James A, Core coran, . D, 3 **Bovkh=Notices, " AMERICAN JOURNA F THE MEDICAL . Edited by AL 0 bh [{! uarterly —April, s kv, 30D, (lewry G, Loa,” iiladel: n'll"ifm.ms'r for Aprll (Chicago .Collegy of ] ). AGEATAGIUA for March (Publisbed for the M;mnmln Club, by H, O, Houghton L'}’:I’{;An\':nunsu for Aptil (¥, Loypoldt, ork), ms{su-uuusl MAGAZINE, for April (Unlon Publlshing Compury, Nuw York). FAMILIAR TALK, CHARLES COWDEN CLARKE, The English papers uote with a few para- grapbs of kindly comment the death of Mr. Charles Cowdeu Clarke, fn the Villa Noveho, st (lencva, on the 18th of March, Mr, Clarke Lad won o partieular individual fame, and his namo I8 not found fu the encyclopedias or blographical dictionarles; and yet he fs well and pleasantly kuown: to thu futeiligent public thirough s number of pscful contributions which he has mado to literature, and, better still, through his nssoclation with poets, essoylsts, and authors of renown. Mr, Clarke was born in Enficla, England, in 1787, His father wasat the head of u school fn the litle village, sud thither the boy Keats was sent ass pupil. Young Clarke, who was elght years the scnior of Keats, was acting as tutor at ths tbme, and, recozniziug the gonlus of tho future poet, uve him tbe valu- sble service of a gencrous frieudship. It was to Mr Clarke that Keats owed s fntroduction to Leigh Munt, and thus to tby Mterury circle o Loudon of.which Hunt wasa member. But tho friendly tutor did what was' perhaps of more Influence still ju srousiug the gentus of tho lad und declding bls carver asou autbor; for e lent hlm the * Falrle Queen and Chapmau'’s * Homer,""—books vver which, we aro told, the two fricuds sat upall one uizht, WEKcats shouting with delizut as sume passuge of especlal energy struck s Lmagluation.” Keats Jelt the Eulleld school 1o Ll 1otk year, sud was uppronticed to a surgeon i Edmontou. Beven years later, fn & letter to the beloved teacher” t whou bo was 0 much dubted. b I‘a{ the Very llll\l‘. made the following grateful acknowledgment: T sliould not trouble you now with my dull, unlearned quill— *Tint that I've known you lonz: That you first tanght me a1l ihe aweets of songz: The grand. the aweet, the terae, the free, lhuiu& Who read for me the ronnet, nwelling loadly Up to ftaciinaz, and then l!{ln: proodiy? Who found for me the grandeur of the ade, Growinz, ltke Atlas, stronger from its Joad s Who Irt me taste that more than cordial dram, The sharp, the rapier-polnted eplgram? Snawed e (hat Epic was of all the king, Honnd, vant, and epanaing all, lixe Satarn's ring? Yo, too, npheld the vel from Cllo's beatty, And pointed ant the patriot's stern daty, The might of Alfred, and the shart of Tell, The hond of Dir hat #o grandly fell Tpon a tyran Ahl had [ never secn Or known your kindnees, what might 1 have been? \¥hat my énjarments in my youthfal years, Lerelt of all that naw my llfe endearat And can [ e’er these benefits forzet? AndcanIe'er rcnn{v the triendly debt? No, doubly No," Mr. Clarke's firat mnr as an anthor took the shape of nnovelette called ¢ Adam, the Gar- dener,” which waa published fn 18%, when he was alreadv 37, The following year he publish- ed a new edition of Chaucer, with notes and a menolr. In 1928 he married Mary, then a girl of 19, the cldest daughter of the accom- plished musician, Vincent Novello, Mr, Clatke was twenty-two years older than his wife; yet theira waa s lovematch which never lost' ibe charm of it first cavtivating romance. Only five yearango Mre. Clarke published *two love- atories in metred prose, The Trust and The Kemit- tance," to which was attached this brief yet signiticant preface: *To the lover-husbun 85 these lore-stories arc dedicated by the lover-wife of 64" For forty-nine years the “lover-husband andlover-wife™ dwelttogether, enjoying a unanimity of pursuits as well as of tostes and affectlons, for both followed the pro- fession of letters, ana many a time their natnes appeared together on the same title-page, About a twelvemonth after her marrlage Mrs. Cuwden Clarke began the compllation of a Concordance to Shaksneare, and sixieen laho- rious years were devoted to the work, She has been “repald for the arduous service by the warmn approval of the literary world. A yenr after the Concordancs was completed,—thst s, In 184!, ~Mrs. Clarke published the adyentuires of “Kit Bam, Mariners® {n 1852, “The Girl- hood of Shakspeare's Herolnes: ™ and, In 1855, anovel entltlel #The Iron Coustn.”” Two of the most finpurtant works which the husband aud wife produced jointly are the birthiny book called % Many Happy Returns of the D:‘y," Iasued In 1847, and an elaborately-annota. {.l s ;}Illun of the plays of Shakspeare, issued n 1659, During twenty years of his life, Mr, Clarke lectured with great success upon_the English uets and weitora of poctie prose, In the mean- Itne he brought out new cditions of severul of the poets, and published his most P ular hooks, “Talv from Chaticer” and *Miclies from Chaucer,” with a considerable number of other mivor works, _ For several years his home has been i Genoa, Ttaly, where the ancestors of his wile, who were of & noie house, oricl- nated. The Villa Novello, In which he resiled, In described a8 a"chianning mansion, adormed with treasures of art, and betraying in all its equipment the cultivated taste of its inmates. ART-GOSSID, Messrs. James R, Osgood & Co. are mnking a speclalty of the publication of hellotype en- wravings, and have nearly a hundred men wmn- ployed u thelr press-room. Their last produce tlon fs a copy of “The Bpanlely Marriape,” by Zamacola. % Ar, Dante G, Rossett! hns just concluded one of the most ambitions pletures he has yet at- tempted, Its subject Is the * Venus Astarte;"” ond It Is described as **a maguificent plece of cxpresafon, with superb color, ana that elevated and poetical sentlment * which characterizes all Mr. Rossett's important works. The Income nllowed for -the support of the Museum of Fibe Arts In the Louvre has be :n for some time past quite sutliclent. The Govern- ment have lately resolved to ratse the sum from 3,000 franca t0 160,000 francs for the purchase of new pletures, and to wld to it otlier anms for the tu.rease in the stafl, and for other necessury expenscs. [ The great Mstorenl palnting by M. Alma Twlema, representing A Roman Emperor,” has been reproduced on copper by M. Kajon. ‘Fhe etehing s pronounced one of the finest ever v ot artist from the work of onother. It s comparison with Flameng's ¢ Night- Wateh." The eteofug is now {n the hands of the bubllshers, A National Exhibition of Fino Arta, jnclud- Ing cxamples of painting, seulpture, and archi- tecture, together with {llustrutions of the in- dustriul nris, was opencd at Noples the 1st of Aprll, The collection Includes specimens of the old Neanolitan school, from the fourth to the cighteenth centutry. The coramle art s repre- kented by the majolica of the Abruzel, with the porcelatn and the biseuita of Copo df Monte, of which 2,000 specimens aro dlsplayed. One roon Is devoted to Iutagli, tapestrics, ete. To add to the completeness of the Exhibition, sev cral convents have contributed from their treas- ures illuminated manuscripts, missals, reliquo- rles, carvinge, and other examples of medieval urt. Mang privato collectlons have also been fopned. 'The Prince Gesunldo has sent the whole of hls _fomous galle of pletures. The Prince Fllanglerl, the Yuke Sangro Martino, and others have lent thelr large collestions, llustrating the history of urt in Southern Italy, The works of tho maodern Neapolitan school form 2 feature of eat nterest in the Exhibition, Prizes of 4,000 ire each will be awarded to the two best works Iu painting and _sculpture, and other prizes, ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 lire, will be given to competitors in the departmenta of tine art and Industrial art, WOMAN IN PERSIA. A reaton for the moral and intellectual stag- natlon which for centurles has paralyzed the Empire of Persla, and {s gradually reducing it to a condition of hopeless deeay, Is hinted (n & graphic parsgraph which we copy from Mr, Ar- nold's recent skeech of Eastern travel: # Even without ald f{rom the genll, thero arc always present two wysteries, which no doubt will Berve to tranamit, as long os they cxist, the fdeas of ¢ The Arabfan Nights.' These are the veiled lady and the walled-up house, Into which no outalde eye can penetrale. No gisour can scoeven the cyes of a Perstan woman of the middle and supcrior classes. 8he moves through the streets and bazars, on hier white donkey or on fout, in completedisgulse, Even her husband d not reconize bier, Bhe {s covered—as described the women of Reshi—from head to foot In ths looso chuddle of indigo or black«dyed cottou or silk. Over her face théra o the long white veil, tled across the chudder, whero that en- yelop covers all but the visaze, The lega are hidden fn loose trousers of cottou or silk, of tho sate color as the chudder, which are not worn in the house, In all her outdoor life she 1s @& moving mystery, She may be young or old, white or bluck, falr or ugly, on a miselon of sin or upon an erraod of ¢ ms,—nuouc knows wha she {s, ns sho shuflles along upon shoes which are diftlenlt to keep upon her feet, as tho upper Jeuther ends far from the hicel. Ehc ralses, at somo mud-walled hiouse, an fron kuocker upon a door like that of n fortification; {a wdwdtted; the door fs closcd} and what gocs on within that house, what (s the fate of the women, the children, and the slaves, nu one outslde can knows There s no wiudow from whivh they can communicats with thy outer world; 1t 18 o despotism within s despotism. Tach one of these walled houses {s the seat of o despotlc suvereignty, established and contirmed ky the greutest power.fn Perala—that of tho Orut’ AN AUTOGRAYI-COLLECTOR, A cclebrated collector of autouraphs is Mr. Bonjawin Fillon, a citlzen of La Vendve, who, during tho last forty years, has gathered a series of letters and MSS. which nre of great historical valuo, Tlols o man of fortune, of fntelligence, and of perscverance; and has gratified, to the extent of his means and fuflucuce, Lis fonduess for autograpls, ching, bric-o-bric, ete. Counols- seurs (ntho ccrumie art are {ndebted to him for several vamphlets throwing light upon the arigls of diltereut wares, and upon the Jife sod wurks of great masufacturers of poreclain, The deseription of his personuel {s not prepose sussing, yet here it ts1 “A short man, with plizeon breast, powerful shoulders, short neck, a round face like n bull<loy, big lips, prominent, black, tlashing vyea.” The sule of 8 portion vl A1, Fillow's collcetion of autugraphs Lus lately taken place fu Parls, realiziug & sumn total o 28,601 ?nnu. The highest price noted fu the 1ist of 298 nuinbers dlsposed of was 1,600 fraucs m)‘:mht by u tetter of Bir Isaue Newton, dated CAPT, BURNABY'S RECALL. It has been recently brought out, durlog a discussion fu tho Housc of Commons, that Capt. Burusby was stopped In bis “Ridu to Khlva," uf which he lately published an account, by the Euglish Government, “on grounda of policy.” “The Captaln mmude a loul complaint of the Rus- slan authorltfes who scut the telegram recalling Ll to Furupe from Taschkend, the tennfous of the telegraph, %00 wiles across tho desert to Khiva, where bu then was. Ho ascribed the wovewsnt whollv ta Ruaslan ioaloinsy af & British officer traveltng through tha Asiatia domintons of the Tsar, whereas it really origl- nated with his own Government. Tho reasons for the recall were not declared befors the House, belng of & confidential character, —— SPARKS OF SCIENCE. COAL. The British Iron and Steel Institate beld s sesslon In London in the third weck of March. Dr. C. W. Biemens gave the Presidential ad- dress, In which tho various questlons affecting the Interests of the fron and steel Industries were dlscussed. In touchlng upon tho Im- portant subject of facl. Dr. Sfemens presented the following table of the coal nreas and pro- ductlor of the globe, which, although not abso- lutely complete, Is useful for purposes of com- parison: freatn Produion square miles. in 1874,fons, Qreat Britaln 1,000 122 070,000 United Btaiéa 10,600,000 ‘rance 17,069, 000 Belgiam ... 14,170,000 Autiria 240,000 Ramia 92, 000 Other c X 270,200 274,202,000 From this cstimate It seems that the area of the discovered coal-flelds In the world i slightly above 230,000 aquare mfles, and of thix amount more than two-thinls lle¢ within the United Btates. A good deal of anxlety has teen felt regard- Ing the cxbaustion of the coal-deposits of Ureat Britaln; but. * according to the report of the Cosl Commlssioners, published fn 1871, there were then 90,207,000,000 tons of coal availablo in Great Dritaln, at depths nqt greater than 4,000 feety and in scams not less than one foot thick, besides a quantity of concemled coal estimated at 50,273.000,000 o' tons,—making a total of 140,480,000,000. Sinco that period thers Nave been ralsed (00,000,000 of tons up to the close ©of 1873, leaving 145,380,000,000 of tons, which, at the present rate of consumptlon of nesrly 132,000,000 of tons annually, would last 1,100 vears. BStatistica show that, during the last twenty years, thierc has been a mean annual in- crease in output of about 3,500,000 of tona; and a ealculation made at this rate of fncrease I‘lml‘l’llnd" give 250 years as the life of our coal- elds, But the (nerease (n the consumption of coalin Great Britaln 15 found not to bo in proportion ta the tucrease of pupulation and manufacturcs, for the reason that cconomical processes in the use of fucl are belne Introduced, * In the caso of the production_of power "—we quate from the report of Ur. Slemncns' address which Is pub- 1ished in Nature—**the economy effected within the lust twenty years excecds f) per cent, and o sthl greater saving hias probably been realized In the productlon of fron and’ steel within the same period, as may be gathered from the fact that a ton of steel ralls can now be produced from the ore with an expenditure not exceeding 50 ewt. of ruw coal. whereas a ton of fron ralls, twentv yearsago,Involvedan expenditure exceed- ing 100ewt, Acrording to Dr. Percy, one largs works consumed, in 1850, from five to six tuns of coal per ton of ralta.” As ceonomy in the use of fucl in its varlous applleations fsus by no ineans reached its nitl- niate point, Dr. Slemens thinks {t not unreason- able to conclude that the ratlo of increase of lmplflflllun and of manufactures will bo nearly halanced for muny years o come by an increase in the eccononscal tse of coal, und that the an- nual production of the mineral will remaln sub~ stantlally the same within that period. Hence it may be presumed that the coal-supply of Engiand, at a workable depth, wiil Jast {u [y terin far beyoud the shorter estimuted perlod of 250 years, vapeclally 1€ the" probability of fresh discoveriea in England, of which there arorecent Instances, be takea into the account. WIIAT A COD EATS, It was the hobit of Thowmas Edward, the Scotch naturalist, when studylug the marine fauna along the cost of Band, to sccure for ex- aminatiou the stomachs of the fish which were caught by the flshermen. Tho contents of these receptacles afforded hhin many treasures, gath- ercd in the deep seo, which he could not have obtalned otherwise. “Itis quite wonderful,” a3 ho avers, ‘‘what fsto bo got fn this way. In- deed, no one would belleye it who Las not made the cxperiments® The stomach of the cod, n fish abounding in tho vicluity of Banff, proved an especlally rich mine for the naturaiist, a it was apt 1o be filled with n heterogencous mass of living things, among which wera frequently very valuable specimens. “It Is to the stomach of this specles,” says Edward, “that I am most Indebted for many of the rarcstof tho testaceous and crustaccous epecimens that I posscss. 1 will only mentlon what haye ‘myscit scen: crabs and lobaters of most overy descrips tion (except Houmarus wulgaris, — which 1 hare never yet found), from muflgflzkly LoDo: crab (Litho des mala) up to the hay aten (Cane cer pagurus), and tho larger the better, Shellt of every rort, particularly Fusus antiguns and Buceinlum undulatum,~no matter whether In- habited by thelr original possessor, or by a hers mit in the form of o pagurus, it {8 no cbstaclo to the voracious cod. 8hrimps, flsh-lice, sea- mive !Am;-mmu acudeata), sea-urchins, with now and then a stardish; * dead men’s paps,’ as they are called here L.!kwnu(um), and actinlas,~no matter to what they may be attached, whether hicll or a ktoue, provided thesg are not thein- sclyes fixtures,—all are gulped by this most uncercmonlous flsh, Thu eggs, capsules, or purses of the dog-llsh (Seyllium) and the skate, with theroe and the ova of oticr apevies, par+ tivularly when deposited on sea-wee and the zoophytes nlso walk down the cod's pullet, s0 that upothing may be lost. As for the FlalolAuride, or sea<cucun bers, few, If any, of them escape. aud then fragments ot tho niedusx aro swal- lowed; feathers, with the remains of sea-fowl; and, onone occasion, the skeleton of a par- tridge, with tho wings, fect, legs, and_head *ud- herlug, Pleces of pewter and of cloth oceas slonally; and once a cluster of beech-nuts, with part of a domestic fuwl. As for flshi— why, the ish does not swim that the cod, when hungry, will not attack, and, if successful, ewal- low, In short, nothing sccns to come amiss. + o » 1t {s only ulne months since I touk from the stomach of acod a stone which welg! abova three pounds, to walch the remains of an actinis wero still attached." MANNA, ‘There are soveral specles of ash which, In the warm_climate of Southern Europo, discharge from tho bark a concrete juice of a brittle, spongy texture, a yellowish colar, and s sweet, acreeable taste. The swectness of the substance 1s not owing to tho presence of sugar, buttoa principle called Mannite, which, unlike sugar, does not ferment with water and yeast. The substance 18 known fu commerce as Manua, snd is principally valued s a gentle purgative. The market is supplied slmost wholly from the Islaud of Slefly, yet Manna is produced ia vari- ous countries. In Byria 500 or 600 pounds are annuaily ylelded by the twigs and brauches of & specics of tamarisk, Bmall pots ot the product are kept for sale at the Convent of M. Sinal, It has beeu m?polcd Ly some’ that thisis the Manna of the laraelites. Z From severnl species of tha Camel’s Thorn (Alhagl), o geaus of plsnts Lelouging to tho order Jeguminosea (Pea Famlly), asimilar sceros tion Is poured out. A shrubby species, two or thre feet high, growlog i Porsia aud Bokhara, Ia fuinous for the gruduul. It forms 1 drops ou tha leuves, in the month of June, aud hard« eus bofore it falls, In getherlog tho crop, the natives shake the glistening flukes lato a clesn cloth spread under the bushes. It bas uo me- diviual qualities, and (s mades by the Perslans Intos very palutable sweetmeat by wixing it with dour and kncading it into round cakes, about two fuches in dlameter und a hulf zn juch thick, Bollt simouds are somctimes added be- fore the compound Is baked. Maunna is gothered in sn.-u{ln July or August, TNeep incisions sre made in the bark of the aub, each duy fu fresh places, but slways on the sawe side of the tree, Thu Manna slowly oozes from the wounds, and, as it bardous, is rewoved by the collectors, ‘¥l followiuz Veartho cuts ars nadu {n the vpposite side of the tree, the alter uation giving the bark thme to beal., The Eu- calypius mann{fera of Australia ylcids a sort of Manna, which I8 nou-purgative, ‘and Ls a favors its sweetmeat with tho children of that vountry, Tu sowe regions the common larch (Lariz Eu- rupceus) produces Manua ju smal] quantitles. e CATS AND CATERPILLARS. In the course of & lecture oa the relations be- tween plants and lnsects, dellvercd before the Boclety of Arts iu London by Sir John Lubbock, the speaker fnstituted s siugular comparlson between the colordug of caterplllars mud cuts. “There ure five principal types of colorivg awong caterpliurs,” Lo remsrked; *‘shoss whbich live luside wood, o leaves, or under- oraund. ara veusrally of & uniform nala loat S o ] e AT T T gAY e TR N At ¥: o 3 2 sexmare s AN A T, TR mesr O i e RS ETTE £ 1A T AT I e