Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, July 3, 1873, Page 4

TERMS OF THE TRIBUNE. TENMB OF BUDAORIPTION (x-ArAm.n IN ADVARGE), Dat) o {n\nll Sl!i m” 82-30 Frl-\ Partn nl ayenr nt thia samo rate. o provont dolay and mistakes, bo suro anit give Post ©fico address tn full, Inoluding Stato and County. Romittsuces may bo mado nithor bydraft, cxpross, Post ‘Oliao otdor, or in reglstered tottors, at our tiak, TENAS TO OITY AUDAOMIDKLS, Daliy, dolivered, Hunday oxceptod, 3 conte por wook, Dally, deliverod, Sunday inoluded, 50 couts por weok, Addross THI TRIBUNE COMPARY, Corter Madlson and Doatbora-ats., Chlcago, il e CONTENTS OF THE WEEKLY TRIDUNE, WILK: Washington-State Affaire— N Oy ATtor it utsimn rumm roudniraud aud ‘Thott—Crimos U Bl WIS, Baeio ot Blandor |“'L||l -] i. + Bpoetfl .- It Tndivi ||l.!l‘l lnmrvlflw with lhl. AR Sard ot Bopial frum Hoochor o ¥ vo Tfflél¥{ L AR, e npmhnlmlu, or iloil Moon-Blinducis--1ta Unuson and ‘Lorming- st at Mascontal, 11, s,n.d‘&"{i‘:'{,m ‘Dentoiaiion of It by tha Con- nootiont Houso of Toposontatives and tho Bladison Lo lig saplican Convontion. EI 1IP0I ! Hot Corn—A Dofoues of tho Bnlnry -Gral oo G, sk of Missourl; Sonator, Unryn- 1or's Doforiro of Baok-Tay—1Tho foira Itopublicaus - o Tormal Jutont ol tho Tncrcato of Balatlos=Kpocia Tatos undor tho Rallroad Law--Tho Latost Phisso of the nflrond-Subscription L Ts Tt Cholora?—~Tho Salnyy rabbors STl lflnumnn of {offron. A FATAL MISTAKL: Doath ot Throo Vorsons from FXRMERS: MOVEMENT: Tlow the Onelaught T'u‘;!l‘.& Halirusds Tn Jogardad i Kngland—Tiritish Capi- {aflate Boniiithg "Ainfned hopmonie Posnainey 1nfiry iltory Boro 16 tho. United tates-Tha Tutorcits of tho Wastorn Producor lllonucnl With Thoso of tho Eiropen Gonauisor=beeo fradsan Inporiant Kouuss Transportation Quostion—Allog! }fi'\"'-‘:'m'uudxmun Wostorn Produce: from Ttaroposa (i RAILROADS: Thy Now Frolglit-Lari of the 'nn !fuummm-cmungu, Danvillo & Vincannon Yua gortnios-tho boniiend u‘;mlflguna{ .x‘n: dnw '"’" ot l"x’ yi’?nfo o 'Aall-.lu. ‘Wabash & o, Things Aro Progress| ot tho Fhaning Halos: Moral of Chiuroh-Festivals Uonaidorod—Fropar tar tho Tour! th, 3 1LY: The Caro to Bo Glyen Now Swarma—~ T Nan i tivod Suvarias Desort—Surplus. 1ioay No: ouptacleamiVhy Artificial Bwarming 18 tho Itovoro of Natural Frosgnt P of Houoy_liataneo of loo-'as. rom tho_ Apiai A ey Dok Amome (o To oo to Timid TeaciCoopors i to Obtaln Itotten Woad, AGRIGULTURAL REPO! Jioial itatomont of tho Gumdition of tho Wheal, on 12¥es and Bactoy Grops ia tha Unito NP GARDEN: Making Fonoos of Pinor T“l’lgmkvAlx—‘}‘lnyll\n s A e s Bonen e tony Faru-Litils dy Pand na & Hatbor— Oswogo Truds Aud Oswogo Bt: 0 Dairios—A Bomarkahle Cow— The Orone—tannda. Thistlos—Pure Wator for —the 1 g]llll“lslklli\{ O o e o, the Timinent Chlspgo Bolontiat—koteh of itlsGaroer dud Ligt of 1l Tmc NAT]DNAL DEBT: Statomont for tho Knd of it roL LERA: In Europo, nd t Olnclanatl, Neshe i THRG l:ll’iaflilNNlAL QLLEBRATION: Prollminary Ar. I Lxproson . o Dilidings Blown Up Porsons Kill | Mflm sl 'Lyncm by 1-|l¢{N‘n%\lu.v G A R o H R Y m'fv.x'xu:u.~°xa“ Ferublicsn State Goovontioa~Tho ¢ utions OB HOROR: Trasto Resultof the Rosont Libol-: sule[h]ulllha"n\\'Ul oans “Plnyunn"—llnn dhe liebeei Gty ittt Eiltor, agd"ite-Judo Lwluy—hfllna Cooloy Shiot Through the Hoart at o : A1G: Tils Oath of Ofico, i \'?'A'; AVOITIL OABE: Tioport of tho Pamicido- MIORIGAN FORUST-IIRES; Tho Buraing of Michte lmnml BACK PAY: A Dofonse of the Salars.Grab—Yith B Proilminary Itemarks on tho Orodit Mobiller— Ami'r'u.'%«’éamfir 8futt. 11" Carpoutor—Daltverod at lies - in 1678 TN .’?w.uuhmf A ogta by Whittlor. Ev\ unu(m\mlci BAD BV Hob aid Hls l]r&nd!;\hm 5 teresting I R A W R R O MRS Mocting of tho Board at 8 vrlugflnhl—llulcl tor A os nr frot o "Dacihion of it fnepoctors of ‘Ursin 1A ppointine e Benadiates of Daton Abenm £ o Unsatlstactory-—Tia Quostion of Spocial Natos \l“l Unsottlod, J = i gfiflrknm»nnntm of THE SEPTEMBER SHOW: The Eiposition ea a x’rnf)m Tvastimont-Itesults 1n_Othor Gillose Progress of tho' orga-Mota Tiich Augwhers-Chionao, Hoed Buimiained~Anplicaitons for Sinco Numorous Hoyon tho Aost Sanguino Expoctations—Vxhibitos m Eu- rapo and lvery Part of the United States nnd Clnl(ln- e Siotive B Hocurni—Hiro Tosorauce sad Bira- Loh “'fl' 'rl""fioyu“n ot thio Npoclal Committos to the ourd of WS BT Proposod Tuunton Noxt Yonr of All i Livin fud\uln- ST'That Tnstitation—1ts Frobable i ‘ 1SHOWER: A Alreh ""414“E:r':c1'mazny "X By Titls Tis Brothor, mws‘l‘c’uuf?}f GOV Nl du"‘ oating’ Sto ;' An Tntoresting Story. FINANOIAL . Chicago’ Money Markol—Whs 1a COMMRNGIALL Siticso, Produce Markets—The Hot- Corn Oaso o Erasunt Candition of Gorn-—Lumbior on tho Mississippl—Chioago Live-Stock Markst, with Ro. viowforthe I'nk Ohleago Lumhor-Markot—Herkimor oty (. .3 and 1 ¥inta Datry-Alarkota-Now York, STmeE Nonkon, it stats Lo Stock Markete-Now Fork Dry-Goods-MarkotRuronces slarkots-Pitte- burah O SavketRow York, Fhialaiphi, Dait: mote, Orcugo, Bufaloy Datroli, i Lenlay Tolado Cinclnnati, Clovoiand, Milwaukes, New Oridaas, and Toureiilo Sask ADVIERTISEAENTS, TO-DAY'S AMUSEMENTS, AIKEN'S THEATRIT-Wabash yenuo, corner nl‘ Cone Rress atroot. Spoctacular opers, **Zoloo." TIQOLEY'S THEAT Ol e Lasao. s-Randolph strect, betwoen MOVICKER'S THIEA' Dearborn und _Stato, **Unogual Mateli," K—Madison streat,” hatween Who Kutio Putnaw Troupo, CADEMY OF MUSIO — Halstod stroot, botwoen M it T Comtan Sh o rees DMYTIS OPIEIA 1QUSL—Monroo, Lotwoen Doarborn and Stuto. **Seliool AMPIHITHEATRE—Stotson's Comedy Come Nck and Neek," BUSINESS NOTIGES, o st thin e, Clreula son "fllumuuu’.'.' sivo m.\l“rwzz awf IPiiorm: 10 Wallat, b . Wox iisc, Row v The Chicage Tibune, ‘Thursdny Morning, July 3, 1873. Up to tho 1st inst., 20,480,000 postal-cards had beon imuiod by tho Post-Ofics, aud 45,129,000 hind boon orderod. Tho investigation into tho rolations botween thoe Dominion Government aud the Cenada Pacific Railway, suspendod for somo timo, was resumed yostonlay, on the return from England of 8ir ITugh Allan, tho Presidont of the road, who hus been abroad for soveral mouths trying to sell ita bonda. — In the Spanish Cortes yentorday, the Constitu- ont Committao submittod its draft of u Fodoral Constititation for tho Ropublio. It providos that tho President shall hold office for four years, and for one torm only ; also that Spain be divided into elevon Btates, Cubn, Porto Rico, and the othor colonien being donominated Terri- torios. — Holland bas made no sottloment of any kind . with the Achocnose, and could not listen, tho Coloninl Minister esys,to any such proposuls ns those shoe is recontly roported to have mado, Btill tho Governmont is willing to stop fighting, aud oxpects that the friendly intorcossion of an East Iudisu Rajah will bo used toobtaln o parley and open nogotiations. Meanwbile a socond ox- pedition ageinst Acheon has boon fitted out. Thero is'to be nomoro Crodit Mobilier trickery in the mevagemont of the Union Pacific Ruil- roud if tho Governmont counsal can prevent it. Thoy havo procured an injunction forbidding tho Dircctors to pay cither principal or interost on tho seonritics which aro hold by those con- cornod in tho Cradit Mobilier. * Tho timo for the paymont of tho July iatorost is at hand, and the Company aro prohibited by tho eame injunction from so diverting any of their apsots as to bo unablo to, pay this intorest, and it 1a intimated that, if thoy show any disposition to act in bad fuith In tho matter, n Rocoivor will bo appointed, [ The Railrond and Warchouso Commisslonors anve glven thoir ofticial interprotation of four mooted questions under tho new Rail- road law. They hold that tho law ap. plies to freight passing into or through tho Btate from placos without tho Btate; that tho raliroads may mako roasonablo npocinl rates with bonvy and rogular shiippora; that tho chargos for froight earriod ovor ocontidoting rail- ronda may bo mndo aa. though they weto ono continuons lino; and, fourthly, thal commuta- tlon, exoursion, and 1,000-mile tickets may Lo issuod aa boforo. # Govornor " Xollogg hna always beon a lttle norvous about the financial statis of lis admins istration, ae ho shows by the alacrity with which ho hastons to announco to his suporlors at Wash- ington that ho is about Lo pay $325,000 intorost duo on tho dobt of Loulsiana, Although this is o mattor gololy of 8tato concern, and thoro is no law compolling Govornors of Btatos to notify the Dopartmont of Justico of tho ebb and flow of Btate financos, the jubilant Govornor, addrossos his communication to the Attornoy-Goneral of tho United Btates. Ho also snys ho has pald o largo amount of intorost—no loas than $800,000— which ought to lnve beon paid by “Gov. War- moth's ndwinistration, Divora and sundry porsons, Mayor Medill is informed, aro making extoneivo proparations to colobrato the Fourth by violating tho oity ordi- nances abont discharging firoworks, plstols, and other oxplosive things, He warna them, by proc- lamation, that to do soia to commita misdomen- nor, and cal!s upon tho polico to arrost any such offondors. Not to bs too hard upon the boys, ho allows thom full liberty in the public parks and in opon spaces remote from buildings. To dls; charge firearms, fire-crackers, firo-works, or any oxplosive or combustible material in any othor plnco within tho city limits, is an offenso on tho Tourth, a8 on auy othor day, and will subjoct tho offonder to arrest and fins, Mr. Chisrlos Soymour, of tho LaCrosso Repub- lican, thinks it is the duty of tho pross to take off from tho Northorn Paciflc Iailway Company “tho sharks, cobras, anncondas, tigors, and wrockers"" who havo fastoned thomsclves upon it. If thore be any euch menagoris attachoed to tho Company, 1t is undoubtedly tho dutyof somobody to take thom off, but wo do not soo how tho press is going to doit. It would ap- poar that the Compnny itsolf was more interosted in taking thom off than tho presa or anybody olso. If they are retainod for the puarpose of making a push on Congross to get o subsidy, ora Gov- ornment indoracment of tho bonds of tho Com- pouy, the monagerio will not bo worth 10 conts on the dollar. Thoy will all eat their hoads off bofore Congroas passos the bill, - — The jury in the Walworth caso did not bolisye that young Walworth came to New York with the intontion of killing his father, and, in accordance with the intorprotation of the Jaw givon them by Judge Davis, found him guilty of murdor in tho second degreo, or of having killed bis father intontionally, but with- out premoditation, Judge Davis brought ont some iritoresting doctrino in his charge, which was very olaborato, lasting throe hours. There ‘wore, ho 8aid, no such crimos a8 matricide, patri- cido, or fratricide known to the law. In killing his fathor, Frank Walworth was guility of no greator logol offense’ than in killing a stranger. His fears for hig mother's life werono justifica- tion for his crime, which could flnd patlistion only in foars for his own life. ‘Neither Judge nor jury scom to havo paid much attention to tho ploa of insanity. Tho Chieago produce markots were irregular yostorday, Bless pork was quict and 206 higher, at $14.40@14.60 per brl. . Lard wan dull and 6@ 10c por 100 Ibs lowar, at.$8.00 cash, and $8.20@ 8.25 soller August. Meats wero quiot nud 3o highar por Ib, at 6@63¢e for shoulders; 8@ 8 for ehiort riba; 8)@8}o for ahort clear, and 10@19}o for eweot pickled hams. Highwines wore uctive ond unchanged at 88 por gallon. Lake froighta wero quiet and a thade firmor, at 530 for corn to Buffalo. Flour was dull and unchanged. Whoat woa leas active and onsier, olosing at §1.163¢ sollor tho month, ond $L184@1.18%¢ soller August. Corn wag active, and averaged 1o higher, closing weak ot 34@34}fo cosh, and 87360 sellor August. Oats wore lesa active, and 3¢@5¢c lower, closing at 28}ge. Ryowas quictand firm at 6lo. Barloy was quiet and stronger, at 66@G0o for poor to good No. 2. The hay market wos fairly activo, ond firm at yestorday's advanco, with salos at 84.20@4.65. Tho cattlo and sheop markots wera stendy. S—— It is ramored on 'Change that n warohouso re- ceipt for corn, issued by one of the hot-corn olovators, was presonted at said elovator yestar- dny or the duy bofore, and no corn, either hot or ocold, or not s snfficiont mmount .to fill tho ro- celpt, was found thore. It is atated further that the holder of tho recoipt was offered othor recelpts for “hot com® in another alovator, which, tho holder declined to take, as his rocoipt called for sound No. 3 corn. Tho presumption is, that the propriotor of the elevator had shipped tho com out, hoplng to compromise with tho ownars of the property aftorward. If tho owners usist upon thoir Jogal rights in the ‘prowmiscs, wo shall probably hear more about tho cago, Mennsvhilo wo shall assume the elovator in question ncoded ropairing, and that what would othorwiso bo a flagrant viclatlon of the ‘Warehouse Inw may bo pallintod somewhat by tho necessity of gotting tho corn out in o hurry, The ponalty for removing grain from warehouse, without tho aurrondor of the recoipt or the written consent of the owner, is a fine of 81,000 and imprisonmont in the Penitontiaty not ex- cooding five yeara, . X ——— The Supremo Court of Minnosots having de- cided that tho act of tho Logislature of that State proseribing & tariff ‘of ratos to bo charged for firat-class froights on the railronds is constitu- tional, an appen bns beon taken oy an agreed caso to tho Bupremo Court of the United Btatos, On Monday last, thosame question cama up bo- foro tho Unitod States Civeuit Court at 8¢, Paul. Mr. MeTirath, who has boen appointed by that Court Recolvor of tho Sonthern Minnesotn Ruil- road, potitionad tho Court for instructions as ta complying with tho State law. Ilo ropragentod that tho law of' Minuccota was & vory imporfoot and incomploto aot, and that, £0 fur au it prosoribed ratos for tho trumsporta- tion of froight, was destructive of tho buginess of that road. Ho ropresontod that, if he.compliod with tho law, tho roccipts would not covor the oxponses, and the corporation was already bank- rupt. The Court, Judge Dman, doclined order- ing the Rocolvar to disobey £h6 act af the Togis. lature, confirmed as it hnd boen by tiro supreme Conrt of the Stato, Ifthe Legmslature wus clinrg~ ed with only an infringomont of the State Conati® tution, ho would not hosltato to order that the dacision of the Btate Qourt he obsorved ; but in thia caso the question was whother the Logisla- ture infringes upon rights whioh ate under the protootion of tho Conutitution of the Unitod Btates. Upon this polut ko anid : » Tho Federal Constitution protoots all contracts from Teginlutivo or Judfcial . fnvaslon on tho part of the Biates, and logislativo clisrtera aro contracts * within tlio menning of tho Conatitution, and the question is, whothior thia legialatlon doen invado chartored righta of tho companics, Thia fa & Foderal queation, ono ‘whosa ultimate solution and final soitlement resls, and rests alone, with tho Bupreme Qourt of the United Btates, Upon such question {ho docislona of tho Stalo courls bave a porsuasivo or argumentstive, but not binding or authoritative, fores, Tho Court added that, until tho question shnll ba decided by tho Supremo Conrt of the United Btatos, it would allow the Rocolver to follow hi own judgment, while it would allow suits against tho Recelver to recovor back any oxcoss in frolght chiargos. Tho Coart did not wish 1t underatood that it had any fixed opinion that thoro waa any middlo ground botsreon the abso- lute right of tho companics to fix thelr own componsstion and the absolato right of tho Loglslaturo to presoribo their componeation. It oppoars that tho cnso of appesl from tho Bu- premo Conrt of the Btate is now docketed at Washington, and will be argued thoro at tho noxt torm. On tho 20th of June, the Hon, David A, Wolls delivered an address boforo tho Cobden Club, at Groonwiol, England, the most material portion of which wo publish clsowhoro. In the conrso of his romarks he alluded to tho enhanced cost of transportation csusod by tho ozorbitant tarif- on stool rails. Tho noedless and unnccessary tax thuslaid npon one of the trunk lines leadlng out of Chicago (tha Michigan Contral, we pro- sumo,) for stool ralls is stated to bo $2,000,000, ypon which intorost at 8 per cont, or $160,000 por annum, must_bo paid in porpotuity. Pald bywhom ? Obviously by thoso whoso property {s transportod over the road. Tho enhanced cost of o first-class possongoer car, causod by tho tariff, i from 1,000 to $1,600. Tho not rosults of tho past ten years of Protection are thus guccinctly stated by AMr. Wells: * With overy possible advantage in its favor, it has swept the commerco of tho United Btates from tho ocean, deatroyed tho export trado in respoct to nearly all tho manufactured produots, harnased and voxod tho entiro moreantilo community, im- povorishod the agriculturist, unequally affoated tho dlstribhtion of wealth, and, by incroasing the cost of all the tools and implements of produc- tion, imposed & tax on tho whole natlon &o griov- ous that its forther continuance hes becomo almost & matter of impossibility.” THE NEW ORLEANS DUEL. ‘Thoe recent ducl in Now Orloans is but another Dloody result of tho political usurpation begun 1nst November by Kellogg, Durell, and Hawking, and forcibly maintsined by tho Prosident in defianco of the romonstrances of every unproju- dioed man of overy party in tho country. Tho focts leading up to this duel may bo thus briefly stated, from the reports made by Senators Car- pontor, Logan, Morton, Trpmbull, IIll, An- thony, aud Aleorn, Thero was no differcnce of opinion among those Sonatora es to tho facts, and all of thom united in donouncing tho usarpntions of Durell as dlsgracefnl, and with- out pxcuso or apology. When the eloction of last November was over, and it bocsme protty woll Ikmown that DMcEncry and tho ticket supported by the combination of Democrats, Ropublicans, and Liberals opposed to Kollogg had beon elected, thero was an immodiate move- ment to dofoat tho logel dcclaration of the ro- sult. The Board of ofiicers provided by the then oxisting law, to.canvass and declare the resulf, conaisted of Clov, Warmoth, Licut.-Gov. Pinch- back, Acting-Sccrotary, of Stato Herron,; John Lynch, ‘and T, 0. Andorson. This Board mot Nov. 14. On ‘e eamo dsy, Gov. Warmoth xo- moved Herran from offico, uppainting John Wharton in the placo, making the Iattor & mom~ ber of tho Board. Pinchback and Anderson, baving boen candidates at tho olection, wore ox- cluded by law from sorving. Warmoth and ‘Wharton, being o majority, clected Mossrs. Hatch and Daponte to fill the vacancy, while Lynch and Herron (tho lattor rofusing to be romoved) clocted James Longstreot and Jacob Hawking, Tho resalt was the organization of two Boards, tho Warmoth one having exclusive poasession of the returns, Among other offices fillod at the clection was that of Judgo of tho Eighth District Court. This place was hold by Judge Dibblo, tompo- rarily, untila successor should bo elected. At the eloction, the Bonato Committeo report that Judge Elmoro was olected in placo of Dibbls by 9,000 majority. Lynch appealed to Dibble for an ivjunction to restrain tho Warmoth Board counting tho votes, which Dibble grantod. Theroupon Warmoth commissioned Elmore ny Judgo, and he took possession of tho Court. At this polnt, Judgo Durell and tho United Statos troops interfored. Itis unnccessary to rocount the soveral stops of their proceading. Tho SBon- ato Committeo urged that tho Kellogg Govern- mont installed by Duroll's usurpation and tho Lynch-Hawkins fraud should bo sot aside, asa menna of averting clyil war, T'he Loglslature erectod by Durollly order, and aelectod by Lynch and Hawkins, amony its first acts sbolished the Eighth Distriot Court, of ‘which Elmore was Judgo, and croated s new “Buperior” Court. To this Oourt Kollogg, or Acting-Gov. Pinchback, appointed Jacob Haw- king, ono of tho Lynch Board, ns Judge. In Tobruary last, tho Picayune published tho roport of tho United States Bonato Committeo, and contonded that a8 Iawking' Court was tho actk of & Logislaturo cronted by fraud, it could have no logal oxstonco ; appealed to tho moembers of thoe Barnot to rocognizo it as o court; stylea Hawking *a Lostard Judgo of a bastard court areatod by o bestard Logislaturo ;! and, rofor- ring to Hawking' oflicial acts ne a mombor of tho Lynch Board, rnid ho was “a compound of porfidy and porjury,” and that he had boon bribed with o judicial ofico to porform tho ncts ho hnd dono. For ths Hawking brought suit for libol in tho court of ono B. I, Lynch, aJudga who had been declarod by Hawkius to have beon oloatod, ‘Thio first ovent that Justifid tho prodiotion of tho Bonate Committeo was the bloodshed at Colfax, Grant Parish, whore 100 persons wero killed to maintain the great crimo of Durell and tho Lynch-Ilawking fraud, The next {s tho donth of ox-Judgo Cooloy, out of which othors will pos- sibly follow. Tho jury woro coerced into finding a verdiot for Hawking, becauso, aa Lynch himself held offlco a8 a result of the Hawkins fraud, ho could not consent that Hawkins' conduct should be imponohiod. Notwithstanding tho Intonse ox- citomont in Now Orleana attonding and follow- . ing tho trial, thhe Picayuno caonot be justificd in its comments upon the spoech of Judgo Coo- ley, who was Hawlung' counsol. But whatover joffense tho Picayune committed in this re- apeck Wes offsoy by Judge Cooley's THE CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUN 4 ¢ THURSDAY, JULY 3, 1873, lottor to tho pnbll) In which| he Qoliboratoly invited tho ohnllongo which ho 'sub- soquenitly rocoived. . That lottor. ho closod s followa: -“I publish him (Ilhutl) to tho plople of Now Orloana na on unmllluntml cnlllmnintnr, & deliborato and willful folelfior, s ntiful dodger, and withn), & thorough-paced braggart.” Thors ¢an bo no mistaking tho intention of uaing this language. Qooloy was a heliover in the “codo;" Lo lad slrondy nappenred in the “flold of honox;" ho know that this languago would, and intended that it .should, provoke n challengo; Lo knew that Rhott conld not live in Now Orloans tinloss ho chinllonged him, Tooh- nienlly, Rhott wao tho challongor, but in ]mcl Cooloy wns tho renl proposor of o rosort toarms, Each man went to tho fleld intend- ing to Kill the othor. That Cooley ‘alono was killod was a contingoncy merely, Tho fact thiat no unduo advautngo was takon, and that both partios wero consonting, may in some sonso mitigate the orimo, but it was, novertholess, s murder. No'man can Jawfully put his lifo at stako ; ho cannot consent that his unlawful kill- ing shall bo treated as justifinblo. Both theso men mot with murderous intent, and the saori- fico of one of thom is but another crime added to tho long list beginning with and resulting from the usurpation and despotism eorocted at Now Orloans, and upheld and maintained by the writ« ton ordors sf tho President of tho Unitod States. GOVERNMENT PURCHASE OF RAILROADS, It is at once of intorcet and importance to fol- low tho discussion now taking on tho proposed Government pichase of rafl- roads, Nany peoploin this country look for- ward to Stato control as the only solution of tho railrond problem. Lord Dorby has rocently placed himsolf on record against tho propesed purchiase in Great Britain; and, though tho smallor extegt of torritory and differont char- actor of Govornmont in England render the pro- Joot more foaaiblo thero than here, the roasons ‘which ho haa givon why it would bo impolitio to ally the railway system to the Government aro of forco in thelr application to both countries. The immediate complaints of lish pooplo ogainst’ tho prosont raflroad management aro: Excossive cherges com- pared with the ' cost of conveyance; arbitrary ratos imposod upon cartain placos ss compared with othors, or what wo call diserimination; injury to the intorests of commorco by a lack of unity in manogemont ; & refusal to print a lst of chargoa from station to atation of the soveral classos of goods. Thoovila of which tho English people complain are materially the samo as those of which our poople complain; but the danger which i8 most apprehended by tho loadors who advocato the Govornment purchase of tho roads is that of stoady amalgamation, until tho entire railroad systom of tho country shall be under tho control of a fow. gront corporations, Mr. Charlea Francis Aloms, snd some othor ominent geuntlomon in this country, rofuso to rogard this prospoct in the light of o danger, and claim that the unity of managomont and decreaso of operating oxponditures would cheapen transportation, Tho advocates of Gov- ornment purchase in England have turned this argument to thoir own favor, holding that unity of managemont and decroase of oxpenges can bo sttainod inno othor way so thoroughly. This was the principal point mado at a special moot- ing of tho Bocloty of Arts jn London, Juno 18, and it callod out o speech on tho other side from Lord Derby, who prosided. Theo estimated cost of tho railways of England to tho Govornmont, 8o long 8s tho Governmont sooks tho purchaso, s £1,000,000,000, or, in round numbers, §5,000,000,000. Earl Derby con- cedos from tho outsct that the Governmont can mako tho purchaso; that is, this amount of monoy may be added to tho Government debt, if the pooplo dotormino that it shall bo dono. But ho fluds in this increaso of the nationnl dobt ono of the main objections to tho pur- chase. Ho has remarked that overy decade pro- 8onts a notable incrense in the public indobted- ness of all European nations ; and, while this tendency is manifestly dangerous, the hagard of edding £5,000,000,000 to the dobt of Groap Britain is not to bo hastily incurred. T'ho Lon- _don Times maltcs tho point that the dobt wonld not actunlly bo increasod by the purchase of railroads, because tho Government would go- quire property representing tho value of the nominal increase, Tho answer to this is, that the property would not roprescnt tho amount of incroase, sinco tho Government would pay too high o prico for it in the boginning, and dlacount profits tha¥ may nos be forthcoming uwnder Government manage- ment and popular influcncos The ' people would bo likely to domand rates so low that tho oarnings would not pay the interest on the in- creaso of dobt. In that case the dobt would be actuslly as well as nominally inoreased. If, in addition to this, the timo shall como whon somo other and more dosirable mode of transportas tion will supplant tho uso and profit of railroads, o8 railronds have supplanted canals (and who shall say that this timo will not come?), tho Governmont would not only havo ndded £5,000,- 000,000 to its indebtodnoss, but have sustained a Joss of that amount, which shonld have been divided among the private oapitalists who in- vested in rallrond enterprises and enjoyed tho profits. or thoso and othor roasons that might be miontioned, the cost of railrosds to tho Govornment would ropresent an Increaso of tho national dobt to that amount, and the volun: tary nsaumption of #0 cnormous an increase by any Governmont {s dangerous when the tendoncy is toward an increaso undor the existing stato of thinga, One of the strongoest polnll made by Lord Russell was the offect nl Government ownership of tho raliroads at a timo of national doclino or genoral monotary doprossion. The advocacy of CGovernment purchaso soems to contemplate a conatantly upward tondonoy; but the faot is that, whon “financial crisos should come, the railway rocoipts would fall off contemporano- ously and proportionatoly with national rocoipts from taxation and all other mources, With ovory additional intorost ncquired sud evory new responoibilily assumed, the QGovern- ment oxposos Itsolf more and mora to tho burden of hard times, and its resourcos beaomo more and moro diminishod at tho vory time whon the loss is most seriously folt, In times of prosperity, tho inoroased re- #ources of the Covernmont from tho.railways ‘would croate s popular domand for an extonsion of favillties, and the” surplus would thus be in- vostod; so that, when the hard times ghould como, tho Government wounld bo peorly pre- parad to sustain the Incroasod domand upon ity rospousibility and the decreased supply of Its rovenuo, Another forcible objection to the pro- Jootis found in the attitude which the State wonld bo constrained to assume in the growing controversy betwoen Inbor and oapltal, _Tho-Governmont assumption of ails laco in England* tho i Eng-'| would.add sovoral lundrad thousnnd' om- ployosto tho Olvil Bervice, Theso employon would bo'mostly Inborors, and tho Btato would bocome the Iargost omployer in the land. It would be forcod, theroforo, to taka sldod In . controvorsy which throatens to bo one of tho florcont Imown to modern times. Tho: United States Govorn- ment's adoption of tho Elght-Hour law is n innt tor of comparativo insignificanco. to what it would Lo it the Governmont woro oporating all tho raitroads in’ tho country. Inglaud has pur- sued tho wiso polioy of non-intorforonco in tho ocontoat batweon oaplial and lnbor so far, but the Issuo would bo forced diroctly Into politics as soon a4 tho Govornmont shiould become the om- ployor of roveral huudred thonsand additional Inborors. If the Governmont ehould yield to {he demand that would bo sure to bo mado for on Increnso of wages and shorter hours, a largo hole would be mado in thorailrond recoipta; it it rofuscd to ylold in tho firat instanco, it is more thon likely that o political crisis would bo pro- olpitated which would lead to this result soonor or later. Moreover, Lord Dorby says that a rail- way ndminlstmtlon, omploying soveral hundred thousand mon and controlling soveral thonsand milllons of capital, would bo cortain to bocomo an imperfumin imperio. It would bo Impossiblo to separato it from polltical partics, and tho de- mandsof constituoncles would soon bocomo the groot moving power of tho onormous machine. Ho pointed to Franco in illustration, whero, since the timo of Louis Philipae, the constituon- clos which hiave had ropresontatives favorable to tho Gbvornmont havo sooured all the publio worka they wanted, and thoso in the opposition have had nothing. TLord Dorby also belioves that the purchase of the railways would nocosal- tato the purchase of the canals, steamboats, and dooks, and gave good reasons for his improssion. Ho was in favor of a gronter Government con- trol of railways, though he did not indicate any plan, but, as to tho purchase, thought it bottor to ; Doar those ills we have, ‘Than fly to otliera wo know not of, The project for the Government purchase of ‘ raflronds in this country hns takon no such dofl- nite shapo as in England, but it is looked for- ward to by so many that tho strong argumont mado againet it by Lord Derby should commond iteclf to tho public. All that he has said of Government purchaso in England applies to this country; and thero aro many objections of speolal application horo which do not apply in England. THE FISHERIES, ‘The vexed questious which gave rise to tho Troaty of Washington are now happily sottled. Tho arrangements for tho paymont of tho Goneva Aword havo been mado by the British Parlis- mont, notintho most smiablo mannorto bo sure, but in a straight-forward, business-like way., Tho Presidont has furthermoro issued his proclamation to tho offcet that Lo has beon offi- cially notifled that tho British and Dominion Pare liaments havo adopted tho nocessary legislation to placo thoso parts of tho troaty in oporation relativo to tho flsherics and commereial inter- courso botween the United Btates and the Do- minion. This now compact which went mnto effect on. Tucsday last gives vitality to Articles 18 t0 25 and Articlo 80, and the Sccrotary of tho Frensury has issued a circular to the Collectora of Customs explaining theso articles, which aro now, therefore, of genoral intorest. The eoigh- toenth articloe guarantecs American fishormon the right to take fish of overy kind, except sholl- fish, salmon, and shad (which are rosorved for the Britich fishormon), in tho Dominion waters, and also to land upon Dominion soil for the pur- poae of drying nats and curing fish, Tho nine- teenth articlo guarantees to British fishormen tho samo rights on the onstern sea-consts and shores of tho United States, north of tho thirty-ninth paralicl of north latitudo, and makes the samo oxcoptions, neither article making any reatric- tions ns to tho distance from shore, The twonty- first articlo provides that fish-oil and fish of all kinds, oxcopt thoso of tho inland lakes and of the riyers falling into thom, and oxcept fish pro- sarved in oil, being the produce of tho flsheries of tho United States or of tho Dominion of Canads or of Princo Edward's Island, shall bo admitted into ench country respoctively free of duty. The noxt four articles provide for the appointmont of a Commission to detormino tho -emount of compensation which the United States should pay to Groat Britain in considoration of the fact that tho priviloges granted by Great Britain aro moro valuablo than those which are in turn re- caived by hor. Theso Commissionors aro to be throo in numbar, ono to bo named by the United States, the second by Great Britain, and the third by tho United Statos and Groat Britain conjoint- ly. In caso tho two powers should not agroo, thon thothird Commissionor will be named by the diplomatic roprosontative of Austrin In London, The thirtioth articlo provides that English subjects may carry in English vestols, without psyment of duty, goods and morchan- diso from ono port or place in tho United Btatos, on the B, Lawrenco Rivor or on the great lakes, to another’ port or placoin the United States, provided that a portion of tho transportation is mado through Canada by lond-carriago and in bond. Citizens of tho United States aro also guaranteed the samo privilege from one place in Catiadn to snother, on tho samo condition, and’ tho two Governmouts furthor engage not to im- poso any export duty on goods carried through Canada or tho Unitod Btatos under tho provisions of this articlo. » The provisions of the treaty relative to tho fisherics remain in forco for the period of ton years from thq datos ot which thoy como into oporation, which will bo until July 1, 1889 ; and further, according to the thirty-third article of tho treaty, “untilthe expiration of two yoaraaftor cithor of the high contracting partios shall have given notico to the othior of its wish to torminnte tho samo; oach of the high contracting partios bolog st liberty to give,puch notice to the othor at thooud of tho enid poriod of ton years, or at any time aftorward” As far as Groat Dritain and tho United States aro concernod, thore will probably bo n feoling of gonoral satiafaction with the operation of theso olausos of the treaty. Itishardly to be expooted, however, that tho poople of tho Domlulon will submit without manifosting con- siderable dissatisfaction, innemuchas the Mother Country hold out somo valuable inducoments to obtain the necossary legislation by the Domin- ion, in ordor to place the troaty in oporation, which Lave not boen realized, Oune of those inducements was an indirect promise of aid to tho Cauadian Pacific Road. Its agonts huve beon in Fngland for somo timo seoking help, which is not yot fortheoming, both the peoplo and Govornmont of that country boing at prosont moro interosted in Asintic than Canadian railroad schemes, This, however, is & mat~ ter for England and tho Dominlon to settlo, 'he treaty is in operation and will bo I foreo fox fou years, and our flshat« " mon ‘a6 now. froo to go a-fishing .in Dvminlnn wators without mulnntnuan, and are'rio longer compolled to moasuro thiolr afstanga’ from aborg boforo thoy ‘onub thelr llnos,. And wlm s annus for tho Ameriosn fishierman fs aiico for tho Ca- nadisn flsherman also. With le now advantagos which our fishormon possoés, o now impotus will bo given to thoir business; and thoy will bo tho gninors theroby, That tho Yaukoo skippora wilt! improve their opportunitics. there can bo no doubt ; and, an soon a8 thoir flocts of Amacks got lntu Cnnndian wators, thoy will mako it live- Hor than ovor boforo for Canndian cod, lmidock. and halibug, HOW PROTECTION PROTECTS. An Olio farmer, whose wool olip this yoar will not yiold him as much ns it ‘3id last yonr, and who is losing faith in protection, ook, “!Why should not agrioultural labor bo protected aa woll as factory labor?” Tho fact is, factory labor i not protocted, nor is it tho object of Purpozo of protection to protoct labor. Tho end eought by protoction is to make the’ production of tho manufactured articlo profitablo to tho capital Invested in the businoss. If the profits of protection wore divided among the laborors, thoro would be no advantsgoe to tho oapltaliat, and capital ‘is ossential to manufactures. That proteciion does Incrongo tho wages of cortain porsona Is truo, but it is also truo thay tho fncresss in the ocost of Iliving rosulting from protoction is 8o much groater thon tho Inoreaso of wagos, that the wages ofa protected laborer will not purchaso aa ‘much of tho necessaries of lifo as his wagos would doif thero wero no protection, A man recolving €500 annually for hia Inbor may, under cortain fa~ vorable circnmatances, havo his wagoes sdvanced under & general protoctive polioy 25 per cent, or to $626; but if tho cost of his food, his own clothing and that of hia family, his houso ront, fuel,and all othor expenses of living, bo advancod 40'por cent, thon hin 8025 will not purchnso as much of these ag, in the sbsence of protection, his 8500 would have dono. To pur- chngo of protectod goods the same quantity that ho formorly purchasod for his §500, the workman would requirc §700; and, consoquent- 1y, protection robs him of 876, or 16 per cent of his 9600, under tho protenso of ralsivg it to 8625, A Boston organ of the rnuuulwtuxum, by way of extolling tho wondorful benefita of proteo- tion, statos tht at tho olose of 1878 there will bo 142 paper-mills in oporation in Massachu- sotts, with o capital of £10,000,000, producing paper worth $18,500,000, and giving employmont 0 0,207 poreons. From tho consus roturnas of 1870 it appears that the average wages paid in Massachugotts to hands ongeged in paper-milla 18 8405 o yoar oach, and the proportion of wages s to the cost of production 13 8-10 por cout, That is to say, for overy $1 worth of pnpor pro- duced 183¢ conts waas pnid for Iabor. Tho pro- portion peld for matorials was - 65 por cont, leav~ ing 212-10 por cont to bo accounted for. De- ducting 5 2-10 por cont for extraordinary oxpen- dituros, thero is 16 per cont of tho proceods loft for dividends. - Now, if theso proportions be ap- plied to tho caso of the 142 papor-mills in Massa- chusetts, wo have tho following results : ExTentad for mataney 87 pataons, . lixtrnordinary expons Profit on product. . 2,951,715 VAIO OF PIOAUCE.0varvere vrornrer . vos S18,600,000 If thess proportions bo correct, thon thore are £2,951,716 to bo divided among the holders of the $10,000,000 capital invested, and it is just hero where tho protection comes in. The sum of 2,951,716 is o fraction over 203¢ per cont. Con- gross, by law, for tho purposo of “protecting " tho manufacture of paper, has authorized tho manufecturora practically to add largely to tho prico of thelr goods, and, of course, thoy doso. Henco tho large profit on tho capital, ‘Tho comparative value of protected labor and protocted capital Is chown in the result that, while ecach lnborer gots $405 n year out of which ho has to support himsclt and thoso deo- pondent on him, onch $1,875 of capital roceives tho liko sum of $405 ag its carnings for the yoar, The result aimod at in protection in thus shown. The laborer and $1,875 of capital oarn precisely tho samo smount of wages in the courss of one yoar. It is but justice to say that protection often overroachos itsclf, Excited by the inordinate profita it affords, capital is withdrawn from losa productive pursuits, and is put in paper-milla; um amount of papor produced is excessive, com- pnmlnn 1a activo, thoe prico of papor falls, stocks on hand deprociato, end ono-half the mills ovont- ually becomobankrupt. Tho remainderagainhave a prosporous time and large profits,when there is anothor oxpausion of the businoss, another loss, and 8o onuutil the end, In the meantime the leborer is tho victim of sll this inflating and un- honlthy stimulation, AN AMERICAN TIOHBORNE, A very intorosting case has rocontly been de- voloped in Orogon, which in somo respects ia parallol to tho English Tichborno caso. Both tho motivo and the moana aro the same, although the romanco of the English caso is wanting, and the Amorican claimant hns not wandored so far *aa the butcher, Orton, nor has ho been the horo of g0 many advontures. Curiously, also, the ro- sult thus far hies boon 'similar. Tho English claimant fs now an trial for perjury; tho Amiori- can claimant hos also boon indicted upon the same chargo. In 1816, o man by tho namo of Josoph Thomns marrled Elizabeth Carruthors in Teuncsseo. Two yoara aftorwards, Thomas abandonod his wifo ond two childron. Tho wifo thon resumed hor maiden namo, and in tho coursa of n fow yoars emigrated to tho banks of the Willamotto River, noar Portlaud, Orogon, whoro tho family. took up somo land, In course of timo thoy bocamo wenlthy, partly by tho Incronso in tho value of tho land and partly by trading. The mother dicd in 1850 and afterwnrds tho ohildron, They hiad roported that the father was dead, and that thoy hnd no rolatives in Amorica. Meanwhile, tho rolatives had lost all track of the family, and did not learn anything of tho property untit govoral claimants appeared, Al of these olaim- ants, howover, woro demurred out of court, ona aftor tho other. In 1870, a dosporato attompt was mado to got posscesion of the property by threa mon in Oregon, W, 0. Johnson, n lawyer ; J. M. Moore, and Greon O, Davidson, * Thoso men went to Bt. Louls, and found a man in that city, named Josoph Thomas, or *Wrestling Joo," who was making a liviug by solling ples on tho loveo, Thoy drossed him up, and bad his photograph taken, Thoy then got a desd from him for tho property, whiok was acknowledged in 8t. Louls, the parties afirming that thoy know * Wrestling Joo," and vouohing for him, Thoy thon took him to Portland, whero thoy filed the doed and instituted legal . procesdings to main- tain thoir claim, They claimed tho entire Car- rutheraproporty,and * Wrostling Joo " sworathat howeg tho father of Fiwice, the dauglter of The facts aro about as follows = Mra, Carriithors, and thnt o hnd hoon roduesd to boggary. "Tho foal dolrs, howovor, mwore -polnt-blank that ¢ Wrostling’ Joo” did .riot an- swer tho dosaription of tho ranl Thoman, olthor In ‘ngo or In' nny partioulsr of plysique. Pablic ‘opinion, a8 In the "ich- borno case, arrayed {tsclf for and ngainst the claimant, and eminont: lawyers wers employod on both sldes,’ Tho oaso, howovdr, oventually roachod an tinoxpootod denouemont, aa apponrs from o lottor from ex-Gov. Gibbs, of Ore- gon, recdntly rocolved hy Il inokley, Euq., of Bollevillo, - 111,, from wlfoh it apponrs that **Wroatling Joo " ins boon proven to o gno David- son, who broko jail iu 8t Clair County, Iil,, in 1825; that ho turned up in Alabama in 1834, whoro ho womt by tho name of Nixon, nnd that ho married snd taipod o family thero. Tho Alabama wifo appoared in Portland, whereupon the old man coufesnod his share in the fraud. Tho tables aro now turned, and * Wrostling Joo™ and his follow- conepirators Lnve boon indicted, and must atand thelr trial for porjury. - And _thus, onds tho Amorican Tichborno easo. Meanwhile, no ono sooms to know whother tho renl Josoph Thomas 1 alivo or doad, 8o that the - caao is still involved in myatery, The Consus Returns report only 841 deaths in 1870 from dyspopsin, out of a total of 492,268 doaths, while thero wero 833 donths from this discano In 1860 out of o total of 894,163, This would {ndicato that dyspopela is on the decline in Amoriea, which common observation is. suf- clont to disprove. The Now York World oxplaing the apparont contradiction by an oxamination of the roturna of o group of diseasos of tho dya- poptic clags, which forms o long list, and con- cludes that ot least ono-third of tho deaths ona- morated undor it wovo from dyspepsin. On thia basis it is found that tho deaths resulting from disenses of tho digestive organs have increasod 100 por cont fu proportion to the total number of deaths over thoso of'1860. Gonfirmatory statistles are found in tho incroase of the products of dontlstry, which is 200 per cont over thoso of 1860, Tho uso of thin'illus- tration is warrantod by tho effact of dyapopsin on the teoth. This s nlso truo of tho consump. tion of pntent nostrums, which are Iargely usod for dyspoptio nffcations, and which aro found to hiave Inorensod 200 por cont over and abovo tha allowanco for enhancemont of values. Of inti- mate connection with this subjoct is the fact that one person aut of overy12.5 is homoless, and the probabllity that holt of the homoloss people livo in boarding-houses. Anothor curious coms patation that hag a boaring on tho subject fa ‘that which shows an oxecsa of $7,702,083 in bakory statistics, reprosenting the manufactura of pastry, which gives an annual consumption of 50,000,000 pios, or 200,000,000 slices of pios, inthis country. This, in connection with the in- crease in the consumption of whisky and con- fectionery, will suflico to account for the pallida mors which goes atalking through tho land, stamping dyspopuia on the cheoks of about Lalf tho mon aud women it meots, f —en : Tho distractions of political affaira in Louisi- ans. scem to charactorize all other affaira in that Btate. Tho Bchool Board of ‘New Orleans recently dismissed Mrs. K. B. Bhaw, the Principal of the High School in that city, for alloged insubordination in not recognizing one Mr., W. G. Brown, tho Kollogg Btate Superintendont of Public Instrug- tion, with propor courtesy, Brown submittod s statoment to the Board that he visited the High Bchool and asked sovaral questiona of Mra. 8haw, to which ho simply rocoived the answer, “Yos," ond that hobad no chair offored him, and that tho lady’' in fact idn't mcom ploased to seo him. Mrs. Shaw, in tumn, sub- mitted o counter-statement, in which she avorred that sho didn’t know Brown, and that, a8 he camo into hor school without snnouncing himsolf in any way, and commonced to talk to hor in & vory abrupt manner, sho felt indignant, and lot him shift for himsolf. Tha lady says, in closing hor staternont: ‘'*In conclusion, I must roapecttully remark that I cannot geo or admit of the propriety of allowing any stranger to quter the portals of & achool without proper in- troduction by some geutloman known to the Principal. Courtosy of this kind is espocially due to an institution such as this, which is at~ tonded by upwards of 200 young ladies.” Not- withatanding her statoment, Brown succeeded in gotting hor dismisacd, although she hud boona faichful and successful teacher for twenty-aix years, Brown got his potty revonge; but this will not prevent people who have any knowledga of what courtesymoeans from pronouncing Brown & boor, who was very proporly robuked for his 111 manners, and Mrs, Shaw] & Indy of cloar grit, who kuew how to toach tho boor a good losson in tho propriotios, e ————— Bome time ago, Mra. Avery D. Puinam, the widow of tho man murdored by Fostor, obtained o veordict of £5,000 from tho Boventh Avenue Btroot-Railway Company for damages sustained in tho death of hor husband. Tho case was ap~ poaloed to the Genoral Bessions of the Buperior Court, whore the verdict hns beon afirmed. This declsion is important by placing stroot-rail- ways In tho olass of common carriors, and ro- quiring them to protoot their passongera from violence. Tho opinion of tho Court holds that the stroot-railway is roquired ‘not only to guard each passbnger from violonco and assault by its own ngonts and omployes, but from tho assnults and violenco of othor passongors carried in tho samo convoyance, and from other causea of dlscomfort or injury which could have beon rensonsbly snticipatod or proventod.” This do- owion is valunblo to pooplo everywhero who rido on horso-cars, It s tho custom of tha drivors, especially iu the one-horso cars, which have no conductors, to allow tho passengers ta do all the police duty, throw out disorderly charactors, and take caro of thomasolves gen« orally. Porhaps, in viow of tho decialon in tho Putnam oaso, tho managers will issuo instruc tlona to their omployes honcoforth to lond a w - hand in meintaining order aud protecting pas« gongors, In a recont dobate in the Gorman Parliamont, rolativo to contiuuing the appropriation for an Ambassador to tho Papal Ohalr, Prince Bismarck crontod o decidod oxcitoment and gavo gront sat~ fefaction to tho Ultramontanes by n speoch upon tho question, in which his viows wore do- cidodly at varinnca with his rocont aots in councction with Olurch questions, In Lig speoch, ho took tho ground that, whethor tho Popo wore a tomporal sovor elgn or not, tho nocessity for tho mission atill existod, and that ho confidontly looked forward to the timo whon tha rolationa botween the Popo and Germany would bo placed upon a friendly footing again, and tho mission would bosesuwaod Tho most zeatkehlo goncoselon