Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, March 9, 1873, Page 6

GO DAILY TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, B " East; thelucrative offices having been appropri- " This was plain robbery. . the War Departmient -show an increaze of TERMS OF THE TRIBUNE. - TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION (PAYABLE IN ADVANCE). 351 tho operatives, except in the caso of weavers, whosa work is donoin a standing position, which tends to produce debility, The sversge length of Lifeof tho Lai) X cann certainf R &Bzfl;mu 1588{%::&-” s operatives 0t be determined with oy ty, Parts of the same rate. on accountof the transitory character of the eraploy- ment {0 many cases, Girls of 15 enter tho mills, ro- main from one to four years, and then pass to other branches of industry, or to the duties of the housebold, Tho yeriod of the employment of malea s often still shotter. Te aro gradually becoming what the founder of Towoll never locked for, a permaneut body of fac- tory employee, composed partly of American, butb ‘more largely of Trish and -French-Canzdian’ clements, with English, Socotch, snd German blood com- mingled. Tho wages of females, clear of bard, were from $3.60 to $8.75 per woel, and of males from $1.20 0 ©2.00 per day. Itisstated that sbout ono- fourth save monoy and oné-fourth get into debt, tho remainder living up to their earnings. The prevalent’ vice of. Lowell is drunkenness, for which there wore 2,004 srrests last year. Tho roport concludes with the statement that, *on the whole, the condition or the factory employes of Lowell will compare favorably with that of other classes of factory operatives anywhere. At the same time, there is room for improvement in many ways, especially by reducing their hours of daily toil, and by increasing the facilities for their intelloctual dovelopment.” To prevent delay and mistakes, bo sure and givo Post ©fco zddress i fall, inclading State and County. Romittances may be made either by draft, axpross, Poat Offico ander, or in registered lotters, at our risk. TERMS TO CITY SUBSCRIDERS. Dally, doliserad, Sunday excoptod. S5 conts por wack, Dells, delivered, Studay fncladed, 30 cents por waek. Address THE TRIBUNE COMPANY, Corner Mréfson and Dearborn-sta., Chicago, . The Chicage Tribune, Sundoy Morning, IMarch 8, 1873. The war of the *’pathies” hes been renewed in Massschusetts, It will be remembered, per- haps, that, & year or 8o 2go, when the anti- ‘homeopathic majority of the State Medical So- ciety expellod somo of the bomeopathists, the Intter applied to the Supreme Court for mn in- junction. A decision has just been reached, and tho Court holds that they have no power to re- verse the rulings of the majority of the Sodioty, sud that the minority must submit. Another teresting struggle was in the militia. The Jorgeon-General of the State declined to permit 1+ hommopsathic doctor to serve a8 a regimental mirgeon. Thereupon therejected homeopathist \ad himself elected to the Legislature with the sarpose of sbolishing the office of Sargeon-Gen- sral of the Btate militia. His bill, it is reported, A28 also been dofeated. Thus far, the old school has decidedly all the advantages of the struggle. There is a rumor of a prospective removal «f aFedersl officer of this city, and of the ap- pointment of his sucvessor, which is important only in fllustrating one of the possibilities of our Civil Bervice os conducted at present. It saggests tho following bypotheticsl case: A relative. of o distinguished Senator ~and influential polifician in the East - desires & Foderal office commensurato with the claima of his relationship. There is no opening at the CRIME IN HIGH PLACES. The addrees which the Hon. Horatio Sey- mour, of New York, recently delivered beforo the National Prison Association, at Baltimore, ot The Csuses of Crime,” is published in fall in the current number of the Popular Science Afonthly. Mr. Seymour has certainly taken bold grounds. Ho deprecates the prevailing tendency to regard criminals ns exceptional men, who run counter to the curronts of society, as thorns in the body politic, which must be plucked out. This, he holds, is an error. Criminals are the outgrowth of society, sand in many respects the representative men of o conntry. *“Itis o hard thing to draw an in- dictment against a criminal,” says Mr. Scymour, #which isnot an indictment of tho communityin which he has lived.” His principlo is, that wrong-doing is the result of the influences per- vading tho social system, as pestilences are bred by malaria, and he confesses that he cen scarcely recall a'case in the thousands of prayers for pardon to which he has listened, whero he might not have fallen, had he been sabject to the samo influences, and presaed by the same temptations. Coming from & man whose per- sonal purity has never been questioned in o long life of public service, these uttcrances carry with them considerable weight, and yet they em- brace only & half truth. It is undoubtedly true that the circumstances surrounding human beings are largely instramental in determining their conduct. It is mot true, however, that poverty and obscarity are necessarily more op- posed to the forming of correct principles and the leading of a virtuous life, than wealth and pover. If ome wore asked whother the circam- stances surromnding tho slave Epictetus, or thoso surrounding the Emperor Marcus Aure- lins, were the more unfavorable for the practice of virtue and the exerciso of a perfoctly upright life, it would be a hard question to answer. In tho application of his doctrine, Mr. Seymour does not stop at the way-stations of crimo,—the saloons, the low resorts, and theinfluences which usually absorb the attention of preachers and roformers. He goes back to the fountain- bead,—the high places and iho oxalted classes that establish practices which become valgar 28 they descend, and criminal when thoy reach the poor and outcast. It is the greed for T v O W@y uich ha tho Broachies of phlin beius im0 lod t0 of wealth which incites tho specaliisation distorb the business intorosts of the ated by gentlemen of prior claims. Tho aspiraut “with relatives is thereforo advized to movetoa ‘Western city, where he is given & subordinate Tince in the Post-Office or Custom-Houso long enough to establish citizenship. When this time has elspsed, some ofiice-holder who. has ceniiod to be useful to the party, or has become objectionable on some other account, is removed, end his place is filled with the rising young man of influential relatives from the Enst. A par- ticuler caso of this kind was evidently over- lookedin the formation of the Civil Service rules, but it is mot of impossible occurrence even under these rules. There is reason to be- lieve that such a proceeding has been found more than once among *the ways that are darl, and the tricks that are vain” of far-sighted poli- ticians. Tt has the merit of ingenuity to recom- mend it to public attention. A summary of the Congreseional appropria- tions shows an increase of asbout £25,000,000 1n the public expenditures of the present year over those of the Iast year. The most remarka- ‘ble items are an increase of $1,500,000, owing to . the rifa in Congressional salaries just. beforé edjonrnment, extending over two years past. The expenses of néarly $8,000,000. Whether this waa. rendered ik cton_Sions, Modocs, the public is: 1oft to guess. - e Navy * expenses are increased nearly §4,000,000, pre- sumably for the purpose of maintaining ‘what competent, authority prononnces to bo one of | country; it is the gambling and ewindling of the most inefficfent navies now in existence. | the higher clneses that ultimately descend “Thoexponses of tho Post-Offico Department | to loaded dice snd confidenca gomes. are also fo. be . £4,000,000 greater, * in | The question aaked by society i5, how much & srite of . the sbolition of the -frank- | man is worth, and not how he scquired wealth, ing privilege. Tho “Sundry Civil Ex- | Themero question of intellectusl attainments “peuces " axo enlarged by about S12,000,000; tho | and information i set mbove the question for ::DAfldencxefl" :zy sbout £3,500,000; and the vhat purpose these acquirements are used. ,** Miscellanoous ™ by about - $2,000,000. Under | ¢ The most dangerous criminal,” says Mr. Sey- #heso lastthres itemsaroincladedmost of thepri- mour, “is the educated, intellectnal violator of “vate fobs and unwarranted expenses which Con- | 41, law, for he has all the resouices of gress did not daro to insart in the regular sppro- | art ot | his command,—the forces of me- {priations. For the taskof appropriating, somuch chanics, tho subtlety of chemistry, the knowl- saoro money than heretofore, the late industri- | edgo of men's wass snd passions” As ous aod virtuous Congress concluded that it was | gn fnstance of this, Lie makes tho statement that entitled to an'increase of pa; D our servant-girls resist more temptation than any other class in socioty. No illustration conld point mora clearly to the necessity for looking among the higher classes, among the rich and the educated, for the causes of crime, rather than among the poor, the lowly, and thoso Lnown 88 the dangerous classes. Alr. Seymour notices one eerions difficulty which America encountors in dealing with crime, which is, at tho same. time, & fruitful source of ‘the extension and variety ‘of criminal sots ngainst which our loeal governments mast combat. It is-the heterogeneous increase of our population at the rate of 300,000 peryear, or 1,000 per day. Thero Las -nover beén an ad vaoceof a grest army withont an accompai ment of crime and disorder; but hers is a con- tinuous advance altogether unparalleled in his- fory. While this immigration contributes enor- mously to the vigor,energy.industry, andstrength of our country, it would be strange if it &id not also bring with it new temptations for wrong- doing and new elements of crime. It also bur- dens and complicates our criminal jurisprudence. Germany makes its laws for German subjects, Frence for Frenchmen, England for English- men, Chioa for Chinamen, but America is called upon to control and assimilate a great variety of people, customs, languages, and re- ligions. In applying this partial excuso for the inefficient control of the criminal classes in New York City, however, Mr. Seymour does not neg- lect to state that “the discredit of that great city mainly springs from the snd fact that iis men of wealth,ass body, lack that gentine self-respect which leads to faithfal, high- minded performance of tho duties each citizen owes to tho public.” The very same sentiment, and a repetition of these same ‘words, apply with still greater force t0 tho American Congress of to-day, in tha influence it exerts ovor tho coun- try at large: This tracing of tho causesof crime to the higher examples and influences doea mof lead Mr. Seymour to advocating sny Teniency - in the treatment of criminals ‘of any class. Ho demands that the laws be prompt, stern, and certain in thoir action. Ho holds that certainty, rather than sevérity, carries with it a dread of pumshment. He deprecates equally the techni- calities of 1aw, which are allowed to impedo the wayof justice, and the spasmodio fluctuations of the public mind which rests supine and inactive ‘most of the time, only tobreak ont port saga: 5 oceasionally :n;lu“n ‘popular _x:r _that . .- |- then takes the e of judicial ress and Pt ety Temain dopi, e bt A5y L iality, The-result ; that we' Bave. mat ¢hero in 2oy effect, good or bad, .dustothe postare of |'that - stesdfast - and even’ adminjstration of ‘Tho phyeician who attended the dead McVeigh tegtifios that the dying man asked after fhe policeman whom he had battered with & club, end, when told that the officer was likely to dio, cépliod: “Ihope he will die, and go to hell be- “foreme.” Tho remark appears to be significant of two things: First, it coutains . distinct ovidence that tho- charscter of the man wes ‘such ns to destioy auy suspicion that tho- officers were 5o-kasty in the use of Abeir weapons. This man’s character was_prob- * ebly not different from that of. Lis associates,— the mob of five or six mon who pounced upon the iwo police. ofiicers_ and endeavored fo Lill theém- 58 common encmics of their kind., Tho mob. itself is ropresentative of a class.to which Bafferty belonged, that infests the - purticalar - meighborhood where *Rafferty killed s police oficer, snd where the McVeighs _tried to' kil snother. Tho lesson. from the dying mon’s remark hould be to in- crease the police force of the neigh- Lorkaod, enforce order in the strictest manner, and 50 finally catter the dangerous elements of that community. The second possible construc- tion of the remark, in which McVeigh hoped the polico officer might dio “and get to hell bafore him, may be used by tho Methodist clergymaan in Few York who holds that the punishment of the wicked is extermination. . He might ressonahly ask the question, in his next discussion, whether there s anything in the prospect of s lake of fire and brimstone which is ealculatod to restrain ‘murderous thoughts and actions ? The report of the Massachusetts Labor Bu- resn, to which we have before roferred, is filled with facts of Femarksble interest. One of the most useful contributions is that of Judge Cowley, of Lowell, who furnishes some impor- tent information tonching the people employed 12 the factories of .that town. The cotton facto: ties employ £20,000 spindles, 13,000 looms, 8,000 males, snd 7,500 fomales, and the - woolen® factories, 65,000 spindles, 1,000 looms, 2,000 females, and 1,000 males. ‘There sre, also, 1,000 workmen engaged in the mannfacture of machinery. “'The population of Lowell is now &bout 45,000, the nationalities be- ing divided ss follows : Native Americans, 23,000; Irish, 15,000; French Canadians, 4,000; Eng- Lish, 2,000; Scotch, 500; miscellaneons, - 500. With regand to the effects upon health, the ro- Justico that is requisito as & preventive of crime. But here, too, we may find tho firet sin in tha higher classes. A fraudulent bankruptey works tenfold grester injury than petty Jlarceny, and yetit usually gocs unpmnisked. An exomple like that of Munn & Scott, in this city, lesvesits ‘impross of ovil upon society long after & bur- glar has servod out his sentonce in tho Poniten- tiary. §Tho ofiicial thievery in New Yorl, which promises to escape’ punishment, figures mora prominently among the causes of crime than the example of all tho occupants of Sing-Sing. But what can be said of the sction of tho highest legiaative body in the country in condoning the betrayal of trust of which some of their leading members have been guilty? How many cases of imprisonment for theft, of fines for drunkennss, of punishment for petty crimes, can offsot the pernicious influence of this singlo failure to bring to proper justice the men of high standing, ability, snd wealth, who Lave thus sot Iasting examplo of betraying the ‘public trust with impunity? » 2 WHAT WE BUY IN FRANCE. Tho trado betweon tho United States snd TFrauco is increasing, and It is curious to oxam- ine the lists of imports from that country and notico tho direction of American tastes. In 1872, tho valuo of the goods exported from France to the United States was certifled by our Consuls to bo €69,505,000, of which $38,600,000 was from Paris, snod 917,000,000 from Lyons, The bhighest valuo in any one year proviously was in 1871, 855,751,000, showing for 1872 an increaso of £14,000,000 Tho principal articles purchased in Paria were bnttons and trimmings, smounting to $1,837,000 3 bronzes and works of art, §1,250,000; fancy goods, £1,539,000; artificial flowers and feathers, $1,800,000 ; hats and hatters’ goods, 91,500,000, while jewelry snd ‘aizmonds amonnted to ag much. Of lucos we only purchased £1,000,000 worth in Paris, but we spent over $4,000,000 for leather and ghoes. Our liquor bill in Paris was less than $20,000, bat we spent 2,500,000 for ‘merinos, bombazines, and crape, and $9,500,000 for miscellancons dry goods. Yor shawls' and tilk, we scut 3,500,000 to Pais, whiio for woolen cloths, ready-ade garments, farni~ ture, glass, and porcelain, we spont loss than half a million cach, Inkid gloves wo invested £790,000, and in buman Lair $424000. Wo bought toilet and perfumery articles to the amount of 674,000, but ouly spent 76,000 for wines, This, however, was all at Paris, and wo Lad quite o lively trado with other places. At Nico wo spent 883,000 for porfumery, boing sbout all wo bomght at that place. At Lyons we purchased silk and velvet goods to tho valuo of $9,250,000; tulles, Incos, crapes, 3263,000; shawls, 9151,000; trimmings, $123,000; leather gloves, 725,000, We also spent an average of $150,000 cach in the articles of silk and cotton gloves, woolen goods, leather, and church orcments, whils wo invested $600,000 in raw silk, and as much more in metals and bardware. At Bt. Etienne wein- vested 3,500,000 in silk ribbons, and £854,000 in velvet ribbons. ' At Bordeaux we purchased quite & differcat class of goods, consisting of oils, wines, brands, surdines, dried fruits, all amounting to $3,500,- 000, of which nearly one-third wus for wines, At Nontes wo purchased sardines, preserves, calfskins, and champegne, to the value of 8184~ 020. stuffs, and fruit, but tho big business dono was in common sosp, madder, and medder-root. At - Limogeswe purchaged crockery snd porcelain. — = --— —wvlus amounts to §2,500,000— ‘principally for wine, and in tus wiin nr Cog- 0o wo laid down §700,000. For a time tho-trade in certain branches of mullinery goods was trans- ferred to Germany, but bay rotured to Trance, and is largely incressing annmally. Instend of reducing our imports by our exorbi- tant tariff, wofind that theyaro annually increaa- ing, and wo enjoy the luxury of paging for them an increased cost of 50 to 100 per cent. In other words, the $70,000,000 of French imports, and all the domestio Imitations, cost consumers an edvance of 50 to 100 per cent, in order to build up a home market which will not stay builded, with all the 2id of tho tarif-architects. THE SANCTITY OF LIFE. A rather novel discussion has recontly arisen in England upon & proposition made seriously in ono of the eseays rend before the Birmingham Specalative Club, that persons suffering with 1~ curable diseases should be gently and inercifully 5 often killed that his tortures may not be pro- longed. In & posthumous work, written by Charles Buston, ilers is also a proposition that the Bishop of cach dioceso shall, among his oiher duties, bo compolled to shoot all the old avd imbecilo in Lis charge. A writerinthe Fortnightly Review takes up the strain in the most-sober earncat, and proposes that “ to provide a due guarantes ageinst tho possible abuse of 'a practice which certuinly would have its, dangers in carcless hands, the clargymon of the parish should al- ways be present on the occasion of the proposed Hari-Kari.” Tho idea which thosasavago moral- ists’ bove advanced' is nothing new. It was first doveloped in Sir Thomas More's * Utopia,” but the enge old philosopher probably nover entertained an idea that the practice would be advocated onteido his ideal world. Should “this world ever ‘become Utopian, we have no doubt some guch practice as thia would become quito common, and indced would be improved uponin various ways. In order to keep up the Utopian standard of physical aud moral excellence, there would be a gemeral pruning of, not only of those incurably sick, and the old and imbecile of all kinds. of worth- less persons,—for instance, those 'who fail to get rich before they are 40 ; those who don't understand lifo insurance, or the tariff question, or the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer; those who have warts and'moles ; old bachelors; in fact, all thoso who are not A No. 1 specimens of men and women, free from spot and blemish. This ‘process faithtally carriod out, fust as & farmer throws aside all defective potatoes,” and saves only tho best for growing purposes, would eventually leavo only the perfect specimens of physical and intellectual manhood and womanhood on the Darwinian principle, and, by exercising due caroin eradicating all the poor offspring, the human race conld be easily kept up to the highest standard. Instead of the motley population which now throngs the world and flooda it with disease, poverty, crime, ignorancs, &c., the world would eventually be peopled with s race combining marked physical strength aud beanty, intellectnal power without stint, the choicest of blue blood, richos illimit- able, freedom from rheumatism, headaches, and othér ills of life,—a race which could eat with- out baving the dyspepsis, which could sing with- At Marseilles wo bought chemicals, dye- put to death by their frionds, just us an animal |, .place. out having-zore throats, which conl stairs without gotfing out of ‘breath, which could never run bills at the baker's or ‘grocer's, and which would nover now ailmant or sorrow of snysort. As such a race wonld not smoke poor cigars, of couree they coull not be made; ss it would not drink" poor wines, . they would not bo in tho market; as it would ouly rend first-class newspapere, there would bo 82 end of those myriads of small gazettes whicl 80 provoked Mr. Greeley's ire; 28 it would only read first-cless books, there would be no Beadles or Petersons; us it would never be sick, there would be no dociors; as it would be an honest raco, there’ womld b no Iawyers; as it wonld. represent tho maxi- mum of morality snd epiritualism, there would be no clergy. One cen’ faintly: imagine the joys of such a world in which thers are no incapables, no sick’ people, no poor singers, no bad actors, no lawyere, doctors, editors, or . min- isters, no spinsters, no simpering school-girls, o crying-babies, no cosrupt Congressmen, no politicians of apy sort, nd liitid men, n colossal women, no anytlingiia fact which docs not rep- Tesenttho absolutdmasimniof porfection, every ‘man boing strong, brave, lenrned, snd handsomo, snd bvery woman s combination of Venus, Minerva, and Dians. All this, however, appertains to an ideal world, which may be possible thousands of centuries honce) when life has been reduced to an exact science. The coolly barbarous propositions which havo emansted from Birmingham, the Fortnight- Iy Review, and elsowhere, belong, however, to this’ world. It only nceds one saswer to dispose of tlie whole brutal business. Any thing which tends to lesson the sanctity of human lifo should be sternly robuked. There is shooting cnough going on in the world 88 it is, without increasing it by legal provisions. Tho horrors which are sorved up in a single issue of the daily journals ehow that there is nothing cheaper at pres- ent then bhuman lifo; and that there is no crimo Jess liabla to be punished than the tak- ingofit. Tme TrmUNE of yesterdsy mornicg alone contained narratives of the drowning of 140 peoplo by eriminal negligonco ; of the mur- der of two young women in New Hampshire for tlo "eake of a paltry sum of money; of the murder of o widow ‘ead hor dsughter in this State by the ‘widow's con; of & sui- cide at Louisvillo; of an- ottcmpted mur- dor of policemen in Chicago; aad of the murder of a negro woman in South Carolina Dby hor husband. There is N0 proupect that tho crimson story is drawing to a cloze. Each new, chapter is filled with sdditional horrors, in- apired by immunity from punishment. Any ‘proposition which tenda to incresso this pro- pensity for shedding blood is simply monstzons | and brutsl, even though it moy be advanced 8s & fheory im social science. Men and women to-dsy neod 1o hints in regard to taking buman life. It is the daily rilo—the most common cecarrence—tho femil- iar resort of every brute and maudlin fool. o who helps {0 increass this mavin with fine-spun theories is Limself guilty of a serions crimo. THE COFTEOVERSY ON COLLEGIATE DIS- CIPLISE. It will be remombered that President Eliot, of Haryard, recommended,in hislast report, that'the practices of American college disciplire should bo considerably modified. Among thio chariges which he favored was - the ebolition of compulsory attendance at: chepol-service and class-recitations. Mo has found, upon examina- tion, that tho aversgo age of sdmission Into Harvard Gouege 15 uuw 200V0 15 Yimus, mws ho holds ¢hat tho echool-boy discipline should bo discontinued, allowing more of the frecdom and fixing more of theresponsibility of manhood upon tho students. The arguments of tho Harvard Prosident have been sot forth in Tz Trisose already. Sinco then, Dr. McCosh, of Princeton, bes published a letter, in which ho protests sgainat the changea recommended by Prenidont Eliot, and adheres to tho establishod practices of the Amorican college’ system. This has brought about a controversy, which will be inter- esting ot all ovents, and which will probably re- sult in the trial of the European university practices in some of our American colleges. Dr. McCosh, in opposing the chango, ‘insista that the discipline of the colloges of Grest Britain is _just es strict as that: which prevails _among American colleges. - This, Lo holds, is sccured through the syetem of tutors who sro emplosod. Dr. M- Cosh ignores the fact, howeer, that the employment of tutors is a mattcr of personal choice, and that they aro employed only to the extent to which each studeat cares togo. Tutors are frequently roteined for tho Lonefit’of one student ; generally divide their time smong s very few, giving an hour to cach aloze ; and rarcly hava classes that amount to half-a-dozen |, in numbers. Tho practico of American colleges is vory different. Every atudent in an American collogo f5"obliged to submit himself to o cortain estoblished curviculum, whether it is suited to Lis taste or not. Ho finds himself one of a large class of thirty, forty, or ‘fifty others, keep- ing them' back by his disinclination tocertnin studies, and kept back by them in other studios for which ho has & fondness. Class-attendanco being compnlsory, ho wastes several hours a doy to get s smattering of cor- tain things which he will speodily forget, that might have been profitably employed in studies in which ho could excel. Thisdistinotion batweon teaching by -tutors and tho class-discipline of American collegeaseems to have eseaped Dr. Mc- Coshi. Inrefercnce to the Continental university &ystem, Dr. McCosh maintaing thet the Gymna- sien and Realschule—the prepsratory acndemios —Ilay the foundation of Germau edueation, and adds, with truth, that a largo portion of {he students at the German universitics “take o deeper interest in beor-drinking, Burschen songs, and sword-duels, than in carefal read- ing.” ‘All this furnishes mo argument against tho greater freedom which President Eliot pro- poses that American students shall have. The ‘practices which Dr. McCosh mentions are pecu- lisrities of German student-life, mniversity tra- ditions, which could never bo transplanted to this country. Nor is it likely that other prac- tices, equally objectionable, would take their Harvard College or Princston: College could exercise as striot 5 discipline ovor its stu- dents g it might desire, without compelling them to go to morning prayers, or to be present at everyclaas-recitation. Its oxaminations, which would be likely to ba more thorough than novw, would determine the standard of -scholarship, and good acholarship in early life rarely accorn- panics bad habita. - Presidant Eliott’s idea of the new departure in American collegiste -edncation is evidently suggosted by a desira to elevate the standing of American colleges; to lift them out of the pri- mary features of the school, and place them in the higher. walks of nniversity life. The most icial rosult of such a change would, bo the freedom of =daptation to such studics as’ each student might desire to follow. Tho supposition would be that siudents .had aitained on- age, a discretion, and o grado of scholarship, | beforo entering cellego, which would enti- tle them to this frecdom of etudy. To this cnd, the examinetions for matriculation wonld bo of a stricter character, snd woald de- mand greater sdvancement snd proficiency from thoapplicants. Thoso collegeswhichshonld prefer to retain the old system would take their legiti- mato positions as Gymnasien; the othera would finelly Lave the scope and power of the univer:. sity. This distinction between colleges and uni~ versitics is one that is much needed in this country, where degrees, whether of Bachelor, Master, or Doctor, have lost their eignificance. e FREE MACCARONL Congress, in 1872, while tinkering at thotexid, transferred to the free list tho article of macca~ roni, which had previously beon taxed 85 per cent, - The American mannfacturer of that arti- cle went dovn to Washington and lobbied thoro until he fodaced 3r. Dawes to move an smend- ment to one of tho Appropriation bills; restoring the tax of 35 per cent ou foreign macearoui. The Houso agreed toit; the Senate, for soma unexplained reazon, refected it, and somo time on Monday night a conference committee agreed tostrike the Dawes tex out. So maccaronf is free. Hero is an occasion thet calls for a protoat from the Industrial League. Bhall foreign mac- caroni be sold in tho United States in competi- tion with American? Shall maccaroni mede of flour and weter, in this tho most productive wheat country ia the world, be exposed to com- petition from'the flour and water of foreign countries ? Shall American flonr be thus humili- ated? It is truo, moccuroni is made by ma- chinery ; but shall American machinery be forced to compete with the pruper machinery of Europe? Shall our people be permitted to cat macearoni that hes not been taxed? That, after oll, 8 the great cconomical question. Shall & man who twears taxed boots, taxed hat, taxed cost, tezed panta- loons, taxed skirt, tazed underclothing, end taxed collar, be allowed td eat free maccaroni? Among tho foriy millions of peoplein the United Btato, there is one man who makes maccaroni. Shall thees forty millions of paople be allowed to eat maccaroni wifhout paying & tax of §5 per cent to this gentloman who is engaged in this | industry? Wiy should thoy not pay him tazes on their maccaroni, a8 well as pay other people . taxes on their boots and ehoes, their linen, cot- ton and woolen garmonts? Here is this man, nureing an iofant industry under the protection of atason the whole country lovied for his special benefit, robbod in & singlo pight of his bounty, end actually compélled to make macce~ roni without the privilege of collecting & tax from tho consume: TEE SOMINION OF CAFADA. The census taken of tho inhabitants of the Domizion of Canads. i 1871 is now officially published, showing the following general result, by Provinces Oatario, 620, Quebec. ;191,516 New Brunswick. 235,504 Nova Scoti.. 05,200 Increase in ten years. stated : s It will be noticed that in no case aro the in- habitants retimed ns Canadians. France ceded Canoda to Engiand more than a century ago, yot tho descondants of tho first inhabitants are reported as French o this time. Figures giving tho number of the present irhabitants of adult 8ge, born in the Dominion, would be interesting, asshowing whether the population of the Prov- inces was ‘kept up by immigration, and whother tho native stock, especially of tho Englisk-zpoak- irig Provinces, do not largely move off to ** the States " upon reaching adult age. Classified ac- cording to their religion, the bulk of the popula- tion is thug divided: Roman Catholics, 1,492,029 ; Church of Englond, 494,049; Methodists, -567,- 091; Presbyteriane, 544,593, Among the varions minor classificetions oceur the following: Pa- gans, 1,536 ; Atheists, 20; Deists, 409; no relig- ion, 5,146; Mormons, 55; Mahometzns, 13. ‘THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO. DY PROF. WILLIAM MATFEWS, OF TEE UNIVERSITY or. cmcago. Of the gixteen or seventeen decisive battles ‘of tho viorld, there is no oo of deeper interest, if there is oue of greater importance, then the battle of Waterloo. Fought by tho greatest Generals of the world, at the very primo of their reputation. and being, as it wero, tho crovn nud finish of tho esperionce of £0 years’ war, this duel, which closed tho wars of the French Rey- olution, is one which will always Lo invested with » poculiar fascivation for the rceder, whether viewed in itsclf ‘only, or in” connec- tion with the vast results-that hung on‘its issne. Never was & victory moré completo than that of the allivd armies. It wasnotonlya defeat of the French army and'its chief; it was an ex- termination, It wea a shipwreck of o pecple. On the 18th of June, 1813, Letween sunrise and sunset, the French Empire breathed its last breath; at 8 o'clock i the moming it stood erect, with all its hopes,—at 9 o'clock in the evening it wa3 ouly 8 namo ond a recolloction, Wiy was this? How habpened it thatthohero of Austerlitz, e1:d Jena, and Wagram, whose gepius Liad never ghono forth more resplend- outly than while fighting ogainst fearfal odds in ‘tho Iast campaign before his bauishment to Elbs, was now, after a hun- dred victories, foiled? Was it becanse, ss 13 popularly supposed, Marehal Grouchy was treacherous, and failad to iniercept tho Prus- sizns, wad because of the beavy rains which delayed Napoleon's attack till nearly noon,—or was it because of the superior energy, strategy, snd, above all, premptness, of his foos, that ke was 50 ovorwhelmingly defested? Thosa ques- tions we purpose to enswer; and if we suscaed in disabusing any reader of the notion that the Emperor was beaten through no fault of bis own, eimply becanzo “tho stara fonght agninst against him in tkeir courses,” and that ho never showed more consummate - generalship than on the fatal day when he left the ficid of Waterloo for exile, promature decay, and a grate amidat ¢ tho immeneity of tho scas,”—we shall deem our labor well expended. The truth is, Napoleon' owed his defeat to himself alone,~—to & series of blunders and de- liys which he would have donouuced as unpar- donsble in ancther chief. Probably no ong of his campaigus was moro eagacionsly planfed. The brilliancy and justness of his conception are admitted by overy authority except Wellington, nsy, even by critics who utterly condemn his exacution, and who charge the failure to his in- explicable mismanagement.. His firat great crror was in begimming the campaign with sach an o~ feriority in numbers. The troops of Wellington and Blucher numbered sbout 226,000 men, with 498 guns. Nepoleon's army amounted to 124,000 combatants, Thostly volunteers, - with 344 guns, and under tried commanders. Compact in oc- gauization, speaking ono tongue, moving by the volition of a einglo will, dovoted toits chiof, and: inspired * not merely with' enthnsiasm, butan actnal passion agninst its enemies,” it must bo admitted that it was one of the most compactly formidable 'mnsses of troops over -moved inio the field of war. But‘ Napolgon -had,- at various points in France, not less than 164,600 £r00pd of the line, and about 220,000 of different reserves, such as gardestaobiles, old soldiers, and seilorsdrawn from rotreat, clinsseurs of tho Alps andPyrenees, &c.; and what wasthere to prevent his adding 40,000 or 50,000 of thosa to the axmy with which ha was moving upon.Belgium? By 50 doing, ho might have fought Wellington and Dlucher, coufessedly the bitterest and moat pow- ‘exful of his foes, with 175,009 men and 500 gans; aad a5 the English and Prussians alone fought with vengefal focliugs, liko mon pereonally i torested in the quarrel, and impelled, tdo; by 8 fanatical lovo of bhonor, it was vitally im- portant - to crush.. fficim, st all hazards: The Emperor Limsglf; acknowiadged thata vie- tory over these:dubmica:ould havo probably broken the alliance. The Prussiansand English crushed, ho would havaroibled himsclt litilo about the gigantic hosts which the ccalition was rolling up from the South’ and West. Of -ell goldiers tho Fronch neod most to be enconraged by early euccesses. Defeat at the beginning oL ing of & war grostly demoralizes them. Kapoleon sliould have neglected no precantion, therefore, to insuro a viotorg at tho start in “the Cockpit of Europe.” ! . Onthe 15th of Juno tho campaign began. Nzpoleon had ordered the left end centre of ).us army,~—which was ell to concentrateat Charleroi, 8¢ miles south of DPrussols,—to move 8% S a m; but, by sendiug his orders to Vapdsmmo, the commander of the vanguard, by only one messenger, .who was captured by the enemy, Seven precious hours were lost, and o considerable portion of tho army did not croes (o Sambro till tho next day. An indirect resuit of this delsy was that Ney, insteed of zdsancing to Quatro Bras that night, did not reach it till next dsy. Nevertho- 1oss, Napoleon Liad et night 100,000 mon on the north Lank of tho river, aud tho Prussians, though fighting bravely, had been -driven back on Fleurns at every point, Bluchar had but one corps, namely, Zieton's, of 30,000 men, on the grond chosen by the sllies for battie; an- other, Pirch's, comprising 32,000, was six miles east; o third, Thielmann's, 24,000, was fiftecn miles away; sod the fourth, nnder Balow, 80,000 men, was st Licge, @ distance of sixty miles. Meanwhile Wellington had- not moved s men to meet the enemy, and had ordered a concontration, which would have left Ney st liberty to push within fourteen milés of Brussels. The French sdvance was almost with- in gunshot of Zicten's corps at “"“‘T““‘ why, then, did not Napoleon attack tho Prussians early tho next morning, before Thielmann could come to their aid, when their defest would have been sure? The Napolcon of Austerlitz and Rivoli would have hurled his ‘men at daybreak on the cnemy; in which case, with his great numerfcal superiority, hie could have scattered them like sheop. Scattercd 28 they were, tho Prussian corps must infallibly have been beaten iu detail. Tnstead of this, it was not until 8 o'clock in the ‘morning, five hours later, that the dispositions of tho day had boea made; and soven or eight precious hours in all bad passed away beforo his troops began to mova. . - : By that time the Prussianshad collected three~ fourths of their army in postion at Ligny, to do him battle, Blucher stood awaiting the shock of what hie thought the whole French army, with 85,000 men ; while Napoleon, who thought he bed only tho right wing of the Prussians in front of nim, wes about to fight them with only 65,000 men. Why was this disparity of numbers ? De- cause of the Emperor's delay, and because Lo~ ‘bau, with 10,500 men, had been kept back at Ctarleroi as a reserve. The battle began ot 235 O'clock, and reged with great fury for sev~ oral hows, when at lmst the Prussion esntro’ wos pierced, znd their position: carried, with the-lese -of- 91 guna. . Let us 23d that the Prussisns fought with an obstinacy which st be scconnted for only by the pasi- tive hatred which, 0 wo hava already said, they falt toward'the French army. “3fan engaged man,” 83yS an eye-witness, “with all the ani- mosity of personal rancor. It sppeared s if ench had encountered in the individnal who con- froated him his mortal enemy.” Tho main ob~ Ject of the battlo of Ligny, with Napoleon, was to prevent the junction of tiie two allied ar- mies; the sccondary object, to rout his enemy. The strategic point of the Prussian position, thereforo, was ovidontly the right, and Napoleon did yrong, therefore, in attacking tho enemy at all pointa at once; for success itself could only drive Blucher's troops back upon Wellington, when the English and Prussians should have been scparated at all hazards. Nevertheless, tho Prussions got what Wellington, on eurveyg the ground that morning, had predicted, ‘“an awful thrashing,” and Blucher himself was wounded. But now ‘it was nightfall, and, under the cover of the darkness, the dafeated army by 10 o'clock was safely re- treating northward on Wavre, 11 miles oast of Waterloo. Meanwhile, by the mistake of an aide-de- camp, D'Erlow’s corps' of 90,000 men, | which should have aided Noy in attacking tle English 2t Quatre Bras, had been passing the whols afternoon.in marching and conntermarching be-~ twesn the road to that place and Ligay. S0 ig- nozant waa Nopolconof the movements of this force, that ité appearance on his loft paralyzed his ovn oporations ; and he checked tho grand enud decisive charge which ho was about to make on’ the opemy withtho Luperial Gnard, in’order to receivo this supposcd dangerons in- truder.. D'Erlon’s corps bad actually been mis- token for Prussisns, and the redisposition of his troops lost Napolaon another half-hour. Had D'Erlon, with his 20,000 men aud 46 guns, com- bined with-the Emperorin his attack on Blucher, who can doubt that the French wonld have in- flicted on the Prussians a defeat go smashing as tohave prevented them from rallying in eason to sid Woellington at Watorloo? As it was, D'Erlon belped neither Ney nor the Emperor, Going back to Quatre Bras, ho arrived too lte, and Ney, finally outnumbered, was' driven bach on Frasncs. Al tho blunders of the Allis were redecmed by the bold order for the retreat on Wevre. By moving on & line parailel to the road by which Wellington must retire, the Prussians snatchod from Napoleon thohoped-for 1ruits of bis victory; and his own want of in- sight into their new combination made complete tho trinmph they hod prepared. Having lost seven or eight precious hours on tho 16tk, Napoleon must loss nine or ten more the next day. Fancying that tho Prussians wero in foll retreat eastward on the road to Namur, ho took go steps towards pursuing them till noon, Neither did be molest the English 4ill the same hour, when hs gave directions for attacking them in flsnk. Fod ho marched by 8 o'clock in the moraifig,ho could have moved directly upon Wel- lington's rear and left flank, and, placed thus be- tweentho Empesor's troops on tho one hand, and Ney's forco of 40,000 men on tho other, the British commardor would have been complately enveloped. Wellington knew nothing of the result at Ligny till some hours after daybreak, aud when tho news camo he was nstonished at tho dilatoriness of the French. Ho then coolly Tetreated, and, when his adversary got ready to move, was already well advanced towards Water- loo. ©Of all Nepoleon's inexplicable acts, the most puzzling is this dilly-dallying for so many hours at Ligny. He had often said that therea son why the Austrians lost 8o many battles was because they did not know tho value of five minutes. Yet here he was wasting hours inesti- mably. procious—nay, an entire half-day— talking with the Prussien prisoners, and con- versinig with his Generals on party politics, the Royalists.and Jacobins, and other such topics 1t was after mid-day when bo eallod Grouchy ta his sid, and placing under Lim 33,00 men, di rected him to-pursue the Prussians, complet their defsat, and report to him- by the Nemnr Roxd. Grouichy, justly disliking ‘so veguo a charge, with such critieal responeibiliry, ro. oustrated against his order; and. shoving that it would be nest toan impozsibilits to over. tako or discover the Prussiana with their long start iu advance, begged to o wiil the Emperos ogainist thoExglisli. ImmovalloTi Kis decision, and asking him if.“he protended to give him TesBons,™ Nepoléon dirce{cd’ Bim to maren og Gembloux; dud find out at what the Prusaiang worp driving. He did not, however, af any tinio, ‘ordér Grofichy (0 reconnoitre the -roads between the . Marshal's™ line. and kis o 'by which the whole of Zieten's'and Pirch’s corps Liad gone to Wavre: ~ Meanwhilo, Walhngton, be- fore deciding to fight o Lis chosen ground nexy day, Lsd bad the full assurznca of support by Bluchor. He 1ad 63,000 men ouly on tho fisld, but had 15,000 on dotachmant ton miles to big tight, and 90,000 Prossians s nosr to his laft ; whilo Napoleon's fighting strength .was reduced £0 73,000 men. The only posaible nid the latter could ‘receive was from Grouchy's 33,000 ; and these woze double the dislance from him fhaf Blucher's army was, and this owing o Lis own orders! Is it not evidont from theso fucts that tho Liero of Austerlitz Las beea completely ont- maneuvred, and that, both by ‘tho superiar stratezy of {hic onemy and his own blanders, he - ¥as placed at a fearfal dieadvantagoin the strag. gle of the morrow ? Tlhe connsel of Grouchy that tho whole French army should pursue the English, was undoubt- ediy the best that could be given. Had Napoleon accepted it instead of sending off the Marshal ou a wild-goose chase after the Prussians, the result at Waterloo might have been wholly dif- ferent. He would then have had a hundred thonsand men at Waterloo, besides force onaagh to defend his left flank against Balow. Though Lo made & number of glaring blanders on that day, it was tho lack of troops which, s much as any other cause, cansed his overthrow. Hig attacking force was weskoned to the extent of 16,500 men by the necessity of keeping off the Prussisne from hisright, Napolcon's worship- er5 are always declaiming sboat the treashery or the stupidity of Grouchy. Hadhe not been a dall leader or o tmitar, they eay, ho would have marched on tle 18th upon Waterloo. Batif he was wanted at Waterloo, why, in the name of common gense, did Napoleon eend him in tha opposito direction ? The Emperor’s orders wera, “‘ove to Gembloux. You will reconnoitre the Toads to Namur and Maestrecht, and will follow up the enemy.” Grouchy's conduct, his position ot nightfall, snd his occapation by cavalry of Bart-les-Walhain, ware the exact performance of theso orders. Struggling along in the torrents of rain aod over frightfal ronds, he: ado the utmost progress possiblo. It was' nof Grouchy vwho put off tho lLour of pursnit until the fine helf of the day was spent. It was not Grouchy who scot Grouchy to tho esst instead of north toward Wasre, where the Prussians ware concentrating, or westacross the Dyle. It was not till*g o'clock on the morning of tho 18th that tho Mas~ elal learncd what routs the Prussinns had talken. 3 But why, it is eaid, did he not march upon Waterloo at 11 o'clock, when the decp and cons stant rolling from the loft told his practised ears that Napoleon was engaged in anotker gen- eral battle? Why, lot us ask in return, did Na~ poleon send him g0 far -fleld that ho could not Bave reached Waterloo until the fate of ‘the day was decided? It hasbeen shown conclasively that, with tho utmost exertions, Gronck could not have got his troops over the fourteen miles of difficalt ground, as tho' rosds then were, and with on wuncertain, river pastago fo make, in less than: eight or nine hours,—that is, at 7 or 8 in the evening. At4p.m. ho received his firet and only communication from Napoleon; distinctly telling him that the Emperor was abont to fight the English at Watorloo, and ordering him *fo direct his.movements on Wavre.”. What moro atursl than that the Marshal should theraupon conclude his noondsy choice to push on to that place, inatead of wheeling about towszds Watar~ loo, to have beea tho correct oné 7" The rast of this Jetter—which wa have not space to quote— €bows that even' then Napoleon, though made “awero that some of the retreating Prussians had moved in o line parallel to his own, looked on them 25 n mero détachment; mud stll clang to tho delusion that & great part, at least, of Blucher’s troops bad gone eastward: How ridiculous, thon, Napoleon's complaints sgainst the Marshal for not aiding him in bis last strug- glo! A the Marshal himself justly said, & Lieatenant cannot conduct awar of inspirations, but must obey orders. Nover was a brave oflicer mora outrageously maligned,—never was & singls reputation more grossly sacrificed to salve National vanity,—thav in this matter of Grouchy and Waterloo. That his old sge was not crowned with honor, is duo simply to the popu- lareryin France for a scapogoat to bear the shamo of her defoat, sud to tho resdiness with which Napoleon supplied it in Lis Licatenant. Even had Grouchy overtsken the Prussians after their unmolested ratreat, he had not forco enough to copo with thom. Bluchor's army, be it romembered, though beaten back at Ligny, wes neither ronted nor disheartened. At Wavre it waa joined by 30,000 men under Bulo, who had not been under fire. Inspite of his defest, Blucher vwas 13 indefatigable as ever in bringing his men into action sgain, auod had the fesolu- tion to oxpose & part of Lis army, under Thiels mann, to be overwhelmed by Grouchy at Wasre on the 18th, while ho urged on the maas ‘of his troops to Watorloo. “Itis not at Wavre, but at Watarloo,” said the 0ld Field-3arshal, * that the campaign is to be decided,” and he risked a de- tachment, and won the campaign accordingly. Tho sum of the wholo matter is this: Napo- .Joon made two fatal mistakes, first, in permit- ting himeelf to bo ignorant of the direction of tho Prussisn retreat, and of their flauk iarch from Wavro; and second, in supposing, thet, withouat the aid of Grouchy, he could whip Wel- lington. Tp to the 17th, all hod prospered with him; but from that hour his star of destiny steadily waned. On {l:o morning of thet dsy ho was operating with 100,000 men against 200,000 Itwas absolutely indispensable, therefors, that he should defect, soparate, and poralyze the armies of Wellington and Blucher, a8 his oaly hope of re-cateblishing himself on the throne of France. The Anglo-Allied army wes the greatost obstacle in his way, aud against it b shonld have led his last man ond horse; for, tho English defeated, it would have been compara- tivoly easy to crush tho Pruesians. Instesd of doing this, snd playing & grest gote, 1sho ghould havo dono when all his fortunes were staked, he divided his army, and from that hour his doom wag sealed. The strategy to which he had looked to atone, as in his early glories, for inferiority of numbers, failed him utterly whez opposed to the concerted mnion of_ Blucher and ‘Wellington, and, in the despernte strnggle of the 18th, the eword was wrestéd from his gras for- ever. Of that memorablo fight we siall speak ia another paper. A Yankes down in Maine has hit upon s novel Way of raiaingmorey. The State offers s bouaty of $16 for every bear thatia killed. This Yankee, instead of engaging in tho arduous snd dsoger ous business of hunting bears, has gons to ing them. Ho has eatablished several besr-pens upon his* farm, which aro stocked with yOu§ and vigozous bears of both sexes. Aagoonssh litter is prodaced he kills them off, exhibits theif _heads to the authorities, and geta 916 esch. Tt business is more profitablo than pig-raising. H gets 816 perpear, and the bear meat for nothing- Other farmers, jealous of his success, 878 abandoning pork and going into the bear-busi* ness, b e e o o —Besides discovering two cr three planets. 8 Yale Professor has invented s preparstion 1o¥ dsodorizing boarding-house buttar. ? S