Casper Daily Tribune Newspaper, January 29, 1917, Page 7

(Prepared by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture.) In orchards tillage is beneficial to e soll in several ways. It improves e condition by increasing the depth y fining the soil; it conserves ure by increasing the water-hold- ; it increases plant food by pro- ting nitrification and by hastening » decomposition of organic mattes. There are three methods of soil agement with reference to tillage; mely, clean tillage, clean tillage with cover crops, and sod mulch. Clean till- consists in keeping the soil throughout the orchard in a good stat of cultivation until midseason and then stopping all cultivation. With this method of tillage the orchard is plowed as soon as the soll is workable and then harrowed as often as neces- sury to preserve a dust mulch on the surface of the soil. Clean tillage with cover crops con- sists of clean tillage until midseason, and then seeding the orchard down with a cover crop like rye, clover, etc. The cover crop is plowed under the following spring, and tillage given as in the previous year. The sod-mulch system consists in seeding the orchard down to grass or clover. During the season this crop is mowed several times, and the mate- rial is scattered about the trees to form a mulch. In a great many or- chards, where the land is so rough and rocky that cultivation is impracti- able, weeds and other herbage are al- lowed to grow and this material is cut during the season and used as a mulch about the tree, There are differences of opinion as to the best methods of tillage in an rehard, y to the clean-tillage system, others to he clean tillage with cover crops, and still others to the sod mulch, We should not claim that any one system tillage is best, for each has its 1 adaptations. Many orchards will good results under the sod-mulch ystem for a while end then would be mutch benefited if clean tillage is given for a few seasons. Condi ms should govern the plan of tillage to follow. If the grower keeps in mind the benefits to be secured by till- and understands the principles in- d, he can decide on the plan h best suits his needs. Maintenance of Fertility. It is always better to maintain the 1 in a highly fertile stute than to permit it to become depleted to such gree as to become unproductive. Good tillage and the maintenance of xood supply of humus will keep the 1 in suitable condition for fruit ving. Where stable manure is plen- there is probably no better way ying humus than by the liberal use of it. When manuré is not avail- le, cover or green-manure crops are ') be advised. A careful study of g owth of the trees from year to r $s necessary for intelligent fer- ing. Young trees usually need con- $ ruble quantities of nitrogenous fer- itiizers in order to make wood growth, while bearing trees require consider- able quantities of phosphate and pot- sh. It is impossible to give any defi- nite formulas for fertilizing trees with- out knowing all the conditions. Cover Crops. Ther are two main groups of plants used for cover crops, namely, legumi- nous and nonleguminous. The first group comprises such plants as red, crimson, and bur clovers, cowpeas, soy beans, alfalfa, vetch, peanuts, and vel- vet beans, The second group Includes rye, oats, buckwheat, millet, rape and turnips. Cover crops improve the soil in sev- eral ways. They improve the physical condition of the land by prevegfting the soil from cementing together or puddling, by holding rains and snows until they can soak away, and by drying out the soll in the spring, mak- ing possible early tillgge. They catch and hold leaching nitrates, add humus to the soik when plowed under, render plant food available, and collect nitro- gen if they are legumes. Where it is intended to omit tillage for a season, orchards are very com- monly seeded down to red clover. Crimson clover is used quite extensive- ly as a winter cover crop in the or- chard, especially on the lighter soils throughout New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, It gives excellent results, earticularly in seasons where there is & good supply of moisture in the soil *t planting time. Vetch is very widely Planted in the northern fruit regions, end alfalfa in ths apple orchards of the states west of the Great Divide. Cowpens and soy beans are very widely ‘anted tp the middle and southern g capacity and by checking evapo- | Some growers adhere strict- | PEACH TREES WHICH ARE FOURTEEN YEARS OLD. | latitudes, and velvet beans In the ex- treme south, Rye is probably the most widely planted of all the nonleguminous cover crops. It can be sown very late in the | season, it germinates when very little moisture is available, and it lives over winter, starting into growth early in the spring. Rye and vetch in com- bination have been found very satisfac- | tory in many instances. SIX CAPITAL RULES FOR PLANTING TREES Holes Should Be Large Enough to Accommodate Roots Without Bending or Crowding. (By W. J. MORRILL, Colorado Agricul- tural College, Fort Collins.) 1. Dig hole large enough to accom- modate all the roots without bending or crowding. It should be at least 8 feet in diumeter and 2% to 8 feet deep. The loam should be packed around the roots, by thoroughly stamping each shovelful. Two or three inches on top should be left loose as it will help to hoid the moisture. Plant the tree at the same depth that it stood in the nursery or an inch or two deeper, 2. If soil has become dry, add a few bucketfuls of water to the loam as you plant. Trees newly planted should be thoroughly watered about once a week during dry weather. 8. A stake 9 to 10 feet long should be driven 24% to 3 feet into the ground near the base of the tree. The end of the stake should be tarred or creo- | soted for about 4 feet, or 1 foot above | the ground. Tie the tree to the stake near the top of the stake by means of a tarred rope slipped through a piece of %-inch rubber hose about 10 inehes long, placed around the tree and the stake in the form of a figure eight. | 4. A plece of heavy wire netting, 1- inch mesh, 6 feet long and about 20 inches wide should be pl d around the tree and fastened to the ground and should come no nearer the tree than 2 inches. The width of the piece of netting will vary according to the size of the tree and stake, and the dis tunce they are apart. Other forms of guards are used, but this one is serv- iceable and economical, 5. Do not plant trees under wires. 6. Dynamite for blasting holes not only the digging easier, but loosens the ground for some distance, causing thrifty, rapid growth in the tree. WINTER PROTECTION REQUIRED BY TREES Steps Should Be Taken to Pre- vent Attacks of Mice and Rabbits in Orchard. makes (By J. J. GARDNER, Colorado Agricul- | tural College, Fort Collins.) There Is usually less danger of mice girdling trees in a cultivated than in a sod orchard. Particularly for young orchards this is one of the best argu- | ments for the practice of cultivation. However, there is always enough dan- ger from mice and rabbits practically everywhere to make it advisable to | furnish some kind through the winter. - Several methods are satisfactory. The simplest for mice is to tread the snow with the feet about each tree, of protection being careful not to injure the bark. | Generally something further Is nec- essary. Late in the fall the tree may be wrapped with good veneer strips. The height necessary for protection will vary according to the distance the tree is headed from the ground. Cellar window wire is also used for this purpose, and In the weaturn fruit country is generally considered bet- ter as it admits of a free circulation of air, sunlight, and there is less dan- ger of sun scalding. The wire may be removed in the spring and used year after year. GRADING APPLES PAYS WELL Growers Can Make Money for Them- selves and Assist in Bettering Market ly Little Care. Apple crower can make more money for themselves and help q) great deal in bettering the apple et as it is met by the consumer, if will take as much care in for size and condition growing the fruit. | ded carrots, cut in strips, not s Lof vegetables, | think THE CASPER The KITCHEN CABINETS The world would be better and bright- “er if people were taught the duty of being happy as well as the happiness of doing thelr duty. To be happy our- selv is @ most effect ! contribution to t appiness of others.—Sir John Lubbock SCOTCH WAYS WITH MUTTON. The quality of mutton greatly de- pends upon the way it bas been fed. For roasting, mutton can ly be too long hung length of time de pends upon the weather. In cold, dry weather, in an airy, well-kept larder, 21 Gays is not too long; in damp w her it will bot keep half that to’ Mutton is seasonable j all the year round, and those who know Say that mutton should be five years to be In its prime. However, two rs is the limit of life for most sheep. Boiled Mutton and Sauce.—Prepare the meat by wiping it with a damp cloth; if the skin be discolored, scrape it with a knife. Good meat should be red in color, elastic to the touch, and have a fresh smell. The fat should be white and hard Allow nty min- utes to the pound in boiling and an addition: ‘wenty minutes for all joints over three pounds. Plunge the , Outside down, into botling water r it; after that cover and let tt ler for the rest of the time. Pre pare a c and turnip and put them with the meat, then add an onion, Sauce for Mutton.—Take two table- spoonfuls each of flour and drippings, cook until smooth, then add a pint of the mutton liquor, a little milk, if liked, and some chopped parsley. Chopped capers, a tablespoonful with a little of the vin pint of the sauce. Lay the mutton on 4 platter, pour the sauce over it and serve ve hot. The very tables may be placed neatly ac the of the dish; the onion may be left if so desired. Mutton Stew.—Wiy of the neck or a cheap cut from the shoulder and cut into serving-sized pleces Place in a frying pan with a little hot dripping, turn and brown on all sides, dredge with flour, add a pint of shred es, an cook leaving a sauce to serve poured meat and vegetables. Set into nd let stand for three hours or simmer on the back part of the stove Yor two hours. A little meat in such a dish will season a quantity making a most whole- and economical dish. Potutoes may be added if desired. a plece onion and sufficient hot water te some Unless we learn to do our duty to those whom we employ, they will nev- er learn to do their duty to us.—David Copperfield FEW HOT BREADS. nirary to the rules for yeast mix- , all foods made with baking pow- der or tartar and must be mixed and baked rapid- ly. All material should be old soda and handled very lightly. For corn- breads, gems and muffins the short- ening Is melted and added the last thing to assure a velvety texture, but for shortcake, biscuits and such mix- tures the fat is cut in with two knives, working quickly, then add the lquid | und handle as quickly possible. Cornmeal Muffins.— two cup- fuls of cornmeal, a half cupful of flour, a teaspoonful of salt, two tablespoon- fuls of sugar, two teaspoonfuls of bak- ing powder, two eggs, two tablespoon- fuls of shortening and a cupful and a half of milk. Mix all together, adding the shortening, melted, the Inst thing. Currant Biscuit.—Take,two cupfuls of sifted pastry flour, two teaspoonfuls of baking powder, a teaspoonful of alt, a fourth of a ¢cupful of well cleaned currants, a cupful of milk and two tablespoonfuls of shortening. Mix together as usual, make in the form of small biscuits, brush with milk and bake in a brisk oven. Eat hot. Egg Gems.—We may read this and of the days when eggs were twenty cents a dozen yet refrain from indulging In them while they are 50. Take two and a half cupfuls of sift- ed flour, two teaspoonfuls of baking powder, a teaspoonful of salt, a table- spoonful of sugar, four eggs, a cupful of milk, and lastly three tablespoon- fuls of melted shortening. As a shortcake made in two layers, with butter between so that the cake divides easily, using any eanned fruit, there is no dessert more easily baked. If you are hurried and there is no time to roll out biscuit, drop the dough In spoonfuls in a greased pan or in greased gem irons and bake. Hot gingerbread is delicious with whipped cream for dessert. If yra wish to make the dish extremely olce, add a half cupful of grated cheese to the whipped cream. Of the whipped, sweetened and flavored cream may be sprinkled with nuts If the cheese is not enjoyed. A delicious -‘-armalude may be made from the pulp after making eranberry Jelly. Rub it through a wire sieve; apple may be added, and orange juice and a few raisins; a pound of sugar will be ample for a pint of pulp with the orange and raisins. Cook until thick. cream. of | fresh or | DAILY TRIBUNE OYRUP OF FIGS FOR A CHILD'S BOWELS It is cruel to force nauseating, harsh physic into a sick child. Look back at your childhood days. }on—castor oil, calomel, cathartics. How you hated them, how you fought | against taking them With our children Mothers who cling to the old form of } } ; do, The children’s revolt is well-found- jed. Their tender little “insides” are | injured by them | If your child’s stomach, liver and it’s different. | physic simply don't realize what they | Remember the “dose” mother insisted | | bowels need cleansing, give only deli- | | clous “California Syrup of Figs.” Its | | action is positive, but gentle. Millions laxative” handy; they know children love to take it; that it never fails to clean the liver and bowels and sweet- en the stomach, and that a teaspoontnl given today saves a sick child tomur row. Ask at the store for a 50-cent bottle of “California Syrup of Figs,” which has full directions for bat-tes, children of all ages and for grown-ups plainly on each bottle. Adv. He's a long-headed boy who borrows | his ma’s stocking to hang up. Ten smiles for a nickel. Always buy Red | Cross Bag Blue; have beautiful, clear | white clothes. Adv, The Dutch Indies in 1915 produced 1,440,000 tons of petroleum. ACTRESS TELLS SECRET. A well known ectress gives the follow- | 1ug recipe for gray hair: To half pint of water add 1 oz. Hay Rum, a small box of Barbo Compound, and \ oz. of glycerine, Any druggist can put this up or you car ix it at home at very little cost, Full @irections for making and use come ir each box of Barbo Compound. It will Gradually darken streaked, faded gray hair, and make it soft and glossy. It will not plor the scalp, is not sticky or greasy, and does not rub off. Adv. Ninety-three per cent of the floor of i void of vegetation, the o n is de The Havens Bros, Mfg. & Supply Company, one of the progressive manufacturing com- panies of Denver, have been helping the farmer this year to beat the very high prices of new iron pipe, and have been furnishing @ great deal of used pipe worked over with new threads a lings upon it, which eaves the purc considerable money, Get their prices on nd-hand material Adv. An exeremely hard artificial wood of German invention is made of sawdust and chloride of magnesium, Be happy. Use Red Cross Bag Blue; much better than liquid blue. Delights the laundress. All grocere. Adv. Sometimes a man’s Judgment enables him to do a thing almost as well as a woman can do it without any Judg- ment. GOOD FOR HUNGRY CHILDREN Children love Skinner’s Macaroni | and Spaghetti because of its delicious taste. It is good for them and you can give them all they want. It Is a great builder of bone and muscle, and does not make them nervous and irri- table like meat. The most economical and nutritious food known. Made from the finest Durum wher Write Skin- ner Mfg. Co., Omuha, N tiful cook book. It is sent free to mothers.—Adv, Paraguay has valuable forest re- sources, the most important of which jis quebracho, particularly rich in tan- | nin, What the Doctor Knows KIDNEYS MUST BE RIGHT TO INSURE HEALTH. Few people realize to what extent their health betes! upon the condition of the kidneys. The physician in nearly all cases of serious illness, makes a chemical analy- sis of the patient’s urine. He knows that unless the kidneys are doing their work roperly, the other organs cannot readily be brought back to health and strength. When the kidneys are neglected or abused in any way, serious results are sure to follow. According to health sta- tistics, Bright’s Disease, which is really an vanced form of kidney trouble, caused nearly ten thousand deaths in one ear, in the State of New York alone. Wherefore, it is particularly necessary to pay more attention to the health of these important organs. An idea) herbal compound that has had remarkable success as a kidney remedy is Dr. Kilmer’s Swamp-Root, the great kidney, liver and bladder remedy. The mild and healing influence of this ration, in most cases, is soon real- . according to sworn statements and verified testimony of those who have used the remedy. When your kidneys uire attention, get Swamp-Root at once from any phar- . It is sold by every’ in bot of two sizes—50c and $1.00. However, if you wish first to test thie t preparation send ten cents to Dr. ilmer & Co., Binghamton, N. Y., for a sample bottle. When iting be eure and mention this paper. A Experience Teaches. Spiffer—I have often wondered at your brilliancy, your; aptness at rep- urtee, your— ‘ Wiffer—If it's mo¥e than. dollar, old top, I can't do/a thing for you. I'm nearly broke myself. His ig Tencher—Johnny,| what is a hypo crite? e Johbnny—A boy comes to school with a smile on his{ face. of mothers keep this harmless “fruit | ebr., for beau- | | to Study Botany. TEACHING THE CHILDREN | terest them. Point out how the b ABOUT FLOWERS By L. M. BENNINGTON. One of the things that wise of many erations have rey that if a child be taught until it Is twelve years of age It doesn’t make ld fo! much differer w has the subse- quent handling, the direction of the mind will be fixed and the career pointed. This truth is shown In no way better than In the development of a love for flowers and for the garden, Country folk Imagine that children in the big cities have no trees, no iss and no flowers, Quite the re- They have the benefit of see- ing the best development that Is made by the leading culturists of the world. They are now being taught the value of flowers, The time was when a child could not be trusted alone in a city park where flowers were exhib- ited. They pulled the plants and they despoiled the gardens. No vandal ever hit a place with heavier hand than the average city child struck a park flower bed. The fear of the po- lice did not deter them. They had no particular thought for the reproof of their parents. »w the people who study parks and flowers have gone to studying children, and strangely enough, they have dis- covered that children are rational hu- man beings, thoroughly susceptible of being taught the value of flowers and the care that is required to produce and keep them. In many of the big flower plots the little fellows are be- ng regularly taken and told all about the way that flowers thrive. They are being taught botany as a kindergarten study—not In th iry terms of the ex- pert, but In the plain, interesting way of the amateur. They are learning how seeds are planted, how bulbs come from the queer land of the dykes and all of the other secrets, The truism that the greatest most valuable crop in the world is the crop of children is impressing it- self in the pursuit of this hitherto neg- lected branch of garden work. When a child begins to get interested in the study of flowers, made pleasing by the avoidance of dry detail, there is no end to the possibility of pleasure that can be derived from it, The in- struction affords the grown-ups a sim- ple way to enjoy the society of the young, which is the best tonic that age ever had, More gray hairs can be dodged and more wrinkles froned out by associating with children than by the application of any known cure. Once this is fully realized, the value of taking up the flower study with children will make an appeal to many, many older persons who now seek a book and a corner when they might be finding renewed youth with the tots. Tell the children things that will in- vers¢ ed is} | The Schoolchildren Are Being Taught the Beauty of Flowers and the Joy of Raising Fresh Vegetables for the Home Table. An Interesting Way working away for a hard-hearted queen | who lives in a cone-shaped palace, run |from flower to fi and | wer seeking to col- lect the tribute sweets for the re- lentless task-mistress of the hive. Tell them how these little bees, without knowing It, are carrying from one fra- grant blossom to another the germ of life that makes possible the repro- duction of the tlower and keeps allve the beauty and the joy of having the plant. That study ought to appeal to a ture mind; it certainly does to mind of a child. The truth has but recently been discovered among the city children. The result of the instruc- tion has been that many little shay- ers are taking tender care of the things they once sought to destroy, and a spirit is being developed that speak~ well for the future of floricul- ture, ma- the WORK AMONG THE FLOWERS If a cactus appears diseased, cut away all the branches and parts that do not seem wholesome, Withhold wa- ter for a time and pinch off the top of the stalks to make side branches grow. ds of asparagus sprengeri, which ripen at this season, should be sown a8 soon as they mature. They germi- nate quickly and soon make satisfac- tory follage-plants. If not attended to before now, take euttings of hardy shrubs, vines and grape and set out in the garde: in well-prepared soll in the spring. If you are short of window plants experiment with the chrysanthemum, Put the new shoots of the half-hardy sort in fine, rich sojl; place in a sun- ny window and see if you cannot have them in bloom in a couple of months, The hellotrope is impatient of a small pot, and should be shifted to a size larger as soon as its fine roots cover the outside of the ball of earth, So dense are its roots that it is often necessury to run a fine skewer about the base of the plant several times to allow the water to penetrate to the heart of the roots, See that these holes are kept open. THE ANEMONE AND NARCISSI Anemone should be planted six roots to the six-inch pot, and the roots ought to be covered with an inch of soil. The pots are to be kept in a cool cellar un- til the late winter or until early in the spring, when they are to be planted in a warm window to flower. They may be planted in the open ground, but In this event they must have a good covering of leaves or straw. Narcissi will do well in bowls of pebbles and water, or they may be cul- tured in pots of earth or fiber dishes, New Shell Pink Rose, the “Lady Ann Bordell.” A : to Grow,