Bemidji Daily Pioneer Newspaper, December 15, 1916, Page 3

/A FRIDAY. . DECEMBER 15. 1916, A SENSIBLE GIFT FOR | EVERY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY" PIONEER OFFICE Phone 922 - 923 GOING ON WHEELS From the Ancient Chariot to the Modern Motorcar. EVOLUTION OF THE VEHICLE. e Crude Carts Used In the Early ges by the Romans Were Followed Carriages—Then Came Covered oaches With Doors and Windows. rom the forked imb of a tree to the automoblle has the evolution of the vehicle expanded. For hundreds of years the charlot reigned supreme, and, bearing a fair resemblance to it even in this day, crude forms of carts on two wheels are to be seen in India, China, Ceylon, Mexico and other coun- tries. In China centuries ago the mon- ocyele was in great favor. This odd vehicle, much like the wnodern wheel- barrow, is still in general use in many parts of the country and is propelled by man power. Among the two wheeled vehicles in popular use in the Asiatic world may be mentioned the “ekka,” largely used in northern India, and the famed jin- rikisha of Japan. The Romans first established the use of carriages as private means of conveyance, and with them these vehicles attained a great variety of form as well as of orna- mentation. In all ages the emploxment of wheal. ed vehicles has depended largely upon the condition of the roads on which they were to be used, and the building of great highways, such as the Applan way by Claudius in 813 B. C., as well as many others, greatly facilitated the development of carriage traveling among the Romans. In Rome as well as in other large citles of the empire it became necessary to restrict travel in carriages to a few persons of high rank owing to the narrowness and crowded condition of the streets. For the same reason the transport of goods along the streets was forbidden be- tween sunrise and sunset. For long Journeys and to convey parties the “reda” and- ‘carruca”- appear-fo have been ‘mostly nsed Duringithe empire the carriage which appears in pictorial representations of public' ceremonials is the “carpentum.” It is very light, with two wheels, some- times covered and generally drawn by two horses. ,If a carriage was drawp by four horses they were yoked abreast among the Greeks and Romans, not in pairs, as now. From the Roman “car- ruca” are traced the modern English name ‘“carriage,” the .French ‘“car- rosse” and the Italian “carrozza.” ' The “sirpea” was a very ancient form of vehicle, the body of which was of osler basketwork. It originated with the Gauls, by whom it was named “benna,” and was employed by them for the conveyance of . persons and goods in times of peace and baggage and supplies in time of war. On the introduction of the feudal sys- tem throughout Europe the use of car- riages was for some time prohibited as tending to render the vassals less fit for military service. Men of all grades and professions rode -on horses or mules. Horseback was the general mode of traveling, and hence the members of the council, who at the diet and on other occasions were employed as am- bassadors, were called ‘“rittmeister.” In this manner also great lords made their public entry into cities. Covered carriages were known in the beginning of ‘the fifteenth century, but their use was confined to ladies of the first rank, and it was accounted a re- proach for men to ride in them. For a long time they were forbidden even to women, but by the end of the fif- teenth century they were being em- ployed by kings and princes in long Jjourneys and later on state Gocasions. The first time thii ambassadors ap- veared i coaches on a public official occasion was at the imperial commis- sion held at Erfurt in 1613. Soon after this coaches became common all over Germany, notwithstanding various or- ders and admonitions to deter vassals from using them. Carriages seem to have been used to some extent at quite an early period in France, for there is still extant an ordinance of Philip the Fair, issued in 1294, by which citizens’ wives are pro- hibited from using them. It appears, however, that about 1550 there were only three carrviages in Paris—one be- longing to the queen, another to Diana of Poitiers and the third to Rene de Laval, a very fat noblemdn who was unable to ride on horseback. _The first coach in England was Handkerchiefs Hosiery Men’s Neckwear Ladies’ Neckwear Men’s Suspenders Boudoir Caps Ladies’ Waists i Scarf and Toque Sets Guest Towels Embroidery Pieces Baby Blankets Sweaters Ribbons Jewelry Ivory Ware |l BOOKS kinds. WILSON'S FAIR STORE THE CHRISTMAS STORE Purchased Your Holiday Gifts? If not, BUY THEM NOW Our Holiday Lines are still complete and our store is filled swith useful articles suitable for ‘Holiday Gifts.- Some Gift Suggestions Many of these articles in holiday packages Carving Sets Serving Trays Cut Glass Fancy Chinaware Dinner Ware © Pictures: Kodak Albums ) Music Rolls Toilet Sets Manicure Sets Smoking Sets Cards and Card Cases Hand Bags and Purses Fine/Btatronery Perfnmes Fme Candies Dolls---The Big ‘Assortment - Toys and Games Gift Books, Popular Fiction, Children’s Books, Boys’ and Girls’ Books. Christ{ mas Cards, Booklets, Seals and Tags, Christmas Tree :Candles and Decorations of all,‘ Out-of-town customers are invited to make our store shoppmg headquarters i ‘Tell your friends to' meet you at THE FATR STORE. A.ll mail orders given prompt a.ud carefal gttentxon Wilson’s The Refund Chrlstmas Store Defociive Page made in 1555 for the Earl of Rutland by Walter Rippon, who also made a coach in 1556 for Queen Mary and in; 1564 a state coach for Queen Elizabeth.: By the beginning of ‘the seventeenth century the nse of carriages and coaches had become so prevalent in England that in 1601 the attention of parliament was drawn to the subject, and a bill:“to restrain the excessive use of coaches” ‘was introduced, which, however, was rejected. In regard to carriage construction, it would seem that glass windows or hinged and completed doors were un- (i known prior to 1650. * Public carriages || for hire, or hackney coaches, were in- |§ troduced into London in 1625 and rap- |} idly grew in popularity. Notwithstand- || ing the opposition of the king and M court, who thought they would ruin |j§ the roads, they grew to number over |} 300 by 1650. In Paris they were in: troduced during the minority of Louis:| XIV. by Nicholas Sauvage, who lived in the Rue St. Martin at the sign of St. Fiacre, from which circumstance |} hackney carriages in Paris have since been called “flacres.” - By 1694 .there: |} were over 700 of these conveyances ln‘ London.—Argonaut. 1M Have Yo Done Your | Christmas Shopping Yet? Prospective homesteaders are com- pelled by the federal government to | take oath that they, have informed |{H themselves of the character and quali- ty of the lands they ‘desire to enter. || Ordinarily the law’ limits homestead entries to 160 acres, but this may be || slightly exceeded under some circum- stances. Settlement is initiated through the personal act of the settles in plac- ing improvements upon the iand or es{’ tablishing residence thereom.” - = ... \|H Those prohibited'from homestead en- tries are persons who have already made entries, except under special con- ditions—foreign born whio have not de- Now for the last lap in the Tush to get something for “Him” or .. “Her” or the children. Just a few more daysin which to have every detail attended to so there will be no disappointments. ‘i See Our Tany Offerings This week we. are making a special showing of fine FUES at the inost reagonable.prices we-have ever been able’ to quote—nomth- standing the great adyance in FURS. Featuring the Albrecht Furs In sets and separate. pieces, all the newest fashions in beautiful clared their intentions to become nat- fun, made tip'in the following: uralized; those owning more than 160 Red Fox Muff ...... ..$19.50 acres in the United States and, in gen Brook Mink Muff . . .$10.00 eral, persons under twenty-one who are Brook Mink Sarf ........... .$ 750 not heads of families. A person serv- ing in the army or the navy may make a homestead entry if some other mem- ber of his family is residing on t.he Manchurian Fox (dog) Muff .. Marmoth Muff, only .. . Blue dyed Coney set . ... ..$ 9.00 ...$12.00 ..$20.00 land applied for. * Grey Fox Muffs .... ..$15.00 Homestead entries are made by pre- @rey Fox Scarf ... ..$ 9.50 senting to the land office of the district ||| Jap Weasel set . ..$28.50 in which the lands are situated an ap- || Black Coney Bt i, $30.00 plication properly prepared on the pre- | scribed blank forms, which must be ex- || ecuted not morethan ten days before its filing. Residence must be established upon the tract within six months after |§ the date of entry, unless an extension of time is allowed, and must be main- tained for three years, although ab- |H sence for a portion or portions of each year is allowable for not more than || two periods, aggregating as much as five months, upon proper notice to th land officg of departure and return. H Cultivation of the land is required for three years. During the second ||i ‘year not less than one-sixteenth of the |} area must be actually -cultivated, which increases afterward until final proof to one-eighth. There are at present more than 254 - 000,000 acres of unappropriated and |} unreserved lands in the United States subject to entry. exclusive of the terri- tory of Alaska, which has 15,000,000 acres.—Thomas F. Logan in Leslie’s. Every fur we sell is warranted to be as it is Tepresented—when it is an imitation we say so. Furs [ake Very Acce‘ptable Gifts SHOES AND FELT COMFY SLIPPERS MAKE VERY GOOD ELEVENTH HOUR GIFTS, AS WELL AS ANY OTHER TIME. If it’s shoes, be sure to see our splendid showing. We just re- ceived a fine assortment: of the famous ALBRIGHT shoes for the’ little folks; they 're some different than ordinary children’s shoes, at popular prices. i DID YOU SEE THE FINE TAILORED SUITS FOR LADIES THAT J WE'RE OFFERING AT $12.987 Beautifully tailored and finished in the season’s most approved styles, values to $35, but we do not want to carry them into the next season. DO YOUR CHRISTMAS SHOPPING NOW! TROPPMAN'S - “STORE OPEN EVENINGS” “You Do Better ““What do you think of my new bon- Paying Cash” net?” o “It’s a fright.” “I'm so glad you think so. Frights are all the style this year.”—Detroit Free Press. —IIIIIIIIlIIIIII||IIIIIII||I|IIII|||IIIIII||I|IIIIII||I|IIII|||WIIIIII||I||llIIIIlIIIlIIIIIIIIIIlllIIIIII||||lII|||||IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII|||||IIIIIIIIIIIIIII = ‘What Shall I Give Him’ for Christmas? DON’T WORRY OVER THIS QUESTION Any one of the gifts mentioned be- low will successfully solve it. If your selection accords with his needs and taste, he’ll be a queer man if he does not approve your judgment. . | Shirts Please Most Men _ + The majority of men will welcome a few extra shirts at Chnstmas time, especially when- they are “nifty” new patterns, such as we are showing in great variety. Our stock consists of carefully selected shirts from the best $I 00 to $ 2 5 0 o makers—includes all good shirtings and all colorings... ||I|IIIIIII|‘ May we suggest practical articles for Chris tmas Gifts? : Overcoats Sweater Coats ......ooocoremunoo $2.50 to $8.00 Men’s and, Xofing Men’s .Men’s Dress Gloves.............. $1.00 to $2.50 y - Underwear, the suit............ $1.00 to $5.00 Men’s and Young Men’s Suit; Yoss . Bath Robes .......cccovemeeeee P Hagakezchiy, =il 5o 0 Men’s and Young Men’s Shoes . Suspender Sets ..50c to $1.00 at Gift NeCKWear........cooccrcecuuus 35c to $1.00 Men’s House Shppers Leather Collar Bags. ...$1 to $2 Mackinaws _Cloth. Caps, fur band 50c to $2 . Mufflers . . Suit Cases and Bags............$2.50 to $15 Gift Hosiery HnnunnRnnnm . GILL, BROTHERS L BEMIDJI. 'MINN. 'y The Refnnd Store Money Cheerfully Refunded fiflllllllllllllllllflllllllllIllllllllllllllljlllllllflIIIII]l[lllllIIIIlIIlllllllIIIIIIIIIIIlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII