The evening world. Newspaper, October 30, 1922, Page 20

meee, ci op - —__—_—_— FOOTBALL PROVING MORE POPULAR THAN BASEBALL +: Not Only Are So-Called Small Colleges Upsetting Dope but They Are Drawing Large Crowds When Pitted Against Big Fellows —Tigers and Penn Sensations of Gridiron. OOTBALL continues to be tae sport of surpris 4, not vnly tn the up setting of dope, but in the matter of crowds. A few years ago most ne 2 ARR SAIS TELS RATE RRA a RE NOE CEI 4 ™ THE EVENING WORLD, MONDAY, OCTOBER 30, 1922, 4 Copyright, 19 é F all the early gamea were poorly attended, only those betw real rivals drawing large crowds, And even then the big games’ crowds were not balf what they are now. Five games on Saturday drew nearly a quarter of a million people— 228,000, to be exact. The banner crowd was at the Yale-Army game ut New Haven, which dre mpeny people. Penn and the Navy drew 50,000 at the dedication of the Rew dium in Philadelphia; 82,000 attended the Princeton-Chicago ga at Chicago; 60,000 saw the Dartmouth-Harvard clash at Cambridge, and 20,000 fang saw Penn Stace and Syraquse battle ut the Polo Grounds, The large crowd at the local gaine ts considered the greatest indica- ton of football's growth, as this game wa* between two teams concerning ‘whom there was no local interest. It was o case of “just a game," no college spirit or the like being involved. Football crowds are making World's Series crowds look small these days, Instead of three or four well-attcuded games, there are hundreds of games nowadays that draw capacity, The new rules, waich made the game open instead ol all mass plays, and gave tre light fast teams of the so-called smaller college a chance to sive the big fellows a close no-battle, if not a beating, have been largely responsible for the sport's popularity. The littie fellows are giving the big fellows so much trouble in the early games it would not be surprising if the Blg Three cut their sched- ules in half next year. There were two big~upsets in the dope last Saturday, Princeton's great victory over Chicago, of course, was the feature of the day. Penn spilled the beans by beating the Nuvy and the Army sprang a surprise by holding the Blue even. The latter still sticks to old-fashioned football methods. 4 Minnesota's win over Ohio State was a big surprise in the West. Dartmouth, which had been beaten the Saturday previous by Vermont, Harvard a stiff battle, although the Crimzon was never really in éanger. Syracuse mustered unexpected strength and held Penn State to a ,Scoreless tle, Cornell didn't play, while Lafayette ran true to form and whipped Boston College. Columbia's defeat by Williams was a surprise, There are only six teams with clean slates—Harvard, Lafayette, E _ Princeton, Cornell, Penn State and Michigan, the latter not having been scored on this season, The football world is talking about- Princeton's great discovery in Johnny Gorman, the youngster who played such a sensational game at i quarterback Saturday. Gray, Cleves, Crum and Ren Smith deserve to nave { their names in the Hall of Fame. t The Tigers beat Chicago because they perfected a defense that pre- { vented the Maroon from scoring three goals from touchdowns, while they f made all theirs. . ~ f : i 2 - Celtics Get Three Basketball i 2 ° ° : Victories; Paterson a Surprise t ee + t Large Crowd Witnesses De-] BASKETBALL RESULTS. { feat of MacDowall at Gar-| - Pa aie 7 ATURDAY. ery Breaks Col- nos al Celtics 80—White Plains } porters 19. { lar Bone, Visitationn 32—Knights 23. Paterson 86—Dodgers 3 } he Original Celtics scored three} Asconsion Pirates 28--Co. 8, Mount j victories over Saturday and Sun- NS ea mbar Radha i day. On Saturday night at whit] Blue Valley Club 37- ren | Pints, the champions éasily defeated] ytyatieetso, Ne OAM Mystics 20, the White Plains Reporter Five by a seore of 80 to 19, Brooklyn also $ proved an easy victim yesterday after- 4 noon at Jersey City when they fell Dofore the onslaught of the Celtics by @ 85 to 28 tally, Last night at {he Garden, the MacDowall team, ich, was expected to give the cham- yions @ hard fight, or even to cuin & vietory, was defcated by the tully of 89 to 27, MacDowal!l put up a good buttle SUNDAY AFTERNOON. Original Celtics 85—Brooklyn 22. Paterson 23-—MacDowall Asconsion Aces 33—St, Aloysius Nallan C, C, 26—Junto Big Five 16. Starling Greys 32—West End Post 20. SUNDAY NIGHT. es 8%--Mac Dowall 27, Paterson 20-—Dodgers 17. Brooklyn -Visitations 28 ' with the champions, ‘The three Torm-] — Kni;:hts 27—Elizabeth 7 er Trentonites, Meehan, Tone and —S | Ksearns, gave several exhibitions of the form which defeated the Coltics| METROPOLITAN STANDING. lust year, but the teamwork was not] « sufficient to warrant a victory, ¢. Won, tost, Aver. Towers played the best gamo for the i A MucDowall team and Johnny Beck-|OTinal Celtics ... 7 Se 1 ian, the old reliable mainstay of the] Visitations ... 6 2 150 ; tue holders, featured for hly quiatet. | Knights 4 4 500 ie In the second period of the Mug-| Paterson ‘ 4 Vewall-Celtic game, Chris Leonard. | Eltzabeth 3 3 00 contre man for the Celtics, fractured |Breoklyns . 3 4 429 his collarbone and was replaced by | peg : 5 ; r Larry. The fracture will doubloxs mere ss! be leep Leonard out of the game for a|MacDowalls . 1 7 124 month. , . The biggest crowd! of the year at- . -t fended the game at Mudison Square}. on Saturday by a tally of 23 Garden. With the second tiers flea] to 1% und the upper tlers holding a good crowd the Garden looked like old times when the champions played the Ascension with a vio Aces opened the seuson ory over the fast Bt, Aloy- , wiue Club quintet at the Ascension E critical game with Trenton and Cam-] parish Hou wterday afternoon by 4 E den last season. score of 23 to 25. The Aces t BEE Visitation scored a victory over the] halt time by n tally of 20 to 6, ( h Knights of St. Anthony by a 82 to 29] fn and Gardner starved for the 4 conwio: feore on Saturday night, and yester- day the Visitations were defeated by the Brooklyns, 81 to 28, The defeat. however, does not change the position of the Visitations on the Metropolitan League standing They still are on the heels of the Calitics with an average of .750, atiuda Ascension Mystics feat at the hands of the Viking F Fivo by Vikings had things prett own way throughout the contest Italian ©, ©, Five conquered (ne Junto Bix Five at Webster Hall vy a soore of 26 to 15. The victory for the Italian club gives them first standing in the Interboro Loague with « record of three victories cad no ddfeats, or an average of 1,000, Starling Groys were vietorious «ver the West End Post/ by a score to 20 In a close contest, The Greys won in the last few seconds of play. Paterson, the team which appar- ently had no chance tn the league, surprised the fana by three victories, two over the fast Dodger team, 36 to 24 and 20 to 17, and the other oyer MacDowall, 28 to 22. The three pamis were very close. Paterson yaay offer more surprises as the avu- BOM progresses. Elizabeth ploys the Visttations or Knights of St, Anthony defeated]. * :: Eileabeth at Greenpoint by a score of | Weinesdey night at Blizaveth, N. J 2T to 32. The Elizabeth Armory held a large crowd at last week's contest and nn Ascension Pirates conquered te] other big foliow in expected for thia Mount Ver- week iM ome ca THE CORKS foppED KH TIHE A CHAMPION SIGNED EITHER @ CAST-IRON 6UY WHO LOOKED AND POSED AS 4 "BAD MAN ORS Jf COULD LICK THE CHAMP . THE TITLE HOUER GAVE HIM, THE CHANCE TO TRY (T—AND FougHT wo Rds. (F HECE SSARY WHEN @& FIGHTER ST HE USVALLY NOT RECEIVED HOTHING BOT WAS OUT acc HIS TRAIKING DEMAND FOR TICKETS TO YALE -PRINCETON GAME EXCEEDS SUPPLY NEW HAVEN, Conn., Oct. 30. —Yale and Princeton are unable to find tickets enough to satisfy the advance demand for seats at the game in the Palmer Stadium, Nov. 18. The stadium holds only about 40,000 persons, being about half the size of the Yale Bowl. Applications h: just closed for tloketa, and the demand from the alumni and undergraduates alone have found the football associa- tions unable to fill them. Only by cutting down some of the applica- tions will the officials be able to meet the situation. There can be no public sale of tickets w! pl tiona from t turned back with the etatement by the football management that it ia impossible to fill them. EDGREN TELLS HOW TIGER, - AFTER BEING WELL BEATEN TURNS TABLES ON MAROON Princeton’s Last-Minute Victory at Chicago One of the Greatest in the History of Intercollegiate Football. By Robert Edgren. CHICAKO, Oct. 30.—Princeton Tiger clawed his way to victory Satur- day afternoon in the last quarter of a game that was already being posted on the bulletin boards downtown as an overwhelming victory for the Ma- soon. Bruised, battered, reeling from the effort of vainly trying to stand against the tremendous plungi=g attack that Stagg’s gridison warriors had surled relentlessly against them sor three disastrues periods, Roper’s men in the last few minutes of pay pulled from somewhere in the depths of heir courageous spirits a tremendous fighting rally that nothing could stop. They not only refused absolutely to belleve that they could be beaten. They went out to win, and they won, The score by periods tells the story. @~ In the first Chicago scored a touch- down, 6 points: in the second Prince- ton scored a touchdown and kicked a goal, 7 points, but later tn the second Chicago took the lead again with an- other touchdown. In the third Chi- cago erossed the Tiger goal line a third time, and a third time failed to Klek the goal. At the end of the third After losing flve yards on a forward pass Princeton kicked and Chicago had the ball on her forty-yard line. A wide pass hit Thomas's hands and flew into the air. He turned to snatch ity but in that instant Gray, who had been flashing into every play from the start, catapulted through between end and tackle and, running like a streak, grabbed the ball and was out from under the clawing hands of the tacklers and on his way down the fleld. Half a dozen Maroon play- kicked out some thirty yards, and even as the ball fell the last whistle blew. There have been hard-fousiit before, but never a game that Both teams had thelr streaks of luck and thelr mis- haps in about an equal proporticn. Chicago lost, but there was no dis- hénor in the losing. period the score stood Chicago 18, ers were after him, but in two or Pringeton 7. And then tn a terrific,| Both teams had thelr heroes. Yor] tives j . 1 ¢ jumps he was clear of the pack. desperate uphill battle the Tiger] Chicago tho bright star was Jobn| nat boy ben sun, “g He lengthened his lead at every stride, crossed the goal line and trotting around behind the goal posts touched the ball down, Baker had kicked the goal for Princeton before. Sraith kicked this one. Quickly after the kickoff the Tigers began crashing through Chi- cago's line before the Maroons could recover from the stunning effect of ‘Thomas, who scored al! three of ‘oe Maroon's touchdowns. wonderful game, In the first half Thomas went through Princeton's line like a shel! from a big gun. Noth- ing could stop him. He shot through head first--his conical headgear the warhead of the shell. And every time he struck the ground running, scored two touchdowns and each time kicked the goal. Each team crossed its rival's goal line thrice. But three times Chicago failed to gain the added point by kicking a goal and three times Princeton put the ball squarely between the goal posts and over the bar, When He played a Princeton had scored twice in the last period there were stl! two[the Tiger tacklers did well to bring/the fumble and touchdown. Snively minutes to play. And here Sta him down, His first touchdown was|made two fine forward passes, the men proved that the Bast bolds no} scored squarely through the centre of |second’ of which went to Gray, diag- monopoly of courage. With ao the line, Tn the second quarter iv]onally across the field and within of short overhead, forward passe ashing drives Into the Tiger ling the Maroons hammered their way down to within three yards of seoriug again They were in exactly the same poul- ove thrpugh centres for the last six yards and over the line, hurling Princeton tacklers with him, TI third time he crashed through tackle for a touchdown, with only a yard to striking distance of the Maroon goal line. And in short, sharp plunges that nothing could stop, the ball went forward until only_a foot was needed. One foot to go” and one down to tion Princeton had been in a few min-] go, make the distance. Prineeton knew utes before, needing ently to tam the |” Crum scored two touchdowns for|that foot meant victory. Chicago ball over a few yards to seor the] princeton, Like Thomas, he scored] Knew {t meant defeat, ‘The Maroon winning points, A abifting of the at-line frst touchdown by ramming|!ine met the Tiger charge squarely. tack might have scored. But there} inrough centre, The second ‘Tiger| Somewhere under the ruck was Crum Was so short a way to 80 TWO! touchdown came along late in the| With the ball. No one knew whether plunges put the ball go near the goal line that a man's spread fingers might have covered the gap between leather spheroid and the chalk mark Again Chicago gathered. It looked as if no wall of mere human flesh and uld hold them back it was over or not until the officials bad umtangled the mass of bodies heaped on top of it. But It was over and Smith again kicked the goal. It was a joyful bunch that pulled out of Chicago Saturday night on the Princeton Special. last period, when Princeton looked a beaten team and the score was 18-7 against them, Here was one of the greatest thrills of the game. Chicago was hammering Princeton down the field aguin and the Tigers were re- sisting desperately, After every play ewirled whole Maroon team swirled) ino wore atretelied on the trampled (Copyright by Robert Edgren.) Be SR wdnat it the Orange | re" turf, Knocked out for a moment, sp ama ard, But up against It the pL armen tarts eave) ind fitack rose like a cliff resisting} New men Were running in to tukel VIKINGS MAKE IT FOUR thelr places, At last Princeton stopped an billow. Mor @) the driving march of the Marouns, STRAIGHT IN RACE single instant, In the crush of attick} heig them fast und forced them to ——- - and defense, the straining of muscle] yicy, Pyott went a beautiful punt| For the fourth time in succession the against muscle, of knee against ln? | tumbling through the air to the Tiger] soccer eloven of the Viking Athletic shoulder against shoulder, body] Aye yard line, and a lateral pass to|Ciub gained a victory in the New York inst body, the tangled mass of men] Cieaves sent the great Tiger left half State L © yesterday, when at Har- slowly from the ground in @] scurrying around Chicago's right end]\om Field they overcame the Overs ting, turnbling ridge. Then, ¥8}and nearly clear, He covered fifty] Wanderers to the tune of 4 goals to 0. slowly, it sunk down again, All me yards before he was hauled down,|H- Carlson, the brilliant Viking forward, ment stopped, the white-Jerseyed of-] But the officials decided that the} shot three of the goals, two in the first half and one tn the second. Peterson, ficlals dived into the still quivering | jateral pass had gone forward a yard] h*! mags headiong. ‘They twisted und] or so and the bail was brought { z OF & pane by LARSON BUS Chrotgn’ the wriggled down to the bottom of it an¢]and the Tigers drew a penalty that} sie ee w teams were disentangled] put them «a yard from their goal line, and pried away the ball lay Just! A" slip heres and. Princeton's lust| KING STOPS SUMMERS. whore it had been before—six inchos hance was gone. HKvery one expec short of the goal line, It was Chi-] to see the ball kicked out from behind] WATERBURY, Conn., Oct. g gaxo's last chance to retrieve a lost} the line. But instead of kicking, who formerly. boxed faso's last chance to retrieve a Yost the line, ut instead of kicking, OF . O. gonnny Genith elghteenth straight victory by the K. route by stopping Marty Summers in the third round. Local promoters are anx ious lo match King and Lou Bogash, onl: |.Gorman, who “had been Chicago had | masterly game all through. Princeton i to the forty yard line. long that last time there were six seconds left to play. lost the ball on downs. playi Gorman (New York Evening World) by Prese Publishing Co, ER! CHAMPION (S & A Flock OF NOISE AT THE HATCH HARING THERE IS BLOQUENT SILENCE FMANaeER. AROUND IN A LIMOUSINE F.VE FOOTBALL GAMES DRAW NEARLY QUARTER OF MILLION FANS |HOW TIMES HAVE CHANGED SONSIOER. T GON’ sas i PROPOSITION Rares Me 6uARANTEED — ee THE GATE WHS pus Gor OF, WAIN! cee #400 EXPENSe S+ oe 1 CAN HIGH Local Grid Teams Fail to Display Form Expected Showing of Columbia and Fordham Saturday Disa points Admirers. By Burris Jenkins Jr. HAT well-known “‘last-minute T punch"’ turned defeat into vic- tory for Williams Saturday in @ close, hard-fought battle agatast Columbla on South Field, The sesre eighty seconds before the final whis- tle was: Columbia, 10; Williams 6. After the eighty seconds it was: Williams, 18; Columbia, 10, It was expected that Fordham would beat Westminster by more than the 12-0 score. New York Untver- sity’s victory over Rhode Island State—23-7—was no surprise. gers’ defeat by West Virginia— Hobart's swamping C. C. N. ¥ —and Swarthmore’s success with Stevens—20-0—were more or less ac- curately anticipated, But mone could guess the outcame of the Columba- Williams contest even up to the lust second of play. Columbia supporters disappointed over the outcome are discussing what alls the Blué and White machine Which looked so good at the begin- ning of the season. Some say the team lacks fight, others that the team needs a quarterback with more foot- ball ability than Burtt, or that the fault is a weak line. The last ia certainly true. Roderick and Kop- pisch seem helpless when the line fails to hold, Both these early sea- son stars spoil many chances by fumbles. Something must happen to the eleven this week if it Is to defeat versity was prised in the firat period of its co: test with Rhode Island State by a lucky touchdown by the visitors when Kirby, the New Englanders’ left end, gobbled a fumble and ran over the goal line. Melntosh drop- kicked the goal, Then the Violet warrlore were aroused to the same fighting pitch noticeable in the Co- lumbia game and began rolling up the scores, Weatherdon's Ilne plunging and Washington, th Negro star back feldcr’s, broken-fleld running featured the contest. Capt, Taylor was compelled to wit- ness the contest from the side lines because of his broken fingers. Sehres, quarterback, displayed the heady generalahip outstanding in the Columbia game. He carried the ball over on the first touchdown for N. Y. U. in the second quarter, while Weatherdon and Washington are ca: accredited with the other two taliles, Weatherdon added the three extra points in the last part ,of the final quarter by a neat 88-yard kick from placement. FORDHAM VICTORY NOT AS EASY AS EXPECTED. Fordham’s victory over Westmin- ster was not as easy as Maroon root- ers hoped. In the first half Fordham lived up to expectations and not only made a touchdown for each period but gained three tines as much ground as the visitors. But in the latter periods Fordham seemed to weaken and the Pennsylvanians improved, Several times they camo near to scoring when heralded aerial tacties . Myere and Vullback Manning made the two touchdowns and played most consistent football for the Maroon, Barney Fallon at vight tackle was also a favorite with his demon tackling. Healey and Bou- tot added much with their forward pass interference. c. C. N. Y.'s chief disappointment in the game with Hobart was the fact that they were unable to score. City College knew they could not win but they hoped to make a score. But for @ new team against a first class experienced one, C. C. N. Y. did well, their supporters feel, to hold the sere to 24-0. It speaks well for Coach Neville's line. PIMLICO STAKE WELL FILLED Racing at the autumn meeting of the Maryland Jockey Club at Pimlico, which will open to-morrow, will compare favor- ably with any thie seagon if the quality and'quantity of the entries for the atakes count for anything. Chief Interest, of course, will centre fn the second running of the Pimlico Futurity of $40,000 added, for two-year- olds at one mile, but distance racing, with such atakes as the Pimlico Cup at two miles and a quarten and the Bowte Handicap at one mile and a halt, will run !t a good second, Another of the features will be the Home-Bred Stakes for two-year-olds which have been the property of the owner since foaling, This {x a new stake, but {ts sport! conditions have attracted 93 entries from 31 tn bh which include some of the best juveniles in training. The race will be at six furlongs, with $2,500 and @ plece of plate added. ‘The other leading fixtures have closed as follows: The Pimlico Cup of $10,000 added, tor three-year-olds and upward, two miles and a quarter, $6 entries in 53 interests; the Pimlico Autumn Handicap of $5,000 added, for three-year-olds and upward 8; $10,000 added, in 65 Interests; the Walden, of $10,006 added, for two-year-olds, one mile, 171 entries In 61 interests; the Manly Memorial Stoeplechase, of $10,000 added, for four-year-olds and upward, two miles and a half, 77 entries in 61 intor- eats, and the Elkridge Steeplechase of $3,000 added, for three-year-olds, two miles, 23 entrigs in 16 interes! re FIVE TEAMS FIGHT FOR BIG TEN TITLE CHICAGO, Oct. 80 (Associated Press). --The fight for the Western Conference football title, at present a toss-up among Towa, Chicago, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, may narrow to four teams next Saturday when the last two con- tenders meet in thetr annual game at Minneapolis, With defeat meaning cer- tain elimination from the championship race and thelr traditfonal rivalry spur- ring the teams on, this game is expe to be the outstanding contest in a d that Includes only one other confer tussle, that between Northwestern a: IWinois at Urbana. q onference standing follows e Wo Mich! ga OWA ss Wisconsin Minnwaote North weste Tiinots Onle ; f Purdy mn 4 second rater he looks Ifke the great- 1] a little lost motion, an instant of delay —————— Andy Thomas on the Road to Welter, and Possibly Middle-_ weight Title. Andy Thomas is a young Itélian boxer, mogt of whore fighting has been done around New York City. He ts — welterweight at present. He weighs 188 pounds. But he is growing rap- idly and in another year will be @ middleweight. : I wouldn't be at all surprised to see him middleweight champion. I wouldn't be surprised, either, to see him pick up the welterweight title on the way. Jimmy Kelly, who brought Thomas out, is an old-time fighter himself, He was @ very clever boxer in his time. And he has developed several fighters with a lot of class. Thomas {s tall for his weight, ané slimly built, with wide shoulders > long arms. He is perfectly put to- gether for the game he plays. But that counts for very little in fighting. In all the long list of champions I've known I don’t remember two who were constructed on even app. oxi- mately the same lines, Bulld has lt tle to do with fighting, as long as sup~ pleness, speed and endurance there. But Thomas has a real fighting brain. He is aggressive in @ dy.iberate und unhurried way. He steps tn con- itantly, and as he steps im he hits with elther hand. He never wastes a step or a punch. He makes nq false moves. He does#'t dance and throw away his strength: He very seldom falls to lund the blow he starts. And he hits hard, As a complementary virtue, he con take # hard punch without show- ing any signs of feeling it. I recently saw him fight Joe Tiplitz and offset the fury of Joe's aggressive attack with cool skill and hard, clean punch- ing. Then I saw him with Bobby Michaels, an aggressive and danger- ous puncher, Thomas pressed Mi- chaels hard, walking into a storm of swings with no more regard for than he might have shown if Mich; had been wielding a fly ewatter in- stead of a boxing glove. Beating Michaels to every punch, he soon had him dazed. In the second round he knocked Michaels down twice, for counts of eight and seven. Michaels rose and cayght the ropes to stea@y himself, and' swung twice for Andy's Jaw with plenty of power left in his puncltes, but it was plain to eve! that Thomus would quickly knock out. f ‘Thomas stepped in and Michaels let go a long, low left swing that came up past Andy's knees and struck foul. To tany around the ring it looked Ike @ deliberate attempt to lose on a foul rather than by a knockout, Whether ‘t was or not, the effect on Thomas was the same. He was badly hurt. How much the injury may affect the voy's future ag @ fighter cannot be known until he makes two or three more appearances in the ring. WHITE A MASTER OF THE KNOCKOUT BLOW. Charlie White of Chicago, although a veteran, is fully as good a fighter, as when he had his first chance against « champion, White has fought for the Ughtweight title halt a dozen times, Once when he drop- ped Benny Leonard for a co! or seven seconds at Benton Harbor he was very near the champlonshtp. White ts o fighter of a rather odd” type. Every time I see him heat a est Nghtweight in the world. There {an't another man in any class who can do a neater or a quicker job, Charles doesn't waste a punch, He reminds me of Joe Gans when Joo was tipping them all over. He stands almost motionless. \His hands are held in @ fixed position. He doom’ feint. He doesn't use any Hgh punches to gain an opening. He waits. His eyes glitter ike those of a rattlesnake ready to strike, His stare is almoat mesmeric, There are a¢v- eral openings, perhaps, but he doesn’t strike, At last he 1s sure, His tert flashes out in a short hook. Thud! The opponent drops as if hit with & club. It's over, If White could fight lke that against a champion he'd be invinelble, But against a champton he would need the one thing he lacks—the faculty of thinking and acting in the same frae- tion of a second. With White there is 4 between seeing lis opening and start- ing his punch, His head isn't as quick as his hands, Before he can start his chance has gone. At that CharNe White may have the luck to iand just “ght on @ champion some day. If he does he'll wear the crown ‘ by Robert Eégren,) a, Harteny Vatrmount Club, 107 To-night—Billy Detoe-bickey } ‘