The evening world. Newspaper, April 1, 1918, Page 12

MONDAY, APRIL 1 The Most Striking Things - [Saw on 15 Battle Fronts In the Big World War B.Thomas Curtin, American War Correspondent, Who Has Seen More of the War Than Any Other Man, Tells Evening World Readers of His Most Impressive Experiences. By D. Thomas Curtin. Part IV. &. America’s Anxious Watch—New York, November, 1915. FTER nothing but scenes of war, and an atmosphere of »war, | felt, bewildered for several days in New York. Everything seemed unreal and trivial. I soon found that an overwhelming per- eentage of my countrymen had educated themselves into a belief that geutrality was the greatest virtue of mankind, School teachers were for- Bidden to mention the war lest the most innocent remark might offend the susceptibilities of the O’Mahonys or the Smiths or the Schmidts. 1 found the new generation growing up in abyssmal ignorance of even the geography of a world-convulsion destined to make itself felt now and tor+ around the globe. 1 used to pace my floor many a night in Germany because I felt we ‘would some day have to fight her, but the majority did not dream of it, € knew that | too would nat have dreamed of it had 1 remained from hree to six thousand miles away, 1 found my fears justified so far as the people went, but I found, too, that a few men high up in Washington were very much awake. While I was at home Dumba, the Au- strian Ambassador, departed from our shores, and Ger- in the Arable case, Men whose sured mo, however, that, despite all Germany's acts, 90 per cent. of our people were thus far absolutely opposed to war. Bernstorff had the same information nd traded upon it. Yost was primarily a question of machinery at the front and q “the organization of whole nations behind the front. I Mought of this as I travelled about at home. Our seemingly boundless resources and manufacturing output took @m@ a new light for me. Potentially we could turn out more war machinery than any other nation. But what of organization? In many individual businesses we were second to nono, ' But in Germany I had seen national @tganization, and in a nation fifteen times the size of Germany I won- @ered to what axtent individual would become national. For example, before tho war it was the policy of the German Ministry of War to have) | @ special bureau to keep track of the whereabouts of very piece of rail-| way rolling stock and, by a co-ordination of the principal states, to be} .° @bdle to mobilize this stock for any kind of transport whatsoever within * forty-eight hours. Was the American democracy prepared to do any-! thing similar? | Lack of preparation makes long up-hill fighting later, but the Amert- an Government in 1915 could not very well prepare for war without being ecveused of intention to deliberately depart from neutrality. | XI. The Food Curve Falls in Germany—Berlin, October, 1916. | CENH I.; Budapest-Bucharest Express. Time, January, 1915. A High | S OMcial of the Deutsche Bank: “I am absolutely confident that we shall have defeated all our enemies in three months—six at the outside. We ehall teach Hngland especially. We will make her pay and| “take pleasure in doing so.” (Then he named the indemnity that certain} // British cities would yield, with Brussels as a basis of caloulation.) “And efter we have won in Furope we shall force America to pay for her un- meutral making of shells for our enemies.” Scene Il.: An office in the Deutsche Hank, Berlin. 1916. The seme Official: “When is this terrible war going to end? We desire what we have always desired, namely, to live in peace and let other mations live in peace. It will be a bad thing for the world if German ¢ivilization receives a setback at the hands of such enemies as we have. ‘This is America's golden opportunity to try to bring peace to an unhappy eontinent.” This is the faithful reproduction of actual conversations. The ma- fority of his countrymen were talking in the same vein. I would remind my readers that one set of countries do not get all the clouds and the ether all the sunshine fn this war, To-day we are interested in topics f food and comparisons with the enemy. I will state again what I know first-hand to be a fact, which is that in Germany no discomfort of food shortage was apparent through 1915. In 1916, however, the economic @urve descended with a steadiness and a rapidity that alarmed all classes. The German Government not only concentrated on production and dis- tribution, but it systematically sought to fill the people with the will to hold out and endure anything rather than yield, They were successful with the majority. The police attended to the minority. Food troubie, the breakdown at Verdun, and the combined attacks east and west shook Germany through the summer of 1916. Pessimism ‘was contagious. Nobody smiled publicly. Then came Roumania and Russia, and the sustaining sunshine of hope burst once more upon the Fatherland. Hope is the greatest boon to the human race, If the economic curve had continued to descend in 1917 at the rate of the previous year, Germany would have been finished without the neces- @ity of our firing a shot. It did not, however. My best advices from the Fatherland convince me that it struck a level—very uncomfortable, to be sure—at the beginning of the year, and has continued to run along it more or less evenly ever since, The German Government tided through the weeks before the new harvest last year by reducing the bread ration and doubling the meat ration from half a pound to a pound per weck, This had the twofold effect of eking out the grain and killing off stock for which there was not enough fodder. She will have the same or a similar problem this year, XII, Lessons of Life in BritainLondon, November, 1917. D*'« the last and longest of my six war-time visits to Germany I learned many valuable lessons. I had witnessed the growth of social unrest even in that least-likely-to-revolution country, The @hief reason for that unrest was food shortage, causing, as always, the Jess fortunate to blame the more fortunate many, with a snarl from Tirpitz, backed down and’ business {t was to be in touch with the public pulse! | But in Europe I had seen, first hand, that the war! Time, September, | \ | 20th Century World Wonders The Great Hudson Tubes---1. CROSS SECTION VIEW SHOWING HOW THEY RUN UNDER THE JERSEY SHORE AND FEED THE RAILROAD TERMINALS. ‘ MONG other economics brought fdrward by the war is the in- creasing use of sawdust, Not only have many uses been found for waste sawdust, but It is being manu- factured commercially, If one enters the sample room of the modern manufacturer of sawdust he will observe on shelves rows of Klass jars, stoppered and standing mouth downward, There are reds of different shades, browns and yellows, to say nothing of the blacks and whites, In these finer forms sawdust is made of perhaps sixty different woods, of various deg of fine- ness, for a varlety of purposes, | Sawdust, combined with oil, ts put | up in packages for use in sweoping 1 knew British individuality of nature and lack of communal feeling fmoculated hatred, and I wondered if this might not give the Germans an advantage if food trouble started in England, That ts why I carefully tabulated the whole German rationing system, with its merits and defects, and turned {t over to the Hritish Government at the end of 1916, To-day I see Britain going through the initial stages of German food GiMculties, Not yet, however, in either Britain or France is there any- thing like the low level of sustenance upon which the German civilian has been living for two years. Furthermore, the near in life often obscures the remote. A man's Getestation of the wealthier class ahedd of him or his fear of possible unwise conduct of the masses if they grow rapidly to power may cause him to jeopardize the future of his country in trying to adjust things too much at home instead of all sticking shoulder to shoulder wnt!) a foreign menace ie rid of. (To d@ continued) carpets, instead of the oldtime seat- tered tea loaves, Sawdust trom vart ous non-resinous woods 1s employed in the smoking of meats, and sawdust Jin the form of pulp is used in the | manufacture of dynamite | In combination with cement, saw- {dusts of various kinds and colors are used in the construction of speciai | flooring, such as that used tn hos- | pitals. Such flooring, made with the material in a plastic state, can be Jatd out in a@ single plece, without cracks or joints, and so made germ proof. It is, furthermore, “silent” and easier to tread than tile, Some curlous uses are found for the better kinds of sawduat, One of these pertains to the Spanish codar saw- jdust, which ts of extreme lightness. & te employed tor packing cheap Sawdust Now Valuable Product. chemicals contained in glass and Shipped for long distances, Manufactured satinwood sawdust Is employed in the preparation of pastel boards for drawing purposes. Sawdust of briarwood ts reworked for special uses. Lignum-vitae sawdust Js put to some chemical uses. The heaviest sawdust is that ob- tained from ebony. It ts black in color, although there are traces of Uny white fibres, "Holly furnishes the whitest of saw- dust, This is made into a very fino pulp form, is used for floor material and enters into the composition of certain grades of wall paper, There ts a, manufactured sawdust culled “lemon,” which is not derived trom the wood of the lemon tree, but gets its name from Its color, A great many-houses are partially constructed of sawdust, as in the in stence of a form of brick made from this valuable by-product, Mortar containing a large quantity of saw- dust, and a sort of stucco, Is now be- ing mado entirely of sawdust, Sawdust is also pressed into vartous forms and objects and finished in good Imitation of oak, rosewood, ma- hognay and other high priced woods A very fair grade of linoleum ts made of a composition into which sawdust enters, The uses of sawdust are al- most innumerable—Jt {s employed in making gas of various kinds, pressed into stoppers for bottles, used in Jaun- dries in place of voap and employed in she making of dyam MONDAY, A By James make it possible, and the railroad is in operation. the modern wonders of the world, *| 7,100,000 in the February just passed. In order to carry this trafic the road at present fs running to about two- thirds capacity. Throughout the busy hours of the morning 206 cars are tarted from the Exchange Station every hour, But it would be possible to handle 320 cars at that || same station in the same length of time. As yet it has not been neces- j}sary to run the larger number of pars, according to officials of the company. The first effort to drive a railroad ‘’ beneath the Hudson River was made *|tunnel beneath the Hudson. Strong Man Develops | 1-2 H. P. NTERESTING attempts have been I made to determine the maximum external power capable of devel- opment by men of good physical en- dowment, Tests have'been made by racing strong youths up filghts of stairs, ‘Their weights, the heights ascended and the seconds spent in the ascents have been measured From th figures tho amount of work accomplished bas been com- puted, says r Mechanics. One fellow, the best athlete in the group, welghed 168.3 pounds at the time of a re onds, from a standing himself to a height c nt experiment, In six see rt, he raised 8.96 feet. His average power was thus 812.33 pounds- feet a second, or the equivalent of 1.6 horse power. This result was attained without spectal training, Experiments have been made in different places and it has been found that the inclination of a stairway, within the limits of 27.4 degrees and 37.4 degrees, has no appreciable ef- fect on the results, Up to 13,12 feet the generation of energy accelerates rapidly, but after that point the ins crease is not so great, The greate eMictency is obtained on a course reaching to a height of about 29 feet, The effect of fatigue is ‘noticeable when greater heights are attempted, "Bde Building UILDING and contracting by B parcel post may be said to have become a@ reality, for there has recently been completed in Vernal, Utah, @ substantial bank building made of brick, all of which, together | with the hardware, were delivered by the United States Government's mail sorvice. ‘phere are no raflroads in the yictn- ity of Vernal and all bullding material not of local production must be brought over stage roads, Popular ®cience Monthly explains, The con- - aie Sent by Mail tractors who undertook the erection of the bank estimated that it wouk be as cheap to forward the by means stated as for them to haul it overland, Brick and the metal parts were sent from Salt Lake City in packages of the maximum weight permitted by the Post C a: vas quired several weeks to deliver the material for the building, »*hich cost $22,000. The stone and lumber were obtained In the vicinity, and the glass was sent from Salt Lake City py wagon. aterials the STYLES IN LITERATURE, Old-fashioned Mterature, "The Rever- lox of a Bachelor." New style liter- ature, “Tho Revelations of a Wife,’— Aoulsvile Coruner Journal, HAVE ABIDING FAITH, There are also those who, when they believe anything, don't, care the Globe whether 7 know anything about it or not-}men @# an eycsore. back in 1873, when Col. De Witt Clinton Haskins became imbued with the idea, He proposed to start one end of the tunnel near the foot of 15th Street, Jersey City, and intended to locate a terminus somewhere in the vicinity of Washington Square, Through this tube Col. Haskins ex- pected to run steam passenger trains He earned hearty laughs for his pains, But that only stirred him to new effort. He was a pioneer and a man of vision, And he actually built a section of tunnel, apparently with a fair chance of completing it, when lack of money compelled him to give up the plan. Modern engi- neers hold Col. Haskins in esteem as a man ahead of his generation, but say that had he completed this tunnel {t probably would have been a failure, because the heavy grades and ventilation problem were prac- tieslly insurmountable where steam trains were to be used, From 1875 to 1902 a number of efforts were made to link the New Jersey and New York shores by a But all of them came to failure. And the pressure of travel was increasing every day. Then, in 1902, a beginning was made upon the present system of tubes. And only two years later, March 11, 1904, the first one was completed, So diMcult was the work, and so little chance of success was it thought to have, that only a single contractor offered to bid upon the work, So the ra{lroad company, un- der the general direction of Messrs, Jacobs and Davies, the architects, was compelled to handle all of the construction, This they carried to a successful issue in the face of many discouragements, There prot ably never was a more trying task, Man Who First Sugges Building the Hudson Laughed At 45 Yee Job He Started and Abandoned Others Afterward Ty Gave Up—Then, in 1902, Along Came Engineers Tackled the Problem, Won and Gave Us the Present Tunnel System, URING the rush hours of morning and afternoon a train up and down town terminals of the Hudson tubes seconds, run alternately. They make the journey und at something more than express speed and land Mr. Co 'hearthstone in the fewest of minutes. Perhaps not many of 'take this daily trip ever have considered the marvels of Nowhere in the world is there any other approaches this one from an engineering standpoint. A goo us can remember the time when such a thing as driving a the Hudson River and putting a railroad inside the tube was lo as the heigit of futility. But the tube is there to-day—foup Certainly this may be consid stood astride the bay at Rhodes, or the famous gardens of Bab Despite a heavy increase in traffic during recent years, f tubes are not as yet operated to capacity. Back in February, were 5,500,000 passengers carried for the month. 1916 the total reached 6,000,000, then 6,400,000 in 1917, Place | PRIL 1, i A C. Young equal to the ancient Colo In the The tubes literally were neath the river by m nelling shield in which m under compressed air, 40,000 men were employed di period of construction. | Take a look at the aco {ilustration. It will be ob at the point where the start under the river from) York side they are pi above another, This was! cause it would be {mpossib ate trains on anything lil seconds headway if grade were employed. To avi crossings, of which there on the sixteen miles of ro tubes were placed on sep at certain points, Trains for Hoboken City issue from a common their own tubes at the the large caisson is locatl shore line. The other shown in the iIlustratio: like purpose. It will b that the two tubes im the illustration wind one @ peculiarity of construc necessary by the location and difficulty of approach. A railroad without @ g ing is very near to perfeo an engineering standpoinp, speed considerations are’ o During the rush hours thi trains on this road olimbs miles an hour, ‘This is ti markable when thought i the frequent stations e from one end of the lin Just as the Hudson tu the most unique of ite Hudson Terminal is th all interurban termina! 900 trains are handled’ day, with @ total of 100,000 passengers, 1: equipment, safety app matic signals and train 4 vices, the Hudson tube rail 1s on a par with the best, ter of fact, several distino ments in equipment have duced by the railroad, wonder of the modern wos those of olden times, was {s maintained for the u kind. It helps to make pé earning of a livel{hood injj the enjoyment of suburbay host of people. Which ts a ably more benefit than rived from any of the which the ancients mary: HEN Gustave Elffel his famous tower, 1,000 feet high, for the Paris Exposi- tion in 1889 he planned to erect the greatest structure of {ts kind in the designed world, He could not know, however, that he was providing an ideal loca- tion for the powerful radio station which has become the rve centre” nee in war, The wireless ap- p us in the Eiffel Tower has en- abled the French militafy authorities to keep in touch with their ows front, with England and formerly with Russia, Its importance is shown by the repeated efforts of German air raiders to destroy it, It was there that the first wireless telephone mes- sage sent across the Atlantic from Arlington, Va., was received, When the Eiffel Tower first reared its heights into the sky it was de- nounced by many prominent French- Eiffel Tower War's “Nerve Centd Distinguished In the last year be, _. eghlata Joined, among them Gounod, tower gave @ profi 0 in a petition against it, structed of iron lattice extraordinarily light for many years after it wa: belief was prevalent in | tower could not withmdb that some day it wo |ingydown. ‘This bas, @l the Champs de building purposes an in the last few year: have forgotten the now live in the shad Three sets of elev; to the summit, front at of the etty and the » try is remarxadle, Om more than $1,000 the French Governs $292,000, ‘The fees ta exposition year repai the Eiffel Tower h ‘source of profit to ‘of the corporation *