The evening world. Newspaper, March 21, 1907, Page 19

af ie First Article of % a Great Self-Educational The Human Machine Parts Played by the Teeth, the Ww ® per cent. It ts manufactured at the raie of about ¢ fF A quart @ day, and has several purposes. It moist Th M hiner of Di estion ens the mouth and tongue and fcod 80 as to be e Wacnt y 2. conventenfly swallowed, Mastication mixes the = food with it Its chief value lies, of course, in the @.{ - By Dr. A. T. Schofield: forment—ptyalin—which {t contains. ‘o The raiiva te formed in three patrs of glands, oe $ (Reprinted from the Harmsworth Self-Edu- ine-by spacial arrangement.) Copyright, 197, International Publications, No. [4 Filth Avetiue, New York, cator § HE, food 19 Introduced I Into the body and di- ested In “a special tube cabied. the aiimen tary canal, that | passes completely through. the body without having at any part any @trect’ communica: tion with tne Intelor, Wien! any communicatlog does oc- cur, as in diseash (typhoid fever; &c.), death probably SRTICAL SECTION ensues. Thi¥ “yube com- a THROUGH A TOOTH. mences at the jmouth *{odantiqe: 2, enamel; terminiites at th lower part #73." pulp) cavity: 4 of the bowel (thf anus), and, © crusta —/petros 6. In man, !s nearly thirty fect blood voaneland nerve: long. The digestive tube 1s 6,, maxifiary bone; mubdivided. ¢nto/ four parte num, —the mouth, /' oesophagus, stomagh and Intestines. Connected ‘with it are two large Algestive clands—the liver and/ the pencreas. The/first part of the digestive apparatus that we encounter in the mouth te the togth, The teeth should be thirty-two ia nu: rotrijthe adult, and twenty in the chil4; but, as a rule/there, are some misying. Teeth are of (liree principal shapes: The Incia- ors, or chisel-shaped, “for cutting the food;' the canine, or pointed, for tearing; /and the molars, for grinding. Such a variety Is ¢yidently intended to/ deal with a mixed diet. Thd condyles, or the pivots of the lower Jaw, are alsp arranged for the KaNe erty NTS CUTNT Vora, where” Me teeth” are miaiily for tearing, the Jaw only moves up and down; In the rodentia, where/the teeth are for Gne pair, the parotid glands, are situated in the s) at the back of tht second molar tooth ‘These glands secrete a clear Iimpld om mucin. The other two paira are the sublingual and the submaxtillary, The former Are beneath the tongue, and open with the parotid ‘giands by common ducts (Wharton's), The salive from these js more yiacid, and contalis muoh mucin. The flow ts checked by nervous influences, a torror. | Bipping tea at meals checks the digee- tive process here, and also in the stomach. The throat, or pharynx, $s divided from the mouth proper by the two tonsils, at the aldes and the soft palate above, whtch hangs down like a curtein with « prolongation called the uvula in the middie, The pharynx contains seven openings; two In the floor—the anterior, the larynx, leading to the lungs; the posterior, the oesophagus or gul- let, leading to the stomach. Above are the two Series Wh Mouth, the Throat, the Stomach and the Liver in Maintaining Life and Health. hairs. These, clo y set togther und covering the whole of the pharynx belsind the tonsils, give the appr 2 of a rich Velvet pile. Bat ax these hairs ‘are never etill, but are incessantly Inshing toward the mouth sevoral times a minute, (rey present rather moro the appearance of a field corn mwayed by thu wind They do not waye to and fro, — but Jagh in a special direction all through Ife, day and night. without ceasing, ‘Thoro in the lower tubes lash upward, the upper ones downwanl, the site ones forward, and pass all particlh-a-or ac mulations of all sorts into the mouth, and so get rid of them, This ts one of the mort beautifu) and useful devices of nature, The oesophagus, or icul- let, in the narroweat and atrongest part: of the All- n.entary oanal. It ie a tube nine tnchea long, Teaching from the throat to the stomach. The passage of the food. liquht or solid, down the gullet (2. never by. gravity, but Ja .always-« muscular act, excited by the food stretching the tube, The pecillar motion of the smooth muscular fibro js called poristaltts, and ia In @ succession of waves, sprpading from above downwam, thus grad- ually pughing the fdod elther downhill or, asin horses drinking from a stream, uphill, into the momach,| The Stomach, ‘The stomach ja a bag about 19 inches long. 4 {nches Droad and 4 {nthes deep—but varying greatly SSOOO085264 64334046455446008 gutting, the condyle is antergposterior, allowing ‘of a backward and forward movement of the Ja: in the ruminants, where the teeth are mainly for grinding, the condyle ts circttlar, allowing of a rotatory motion, while in man it 1s oblique and partiy_etrdular, allowing of a combination of ait these different motions. What Plastication ls. The process of mastication’ consists of a com- Dination of tearing, cutting -and_grinding—the food into « pulp by means of the teeth, aasisted by the tongue and the rotatory moyement of the jaw. cond part of the process of mouth dige: hat of insallvation of the food, by whic ed, alone enabling Ary food, stich as biscults, to be- eaten at all, and by which the starchy food is changed Into sugar. Ballva ts @ transparent, watery, slightly viscid al- kallne uid, with a spectfic gravity of 1005, and of the following composition: Protela, 2 per cent; posterior nares, + growths in children 4. 646 those white corp tink that th eda tn the BO8448-405640004 20064008 FSOO8OO60O9 00964 ¢ __By Geo. B. McCutcheon. r _. (Copyright, 1963, 1904, by Herbert B. Stone & Co.) ; SYNOPSIS OF PRECEDING CHAPTERS. | dered how many of his friéhds would joapromery Brewster, a bard New York | mand true to the end. Tho uncertainty : meek herita 1 Wo.00n trac Ris ssiizs | made him turn more'and more often to Sveairs para Prat: | gue unquestioned toyelty of Peasy 5. farcaret, 'Gray, and her Uttle Mbrary saw him A ati per he te ‘not ORE Nester more frequently than for months. Much as be bad dreaded the preten- tous and resplendent ball, It was useful to him in one way ut least, The “profit” [aide of tis ledger account was eniarged, and in that there was room for secret watistaction, ~The Vfonness orchestre ee Mito Pere sia ace ahi "$1,000. et To Sa er Gaede te Sere itor: ats Elon Gardner, a physical wreck, in time to make a harmonious farewell appear- ance behind Brewster's palms, which caused his guests lo wonder why the Ametjean—pubilo- could not appreciate the real thing. A careful summing up are he govt to convalesce. hi ests pecreey. in love. with rewash ake between him and Gina = CHAPTER XVII. The New Tenderfoot. 3 WATE. was_ comparatively west. and. strong when he returned .to | New York in Maron. His itiness | ad interfered extensively with his-plan of ‘campaign, and {t waa imperative @at he .redoudle his efforts, notwith- Standing the mantfest dismay of his trienés, His fret act was to call upon Grant @ Ripley, from whom he hoped i wwe, Hatwarat! the tour had been a bonanza for Brew- she tries to| ster. ‘The net lots was u trifle more faarbere, fall! than 64,000, ‘Whe this etory became known about town everybody laughed pityingty;-and-poor-durdirer—wae-almoot- ino tears:-when “hg tried tp “expiatn “the Gisaster to the man who lost the money, But Monty's sense of humor, singularly enough, dl not.desert hlin.on this try- Ing accaston. Acathetically.theball--pravedto- be the talk of more than one season. Pet- fingtil had justifed his desire for a thority and made a name which would last. “He had taken mattera into his own hands while Brewster was tn Florida, and changed the. period trom the Spain of Velasquez to France and or nostril: called adenolds; each side are the openings of the two eustachian tubes that carry alr to the middle ear. enth is the mouth, In: front. Nature’s Fine. Devices. The tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue of les that war on bacteria. They contain numerous crypts or holes (some ten or twotre in each), st the bottom of which glands opén that secretes a tenacious mucus which coats the “bolus of food wy It passes between them. The Tesoarchen of Metschnikof and others lend us to : in common with almilar groups of tostines may ‘bo the neat of active ecmbats between invading bacteria and the defend- ing leucocytemwith which they are filled. ‘Tho whole ofthe tipper part of the pharynx and neighboring passages are Mined with columnar clll- ated epithelta, which present An amazing appeat- salts, 2 per cent; water, ® per cent. ptyalin, 1 ance. This form of cei! has ea ite surfaco several CPOEHELLSSOLOOGE atraggled Into New York, headed. by} deem himself, the challenge and determiné’ to win out Then,” hs thought exultanthy,- ‘7’ make them feel this « Dit."' He lon take his few friends with him and sail away part. il ih Louls Quinse. After the cards were out he remembered, to ails conste: tion, that the favors purchased for the Boanish ball would be entirely tnap- propriate for the French one. Ho wired Brewster at once of this misfortune, Snd was astonished a{ the noncha- ance of his reply. “Hut then Monty wlways was ‘a food sort," he thought, with « glow of affec- tons The new plan waa more costly ‘than the old, for twas no simple mat- ter fo build a Versailies muito at Bher- Ty's, Pettingill was to be imitator, but he created an effect witoh was superbly in ‘keeping with the period he had chosen, Agalnst tt the rich costumes, With thelr accompantment of wigs and powdered halr, shone wut resplendent. ‘With great diMculty the artist had se- cured for Monty a csstume in white eatin and gold brvcade, which might Once have adorned the person. of Louls himself, It made him feal like @ popin- Jay.) and it war with, infindts pallof that he took it'off an hour or @» after dawn, He knew that things hed gone well, that even Mrs. Dan was eatisfied; Dut the whole afrain made him heart: lok. Bains fhe eompuménts lavisied upon tlm he Getected a note of jronz, whioh revealed the laughter it went this back. He had not real- muweh ft would hurt, _ @nd advised. him’ to continue es he had begun, aaéuring him, ea-fer os they. could, that Jones would not prove un- Geanonadte. ‘An exahange of telegrams just before thle operation had renewed Monty's Cecio Est a MERY BREWSTER. - ter, ie) “Rae Ea tal, 2A 7 ‘The Invitations ¢or the second ball had time and the prepa- MBrowster errived upan the scene of © feativity, I aid not surprise him that eld-tiine friends sbouta hunt est vigorously meainst When’ he found that his not as essential to the | “ior two cents,” geome other aGair as Jt had’ give up the game and be satisfied with He was not greeted ae cor- ' what's left,’ But he reflected that suah Delors, abd he grimly Won- 9 course would offer no chance to re- on tnod he tought, “Ta' the eyes and tongues of Now York. Im- patiently he urged Harrison to complete ‘tho arrangements, so that they could atart al not untroubled when he made his re-| been perfected. He had taken the “Flt- ter’ for four menthé, and {t was being’ avartatied and put The Cheerful Primer, i ii Het the usual The sev- coecal appendix; T, epleen; 8, liver, snowing the bladder; n, hepatie dust); 9, pancréas; 10, 11, eft iddney, transversely across the body from | hind and below the end of the st , or trrenst- and heart in orax aboye by the diaphragm; but the heart bong Yt is separated from the lui thy th Once again he took up “hetra—who—were—ready Fent it to the highest bidder, It would not have been easy to find a handsomer yacht in New York waters. A’ picked! crew of fifty men were under command of Capt. Abner Perry. Tho steward was, & famows manager and could be relied | upon to stock the larder In princely fashion. The boat would be in readiness to sall by the i0th of April. "I think you are going in too heavily, Monty,” protested Harrtson, twisting hla Angets nérvously, ‘T-can't for my fe figure how you can_get out for leas. Yor the time when be could to the Mediterranean to escape once, But Harrison's face was ‘Ail the preliminary details had Into condition for! & WITHOUT AN. UMBRELLA! ILL WAIT UNDER , THAT. AWNING alii NW Will the Gent Get A New. York Monte Cristo. emer the voyage. It hed téed' Brown's spe-| than « fortune, if we do everything you cial pride, but at his death ft went to/have {n mind. Wouldn't it be better to —end--eager to} pull-up -e—bitt— This looks tke aneer espectally may, when It t9 distonded, be suid al- most to rest upon it. ‘Tho shup> of tho huma pared to the ‘bas! in the. bagpipes, which» formed troth-that of 4 cow, ‘Tho proximity of the heart to’ the stomach explains the phenomenon of tomach may be eom- palpitation fn caed of stomach dmtehsion” The stomaoh Ja almply A distenalon of the goneral-in- . testinal canal for a mpoctal purpose, Rusninants ‘Heve altogether four atomachs, for the long pro- ceanen of digaating raw vegetable food. Birds, be- ing destitute of teeth, have stomacks with surfaces so hard that they xrind the food there, Instead of isang Bil STOMACH AND DUODENUM. & Ovsophagna; lower party) b, lesser: curvature; , 6 kreater curvature (an artery running along {t); 4, fub- i’, descending portion; g’', transverse portion; h. Kinning of jejunum; 1, common bile duct; K, pancreatta duct, ‘The two latter unite before their entrance Into the duodenum. , in ths mouth. These are called gizzards. The gullet, or oevoplingus, ciilérs at tje upper wurface of the #¥omnoh, about 3 inches from the left or onrdiac end. The opening Into the bowel called the pylorus ts at the extreme_right end. The stomach secretes a very !mportant ferment= called pepsin. The whole of the stomach (3 lined with fine tubular glands, which secrete from the blood @ fluld-called the tric juice, at the rate of about « gallon a a: ment and also free hyirvchloric acid. Its rough anelymts is as follows: Water, 99.3; pepsin, -3 hydrochlorie acid, .2, ‘The sxnell_or sight or thought of food causes this strary-colored fluid to cose out Into the stomach, po that by the time the food arrives below there ‘a sufficient always ready to begin operations st once. These consist In moro fluid being poured forth and the stomach commencing to move vio- lently Itke & churn, the motion being kept up for frours, the Intestines. ‘The inteatina) part of the alimentary tube in man 19 27 feet long, the small intestine being 21 feet and the large one 6 fect. Its length In different antmals iz dependent on the food they take. It is shortest in caraivora, where digestion ts quickest, and long- est in the herbtvora, where digestion is sloweet, Qn in the sheep, where it ls about thirty times the length of the boty, an against ten times the length This contains the fer- ich Will Tell You Something About Yourself and the Wonder World You Live In § How It Is Kept G in mad \measured from the vertex to the buttock). Th carntvora, wuch as the dog, where digestion 1s quick, It fa about three. ‘ The small {intestine In human beings Is a tube about one inch in dlametér, beginning at the pyloric valye and forming a convoluted mass in the centre of the abdomen, and’ terminating at the Ileo-coecal valve, where it enters tho large Inteatine, or’ colon, a Iittle above the right groin, Just the appendix. It ts divided into three First, next the stomach, the duodenuni, ta the shortest and widest, and ts no called docause It measures the breadth of twelve finge (about one foot long). This curves like a horse- shoe round the head of ‘the digestéve ‘gland catlat the pancreas, A double tube openg into it here, conveying tho bile from the liver and the pan- creatio Juice, long. #9 Called because after death it fo gene ally empty; and, lastly, the fleum, about tweive feet Yong. Tho colon, or large intestine, is about twe inches. in diameter, and may also be divided. Into three parts—the ascending, transverse and descend- ing! The Art part bexina at “Appendiotia Cor ner,""-with a blind extremity where the. ‘a attached, and rue straight up the right mide’ of the lower border of the rita, ‘The second passer acroas from right to left just below the riba, and the third part dexcends-trom the left ribs to the termination of the candl, Aa it descends It bends tnto a large double curve like an 8, calied tho sigmoid flextire, und thenos becomes mtraight (called the rectum), ending at the anus. Five in- teauinal valves regulate the passage of food. ¢ ‘ . The Digestive Tube. . The whole of thi digeative tract—at any rate, from the throat to Just above ite termination at the anus—consiats, as we have seen, of a tubs of vartous sizes and @hapes,’ lined with a special mucous membrane full of glands secreting @iges- tye flulds of various sorts and elevations Ike the by TRANGVERSH SHOTON THROUGH THD BMALL INTEST! BR inner longitudinal musoularis micosse; with the eptthettal 1, werous or pertténeal coat; cont; 3 Inner elrouiée coat; 4, 6, 6, submucous coat; 1, intestinal vi Mning; 6, arrangements of the bi of the vitit; 0, network of Ilymphactas inthe. $10, wiht with central chyle veasels; 11, nerves of the submucous pd muscular oats; 12, orrpte of Ltsberieuhn; 1%, lympf& follicie; 14 lymphatic veers. fingers of gloves, called villi, and made of mus- oular walls that are completely under the control of the unconscious mind. The muscle is what is called unstriped (save just at the anus, which is under consclovg control), and moves in a peri- -maitic or vermnjcular or wormllke manner. It does not contract as a whole, but the contractions Next, the jejunuiit; about eight fect ” 5 spread ia waves from Mbre to fibre, gradually forcing the coitents onwards. . The pancreatic juice js a product of a. gland, eallod the pancreas, or in animals the sweetbread, jying across the. body, from right to left, behind - the stotnach, its head surrounded by the duode- num, and lying against the Itwer on the one side, * and the tail touching the spleen on the other. lt {s somewhat the_ahape of a hammer, with the handle coming tom polnt. It t» from six to. eigiit Inchea long and about one and one-half inches broad and thick. and weighs nearly a quarter jot & pound. 5) ‘ The pancreatic sjutce Itself ia.'a clear, yisold, strongty alkaline fluid, very ike saliva, sp. gt. 1m6, creted at the rate of three-quarters of a pint {n the day. It is the most powerful digestive fluid In the boily. \ The bile ts tho second digestive fluid in the in- teatines, and is ‘x;secretion formed by the liver. It entera the duodenum by the same opening as the pancreatic Julce, down the common bile @net, at the rate of a quart a day. It is a somewhat Yiecld fuld, of a golden-yellow color, bitter taste, alight alkaling reaction and with @ ap. gr. of 102%. the Work of the Liver... ‘The-liver_isia large organ behind the lower ribs on the right hand side of the body, has five letters, five lobes, five Ngaments, five fimyures, five vedetls, i five funetions and wolsts 60 ounces. It te attuated' te partly under 'cover of the riba cn tho right side 3 of the body, just beneath tie diaphragm. i The ctreulation of the bloed ta maintained by spec'al means. The heart Is not suMctently power ful to drive the bicod through two setn of captl- laries—those In the alimentary ¢anal and those in the ver; hence the. veins in the ifver ate not edl- » lapstble, but always open; and every movement of the Intestine drives. the blood forward by the col- Japsing of the abdominal and pertal veins, into the open ‘vetna of the liver. lt is then sucked up imto the thorax at every inspiration, through the greatly Gimtnished pressure there, and thus reaches the heart through the ever-open hollow vein called the inferior vena cava. The formation of bile is one of the chief fune- Uons of the liver cella. As produced, it is passed” into the tiny ducts that le between the aurfaces of the cella, and then pesses out of the liver to be stored in a special receptacle called the gall-biadder which ts a strong bag about four Inches long, able to hold about one ounce of bile. It digestion ia going on at the ttme, the secretion becomes more active, and the bile, instead of en- tering the gall-bladder, passes atralght down into the duodenum, The pronertien and wees of bie haye been already ‘described. : The formation of glycogen, or animal starch, is the eecond' chief function of the liver, It is a substance Jsomerte with or having the samo:tor- mula as steel and colors red with iodine. The molecule of water efded by the ptyalin, which changes staroh ¢nto malt sugar, ls here removed, thus converting {t Into glycogen. It ts readily changed back es required into sugar by a for~ ment present in the liver. The third chief function of the liver ts the purtfeation of the products of aisestion from self- made potsons. If for any reason this falls to be perfectly done, @ bittous attack ts the probable quickly. madness. You won't have a dollar, Monty—honestly, you won" “It‘a not in me to save money, Nop- per, but ff you can pull out a few dol- lars for yourself I shall not object.”* ‘You told me that once before, Monty,” sald Harrison, ax he walked to the window. When he resolutely turned back again to Brewster hia face was white, but thero was a look of etermination around the mouth. “Monty, I've got to lve up this Job,” as a ghost. helplessty, ‘What do you mean, Nopper?” it “T'V¥e got to jeave, that’s all,” sald | Harrison; standing stiff and straight Y and looking over Brewster's head. “Good Lord, Nopper, I can't have that, You must not desert the ship. What's the matter, olf chap? You're as white standing now and his hands were Gn Harrison's dhoulders, but’ before the in- tensity of his look his friend's eyes fell “The truth ts, Monty, I've taken eeme of your money and I've Jost it. Thats the reason I-I. can't atay on. I have Ta gettitig nottiing in What fe it?’ Monty was money had gone ho-eald, husktly. Brewster looked” up ob oe dey " nasal Pd HA Ae He ih By C. W. Kables.| doesn’t help matters, betrayed your confidence.” “Te me about tt” and Monty was Déthape iors uncomfortetie than his favor,» You were spending eo much end return, I saw a chance to hetp went ‘wroag, that's all [eee Jet go of the stock can’t But God knows I didn't ‘Ite all right, Nepper. 1 you thougtit you were hel money's gone ang that taite:tt- so hard id Pay," “I knew you'd act this Some be able to pay back the money I took, and I'm going te werk until I : Brewster pretesied that he had no Fealtsed tha Roo ds aera ee. ‘opportunity te Tedeem a out W : mare meee anes at care to be han UT ‘il eee confronted r wronged. Gradual pure! q AS z 5 ends 60." UCH « éainty ! S ttle frock aa thia one can- hot fail to find ad- mirers, It |s really very charming, |e childish withal, and can tw more or loxs jaborate If iked. In the fl. lustration vy ery Nine Persian lawn fs trimmed with lace and with em- broidery — worked on'to the material, but this last can be omitted and the lace only uxed, and almost any variation in tri ming can be maile that may suggest itaclt, , The quantity of ‘material required for the medium size (tworyears) {3 two yards thirty six inches wido, with twelve yarda of Insertion, four yanis of narrow and three and one- half yarda of wide Ince to make a Mlustrated, Pattern 5601 ja cut in alzes for children of one, two and four years of age. How to Obtatea “May Manton’s Daily Fashions Call or send by mail to THE EVENING WORLD MAY M. TON FASHION BUREAU, No. 21 Weat Twenty-third street, > York. Send ten cents in odin or.stampa for each pattern ordered. IMPORTANT—Write your name and address plainiy, and al- wayn spécity size wanted.