The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, October 16, 1904, Page 23

— OCTOBER 16, 1904 The Vegetarians Say We Should Be Better Off, Live Longer and Cheaper. HEN strikes or otner public inconven- iences are offered as an excuse to put up the price of any the front with an op! ter all what was mity was in reality only good for instance, has of great stimulus from a tion. In the first place, h in price, and thou- 'ple have felt the necessity & m re rigorous economy— of events which has become patient listen- fessors of the cereal, fruit, le or other cults, who offer ble reasor s for establishing rder of things on a more econ. omical and tr more helpful basis. In book and pamphlet, through column of printed periodi- pu and lecture platform ill goes on. Societies re formed, learned men in are annotating, sifting € statistics, till we are *ve that in a new ¢ r men of the vege- Buddhist rather than the beef Indeed, some have gone back the green and cold water diet Nebuchadnezzar, the cult having been started by a Spaniard who lost his health in flicted with nervous dys- ocommotity: the Wi | Sanlay Mis' dictary prefersiices before | salvation of the | e north only to be more | Brooklyn the only diet upon which he could thrive. i And thrive he has, even to the tak- ing on of many pounds avoirdupois |2nd recovering ambition enough to | many thousands in a dime museum | rather than to found a scientific insti- | tution teaching the same extreme banacea for the ills of the dyspeptic. Nevertheless, Mr. Santos, the grass | eater, has already many followers, €xperiments are being made to dis cover just how much virtue there is #n Lig claim that among the many varie- ties of common grass there are some which have a wholesome and others an unwholesome effect upon the sys- tem, some acting as a physic and some #8 a drug, some sweet and some bit- ter, some insipid and some aromatic | and luscious to the taste. Bernard McFadden, the New York athlete, seems to think that the Span- iard’s claim to have discovered the vir- tue in plain park grass is worthy of sOm serious consideration. “Why not remarked Mr. McFadden, who is an apostie of the fruit and nut doc- trine of diet, “when we all know that there is great nourishment in grass, else why should the grass eating crea- tures of the field be so strong, so agile znd so healthy. For self, I have ar- gued the virtue of uncooked foods, fruit and nuts for many years and have | | trained severely on these life sustain- |ers all my career as a wrestler and athlete | “When I started my physical culture | experimental stations throughout New | | York, I was assailed on every d | However, such is the history of every crusade, and I have lived to see this phase of the anti-meat movement suc- cved beyond my sanguine hopes, and the enterprises are multiplying in every large city of the Union. “While economy recommends to the hard no means the main issue. Myllionaires are frequenters of these vegetarian res- taurants as well as their under clerks. In a cereal and fruit meal costing a few much n as from a meal of meat costing ten times as much, with the added ad- | vantage that the man does not ex- pend so much energy in his digestive process and is consequently able to | perform better. work with a clearer ‘htdd than he otherwise could do. I have made a careful study of the | best diet for athletes in training as well as for men in the intellectual walks of life; and I believe firmly that itself | the non-meat eaters surpass the om- | niverous brethren, ait things being equal, in mind, body, forcefuiness of character and endurance.” Certainly Mr. McFaacen's own fine physique would seem to cinch his ar- gument, for he is a veritable Samson. Every week he and his corps of as tants make complete tours of his experimental stations, trying all the foods to ascertain if the cookery is working, cheapness is by | cents it is possible to receive as| triment and sustaining energy | | i i | | | | up to the required standard, and of- | fering prizes to his cooks for the most palatable combinations of vegetable, cereal, fruit and nut products. No less an authority than Professor side. | Wiley, chemist of the Agricultural De- THE CONFLICT BETWEEN LABOR partment at Washington, affirmed re-;scnttered through the city, where all cently that “vegetarianism is the next | sorts of cereal and vegetable foods may food fad of the century.” The professor continued: “Man is an omnivorous ani- mal, but meat is by no means essential to health and strength. Twenty-five per cent of the meat sold in the open market possesses little or no nutritive elements.” favor of meat eating is based upon the taste, which is largely extracted in the | oils, so that if we spread shavings with sufficient gravy a dog will eat the dish, while if we spread the same upon meat from which all nutriment has been ex- tracted, leaving only the fibre, no more health giving than sawduat, it will still have a certain palatable taste to hu- man beings. “The cheapest cereals— corn, wheat, oats, rye, rice, etc.—pos- sess the highest degree of nutrition, to- gether with the heat and energy neces- sary for hard labor,”” says Professor Wiley, “and it is remarked that in times of war armies which are strongly meat eaters work furiously only dur- ing the period of the quick digestion of the meat diet, whereas the cereal dietarians possess far greater powers of endurance.” It is probably in the Quaker town of Philadelphia that vegetarianism finds its largest number of votaries, who are not only votaries at the shrine of Ceres, but also proselytizers of the most earnest order. Indeed, there are established there libraries on vegeta- rian lore, periodicals on the cult, a church—the only one in the world where pastor, congregation, choir, sex- ton and bell ringer are all vegetarians —and innumerable small restaurants The leading argument in | be found served up raw or in some ap- petizing form. The pastor of the church is also pres- ident of the Vegetarian Society, a vet- eran of the craft, the Rev. Henry S. Clubb, who has eschewed all forms of animal diet for nearly four score years and believes that he is good for a full century. “Flesh eating animals are shorter lived than those that live on plant life,” is the reverend's creed. “The elephant is the strongest and longest lived, the rhinoceros the heav- iest, the deer the swiftest and the horse the most intelligent, all non-flesh | wp, have reduced their diet to the min- eating creatures. Why then may not man, eschewing meat, attain a superior degree of strength, live longer, expend greater mental and physical energy and achleve a higher degree of intellecthal- ity?” The argument certainly seems reasonable. Some few years ago an American traveler in South America was amazed | to discover the wanton waste of mil- | lions of tons of bananas every year— | enough nourishment to feed the entire human family if properly used. He made scientific tests, found that ba-, nana flour was more than a hundred times as nutritious as the same weigm; of wheat flour and sixty times as pro- | lific to the acre. He went to work to build drying kilns of the most approved plan, with the | end in view to take up a large percent- | age of the banana crop that otherwise | went to waste. the scientific cookery side, and not long since gave a banana dinner in New He also entered into IF THERE WERE @ MEAT FAMINE--WHAT THEN? | Yeork to members of the Vegetarian So- ciety, where more than twenty varieties of dishes, including soup, bread, pastry, fruit, jellies, coffee and candies, were served, all made from bananas. The in- ventor claimed that armies and navies, as well as explorers, could carry food in banana form twelve times longer than any other kind of food of the same bulk, and that bananas if rightly availed of would avert famine and star- vation from the face of the broad earth. Numerous articles have been written on the open secret of living on 5 to 30 cents a day, and many of these exposi- tions have a strong foundation in fact. Indeed there are thousands of persons imum, not on account of deficient strength or a condition of ill health, nor yet poverty, who are nevertheless convinced that wheat, oats, beans, len- tils and all kinds of fruit and nuts are far more nutritious than a meat diet. The peasantry of Europe are“particu- larly strong for the reason that they not only never overeat, but the greater share of their diet consists of fruits and vegetables—the Irish, for instance, sur- viving largely on oatmeal and potatoes, | the Chinese on rice and the creatures of the tropics on fruits and nuts. Con- trast this with the ordinary table d’hote diner, who not only mixes twelve to| fifteen different kinds of food at a meal, but “washes it down” with cheap wine | and ice water. The following will serve to contrast a meat diet with one of cereals, fruit and vegetables. It is taken from the Gav- ernment reports: In a meat diet the proportion of | 1 S— to the fat averages 20 per cent or less. In the wheat preparations the proportion is about 13 to 75, in oats and other grains—corn, hominy, buckwheat, ete.—the proportion Is about 12 to 75. With dairy products —butter, milk, cheese, whey, etc.— the proportion is about 23 to 30. With vegetables all the way down the long list from artichokes to turnips, the proportion of the musecle building commodity to the starch, fat, ete., is about 7 to 12. With fruits the pro- portion is in the neighborhood of 1 to 11. With nuts, about 15 to 30. Some of the latter contain amazing percentages of muscle making ele- ment, such as pinenuts, butternuts and peanuts, containing more than 25 per cent, while roast beef only con- tains 16 per cent. So lentils, peas and beans contain more than 23 per cent of muscle making nitrogenous food, while mutton chops have but 19, and can be thrice as easily digested as the chops. Statistics are usually indirect ways of arriving at great truths concerning diet. The approximation is not with- out interest, although there is but one safe and sound criterion, and that is personal experiment. Each individual is built differently from every other individual on earth, with combinations of heredity and environment to enter into the equation. But that there is no need for us to fear the ravages of a meat famine and that vegetarianism offers such a pleasant and healthful refuge is a source of peace to the mind of the millions in whatsoever quarter nitrogenous (muscle-building) material | of the country. By the REV. JOHN HEMPHILL, Pastor Calvary Presbyterian Church. ™ who found in the lush, ender blades of the park grass of . B ROSPEROUS times do not ustrial peace. In years 1 have more pros- we are men g clash roar of it at e dash of rock-bound said the late trial war a country it was the sloyers may t that is upon or employed, hoever wins ntir is al rvwhere ut W industr basis of con- capital and labor fratricidal and brother, self a at Law-giver of ews quarreling yve are brethren; to another & Sty loyers and em- unnatural, a ng. monstrously wicked y absurd, no wolves of tearing each other more forest when | cruelly. They forget that they are brethren, members of one family. And they are injuring not only themselves but the whole human brotherhood. It ould be just as sane for two brothers born of the same father and mother to beat and try to kill each other as it | gage in such unbrotherly strife. tal Capi- cannot prosper by crippling labor and labor cannot prosper by crippling | capital. Society is a unit, and if one| suffers, all suffer. This is the law of | Christian ethics. We cannot succeed | by the ruin of our neighbor. Unity of | interests is the law of God. It is not| true because God teaches it. God | teaches it because it is true. We may doubt it and deny it and fight against it, but it is true, and the twentieth cen- tury will prove it. It is proved already. | 9¢7 the law of God, then God is not “The survival of the fittest,” “Nature | ‘0¢ King of men and never can be. | red in tooth and claw,” was the gospel | 11® Who cannot speak the word of preached by scientists not long ago, | POWer to capital and labor cannot sit but “Otherism,” existence for the sake | O the throne of the universe. He may of others, is the gospel preached by D¢ KiNg of saints; he is not King of | othtiise iyReSligel, o u g ipolnd B But we have not so read the il e A % | Bib God is King of kings and Lord preached in the Bible from lid to Ha.| c/y", Sog (s KIng of kings and Lord A United States Senator was bold | enough to say on the floor of the Sen- ate chamber that “the thought that the ten commandments had anything to do | an | with American politics was only iridescent drea He might have in- cluded American industries. The law of God, Christian ethics, has standing in the high courts of politics and comm Christianity nowada; is only a good-natured old grandmot er, sitting with her frilled cap in her is for employers and employed to en- | no | his word is the worst kind of disloyal- chimney corner, reading her Bible, speaking soothing words to the com- batants, bringing out of her big pocket now and then a box of ointment for their wounds, knowing little of what is going on “in the world's broad field | of battle” and seeming to care less and with no authority to say to the con- flicting forces. “Sirs, ve are brethren; why do ye wrong one to another?” If this be all that Christianity is and if this be all that it can do, I do not see that 1t has any valid claim upon the attention of either capital or labor. “Conduct three-fourths of life,” said the Matthew Arnold, and three-fourths of conduct has to do with the industrial relations of life. If con- | duct in the industrial realm is not un- is late saints, King of 1en. There is a king- dom of God on earth, ich includes all kingdoms and the final word in the kingdom industry and in every other kingdom must be the word of , and to attempt to carry on any kind of industry without listening to ty to him. 3 would do well to re member that they belong to the human brotherhood and that while they are fighting cne anoth- THE VALUE OF THE TEACHERS INSTITUTE THE REV. JOHN HEMPHILL. er in their combinations of capital to get the better of labor and of labor to get the better of capital, they are fighting against the laws of the Ruler of the universe; a conflict which can issue in no benefit to either, but in much injury to both and to society. ‘What is the remedy for the indus- trial war? One of two things: First, a national board of arbitration. Let capital name one arbitrator, labor another, and the President of the United States a third, and let these three men be clothed with authority to settle all disputes between capital and labor as they arise. Second, co- partnership of some sort. Christianity found slavery existing, and while it did not set itself to overthrow it by irect onset, it enunciated principles hich inevitably overthrew it. To slavery the wage-earning system suc- ceeded. Is this the final form of the kingdom of industry? I do not think so. I look upon the present collision between employers and employed as the birth pangs of another and higher form—the final form. Under the wage system we ' have two great standing armies, capital on the hand and labor on the other, fighting each other as fiercely on the soil of this free America of ours as Jap and Slav are fighting each other on the soil of Manchuria. Is this the best that the wage system can do? Is it the best that Christianity can do? I do not believe that Christianity con- templates the maintenance of stand- ing armies of any sort. I believe the angels meant something when they one | AND CAPITAL sang on that first Christmas merning | dustrial enterprise is in essential fact ‘“Peace on earth, good will to men.” I believe that the time will come, and early in the twentieth century, too, when employers and empleyed shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning-hooks and learn industrial war no more, That is a consummation devoutly to be wished, for the wage system as it works now is simply organized war. The sooner employers recognize the fact that their wcrkmelxre their part- ners in production, the Moner shall we have industrial peace and prosperity. That is the logic of current events and it is the logic of Christianity, too. The world is going that way. It is possible to go too fast and upset the industrial coach. There are difficulties in the way. Capital can live on its own fat in “the winter of its discontent.” Labor’'s fat, being all lean, must starve, but a way will be found. There are hosts of wage-earners, tired of useless and cost- ly strife, ready for the copartnership plan and there are hosts of employess ready to meet their men half way. The solution of the industrial difficulty lies in the identification of the interests of the men who do the work with those of the men who direct it. Car- lyle wrote half a century ago, “whether in some not far-distant age your mas- | ter worker may not find it possible and needful to grant his workers permanent interest in his enterprise and theirs, so that it becomes in practical result what in essential fact and justice it ever is, a joint enterprise.” It seems to me Carlyle answers Carlyle. Considered Beneficial by Some Educators, While Others Favor a Substitute AVE the educational in- | pregress in any body of teachers which | lems of her own work. He, terests of California out- grown the County Teach- ers’ Institutes? There are those whose opinion is strongly affirmative. They believe that this feature of the State’s educational work has passed its highest influence and that more effective means should be employed for the development and sbuilding of teachers. Teachers’ institutes were first legally recognized in this State in 1863. In 1870 the law was changed so that it required the superintend of each county of a certain size to annually hold an insti- tute and also required the attendance of eve:y public school teacher. Hence for a generation teachers’ institutes have been a compulsory feature of the | 1 schosl law of California. With the view of learning the cur- rent opinirns or this subject, The Call has requested the views of some of the school superintendents upon the value of teachers’ institutes and upon any possible substitutes and by their cour- tesy is enabled to present these here- with. They are wholly from officials in the northern part of the State. From E. M. ox, Superintendent of | does not meet frequently for the dis- | cussion of school questions. Cities and “lhickly settled communities could de- | vise a satisfoctory substitute, but see no other alternative for the great | majority of the country teachers of this | State. The institute is in a large meas- ure what the Superintendent is who planned it.” County Superintendent A. A. Bailey of Contra Costa ~rites: “In my judg ment teachers’ institutes are, as a rule, well managed and are a decided ad- | vantage to our schools. They elevate and Inspire the teacher; they bring es- sentials to the front; they demolish fads and keep the teacher out of edu- cational ruts. If attended, summer schools would accomplish the same re- sults, but few would attend them with- | out pay. Again, after months of weari- | some labor the teacher is entitled to a real vacation and recuperative rest. Let the law stand as it is.” C. L. McLane, Superintendent of Fresno schools, believes that though | there are some advantages derived from a course of lectures which are sometimes given, the institutes are, as | far as the city schools are concerned, a mere waste of time and money. This - the Santa Rosa echools, it is learned | because the city teacher is accustomed that he “considers the Institutes in- to frequent conferences and grade dispensable. We can hope for little | meetings where are discussed the prob- | OULD you like to be a giant? If you are grown up al- ready it is too late, but you may aug- ment the stature of your children, if you desire, by a very simple means— namely, by feeding them on egg yolk ad libitum. % Yolk of egg contains a substance calied “Jecithin,” which, as has been newly discovered, is, in the language of the German scientists, a veritable “grow stuff.” Fed to human beings or other animals, it has a marked ten- dency to accelerate development of to increase their size, but, though the process was notably effective, nobody suspected why. The reason lay simply in the lecithin contained in the yolks. Dr. H. W. Wiley, the Government's chief chemist, and his assistant, Dr. Maxwell, have performed some elabor- ate experiments with the “grow stufr.” So have Dr. Koch of Berlin and Dr. Danilewsky of Paris, who have utilized many kinds of animals, from frogs to chickens, in their investigations. They found that puppies fed with regular doses of lecithin not only grew faster than puppies reared in the ordinary way, but were stronger, more lively, flesh tissue and bony structure. For many years past St. Bernard pups reared for exhibitions at shows have Been systematically stuffed with eggs developed thicker and silkier hair and seemed to be perceptibly more intelli- gent. In order to avoid error as far as possible, the pupples were invariably | claims that the average cost per teach- | however, believes that there is some excuse for | bringing together teachers of ungraded country schools, but such meetings should be solely for unifying the work of the various schools. Mr. McLane | er for the expenses of the institute, the teacher’s salary and ler personal ex- penses, is about fifty dollars. A wiser use of this money would be | to invest it in six weeks’ attendance at a summer school, even once in two years. The convictions of O. W. Erlewine, Superintendent of the Sacramento | schools, are after twenty-five years of | Napa County, observation that very valuable to school work. necessary instruction and inspiration to a large majority of the teachers of this State that would be difficult to ob- | tain in any other way.” Mr. Erlewine | believes that summer schools are doing | noble work, but that their scope is too] limited to take the place of institutes. “the institutes | those are learn methods. of other teachers, her horizon will bréaden and she will be- come enthusiastic in her chosen work.” It is the belief of J. W. McClymonds, the Oakland Superintendent, that the institutes have been of the highest value to California schools. Consider- ing the changes brought about by pro- fessional training of teachers, Mr. Mec- Clymonds thinks that institutes must also change to accord with the needs of the teaching profession. The greatest latitude should be permitted the County Superintendent in determining the na- ture of his own institute. Miss Kate Ames, Superintendent of is strongly impressed with the power for good which can be engaged in | exercised through well-conducted insti- They afford that sort of | tutes. In fact, she believes that their | value is limited only by the abffity of the Superintendent to adapt the exer- cises to existing conditions. For social influences and for spiritual upliftings— besides being the Superintendent’s sole opportunity for close supervision—the instigute presents opportunities that are In the view of D. H. White, Superin- unsurpassed. Miss Ames adds that “at tendent of Solano County, “the value of | present the readjustment of teachers the institute depends entirely upon the individual teacher. If she regards the institute as a means of helpfulness in and teaching to the new cdurses of study made necessary by the adoption of the new textbooks gives an occasion her every day problems and is deter- for institutes of great practical value. mined to realize every advantage af- The specific details and needs of the forded, she will gain new ideas, will county can be determined only by the CHEMISTS DISCOVER A VERITAB taken from the same litters, some be- ing dosed and others not and, apart from the special treatment, were brought up under exactly the same conditions. Dr. Danilewsky found that tadpoles dosed with lecithin grew much faster than pollywogs which did not have the treatment, while frogs” eggs placed in Water containing one fifteen-hundredth part of the substance gained in fifty- four days three hundred per cent more in weight than other eggs of the same batch in ordinary water. In other words, the lecithin eggs grew four times as fast. Similar results were ob- tained by Professor Shinkishl Hatai of the University of Chicago, . . Dr. Koch tried the “grow.stuff’”. upon guinea pigs and rats. Having boiled the lecithin in distilled water to make it sterile he administered it to the ani- mals through the mouth and by in- Jecting it beneath the skin in differ- ent series of experiments. The ani- mals under trial were invariably of the same litter, ‘were fed on the same kind of food (a plain vegetable diet of corn, carrots and cabbage) and were weighed every two days. Taking an average it was found tnat the lecithin rats grew 60 per cent faster than the rats reared in the ordinary way, and it was about the same with the guinea pigs. s The results obtained by Dr. Koch indicate that the “grow stuft” worked better when given by the mouth than wide-awake, questioning Superintend- ent. The educational conditions must be thought upon, they must be lived with day by day, they must be checked up by reading, they must be compared with better and worse conditions. When the point to be improved has been de- termined upon it should become the pivot around which all the work of the institute centers.” By the Amador County Superintend- ent, George A. Gordon, the view is en- tertained that the institute is an oc- casion when discussion of methods of teaching should have special attention. To be most effective, illustration | should be had by a skilled teacher with a class of children. As a draw- back to the success of institutes hed in mountain counties, Mr. Gordon re- fers to the difficulty experienced in se- curing the best lecturers at - points which are remote from the lines of railway travel. He thinks that, ulti- mately, the institute wilk be supplant- ed by a summer course of training at a normal school. The Superintendent of the Eureka schools, A. C. Barker, holds the opin- ion that the results of the institutes are not justified by the expense. This he estimates in the aggregate for the whole State at $160,000 per annum—a sum equal to 75 per cent of the cost of supporting the five normal schools inasmuch as children, if their growth is to be encouraged by such means, will find it much easier to swallow the doses than to take them in the other way. Dr. Danilewsky found that doses given once in five hours served the purpose with young chickens, the de- velopment of which was markedly ac- celerated by the medicine, but as yet the trials have not been extended to babies and much remains to be learned in regard to the best methods of treat- ment for growing boys and girls. One of the most interesting conclu- sions drawn by Dr. Danilewsky is that lecithin acts upon the brain. Indeed, it seems to be actually a brain food. Its influence as a stimulant is exerted directly upon the blood, which is there- by caused to deposit the materials that of California. Granting the necessity of maintaining institutes in earlier days, Mr. Barker contends that with recent developments in educational fa- cilities more practical means now exist which enable teachers to keep abreast with professional thought and practice. He favors the summer school as a substitute, even though the attend- ance be voluntary. To Duncan Stirling, Superintendent of Monterey County, the benefits of the institute as a social and inspirational force far outweigh its disadvantages. As a possible substitute he suggests that teache#s be employed with provi- sion for gradual increase of salary for five years, conditioned upon four or six weeks' attendance each year at a summer normal school. Further pro- vision should also be made to relieve the County Superintendent of all cleri- cal labor to enable him to properly su- perintend the schools. From the standpoint of an experi- enced educator, Frederic Burk, pres- iGent of the San Francisco Normal, states his conclusions. He believes “that the cost of institutes is fully justified by the enthusiasm and spirit resulting from bringing the teachers and justice a joint entérprise, it is go- ing to be recognized as such. Right prevalls in the long run. We owe much to the men of the nineteenth centtiry, who gave us travel by steam and talk by lightning. We shall owe more to the man of the twentieth century, who shall bring us industrial peace. And he is coming, for | when the time calls for a man God has always a man ready to answer the call. A born leader of men shall emerge in the twentieth century, who shall show the way to that peaceful reconstruction of our industries by which capital and labor shall be identified and peace per- manently established among the sons of men. Who is the coming man? Mr. Parker? If so, I trust he shall be elect- ed to the highest office in the gift of the American people—yea, the highest office in the gift of ‘he world. Theo- dore Roosevelt? If so, I trust he shall be elected to succeed himself. Indus- trial peace is coming, whoever brings it. Society is a unit. The law of civil- ization, as of Christianity, is “each for all and all for each.” Industrial war injures each and all. It will not do for an employer to say: ‘““This business Is mine and I'm going to run it to suit myself.” It will not do for a workman to say: “The members of the union to which I belong are the only ones whose welfare is to be considered.” Each must act for the interests of all, and | when we ail act that way we shall together for a week and inspiring them, through common fellowship, with the ideals of their profession.” ‘Institutes, however, are not, in Mr. build the bones and ovher tissues of the body. Of course all of the ma- terial that goes to make growth is originally in solution in the blood, from which it is deposited in the form of bene, muscle, tissue, etc. If while growth is still going on the rate of deposition can be accelerated the hu- man being or other animal will grow faster. Apparently this 1s the way in which the lecithin works, by stimulat- ing normal growth. Lecithin is defined by Dr. H. W. ‘Wiley as a fat in which phosphorus has replaced part of the hydrogen. In sim- ple language, it is an organic com- pound of phosphorus. While egg yoiks contain an extraordinary percentage of it, it is also found in seeds, wherein it LE “GROW STUFF” IN THE YOLKS OF EGGS have reached the end of the years of strife and have come to the beginning of the thousand years of peace of which If every in- | Tennyson so sweetly sings. Burk’s opinion, successful in enabling teachers to realize a broad horizon of scholarship, or in furnishing oppore tunities for personal instruction im either the subjects or the methods of teaching. He points to the marked successes of the summer schools at Sam Jose and Berkeley as indicating a su- perior course by which may be obe tained desired proficiency in technical training and in reaching high scholar ship. The Superintendent of Public Ine struction, Thomas J. Kirk, has a wide outlook, for his duties require his ate tendance at all institutes which he can reach. Superintendent Kirk responds to the questions presented by The Call by saying that until a better pro= vision can be made, the teachers’ in= stitute is an indispensable educational factor. He states that just criticisms are offered of those institutes which are given over to excessive entertain- ment or to mere theorizing, but that the average institute is helpful and ine spiring. There is need of constant stimulus and uplift in the teacher's work, and the suggestion is given that a week or more spent each year at those ideal places for professional training, the department of educatiom in the State University or at a sume- mer normal, may prove a desirable substitute for the institute. growth of the embryo plant—just as in the egg it helps the development of unhatched chick. It is, in faet, ture’s own “grow stuff” and wherever food is stored for the the embryo plant or animal. Dr. Wiley says, we mainly derive the the chemical analysis, but Its solution proved that during the process of incu- bation the organic phosphorus of the lecithin is transformed into the inor- ganic phosphorus of the bones of the is stored to furnish material for the| chick.