The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, July 21, 1904, Page 8

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, THURSDAY, JULY 21, 1904 — lw-..hlng‘on D. C., where the best spe- | | cies of basket willows were set out on different sofls and spaced in accord- | ance with different methods of plant- |ing. The results of this research will shortly be made known by the bureau | in a bulletin entitled “The Basket Wil- | | 1ow.” |* The bureau's purpose was to dis- 1(-0\ rer a means of reducing the cost of | | the raw product, peeled and unpeeled | | willow rods, and also of improving the | | quality. This has been definitely as- certained. A Proud of Her Country. ial Correspondence. ARTERS OF THE CALL. COVENT 7.—Notice: n English society who take ic delight in emphasizing their OTIC MISS COLGATE, THE _ AMERICAN F LONDON. — & Miss Colgate, the daugh- ngly shown in the portrait here ed depicting her in the cos- tume she recently wore in a tableau given at a fashionable charity bazaar. graceful, heiress to boot good looking and a rich she is well qualified to typify Columbia in the form that ap- | pezls most strongly to English 2 tion. There is much specu socie! here as to who will be the lucky n to wed Miss Colgate and her milions, but though among her adorers are many scions of the nobility whose ances equers need re- far given no r»f any for any of them. Meanwhile she gets plenty of enjoyment out of life, for she s an outdoor girl, blessed with vigor- ©ous heaith, and is an excellent rider to bounds Her mother, Cora, Countess of Straf- ford, I be remembered, was the of Samuel Colgate, a New York d with her wealth and beau- ed a mild sensation when she London in the '90's. She was came to noticeable at evening parties for her fashion of wearing in her hair an ex- tremely upstanding white aigrette. She also started the style—since become popular—of wusing a riviere of diamonds, not as a necklace, but as an ormament, slung across the front of the bodice of her gown. Her marriage to Lord Strafford was celebrated with much magnificence, but their wedded life lasted only five months, the late Earl meeting with a tragically sudden death In May, 18%9. Her second widow- hood endured only a few years and she recently espoused her third husband, Mr. Martin Kennard. Growing Basket Willow. The culture and manufacture of basket willow have not attained in the United States the degree of perfection and profit that mark the industry in Europe. This is for several reasons, the most important being the relative compensation of labor and the fail- ure of the American grower to adopt the most improved methods. The growing, harvesting, care and manu- facture of willow reguire manual la- bor wholly unassisted by machinery. The cheap labor of Europe has grown willow and woven 4t into baskets at a profit impossible with us and our . better paid labor. American ingenuity has still further complicated the is- sue by producing a cheap split wood basket to take the place of the more expensive and durable willow. Thus &n industry of good possibilities is lan- guishing. The bureau of forestry has taken up the matter and given It careful study. Its expert has thoroughly in- vestigated the methods of culture and decided preference | It is entirely a matter of tween the sets in planting, care in| cutting the crop of rods and in select- | ing better species and strains of wil-! | distance between the e popular young Ameri- | al The custom has been to plant a low. in rows three feet apart, spacing foot in the rows between the sets. far better plan is to put the rows only twenty inches apart and reduce the sets to nine When this is done and the is cut close to the ground the crop rods will be longer and less branchy, e plants longer lived and the yield per acre much greater. The Initial cost is slightly higher than under ex- | isting methods, but this is more than offset by the increased returns. At present an average production of six tons of green rods per acre is excep- | tional; by the method now advocated by the bureau eight or more tons per |acre of better rods can be produced. When to improved methods of cul- ture the advantages from a choice of better European varieties of willows | | for planting are added the result will ! be 2 marked reduction in the price of | rods, | able | but market, \for willow furniture, ra, Countese of Strafford. This | | growers will the raw material and 2 distinct better- ment of the condition of both the pro- ducer and manufacturer. The growing of basket willows was | introduced into the United States some sixty years ago by German basket makers, who settled in Western New York and Pennsylvania. They first attempted to uw wild willows, but soon abandoned se as impractic- able and imported the purple or Welsh willow. They grew the rods and the manufacture into baskets was made profitable by whole families engaging in the weav r product has a ways been a cheap \anet, of basket, since they use steam in peeling the which gives them an undesir- dark color. When the industry was extended farther west and do to the Baltimore district, Maryland hand peeled rods were used and a much higher grade basket manufac- tured. But this country, in the ex- tefisive use of willow ware, has never approached Eurove, where are found not only heavy farm baskets and re- ceptacles made of unpeeled willow, clothes and fruit baskets of peeled willow, furniture, hampers and trunks a most artistically wrought split willow ware designed for countiess other use: Could all these be as cheaply manufactured here as there their use by us would doubtiess be as extemsive as that across the sea. For willow ware is not only prettier than its substitutes, but, what is still more important, lighter and more durable. Another use for willow in this coun- try is found in the growing demand which has be- come fashionable in the North, while in the warm climate of the South it is rapidly taking the place of uphol- stered furniture. Good wages can be paid in the manufacture of this kind of furniture. It is a profitable indus- Thei |try and steadily growing in import- ance, while willow basket making has | barely held its own in the last dec- ade. The demand for furniture ma- terial has been met to this time chiefly by importing French rods. But this can be changed if our own willow adopt more scientific | methods of culture and market their! rods only after they are well sea- soned—not soon after cutting, as is | now customary. 1 ’ | He Was Thoughtful. | General “Joe” Wheeler relates the | following amusing incident that took | place during the night of the El Caney affalr: “General Lawton’s division was marching back to El Paso, there to take up a new position in the morn- ! ing. The general, in company with| Mzjor Creighton Webb, inspector gen- | eral of his staff, was standing at the | edge of the road, watching his troops file past. Just as dawn was breaking the colgred troops came in sight. They gave evidence of being dead tired, but were nevertheless full of ‘ginger.’ | “General Lawton's attention was at- | tracted to a certain corporal of the! Twenty-fifth Infantry, a great six-foot | negro, who in addition to a couple of | guns and two cartridge belts loaded | full, was carrying a dog. The soldier | to whom the other gun belonged wu! limping alongside his comrade. *“The géneral halted the men. ‘Here, corporal,” said he to the six-foot man, | ‘didn’t you mareh all last night?’ * “Yes, eir,’ responded the negro, s: luting. And fought all day? 'Yes, eir.’ You have, besides been marching since ten o'clock last night?’ *“Yes, sir.’ “ “‘Then,’ said Lawton, ‘why on earth are you carrying that dog?’ “ “Well, general,’ replied the negro, showing his white teeth in a broad grin, ‘the dog's tired!””—From the Woman’s Home Companion. Alpha and Omega of Chicago. Charles J. Aabel, an engineer, living at 53 North State street, is the first eitizen of Chicago, in the sense that his | name heads the long list of names in the directory for 1804. A man of the same name stood at the head last year. The last name of the 657,000 contained in the directory is Joseph Zywa, 4842 South Elizabeth street. Last year one of his countrymen, John Zyzna, brought up the rear of the constantly increasing procession of citizens who for years, the Johnsons are very much in evidence, They crowd more pages of names than anybody else, and the Smiths come in a close second. The Ol- sons, the Joneses and the B just &s numerous as ever. | aright. | must be given credit for starting several millions of peo- THE SAN EFERANCISCO CALL JOHN D. SPRECKELS, Proprictor . . . . ... ... Address All Communications to JOHN McNAUGHT, Manage: Publication Office mmries sSe bt abs as s hesh smnssean sssasevadene o Riind Sid Murket Strévts, §. F. THURSDAY seabeeesissseishs arbsesbanaiiers sl THE POPULIST PARTY. CORRESPONDENT writes us chidingly about our memorial remarks on the passing of the Pop- ulist party. He demurs to the statement that the Farmers’ Alliance was obligated by Mr. Polk to be ex- clusive in its reading and in the speeches to which it gave ear. As we were not a member we can only sub- mit the testimony of the press, especially of the Southern press, current at the time. The organization was an abnormal outgrowth of hard imes and of low prices for farm products. In the ai- fairs of this world there are streaks of lean and streaks {properly regulating the distance b‘?-: of fat, and when we all strike an unusually thick lean streak we not only think some one has meddled with our meat, but we are apt to go hunting for a quick and ready remedy, which is usually the wrong remedy, and while it or wondering why it doesn’t we are trying to apply ! work things right themselves, everybody resumes buying and selling and we forget all about the trouble. This seems to be the reason why the Populist party has gone to sleep with its fathers—the Greenbackers and the Farmers’ Alliance. What use to dispute about what it taught in economics and finance? It seems to have scouted the idea of in- trinsic value in a medium of exchange. The gentieman who chides us says that Populists “even professed to be- lieve that all the value of the precious metals, over and above that created by their use in the arts and sciences, was pure fiat—a value created by the nations which had adopted them as convenient material for ase for pur- poses of money.” No government can create a fiat value except as be- tween itself and its own people who do business with it. The government may agree to take its taxes in chips and whangs, and they immediately have a value arising in sive function. It may even make them legal tender between individuals for the discharge of con- tracts between debtor and creditor, as it did greenbacks but there its power of fiat stops, for the world does busi- ness in a medium of exchange that derives its value from human desire and not from necessity imposed by statute law. Of all the metals and minerals man most desires gold. All over the world savage and civilized man, Christian and Pagan, gentle and simple, all desire gold more than anything else. This universal makes it 2 universal medium of exchange. tural selection. property that excl desire It is so by Tt is by universal desire made a form hat is exchangeable for all other forms of The governments did not make it so and they cannot The nations have simply followed the line of natural selection in making gold, already the unive edium of exchange, the official standard of of property. unmake it value also, = The Populists were not alone nor singular in putting eserved stress on a legal tender currency. Mr. Bryan speaking to them in Nebraska in an attack on the national banks said: “A bank issues its note of hand and draws erest on it while it is outstanding. 1e your You farmers is notes of hand and have to pay in- terest on them while they are outstanding. The law dis- criminates between the corporation and the man. What is needed is a law that will enable you to draw interest | on your note of hand while it is outstanding.” If that were not a proposition to make a currency out of un- secured personal notes what was it? Mr. Bryan was the nominee of the Populist party for the Presidency and spoke by authority. It must not be understood that we impeach the re- spected shadow of Populism or intend to speak ili of the dead. It is the experience of all philosophers and of all benefactors of their kind rejected by the genera- tion of which they are a part, to be selected and honored by generations following, that the most difficult of all things is to get men to think deeply and soberly about anything. The great issues of life require thought and seldom get it. It is therefore the conclusion of the philosophers that it is better that men should think wrongly than not at all. When the process of ratiocina- tion begins the integrity of the mind leads thought To the Farmers’ Alliance and the Populists ple to thinking. parties. After all there was more American manhood in a Populist standing out and giving reasons for the faith in him than in David B. Hill saying “I am a Dem- ocrat,” without knowing why or giving any definition of the faith. Populism has passed so suddenly away because Popu- lists began to think and went forward to right thinking that led them out of vagary into the substance of things. They enslaved themselves to the idea that artifice by legislation can do what natural law does better. Like many others they were led far astray by the legal ten- der laws. Such laws are not necessary, though they may provide a convenient measure. Men deal in values by contract and when A borrows of B they may mutually agree that a legal tender for the debt shall be bushels of wheat or dollars of gold weighing so much each. They establish their own legal tender in their contract. We may never look upon the like of the Populists | 2gain, but let it be said of them if their ideas were wrong they had the courage of their convictions. Certain persons, interested in the well-being and prosperity of saloons, have asked the Supervisors to make the lunch counter one of those prohibited things which must pass into the limbo of discarded vices that no law-abiding saloonist may indulge under severe pen- alty of the law. Let us wish the request success on its devious progress into the statute- books. As a law it will work wonders of improvement to the digestive apparatus of many of our worthy citizens. T Duke Boris, cousin of the Czar, while at the front with the army of Kuropatkin is a picture of the royal demoralization that besets a dynasty which holds its place by keeping the masses in ignorance and super- stition and by cruelty to all who are informed enough to desire liberty and the enjoyment of human rights. When Boris was in this country he showed himself a thorough- paced, ingrained blackguard of the lowest type. His conduct on the steamer at sea was such that he ought to have been treed up and catted. In Chicago and the East during his visit he was received into society with a view of entertaining him as if he were a civilized gentleman. He abused the courtesies in every case and showed less sensibility and appreciation than we are accustomed to see in our red Indian chiefs, like Red Cloud and Spotted Tail. Now, while the soldiers of his country are dying by thousands in a war provoked by the ambitions of his family, he paints Manchuria red with his debaucheries and brutality. No wonder the Russian soldiers have so RUSSIAN ROYALTY. HE scandalous conduct of the Russian Grand | In this they far excelled the two old | | | i | many times refused to stand and take the charges made by the Japanese, when they have before them the heart- less indifference of this member of their royal family, and see the bad example of his violation of all decency and discipline. His conduct reads like a chapter out of the history of the court of Louis X1V, or of his own ances- tress, Catherine. No prince nor officer of any other nation would dare, in these.days of decency, to violate every canon of morality as he has. It is well tHat his cousin, the Czar, has ordered him home and under semi- arrest. But the conduct of which he has been guilty im- presses its poisonous influence upon the young officers and the effect will continue long after his return to Moscow. Purveyors of milk in this city are still storming the authorities with objections to the proposed reformatory regulations of the dairy traffic. Every objection to n | | AND |T ! | TALK Of THE TOWN J‘- Hans Turkey Rafle. It you are ured of living and wish to shuffie off this mortal coil in a very speedy fashion, just drop out on Mis- sion street, not many miles from Fif- teenth street, and inquire for “Big Hans,” a breweryman who lives in that neighborhood. You will no doubt be greatly taken aback when you see the big fellow, he is so good-natured look- ing. “He would not harm a fly,” It is ten to one you will remark. Nor would he under ordinary cir- cumstances, but just ask him if he wants to attend a “turkey raffle” and then, if you wish to die a quick death, stand in your tracks. The change is frightful. Big, fat, 2 reasonable sanitary condition demanded by the munici- | good-natured Hans becomes a veritable | ¢, i L A A A | pality is another argument to prove that the sale of' pure milk in this city may be included jn the category | of luxuries too expensive to be purchased. The object- ing dairymen should find another name for the com- modity they are willing to sell.” THE MERGER CHOICE. P RESIDENT ]J. J. HILL of the Great Northern and | suit brought by President Roosevelt, announces himself for Parker. That is what was expected. Hill’s railroad | trust combined their systems serving the same territory. | They had been created for competitive purposes. The | people had given rights of way, station grounds, town | sites and all sorts of local aid to these lines in order to get the protection of competition and rival facilities. In | addition to this local aid the Northern Pacific and the Burlington had Federal land grants. It is safe to say that without the initial impulse of pub- lic aid, general and local, two of the systems involved | would not be in existence at all. J. Pierpont Morgan and Mr. Belmont proposed to take these properties, created by such means, and put them in a trust which obsoleted the competitive purpose they | were built to serve. The rights of the people of several States were involved. These States were roused, from Minnesota to Washington. Governor Van Zant of Min- nesota brought an action in the local courts which proved inefficient. President Roosevelt ordered the De- partment of Justice to bring suit in the Federal courts under the anti-trust and interstate commerce laws. It was then that Mr. J. J. Hill proclaimed his intention to have the President’s scalp. He is after it now. That is what his support of Parker means. He is the owner of $150,000,000 and will spend it freely to defeat Roose- vel But it remains to be seen whether money will do it. It is a time of testing in which men must line up. The issue is made by the trusts, which have cause for fighting the President. If the people go with the trusts in support of Parker they cannot complain that they were not informed. | The annoying fact has been announced that no ar-| rangement has been made to pay the German judges of | their countrymen’s displays at the St. Louis Exposition. These experts will have to cross the ocean, give their time and expert knowledge and pay their own expenses, | aggregating $62,000, simply to extend to us an excep- tional courtesy. We may find that such cheap treatment of them is rather an expensive cost in the loss of a great national friendship. BERI-BERI AND THE BOERS. HERE is a strong probability that the course of T the world’s events may witness the novel interven- tion of a disease in the arbitrament of tangled af- | fairs. Recent word from South Africa has it that of the first shipload of coolies sent to Durban under the Bal- four propaganda for the importation of Chinese labor | nearly a third became suddenly and fatally afflicted with the dread Oriental malady beri-beri. Arriving at the Rand the coolies again suffered from the disease and twenty-five of their number succumbed. With the bodies of the unfortunate laborers shipped back to China as an evil omen the mine owners not only find a hornet's nest stirred up about their ears in the Transvaal, but are experiencing, according to the reports of the press, great | difficulty in recruiting a further supply of laborers in China. % It would appear that the outbreak of this dreaded plague among the imported coolies is the final drop | destined to crystallize the opposition of all classes of | Afrikanders against the policy of the Balfour I\liniskry. Already the Liberals in Parliament have renewed their fight on the slreng‘h of the epidemic’s appearance. From | the forces of the outraged colonists in the Rand, qmetl only for the moment under defeat, disturbing mutterings are becoming more audible daily. Recent editorial utter- ances in one of the strongest of New Ze€aland's opposi- tion organs revives the talk of a Pan-British Staaten- bund for the protection of the colonies in their mutual interests. Whether or not the ring of mine owners will succeed in their attempt at forcing a new element into the al- ready inflammable race question of South Africa must de- pend upon the attitude of the lately subjected Boers no less than upon the opinion of the recently established Uitlanders. The men who fought at Modder River and Spionkop have still to be reckoned with even though | they were thrashed into peace by the brute force of over- whelming numbers. Now that they are not only subject to a nation their enemy for these hundred years, but suffer under the ring rule of a clique of rich men who hold the labor market in the hollow of their hand, it cannot be expected by the British Imperial Government that the Boers will have hearts attuned to all peace and {fealty even under the most favorable conditions. . The conquerors of the Transvaal and the Free State have not advanced to their new subjects the most ideal condi- tions. Even the home Ministers are prone to the secret belief that the government of the lately acquired terri- tory is more a modus vivendi than an established order of things. Now that the peoples so lately dis- possessed have thrust upon them yellow labor and the fearsome concomitant of the coolie incursion—disease— students of affairs may await with expectancy develop- ments more or less definitely foreshadowed. — The zone of the world’s interest in the far Eastern war has been transferred from the scene of battle in Manchuria to the Dardanelles and the Black Sea, where is stored the gunpowder of probable danger to the pow- ers of Europe. Statesmen and not soldiers must now occupy the stage and the world will watch with eager- ness to see if the climax of their activities be a farce or a tragedy in the story of the world’s great affairs, also president of the railroad trust, which the Su- ! | preme Court of the United States dissolved in the | | Mr. J. J. Hill and Mr. | | |a yell | men. | Now honor to the fathers who sailed the demon. Ach Gott! He will bellow and in a minute you are a dead man. There is reason for this rage of Hans, as will be shown by the following tale: A few weeks ago Hans was-coaxed | into a turkey raffle by a Mission sa- loon-keeper. It was on Hans' night and of course he was ripe pick- ing. He shook the dice and shook and - * ] | | | { | | | | | | | | | | | | s e | SAW, AND HE coM- | | | LKING TO HIMSELF | | P el R WSS SATEE Y | shook, but not a bird did he win. Fin- | ally, about midnight, the cro%d about the ta e mad. “You win, Hans, you win!™ they shouted. The proprietor of the place siapped Hans on the back and congratulated him, and so ev an in the place. “‘Set 'em up vonce,” said the German, | smiling a pleased smile. “I will see that you get a peach, Hans,” said the saloon man. “You de- serve it.” “Yaw,” sald Hanc, ' again smiling. “Let us some more drink have.” | ‘Well, in the small hours of the morn- | ing Hans left the saloon, carrying a bundle from which dangled a tag read- | ing *“16 Ibs.,” and from one end of | which protruded a turkey's head. “It is a peach,” murmured Hans several | on his way home. He af-{ stroked the protruding head as he murmured. Arriving at his home he woke up his spouse. “I hof vin id,” he said, dangling the bird's head in front of his wife. Like the good housewife that she is Mrs. | Hans got out of bed and took the bird | from Hans to put it in a place where it would not spoil. She went out into the kitchen, leav- | lng Hans making preparations to re-| tire. Suddeniy Hans was startled by Rushing out to the kitchen he gasped aloud. Then he saw and com- | menced talking to himself in German. His night's winning was indeed a| “peach”—one of the clingstone variety. ! The turkey head and about three| inches of neck had been cleverly ar- ranged so as to give him the impres- sion that he was carrying'a fat speci- | The rest of the bundle was com- | posed of a few rocks, ball after ball of paper and the “peach.” Sealed Orders. ship of state, The mighty who weré humble, the simple who were great! They fired no noisy salvos, no gaudy banners flew, But silent, sober, solemn, they turned them to the blue. ‘When seas were black before them and skies above were black, No hand refused its duty, no eye looked longing back. In stress of tide or tempest, or in the deadly grip of brocdmda scraping broadside, they sailed and fought the ship; Nor wasted breath in bo-:th\z, ‘when work there was to do They held their peace in patience, the only peace they knew. But peace is hard to conquer, and harder still to holdl a8 ok ‘When _treasure-laden leons make skulking pirates bold. Alone tha fathers voyaged; alone they held their way; But hflf . world in convoy looks up to y. rovers swarm in force; To guide them to fl“ hlVl!l by freedom's To share our lot as brothers, till all the world shall know From sea to sea f:’na Dtoblo—-om flag —James Jeffrey Roche in Collier's. Women in the Stockyqyds. Few people know to what extent woman is invading our great packing houses. The number in the Chicago stockyards has almost doubled in the past year. At the present time 2000 ‘women are employed there. It is true that a little less than half that num- pay | | do not belleve. | vals a few men are laid off and a few | stop the innovation?—Luke Grant, | | | Queen, the | Monthly. | called the pearl wedding. Iber are engaged In the revoiting | work, the majority being em ! ployed in painting and labeling c wrapping and packing soap and bui- |terine. To such work the butchers make no objections. But the aumber | engaged in the less pleasing occupa- | tion is gradually being increased. Las: | summer the sausage-makers at | stockyards went on strike. The stri |Wu not sanctioned by the nation officers of the organization and whe 'lhe men refused to return to work | the packers proceeded to fil t | places with women. The union coul | not object. The men had struck wit out authority. The women are at work | to-aay, filling, linking and trimming sausage. The men are seeking work | What wages the women are being paid | is known only to themselves and ¢ employers. They are Lithuanian peas- | ant women. Few can speak the Eng- | lish language. To organize them would &N | be practically impossible, even were it | advisable, which the union officials But at frequent inter- Can the union in more women hired. the World To-Day for August. Mary’s Descendants. A learned contributor to the current number of Notes and Queries states | [ that the descendants of Mary Queen of Scots, who left but one child, are now to be found in every court of Eu- rope with the exception of Turkey and Servia. In England are the King, the Prince and Princess of Wales, while on the Continent are the Emperor and Bmpress of Russia, the German Emperor and Empress, the Emperor of Austria, the King of the Belgians, the Queen of Holland, the Queen of Sweden, the King of Den- mark, the King and Queen of Portu- gal, the Kings of Italy and Spain and various minor royalities. Odd Bookmarks. Every sort of article is found in re- turned circulating lidbrary books—hair- pins, powder puffs, love letters, bills bits of lace, In fact, anything that will serve as a bookmarker, from a slice of bread and jam to a five-pound note Yes, there is actually a case on record of suth a five-pound note and when the owner was advertised for it ap- peared, curiously enough, that hun- dreds of peopie had used this luxurious kind of bookmarker.— The Book Answers to Queries. OIL FIELDS—E., City. The princie pal and largest oil flelds in California are the Kern River, Midway, Sunset, Los Angeles, Coalinga, Puente and Ventura. WEDDING—Subscriber, City. The thirtieth anniversary of a wedding is All jewelry donated as wedding presents on tha. occasion must be pearl. There Is 1 sixtieth anniversary of a wedding. NAVY LEAGUE—O. R. W., Oakland. T}-flre is no Navy Club in San Fran- cisco, but in August, 1M3. a branch of the United States Navy League was organized in this city. For informa- tion in regard to qualifications for | membership, fees, etc., address George C. Sargent, the secretary, 230 Mont- gomery street, San Francisco. ICE—E. 8. J., City. Ice is specifically lighter than water about to freese, therefore floats in it. This is one rea- {son why the formation of ice usually begins at the surface of water. Another is the peculiar law of its expansion. The general law is that cold induces contraction. This law holds good with water only to a certain point. When it has cooled down to 32 F. degrees of freezing, it ceases to contract, as be- fore, with Increase of cold and begins to expand until it freezes. This ex- panding would naturally cause the coldest parts of the water to rise to the surface. The formation of ground ice or anchor ice, as it 18 called, at the bottom of streams of lakes under cir- cumstances is only an apparent ex- ception to the rule givem above. The whole body of water i1s at the same time cooled below the freezing point and the substances at the dbottom, the rocks and stones of the river bed, serve as points of congelation, or crystalliza- tion for the water. Ground-ice may be the lowest stratum of the once com- pletely frozen mass of water retained at the bottom by natural cohesion to the rough substances of the river bed. during the thawing and metting of the ice on the surface, or it may even be formed under favorable conditions be- neath briskly flowing water, prodably by the action of eddies which draws the surface water down through the warmer, but denser liquid, thus cool- ing the rocks and stomes at the bot- tom. The layers of ground ice seams are three inches thick, but it is note- worthy that as soon as they are de- ‘hed from the bodies which hold they immediately rise to the sur- Ground ice is not confined to P —_—————— Townsend's California Glace fruits in fire-etched boxes. 715 Market st.* —_———— .-.3‘“ strect Telephose n-) 3 !Z!!